Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Republic of Korea
NOV. 2013
Jeju Batdam Agricultural System Application for GIAHS
(Black stone fences)
Contents
1 story
2 story
3 story
4 story
5 story
Batdam -built with stones from stony fields
Batdam embraces Jeju’s today
Jeju culture interwoven with Batdam
Batdam, opening Jeju’s future!
Birth of Jeju The land of stone, wind & volcanic ash soil Statistic of Jeju
Beginning of farming and birth of Batdam Batdam & Agricultural System Significance
Batdam - securing food & livelihood Biodiversity of Batdam Agricultural scenery of Batdam
Cultural system related to Jeju Batdam Rich stone culture of Batdam Root of Jeju culture
Threats for Jeju Batdam Securing the value of Batdam Eternal Ancient Futures
Country of stones and winds
1-1. Birth of Jeju
1-2. The land of stone, wind & volcanic ash soil
1-3. Statistic of Jeju
Country of stones and winds Story 1
1-1. Birth of Jeju
Island of Jeju – creation of phreatic eruption(about 2million years ago) and the original topography and geology are well retained in the country of stones and winds.
5
► Designations in natural science :
UNESCO World Heritage / UNESCO Global Geoparks Network / UNESCO Biosphere Reserve and as one of New7Wonders of Nature by New7Wonders Foundation
Story 1 Country of stones and winds!
6
1-2. The land of stone, wind and volcanic ash soil
77% of Jeju Island soil( or 60% of arable land) : volcanic ash soil .
☞ dry field farming(99.9%), rice paddy farming is impossible in Jeju & still find stones easily when you till.
⇒ How to preserve and manage volcanic ash soil is a prerequisite for farming.
Country of stones and winds! Story 1
Most Jeju fields are stone fields.
jakjiwat : fields with high rate of gravel billewat : fields with high rate of bedrock
Jeju’s annual precipitation( 1585mm-Jeju, 2393mm-Seogwipo) vs. dry field farming
[ jakjiwat ]
[ billewat ]
[sandy field ]
7
☞ Volcanic ash soil: high water permeability & holds gravel up to 40%.
☞ Average depth of arable land: low at 18.3㎝(at the lowest 7㎝, at best 35㎝)
Story 1 Country of stones and winds!
1-3. Statistic of Jeju
8
Location • 90km south from the Korean Peninsula, strategically
connecting the continent(Russia, China) & the
ocean(Japan, South Asia)
Access • the southernmost administrative district of Korea
- 1 hr flight from Seoul to Jeju
- 2 hr flight from Tokyo, Japan
- 1.5 hr flight from Shanghai, China
Climate • warm temperate oceanic climate, sub-tropical,
temperate, polar climate
- total precipitation(mm): Jeju 1,585, Seogwipo 2,393
- average temperature(℃): Jeju 15.6, Seogwipo 16.9
Population • 592,449(232,141 households)
- 104,802 farmers(35,388 farming households)
Livelihood • tourism, retail industries, etc.(77%)
· agriculture, forestry, livestock & fisheries(18%)
Jeju city
Seogwipo city
M. Halla
Story 1 Country of stones and winds!
2-1. Beginning of farming and birth of Batdam
2-2. Batdam & Agricultural System
2-3. Significance
Batdam -built with stones from stony fields! Story 2
Beginning of farming: about A.D. 1, based on excavated artifacts.
10
2-1. Beginning of farming and birth of Batdam
Batdam : built with collected lava stones for cultivation, managing wind & soil(over 1000yrs).
☞ Batdam is called The 20,000km Black Dragon Batdam of Jeju for it resembles
a long black dragon.
Batdam (22,108km in total length):
a revolution for Jeju’s agriculture. • Types of Jeju Batdam
oidam
jeopdam
Jatdam
Japgutdam
Story 2 Batdam - built with stones from stony fields!
Field scenery showing how Batdam was made ①bille ②meodeul ③sandam ④seoldeok ⑤Batdam
① ②
③
④
⑤
⑤ ⑤
⑤
▮ Characteristics of Jeju Batdam
Built with mostly round and porous lava stones
[Pores in lava stones]
[Wind speed through gaps of Batdam and the frictional force]
11
Standing over 1000 years!
Frictional forces the stones receive depend on the shapes of the stones and windbreak effect from holes between them.
