Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
Tourism in Pakistan has great potential and due to the geographical location of Pakistan;
tourism industry is said to be the next big industry in Pakistan. According to the statistics
provided by PTDC (Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation) in 2008, Pakistan’s diverse
cultures, people and landscapes fascinated 700,000 visitors to the country which is almost
double as compared to that of a decade ago.
Just one year after the 2005 Northern Pakistan earthquake, the Guardian released in October
2006 illustrated it as "The top five tourist sites in Pakistan", to facilitate the country's ailing
tourism industry. The five main sites mentioned were The Karakorum, Lahore, Taxila, Lake
SaifulMulk and Karimabad. Also, in order to promote Pakistan's inimitable, distinctive, and
several cultural heritages, Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz launched the "Visit Pakistan" marketing
campaign in 2007.This campaign involved various promotion events throughout the year
including fairs, festivals, sporting events, arts and craft shows, and several others including
openings of historical museums.
Before the global economic crisis, Pakistan received more than 0.5 million tourists on annual
basis (www.pakistan.gov.pk). In addition to that, in 2010, the World Economic Forum’s (WEF)
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Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report categorized Pakistan as one of the top 25% tourist
destinations among its World Heritage sites but deteriorating law and order situation in the
country, terrorist actions, suicide bomber attacks, political unsteadiness, kidnapping of
foreigners and fortnight-long curfews have badly affected both international and domestic
tourism in Pakistan. In some areas of the country, particularly Northern side of Pakistan it’s the
only way of livings for the masses. Unfortunately, at the moment, many of foremost tourist
attractions are nearly on the verge of their end (Blanke and Chiesa, 2009). Tourism numbers
have now come down drastically to near zero percent since the year 2008 because of political
situation and unsteadiness across the country and many nations proclaiming Pakistan as unsafe
and advising its citizens and residents against visiting.
Pakistan’s tourism industry suffers from a weak travel and tourism framework, inefficient
branding and marketing strategy as well as presumed precedence which has been given to the
tourism industry by the entire government. Pakistan was graded as 103 out of 124 among other
countries according to the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report of World Economic
forum in 2010 (TTCR). By glancing at these statistics, one can evaluate the corroboration and
importance of environmental stability in Pakistan as well as the competitive benefits and
detriments to the entire travel and tourism industry in Pakistan.
A number of researches have been carried out to find the relationship between impact of law
and order situation on tourism. Terrorism is basically a premeditated political violence or
violent actions against normal civilians with the objective of maximizing media exposure to get
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Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
attention. Researchers have studied a lot in recent years about the aggregate behaviour of
terrorism over time, about its economic and political costs and about its microeconomic
motives, but considerable disagreement remains about its root causes. The violent actions have
their certain impacts on people as well as on the tourists coming from other countries. This
affects the image, political aspects, economy, and tourism activities of the region because the
incoming tourists consider the risk involved of victimizing while visiting the region (Altindag,
2009).
There are three problems; 1) domestic instability – economic and political – as main reasons for
terrorism; 2) different political instabilities to identify the escalation effect from diverse
indicators of international terrorism that reflect the number of severe terror acts; 3) policy
implications, which diverge from current policy prescriptions from the dominant especially
among non-economists failed states perspective. We would also look into other law and order
variables that adversely affect the domestic tourism, supported by statistics (Campos &
Gassebner, 2009).
Tourism enforces several aspects in the infrastructure; such as, infrastructure, economy,
environment control, and above all, security aspects. Tourists always prefer to go places that
are safe and secure to visit and allow traveling with mental peace. Tourism depends on
environmental, events, and law and order situation of the region where tourists could get
3
Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
atmosphere free of terrorism. However, the domestic tourism is highly affected by different
measures of political freedom, events after 9/11 mishap the escalation effect has increased
since 1968 (Kakar & Khalil, 2007).
1.2 Problem Statement
As explained above, Pakistan stands among one of the most attractive places present on the
face of the earth but faces problems in dealing with its tourism industry. This is because tourists
seek mental peace, security, good environmental and geographical conditions, great cultural
values and heritage, and most of all, environment free from any sort of terrorism so that they
could travel safely without any worries and tension. However, the tourism industry of Pakistan
has been greatly affected due to the rise of terrorism activities. The following thesis is also
about the same problem, therefore, the main problem statement of this thesis is:
“To study the effects of law and order on domestic tourism of northern areas of Pakistan”.
1.3 Issues
1.3.1 Despite various operations to captivate tourist from throughout the world the number
has been declining each year.
