Jay Feuquay, USGS
Ted Hammer, NASA
Stan Schneider, NASA/NPOESS
ASPRS ConferenceBaltimore MD
10 March 2005
1986
1997
100 km
Landsat Data Continuity Briefing
Deforestation: AmazonCourtesy TRFIC–MSU, Houghton et al, 2000.
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• Background
• Landsat Overview - L5/L7 Status
• Interagency Working Group
• Data Continuity Strategy
• Landsat on NPOESS
• Summary
Agenda
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Background
• “The Secretary of the Interior shall provide for long-term storage, maintenance, and upgrading of a basic, global land remote sensing data set….” P.L. 102-555 Land Remote Sensing Policy Act of 1992
• NASA and DOI/USGS established as Landsat Program Management via Presidential Decision Directive NSTC-3 signed 5/5/94; amended 10/16/00
• NASA built, then launched Landsat 7 in 1999; USGS operates satellite and manages national long-term satellite data archive
• Over 250 Landsat 7 scenes (nearly 8 million square kilometers) obtained per day by USGS
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Background, con’t.• NASA and USGS develop a schedule for seasonal, global coverage, ensuring
archive imagery for long-term land-cover record and before/after imagery of floods, forest fires, hurricanes, etc. anywhere on Earth
Pre Tsunami Post Tsunami Population Impact
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Landsat Archive33 Years and Counting:
• Over 1.7 million Landsat scenes
• Over 630 terabytes of data
Note: terabyte = 109 DVD movies
• Grows by over 320 gigabytes/day
Fire History: Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado
Background, con’t.
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Background, con’t.
AVHRR/MODIS
• spatial resolution 15m, 30m, 90m
2048 km swath
183 kmLandsat
• spatial resolution, 250m, 500m, 1000m
• spatial resolution, 15m, 30m
• global coverage, 2 days
• 16 day orbital repeat• seasonal global coverage
Landsat's Role in Terrestrial Remote Sensing
~ 10 km• spatial resolution ~ 1m • global coverage, decades, if ever
Commercial Systems
ASTER 60 km• 45-60 day orbital repeat• global coverage, years
MISR• spatial resolution, 275m, 550m, 1100m
360 km
• global coverage, 9 days
3300 km swathVIIRS
• spatial resolution, 400/800m (nadir (Vis/IR)) • global coverage, 2x/day/satellite
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Landsat's Role in Terrestrial Remote Sensing
Landsat remote sensing plays an important role in that…• It gives us the "big view“ (183 by 170 km)
• It gives us a consistent, historical context and record
• It provides complete multispectral coverage (visible to infrared)
• It permits us to map geophysical parameters on regional, continental and global scales
• It permits characterization of global land changes
Monitoring of gradual changes in ecosystems requires long-term, scientifically valid satellite coverage -- only Landsat provides that record
Landsat-resolution data are required to:• precisely assess the area(s) affected
• separate human disturbances from those having natural origins
• bridge the gap between field observations and global monitoring
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Landsat Overview - L5/L7 Status
• Landsat 5 and its Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor are 18 years past 3-year design life
• Data transmitted real-time direct downlink only; no onboard payload data recorder
• Full US and partial global coverage
• Fuel depleted in Spring, 2009
• Landsat 7 and its Enhanced Thematic Mapper-Plus (ETM+) sensor surpassed original design life of 5 years on April 15, 2004
• ETM+ scan line corrector (SLC) failure occurred on May 31, 2003
• The Landsat 7 images contain gaps
– USGS developed Gap-Filled products
• May 2004 failure of 1 of 3 gyros; no impact to imaging, but risk to extend operations increased
• Fuel depleted in Spring, 2010
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Landsat 7 Merged-Scene Product
Post-anomalyLandsat 7 image
Gaps filled withnext image of same site
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Approach:• NASA engineers in consultation with USGS Flight Operations Team conducted a risk
analysis
• Used developer’s reliability analysis as a baseline
• Analyzed gyroscopes from the same manufacturer as those on Landsat 7 (L7) analyzed