Story 2 Batdam - built with stones from stony fields!
stable structure formation: places an upper stone onto the space between two lower stones
joint and wind holes made among the stones
2-2. Batdam & Agricultural System
12
▮ Jeju Batdam’s function and agricultural system
Story 2 Batdam - built with stones from stony fields!
Jeju Batdam is a unique agricultural system to overcome unfavorable environment for farming.
• volcanic ash soil • most windy in
Korea • much rain
• dry field farming 99.9% • paddy farming 0.1%
• built Batdam
• treaded fields
• used seaweed, manure, etc
• windbreak
• prevented soil loss & arsenic
in topsoil from ionizing into
crops
• Blocked off animals
• preserved biodiversity
• preserved agricultural
culture
→ increased productivity
Dry field
Batdam & Agricultural system
Batdam for preventing loss of soil
☞ Batdam serves to protect fields against wind and prevent soil loss caused by rain.
☞ In case of very large fields, another Batdam is built in the middle of the field to slow
the loss of soil.
[stone fences in the middle of the field to block winds]
Dollengibat. In order to minimize the effects of wind, farmland is divided into small areas by surrounding it with batdam.
Story 2 Batdam - built with stones from stony fields!
14
Differences from the Korean mainland: dry field faming vs. rice paddy farming
15
2-3. Significance
Differences from similar cultures across the world
▶ Jeju Batdam vs. Europe
• Built by small groups: individuals or families over a long period of time
• Built with stone only
• Enclosed areas: used for dry field farming
• Created over short periods of time through collective readjustment of land
• Used materials: wood, stone, board, etc
• Grassland grow: livestock farming or mixed agriculture with the cattle put out to pasture
Jeju Batdam Bocage in Ireland Bocage in France
Story 2 Batdam - built with stones from stony fields!
Jeju Batdam Bocage
3-1. Batdam - securing food & livelihood
3-2. Biodiversity of Batdam
3-3. Agricultural scenery of Batdam
Batdam embraces Jeju’s today! Story 3
Agriculture & fisheries in Jeju: 18% of income, ranking 2nd.
Farming population: 19.2% of Jeju (3 times higher than national average 6.0%)
17
3-1. Batdam - securing food & livelihood
Crops Total Yield (2011)
Food crop 66,632 M/T → potato 48,900, beans 7,442, barley 4,802, sweet potato 1,887, etc
Vegetable 695,809 M/T → white radish 307,109, cabbage 112,087, carrot 61,104, onion 62,333, garlic 45,631, etc
Cash crop 4,810 M/T → sesame 448, green tea 124, rapeseed flowers 140, peanut 258, medicinal plants 2,532, etc
Flower 29,496,000 flowers → lily 17,036,000, chrysanthemum 3,578,000, gerbera 1,670,000, etc
Citrus 588,000 M/T
Amount of Crops Produced
Story 3 Batdam embraces Jeju’s today!
[sweet potato] [dry-field rice] [buckwheat] [millet] [legume]
18
Areas of fields for traditionally main crops in Jeju by year(1913-2011)
Story 3 Batdam embraces Jeju’s today!
Crops vary, depending on soil characteristics and height of Batdam.
Garlic in non-volcanic ash soil
Radishe in volcanic ash soil
Carrot in volcanic ash soil
Sandy soil – carrot, etc
19
Main crops by area depending on characteristics of soil
☞ Jeju farmland: 40.5% non-volcanic and 59.5% volcanic ash soil
☞ Dry field crops : mandarin(99%), carrot (70%), potato(40%), radish (40%),
broccoli (70%), cabbage(45%), etc.
Story 3 Batdam embraces Jeju’s today!
[Oreum demarcation Batdam ]
[bush warblers] [a colony of Elsholtzia splendens]
[Gotjawal demarcation Batdam ]
[kestrel] [Cyrtosia septentrionalis ]
[Wetland demarcation Batdam]
[moorhen] [Jeju salamander]
[Stream demarcation Batdam]
[Ussuri mamushi] [giant water bug]
[Mid-mountain baengdui demarcation Batdam ]
[roe deer] [scarab beetles] [Jogandae demarcation Batdam]
[brown-eared bulbul]
[snails]
Story 3 Batdam embraces Jeju’s today!