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Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
1.3.2 Lack of facilities is yet another factor because of which Pakistan is facing competitive
drawbacks in the tourism industry when they are compared to the international
standards.
1.3.3 Last but not the least, there is another factor which plays the most vital role and that is
lack of focus for preservation of natural environment. By doing this, Pakistan would be
able to attract more tourists as well as supporting the cause of global warming.
1.4 Hypothesis
There is a relationship between domestic tourism and law and order.
∑x α 1/ ∑y
Where:
x = Tourism Variables
y = Law and Order Variables
Dependent Variable: Tourism
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Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
Independent variable: Law and order
1.5 Key Points / Outline of the Thesis
1.5.1 When compared to the last year figures, the numbers were dropped by 8% in the year
2010. At present, it’s a bitter truth that has discouraged travel and tourism industry.
1.5.2 At present, the tourism infrastructure of Pakistan is very poor with the provision of
reasonable 110 hotel rooms, 96 nationalized and intellectual recourses, and ranking at
the position of 106th secure country. Rise in inflation has significantly affected and
reduced tourism in the northern areas of Pakistan.
1.5.3 Statistics should be used to categorize and evaluate the dynamics that are involved in
creating an uncertain travel and tourism industry in Pakistan.
1.5.4 The Pakistani government should illustrate the implication regulatory structure in these
localities by producing accessible supportive enterprise possibilities with a world class
streets mesh having a firm aim on transport facilities
1.5.5 Although Pakistan faces numerous comparable handicaps in journey and tourism
commerce but still one will not disregard that Pakistan was awarded 40th position for its
airline facilities and 39th position for ground transportation infrastructure
1.5.6 The maturation of human and natural assets can furthermore assist in development of
this weak industry.
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Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
Tourism industry is considered as one of the most promising and leading economic industries
around the globe. It helps countries to improve their economic conditions and to present
positive image of their homeland in front of other countries by serving their tourists and giving
them the chance to enjoy their visit to the fullest (Khan and Saqib, 2007). Many countries have
undertaken serious concern and planned strategies to develop their tourism industry. It not
only generates employment possibilities, but also serves formal and informal sector.
Furthermore, tourism brings foreign exchange to the country that directly adds to the economic
development of a country. These are the core reasons why countries and their government pay
extra attention to the welfare of their tourists because they are source of good reputation and
foreign exchange. Within last two decades, tourism industry has seen rapid growth all around
the world. Now, people are becoming aware of geographical locations of different countries
and want to explore them personally, that’s why, tourism has increased.
(Athanasopoulos, George & Hyndman, 2006) The country of Pakistan is enriched with natural
beauty, landscapes, green fields, rainforests, mountains, cultural heritage, mysterious history,
exotic coastal areas, splendid seasonal variety, and one of the oldest civilizations that attract
millions of tourists every year. Everything is there in Pakistan from exotic beaches to sky high
7
Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
mountains, hill stations; from deserts to beautiful landscapes. Therefore, Pakistan has great
chances of receiving tourists from around the world because of its versatility in natural beauty.
However, the field of tourism was taken seriously first time in the year 1972 when the Ministry
of Minority and Religious Affairs and Tourism was established (Tetsu, 2006). Since that,
measures started to take place from the government side and the government of Pakistan
showed its interest in improving the tourist activities and conditions around the country so that
foreign exchange could be brought. The main concern of Pakistan government was to enhance
economic conditions of Pakistan and to present a positive image of the country in front of
others. Pakistan is beautiful and scenic enough to attract millions of tourists every year, and for
that, Pakistan Tourism Development Corporation (PTDC) has been established that looks after
the interest and affairs of tourists that come to visit Pakistan. However, the tourism industry in
Pakistan need extra concern, heavy investment, and most of all, government involvement since
it’s a multi dimensional industry where not only the private but public sector should also take
great interest. Besides that, the private sector is playing quite a vital role in the development of
tourism industry in Pakistan more than the public sector by putting in heavy investments and
manpower (Kakar and Khalil, 2008).