Results:• The predominant reliability drivers are the gyros
• Probability of L7 success decreases to 60% by second quarter CY 2005
• Probability of L7 success in mid 2010 (approximate time of Landsat 7 End-of-Fuel) is very low ~1%; probability of failure is ~ 99%
Risk of Landsat 7 Failure
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Landsat Data Gap Study Team
NASA, USGS and Landsat user community representatives formed as team
• Objective: Recommend options, using existing and near-term capabilities (not a gap filler mission), to populate the National Satellite Land Remote Sensing Data Archive with science-quality data for land use/land cover change
• Process: Identify needs, identify existing and near term capabilities, compare, synthesize methodologies, identify resources for implementation
• Constraints and Assumptions– Focus on data acquisition solutions, NOT spacecraft or mission solutions– Focus on and be consistent with Public Law 102-555– LDCM data specification is a requirement threshold– Though no single or combined data sources will fully meet Landsat continuity needs, team will
recommend what can be done to lessen the impact of a data gap– Assume L7 failure in 2007– L5 limited lifetime and capability– OLI data available 2010
• Some data sources under investigation: ResourceSat-1, DMC, CBERS, SPOT, ASTER, EO-1/ALI, RapidEye
• Team to complete first phase in March 2005
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• Interagency Working Group convened by White House (NSC, OMB, OSTP) after commercial replacement deemed not practical
• Members of LDCM Working Group:– NASA– NOAA – USGS– NGA– NRO
• Process: 6-8 months, examined over one hundred alternatives (e.g., flights of opportunity, dedicated mission) to meet the land imaging requirement
• Final decision is consensus of White House and agencies
LDCM Interagency Working Group
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Landsat Data Continuity Strategy
Memorandum from EOP/OSTP issued August 13, 2004, states that:
• Landsat is a National Asset
• The DoD, Department of the Interior, Department of Commerce and NASA agree to:
– Transition Landsat measurements to an operational environment on the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS)
– Plan to incorporate a Landsat imager (Operational Land Imager – OLI) on the first NPOESS (known as C-1) scheduled for a late 2009 launch date
• This strategy will be justified through the normal budget process
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• Transition of Landsat into a truly operational measurement
• Extension of the Landsat data record past 2020
• Leverage of proposed NPOESS infrastructure
• Benefits derived from combining data from OLI with Visible/Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS):
– Large scale processes of change detected by VIIRS can be more closely analyzed by OLI
– OLI data can be used to better calibrate VIIRS and validate Environmental Data Records (EDRs) derived from VIIRS data conversely VIIRS spectral bands can be used to atmospherically correct OLI data
– Terra (MODIS sensor) and Landsat 7 results have already demonstrated the potential of combining data
OLI/NPOESS Mission Advantages
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• MissionMission
• Provide a national, operational, polar-Provide a national, operational, polar-orbiting remote-sensing capabilityorbiting remote-sensing capability
• Achieve National Performance Review Achieve National Performance Review (NPR) savings by converging DoD and (NPR) savings by converging DoD and NOAA satellite programsNOAA satellite programs
• Incorporate new technologies from NASAIncorporate new technologies from NASA
• Encourage International CooperationEncourage International Cooperation
METOP
NPOESS
Specialized SatellitesLocal Equatorial Crossing
Time
1730
1330
2130
NPOESS
NPOESS
NOAA/NASA/DoD Tri-agency Effort to Leverage and Combine Environmental Satellite Activities
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Landsat on NPOESS Notional Location
Operational Land Imager (OLI)
Direction ofMotion
Nadir
Visible/Infrared Imager RadiometerSuite (VIIRS)
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NPOESS Orbit Is Reasonable Fit for Landsat Mission
Parameter Landsat NPOESS