The island of Jeju hosts various fauna and flora according to its geopolitical location. ⇒ Biosphere Reserve by the UNESCO and Ramsar Wetlands
3-2. Biodiversity of Batdam
Ecological diversity of Batdam
- fauna: Jeju Weasel, Jeju Salamander, Jeju pony, Jeju black pig, Jeju black cow, Jeju native dog, etc.
- flora: Korean Fir forest, fringed galax, Tofieldia fauriei Lev. et Vnt., Leontopodium hallaisanense,
Adenophora taquetii H. Lev., Salix blinii Leveille, etc
Genetic diversity: Jeju’s indigenous & rare species
21
Fringed galax, world’s smallest tree World’s only forest of Korean fir Tofieldia fauriei Lev. et Vnt. Leontopodium hallaisanense
Jeju Weasel Jeju black pig Dog native to Jeju
Story 3 Batdam embraces Jeju’s today!
Jeju Jorangmal(Pony)
Unique cultural landscape: from geological nature & land formation of volcanic activities.
3-3. Agricultural scenery of Batdam
Batdam curves smoothly and sometimes terraces fences, adapting geographical
condition and thus grants us the unique landscape of Jeju.
A mosaic of Batdam is an artistic work laid out across the island.
22
Story 3 Batdam embraces Jeju’s today!
4-1. Cultural system related to Jeju Batdam
4-2. Rich stone culture of Batdam
4-3. Root of Jeju culture
Story 4 Jeju culture interwoven with Batdam
25
Story 4 Jeju culture interwoven with Batdam
Socio-cultural meanings of Batdam
4-1. Cultural system related to Jeju Batdam
Records of land
usages
Long history: over
1000 years
Cultural diversity by soil
characteristics
Formation of
the volcanic island
Wisdom & willingness
of Jeju people
Examples of cultural types based on soil characteristics
☞ Over 1000 years of history, serving the purpose of cultural heritage
☞ Cultural diversity per different altitude and location carries unique ways of life.
Socio-cultural meanings of Batdam
Housing & lifestyle, utilizing stone culture in Jeju
26
Story 4 Jeju culture interwoven with Batdam
4-1. Rich stone culture of Batdam
[Jeongnang] [Uyeongbat]
[Bongdeok]
[Maetdol -millstone]
[traditional thatched house – Uldam & olletdam] : Jeju Doldam is one of ‘the top 100 Korean folk culture symbols’
Contemporary applications of stone culture
[Various stone works on display at Jeju Stone Park]
[Reconstruction (for show) of an old
tongsi -style traditional toilet at Jeju
Stone Park]
[Dolhareubang (or stone grandfather) Sculpture in Bukchon Dolhareubang Park]
[Jeju Geumneung Stone Park]
[Stone Maze Park]
[Jeju Stone Village]
27
Story 4 Jeju culture interwoven with Batdam
Jeju is also called a Home to 18,000 gods.
[Yeongdeung Gut Farewell Ritual] : UNESCO World Intangible Cultural Heritage
28
[Sagaeil-ri Bonhayngdang]
4-3. Root of Jeju culture
Story 4 Jeju culture interwoven with Batdam
[Bangsatop] [Dolhareubang] [Sandam]
Haenyeo (women divers) culture, a symbol of strong women in Jeju
☞ Haenyeo holds her breath up to 2 minutes when she goes Jamaekjil (going under water) around
15 meter deep sea.
[Regions where Haenyeo went to work in the 1930s]
29
[Muljil by Jeju women divers]
Story 4 Jeju culture interwoven with Batdam
[Bulteok]
[Wondam]
5-1. Threats for Jeju Batdam
5-2. Securing the value of Batdam
5-3. Eternal Ancient Futures
Story 5 Batdam, opening Jeju’s future!
5-1. Threats for Jeju Batdam
modern machinery
introduction of high-tech farming and diversified crops
damages caused by urban sprawl and road constructions
settlement of the Jeju citrus industry
development of stone processing techniques
A picture showing Batdam where its heights was lowered after land consolidation projects, resulting in crop damage due to influx of sea water.
31
As the citrus industry has grown and Batdam has been readjusted, its original form has been damaged.
Story 5 Batdam, opening Jeju’s future!