According to the Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report in World’s Economic Forum of the
year 2009, Pakistan has been ranked as one of the top 25 countries to have the best
geographical conditions to enhance tourism industry domestically. This is because of the reason
that Pakistan is enriched with great record of history, cultural heritage, landscapes, sceneries,
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Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
recreational activities and best tourist destinations ever discovered. The main attractions of
Pakistan are the big cities, such as Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad, Gwadar, Faisalabad, Abbottabad,
Quetta, Peshawar and others. Besides that, the main tourists attractions that are famous in
Pakistan are Malam Jabba, Swat, Gilgit, Kalam, Shangla, Ayubia, Bhurban, Murri, Chitral,
Balakot, Naran and Kaghan valleys and many others. This proves that the main domestic tourist
attractions are the northern areas in Pakistan that serves all kinds of people with different
mindsets (Khalil, Kakar, Waliullah, 2007). Northern Pakistan region contains a lot of contrast
locations within and attracts all kinds of people whether they are enthusiastic, energetic,
adventure lovers, individuals, and peace lovers. Northern Pakistan continues as a land of
compares, exclusive in its legacy of landlocked civilisation and blessed as no other place
travelled to with an astonishing array of some of most attractive valleys, lagoons, streams and
mountains. The junction of four of the world’s most formidable hill varieties Karakoram,
Hindukash, and Himalayas types an exclusive issue to the north areas; it has climbers, trekkers,
mountaineers, hikers and unheeding rock, the flow of countless glacial creeks, which attracts
millions of visitors annually. Few localities in the world offer such an exclusive combine of wind
taking natural attractiveness and a wealthy diversity of heritage, socioeconomic customs,
annals and way of life as in the Hindukush-Himalayan district of Pakistan. Furthermore Pakistan
has a marvellous promise in the areas of echo and safari tourism. The appearance of foreign
visitors is expanding day by day in these areas. Pakistan achieved a record development in
tourist appearances of number of visitors, 798260 to be specific, from all tourist developing
markets, which are 23.3 per hundred boosts from the preceding year. Pakistan’s share in the
district has expanded from 8.6 per hundred in 2004 to10.1 percent in 2005. In the world tourist
9
Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
appearances, Pakistan’s share is 0.10 per hundred if compared to southern district share of 10.1
per hundred in 2005. Tourism in Pakistan has promise, the tourist journeys are in the relentless
line that about 42 million household tourists traveled with in the homeland in 2005. Nearly 90
per hundred tourist traveled by street, 8.5 per hundred by rail and only 1.8 per hundred
traveled by air. Tourism commerce has performed an important function in the socio-economic
development, and has undertaking future and development promise in the country. By the year
2009, Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report in The World Economic Forum ranks Pakistan
among one of the top ranking 25% frequently visited traveller preferred landmarks for its
Global Heritage locations (Blanke and Chiesa, 2009).
Before global economic crisis was increased, Pakistan received more than 500,000 tourists
every year (www.pakistan.gov.pk). But, as the condition of law and order situation began to
become worse in the country with increase in terrorist activities, drone attacks, Taliban actions,
suicidal assaults, political unsteadiness, the abduction of foreigners and fortnight-long
blackouts; tourism industry of Pakistan has been affected very badly. Domestic tourism is
affected more than the international tourism in Pakistan. Domestic tourism, especially Northern
areas of Pakistan have been affected very badly due to the bad influence of law and order
situation. Tourists used to visit Northern areas of Pakistan very often whenever they used to get
a chance, but now, when the law and order situation is not stable in the country, number of
tourists has drastically decreased. This influences the locals to high extent because domestic
tourism created high number of job vacancies and income for them (Blanke and Chiesa, 2009).
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Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
The local population of northern areas is highly dependent on the amount of local and
international travellers they receive every year. Tourism figures have now come down
drastically to near zero numbers since 2008 due to political conditions and volatility in the rural
and a lot continent announcing Pakistan as dangerous and coaching its civilians and residents
against visiting (Blanke and Chiesa, 2009).
Pakistan’s tourism development endures from a frail tour and tourism plan, incompetent
marketing and selling approach as well as presumed main concern bestowed to the tour and
tourism development by the government. Pakistan was positioned 103 of 124 nations
throughout the world by the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report of World Economic
Forum in 2010 (TTCR). By looking at these statistics, one can guesstimate the fortification and
meaning of environment’s sustainability in Pakistan as well as the competent superiority and
penalties to the tourism development in the homeland. According to the exact definition,
Terrorism is a deliberate political hostility or vicious achievements in resistance to regular
people with the aim of maximizing broadcasting exposure to get attention. Terrorism is a set of
brutal activities by some hostile group that leaves immeasurable terror and tension among
normal people. In Pakistan, unfortunately the ratio of terrorism has increased over time on
people and environment that eventually is affecting the economy and lifestyle of normal people
(Altindag, 2009). This has affected the law and order situation to high extents and domestic
tourism, especially Northern areas of Pakistan has been greatly affected by it. People now
before traveling anywhere in the Northern areas because there is no certainty what condition
11
Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
they would face while traveling. This proves that the risk of discrimination bolstered by the
travellers is (partially) recompensed by the touristic attractiveness of the Northern Pakistan.