Orbital Altitude 705 km (438 miles) 828 km (517 miles)
Type Sun synchronous, 980 inclination Sun synchronous, 980 inclination
Equatorial crossing time 10 am +/- 15 min, descending 930 am +/- 10 min, descending (2130 ascending)
Repeating Ground Track period 16 days 17 days
Landsat Worldwide Reference System
57,784 standard scene blocks, each 115 miles (183 km) wide by 106 miles (170 km) long, each taken at least 2x per year
-NPOESS can meet this requirement via synthesis of scenes- Non-standard scene blocks can be collected since sensor is always on
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OLI on NPOESS Space Segment• NASA and NOAA/Integrated Program Office (IPO) technical team working
together to address detailed technical requirements, specifically to:
– Support OLI Request for Proposal (RFP)
– Finalize location on NPOESS spacecraft
– Conduct trade analyses for interface
– Refine definition of spacecraft bus and operations modifications
– Define testing approach
– Develop Interface Control and Requirements Documents
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OLI/NPOESS Concept of OperationsNPOESS SafetyNet Architecture
Landsat data are stored in a separate solid state recorder – NPOESS and OLI data downlinked to the SafetyNetTM sites on every pass
• Recorder has capability to store up to 250 scenes • System capability is 400+ scenes per day
– USGS to command OLI for acquisitions– OLI data will be forwarded to the USGS over commercial fiber cable from SafetyNet sites– Users pick up data directly from USGS or USGS can “push” data to local users
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• Successful transition of Landsat (OLI) onto the NPOESS platform requires adequate funding of partner-agency responsibilities:
– USGS to develop OLI data processing system, command OLI– NASA to develop two OLI instruments– NOAA/IPO to perform OLI integration on NPOESS, transmit OLI data to USGS
• The budget also requests funds for USGS to address revenue losses resulting from the failure of the Landsat 7 scan-line corrector in ETM+ instrument
• Details of individual funding requests are presented in each agency’s Congressional Justification
• Not providing this funding or sustaining other reductions to the NPOESS program will increase the duration of a data gap and may threaten the viability of the Landsat partnership.
Landsat in the President’s 2006 Budget
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Summary
• Implementation of the Operational Landsat Imager allows:– Extension of the Landsat data record past 2020
– Transition of Landsat into a truly operational measurement
– OLI and VIIRS to provide mutually enhancing observations
• NASA and NOAA/IPO teams working detailed technical requirements for implementing OLI on an NPOESS spacecraft
• NASA, USGS as well as other representatives from the Landsat community working to identify an approach to lessen the potential impact of a Landsat data gap
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BACK UP
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• Gap Filler Mission deemed too high risk based upon cost and
schedule analysis
– Proposed Plan: Implement a Gap Filler mission that will fly in a 705 WRS-2 orbit
• Does not address long term transition of Landsat to an operational measurement
• Option needed to procure a Landsat instrument for delayed implementation on
NPOESS (target NPOESS C-4 in the 2014 timeframe)
– Cost and schedule benefit analysis resulted in low return for investment
• Cost:
– Additional funds required to procure instrument for a delayed implementation on
NPOESS
• Schedule:
– Provides only one year of operational capability before NPOESS solution
Gap Filler Mission Option Decision
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Atmospheric Vertical Temperature ProfileHighly accurate measurement of the vertical distribution of temperature in the atmosphere in layers from the surface to 0.01 mb
Major Applications
1) Initialization of Numerical Weather Prediction Models
2) Complementary data for derivation of moisture/pressure profiles and cloud properties
Integrated Operational Requirements Document (IORD) Example
Iterative, Disciplined Iterative, Disciplined Requirements Process Ensures Requirements Process Ensures
Users Needs are MetUsers Needs are Met