32
5-2. Securing the value of Batdam
Contemporary meanings of Jeju Batdam
Artistic & academic values
• academic values in terms of archeology, socio-economics
and geology • artistic values of literature, arts
and photographs, etc
Ecological values
maintaining and expanding ecology, species, gene diversity
Scenic values
• scenic elements unique in Jeju • representatives of Jeju aesthetics
• attractions of Jeju tourism
Cultural values
• symbol of spirits of Jeju people (spirits of pioneers /
coexistence with nature) • unique ways of life with
various stone cultures
Heritage values
valuable as unique agricultural heritage in the world
Agricultural values
maintaining and expanding various agricultural functions
Future values
• expansion of different values of Jeju Batdam through registration as Agriculture & Fisheries Heritage
• foundation for developing Jeju style future-oriented agriculture focusing on environmentally
friendly farming and tourism farming, etc.
• leading the sustainable tourism in Jeju such as cultural tourism and rural area tourism.
• value to pass down the ancestors’ spirit of pioneering and wisdom to the next generations
Story 5 Batdam, opening Jeju’s future!
▮ Various efforts related to conserving Batdam
Declaring Jeju as a pilot island for environment friendly agriculture
Registration: Nationally Important Agricultural and Fishery Heritage
News article on Jeju Batdam’s registration of a Nationally Important
Agricultural and Fishery Heritage (Jan. 21, 2013)
33
Establishment and implementation of the Soil Management & Preservation Plan, the Mid-term Plan for Preserving the Landscape and the Landscape Management Plan
Implementing policies, conserving Batdam (subsidy system for the Jeju-style dry field farming, etc.)
Number of researches to conserve Batdam
Plan for Landscape Management and Plan for Soil Preservation
the walking trail program along Batdam scenery
Story 5 Batdam, opening Jeju’s future!
the criteria for designation - Core Zone : the World Heritage sites
- Buffer Zone : the mid-mountain area
- Special management Zones : to be decided among the low land farming areas
Zoning of the Batdam Conservation Areas
34
▮ Designation for conserved areas of Batdam
Story 5 Batdam, opening Jeju’s future!
☞ Protection levels will be judged under the criteria of ① originality ② scenic value ③ uniqueness ④ possibility of being conserved.
35
5-3. Establishment of Jeju Batdam Conservation and Management Plans
Story 5 Batdam, opening Jeju’s future!
36
▮ Action plans to preserve and utilize the Jeju Batdam Agricultural System (Here in after called JBAS)
Story 5 Batdam, opening Jeju’s future!
Short Term Management Plans for JBAS
- Project period: 3 years (2013 ~2015) - Budget: $1.5 million (Central government subsidy 70%, Local government @30)
Area Content Detail Budget
Ⅰ. Development
of maintenance
1. Plan ① Establish Comprehensive Plan, Preserving JBAS $100,000
2. Research ② JBAS Resource investigation in core areas - Research on ecological environment by experts and residents
$160,000
3. Resource
maintenance ③ Maintenance and restoration of JBAS - Landscape model JBAS site
$200,000
Total $460,000 Ⅱ.
Environmental
improvement
1.Environmental
improvement ① Develop JBAS Trails and Theme Parks - Install JBAS Comprehensive Direction Board
$300,000
Total $300,000
Ⅲ. Upgrading
values
2.Creating
the new value
① JBAS promotion plan - Support activities of civic and Heritage Conservation Commission - Publish storytelling and story books / Launch Jeju Stone Culture
Academy / Launch web page / Register and manage JBAS Brand
/ Promotions-domestic, international
$240,000
② JBAS Festival $100,000 ③ Designate JBAS Masters of Stonemasons $30,000
④ Symposium upon JBAS-GIAHS designation $220,000
⑤ Utilizing multiple resources of rural area $150,000 Total $740,000
Grand total $1,500,000
37
Story 5 Batdam, opening Jeju’s future!
Mid/Long Term Management Plans for JBAS ; Action programs per each strategy
① Active Public Relations
• Promoting a campaign of ‘Bat Han Pyung Sagi’, purchasing a land of one pyung (or 0.000817 acre) as a type of national trust.
→ Objectives: Public awareness of importance in Public Management of JBAS
→ Operation: Operate civic leading weekend farm program and provide a revenue model among JBAS sites, supporting the win-win style operation measure
• Creating programs to find values in Batdam and doldam.