The effects put forward that tourists estimate hazards of victimization before planning or
deciding for a vacation. This has affected everything and everyone. The locals of Northern
Pakistan are facing severe troubles due to the unstable situation of law and order because
domestic tourism is their bread and butter. The locals used to get their income by serving the
tourists and fulfilling their requirements; such as, providing accommodation facilities, providing
fire wood, food and beverages, providing tour guide services, selling handy craft items, and so
many other services. All these services and all tourist activities seems like coming to an end due
to the uncertain situation of law and order in the country. Domestic and international tourists
seem reluctant to visit Northern areas of Pakistan. The law and order situation has not only
affected the locals, but it is also affecting foreign capital, investments, foreign exchange, and
economy that was received from all tourists. In short, law and order situation has affected the
positive image, political characteristics, economy, and tourism behaviours because the arriving
tourists assess their risk involved of persecuting while visiting the Northern areas of Pakistan
(Blanke and Chiesa, 2009).
The ongoing law and order situation accompanied by Taliban mutiny has wrecked havoc to the
economy of the country and has also affected the tourism industry especially in the northern
region of Pakistan. Northern Pakistan, which was once known as “Heaven on Earth” is deserted
by the local and foreign tourists. The devastation caused by law and order situation because of
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Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
the militancy is so immense that it is feared whether the past glory and delicacy of the northern
region of Pakistan would ever be restored. Northern areas of Pakistan are still enriched with
golden sunshine, lavish green carpeted valleys, beautiful hills, enchanted waterfalls, and lakes
shimmering with crystal clear waters; but they do not receive the number of tourists they used
to get in the past due to the worst law and order situation which has caused nothing but
disaster to these heavenly beautiful valleys and the people who live there. Moreover, the
foreign media has pictured Pakistan, especially the Northern region of Pakistan as highly
insecure and vulnerable to visit and this has made the situation worst. People have been
alarmed and they are not willing to visit Pakistan and its northern region at all because they are
scared and uncomfortable to make northern areas of Pakistan as their tour destination.
However, after all these destructions and violence made in the entire region, there are still a
number of tourists who intend to and DO visit Pakistan and its northern areas to witness the
artistic and charismatic creations of Mother Nature. Since the year 2009, the government of
Pakistan made some efforts and started a campaign to resume the tourism industry once again
and give it a booming start. As the government stepped ahead to present a positive image of
Pakistan, the locals also recollected their strengths and efforts to help the government in this
campaign. They succeeded in gaining the number of tourists since then; however, the number
has not been raised like it used to get in the past. Nevertheless, something is better than
nothing. There is still hope and tourists again prefer northern areas of Pakistan on others but
the devastation made by the law and order situation needs to be repaired and needs
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Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
extraordinary efforts and investments from the private and public sector. It might take some
more years for the domestic and local tourists to reconsider their preferences to travel. The
locals might have to have more patience than ever because disasters usually take long period of
time to heel and northern region of Pakistan might take some more time to receive tourists
because no matter how severe the devastation was made by the law and order situation; but
the natural beauty of northern areas of Pakistan can never be destroyed and they would
definitely receive tourists like they used to get in the past.
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Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research usually refers to the collection of information, its assessment, and dissemination
procedure. It never "happens", but is always commenced by a researcher or a group of
investigators with an ambition of analyzing their gathered information, its consistency and
policy goal. The distinctive and diverse aspect the following thesis has revolved round the
aspects of how situation of law and order has affected the domestic tourism of Northern region
of Pakistan.
3.1 Method of Data Collection
Data collection was the most time consuming activity in completing the following Thesis. Both
primary and secondary research methods were used to collect data for the Thesis. Primary
research was used to collect data from the questionnaires and research participants, while
secondary research was used when data was collected from journals and articles. The primary
research for the following thesis includes personal survey based questionnaire which was
aimed at collecting information on the topic of how law and order situation has affected the
domestic tourism of Northern areas of Pakistan. the research participants contacted for data
collection belongs from almost every occupation, such as, businessman, student, housewife,
15
Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
government employee, private organization employee, entrepreneur, jobless people,
adventurer, and even freelance worker. Every single person was contacted personally and was
asked to fill the survey based questionnaire.