Iterative, Disciplined Iterative, Disciplined Requirements Process Ensures Requirements Process Ensures
Users Needs are MetUsers Needs are Met
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Pre-Planned Product Improvement (P3I) EDR CandidatesTropospheric winds
Neutral windsAll weather day/night imagery
Coastal sea surface windsOcean wave characteristics
Surf conditionsOil spill locationLittoral current
CH4 columnCO column
CO2 columnOptical background
Sea and lake iceCoastal ocean color
Bioluminescence potentialCoastal sea surface temperature
Sea surface height coastalBathymetry
Vertical hydrometeor profileSalinity
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NPOESS Operational Concept
1. Sense Phenomena
2. Downlink Raw Data
3. Transport Data to Centrals for Processing
Monitor and Control Satellites and Ground Elements
4. Process Raw data into EDRs and Deliver to Centrals
Full Capability at each Central
T
OB
S
L
AT
M
L
CL
FOG
L
RN
TATM
TSKY
eij
Field Terminals SafetyNet™
Receptors
Global fiber network connects 15 receptors to Centrals
MMC (Suitland)
NESDIS/NCEP AFWA
FNMOC NAVOSchriever MMC
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NPOESS Top Level Architecture
SpaceSegment
Command& ControlSegment
Command& ControlSegment
NPP(1030)
NPOESS1330
NPOESS1730
NPOESS2130
Mission ManagementCenter (MMC)at Suitland
Mission ManagementCenter (MMC)at Suitland
Alternate MMCat Schriever AFBAlternate MMCat Schriever AFB Interface Data Processing SegmentInterface Data Processing Segment
15 Globally DistributedReceptor Sites15 Globally DistributedReceptor Sites
Field Terminal Segment
Field Terminal Segment
FNMOC NAVOCEANO AFWA NESDIS/NCEP
GPS
Low Rate Data/High Rate Data(LRD/HRD)
NPP Science Data Segment
CLASS
NPP Data & Control Flow NPOESS Data & Control Flow
CLASS NOAA Comprehensive Large Array Data Stewardship System
SvalbardSvalbard
EROS Data Center, Sioux FallsEROS Data Center, Sioux Falls
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NPOESS Satellite and Sensors
Single Satellite Design with Common Sensor Locations and “ring” Data Single Satellite Design with Common Sensor Locations and “ring” Data Bus Allows Rapid Reconfiguration and Easy IntegrationBus Allows Rapid Reconfiguration and Easy Integration
Single Satellite Design with Common Sensor Locations and “ring” Data Single Satellite Design with Common Sensor Locations and “ring” Data Bus Allows Rapid Reconfiguration and Easy IntegrationBus Allows Rapid Reconfiguration and Easy Integration
X = changed since award
1330 1730 2130
VIIRS X X X
CMIS X X X
CrIS X X
ATMS X X
SESS X X X
OMPS X
ADCS X X
SARSAT X X X
ERBS X
SS X X X
ALT X
TSIS X
APS X
X
X
X
X
NPP
Landsat X
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SafetyNet™ –Low Data Latency and High Data Availability
SafetyNetSafetyNet™™ -- 15 globally distributed SMD receptors linked to the centrals via -- 15 globally distributed SMD receptors linked to the centrals via commercial fiber -- enables low data latency and high data availabilitycommercial fiber -- enables low data latency and high data availability
SafetyNetSafetyNet™™ -- 15 globally distributed SMD receptors linked to the centrals via -- 15 globally distributed SMD receptors linked to the centrals via commercial fiber -- enables low data latency and high data availabilitycommercial fiber -- enables low data latency and high data availability
75% of NPOESS Data Products at the Nation’s Weather Centrals within 15 min........the rest in under 30 min
Forteleza
Spain
Perth
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Program Schedule
2002 A&O Contract Award
2003 NPP Delta Critical Design Review
2005 NPOESS Preliminary Design Review
2006 NPOESS Critical Design ReviewNPP Ground Readiness
2007 NPP Launch
2009 NPOESS Ground Readiness
2009 NPOESS C1 Launch
2011 NPOESS C2 LaunchField Terminal Segment ReadinessInitial Operational Capability
2013 NPOESS C3 Launch
2015 NPOESS C4 Launch
2017 NPOESS C5 Launch
2020 End of ProgramReliable and timely collection, Reliable and timely collection, delivery, and processing of delivery, and processing of quality environmental dataquality environmental data
Reliable and timely collection, Reliable and timely collection, delivery, and processing of delivery, and processing of quality environmental dataquality environmental data