→ Launch the research projects via domestic and international exchanges and operate Academy of JBAS
→ Found JBAS Support Center for effective operation. The center will be established under the provision of ‘Ordinance of Jeju Special Self-Governing Province, Preserving National Agricultural and Marine Heritage’.
• Making efforts to designate Batdam as a World Natural Heritage
→ Scope of designation area: Operate together with World Natural Heritage Site, World Agricultural Heritage Area
and Bat Han Pyeong Sagi Movement (or public trust movement, purchasing one pyeong of JBAS land).
② Selecting bases for conserving Batdam
• Joining the activities for making communities better places to live
→ Brand JBAS products, develop and launch JBAS processed food. : Utilize JBAS Trade Mark
→ Launch various rural tourism programs.
• Adopting a joint management system among rural communities
→ Systemize the civic leading plan, participation and also monitor them according to the special law of 'Improve Quality of Life Statue', aiming to improve life quality, develop rural areas and designate landscape convention areas. To monitor the performance rate of convention and launch direct payment system for landscape conservation, thus operation to be tied with 'Improving Quality of Life Statue’
38
Story 5 Batdam, opening Jeju’s future!
④ Building a direct support system
• Widening the accessibility to the subsidy for conserving JBAS
→ Expand and include JBAS products within the current direct payment system for short-lived crops
• Designating Protected Areas of JBAS as tourist attractions
→ Designate JBAS as Folk Culture & Heritage Site to hand down the traditional culture and art
• Utilizing Batdam as public resources
→ Utilize 'Land Banking System', acquiring lands within set budget to attract strong investments
⑤ Establishing database for Batdam
• Mapping Jeju Batdam using GIS
→ Secure entire area map of Jeju Island marked with JBAS for continuing protection, management and utilization of JBAS
• Monitoring the extent of damage every 3~5 years
→ Objectives: Conservation, management check-up and provision of complementary measure for JBAS per regular monitoring among local farmers and experts jointly
⑥ Annual assessment
• Thorough assessment of Batdam for better management → Establish a serial judging system according to Action Plan
③ Putting all available resources for conserving Batdam in organized ways
• Supporting a schematic organization, ‘Association of Stonemasons in Jeju Special Self-Governing Province’
→ Systematic management of JBAS and skill transmissions of JBAS stone fence building through the systematized stonemasons who currently are in decline
• Holding annual events under a theme of JBAS
→ Through JBAS Festival, the promotion opportunity for JBAS and the beauty of stone fences will be provided for both residents and tourists
Jeju residents share the understanding & intention to conserve Jeju Batdam as an important factor in the cultural landscape.
Dry field farming and Jeju Batdam are inseparable, and the sustainability of dry field farming relies on preservation of Batdam.
• Upland field farming ranks second at 18%,
among the highest in the nation.
• The area of upland field farming has been
on the rise.
• Area of farmland: produce 7.5% of the total
amount (the national average of 3.7%)
• Ratio of upland field farming in the nation :
citrus 99%, carrots 70%, fall potatoes 40%,
winter radishes 40%, broccoli 70%, cabbage 45%
• Income of a farming household (36,375,000won) :
21% higher than the national average
household income of 30,148,000won
Sustainability of dry field farming
• Critical basis for upland field
farming in Jeju.
• If destroyed, rebuilt in order to
prevent damage from sea
water
• Creating a range of value for
the future including precious
cultural landscape
• Residents share the awareness
for the necessity to preserve it.
Sustainability of Batdam
5-3. Eternal Ancient Futures
39
▮ Agriculture in Jeju and the sustainability of Batdam
Story 5 Batdam, opening Jeju’s future!
Story 5 Batdam, opening Jeju’s future!
▮ Expected Contribution of Jeju Batdam for Global Agriculture
40
Develop data sharing technology on Jeju Batdam Agricultural System → Share our successful know-how with worldwide agricultural countries Establish Jeju Agriculture Heritage Center, exchanging idea, train skills & manage Jeju Batdam, thus secure the world's sustainable heritage → Establish Global Agriculture Exchange System Designation of Jeju Batdam Agricultural System on GIAHS → Promote the significance of Agricultural Heritage → Introduce the necessity of Agricultural Heritage protection