3.2 Qualitative Study
The qualitative research was carried out by adopting the strategy of an open, free and unbiased
attitude towards the data gathering process and then taking out the final decision and
recommendations out of it. The data for the main topic was gathered using extensive research
from journals, and online articles. A complete theoretical structure was engaged in working out
for the basis of the commendations and the key/stress points. The information gathered has
been represented in the literature review and then in the results, findings and conclusion using
an unbiased strategy. For the compilation and the investigation of the data gathered, an
unbiased approach and attitude was furthermore adopted. While gathering data, research
participants contacted to fill up the survey based questionnaires were not lead by the
researcher to persuade them and they were given free time alone so that they could participate
while remaining unbiased.
3.3 Data Collection
In order to carry out the research for this thesis, data was taken from authorized peer reviewed
articles, reports, and journals. All related articles and journals were thoroughly evaluated
16
Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
before acquiring relevant information from them and they are listed down in the reference
sheet at the end of the thesis as well. For more practical research, survey based questionnaires
were given to around 400 research participants to be filled out personally and particularly. No
probability sample variety or particular biased collection method was used to collect data for
this study. All the data is collected in written form and is validated and verified without any
biased intention.
3.4 Data Analysis
The investigation of the qualitative study undertook for the paper was engaged through a
personal investigation of the qualitative data with the use of keywords of how law and order
has affected the domestic tourism of Northern areas of Pakistan. Any quantitative data that was
furthermore accumulated was investigated through statistical investigation methods utilising
the Microsoft Office and SPSS software.
3.5 Instrument of Data Collection – Questionnaires
Very simple and unbiased sampling was carried out for this study. Highly qualified survey based
questionnaires were formulated and then given to 400 research participants. These research
participants were kind enough to fill out the given questionnaires. The results and conclusions
derived from the resultant sampling methodology seems to be most suitable as it uses non
17
Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
probability and convenience based sampling method. This is because of the fact that probability
based research often makes biased decisions, results, recommendations and conclusions. In
total, 400 survey based questionnaires were prepared and distributed among research
participants who agreed to provide their help for the following thesis. This questionnaire was
designed in such a way that any person from any field or lifestyle could navigate through the
questionnaire and answer the questions without any problem. The questionnaire comprised of
close end and multiple choice questions (MCQs). Most of the questions were put into MCQ
style so that they could consume minimum time of research participants and help them to
respond quickly. This made the evaluation process quite easy to draw verification and
validation of the research.
3.6 Research Model Developed
Variable to be Studied
Tourism
Tourism preferencesTourism frequency
18
Law and order
Talibanization and Drone attacksSuicide bomb attacksPolitical instability (Strikes, protests, general insecurity etc.)Street Crimes (Assault, Homicides, Cell-snatching etc.)Robbery/BurglaryKidnapping
Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
1. Dependent Variable – Tourism
2. Independent Variable – Law and Order
3.7 Statistical Technique
The most important thing required for this Thesis was to acquire result from the research.
According to the requirements and specifications of the Thesis, One Sample Test Technique was
used to know the relation between law and order and its affects on the domestic tourism of
northern areas of Pakistan.
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Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
4.1 Findings and Interpretations of the results
In reference to the hypothesis , the data collected via questionnaires by 400 respondents was
entered on SPSS and below results were observed
One-Sample Statistics
Rise in Crimes N Mean Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
No Domestic Travel :
Crime
Frequency of traveling
domestically392 1.6097 .68838 .03477
When one sample statistics test was applied, the results concluded that from the sample size of
400 total 392 respond to this question and 8 remaining was unable to answer it, the test shows
that when there will be rise in crime then the mean is 1.6097 which shows that it lies in
between the options of less than once a year and once a year therefore, if there will rise in
crime than the frequency of travelling domestically will be decline and as people will not prefer
travelling.
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Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
One-Sample Test
Rise in Crimes
Test Value = 1
t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
No Domestic Travel
: Crime
Frequency of
traveling
domestically
17.536 391 .000 .60969 .5413 .6781
The column t shows a value of 17.536 which is each sample observed statistics
Df stand for degree of freedom and here its value is 391 which is calculated when 1 is
minus from number of cases and it is equal too to them
The hypothesis is rejected because the value is significant. And probability is shown with
value of 391 in column Sig (2-tailed)
0.60969 is the value of mean difference which is get when from each sample the test
value (1 here) is subtracted
All possible samples of 400 respondents involved in travelling results in 95% confidence
interval
Lower boundary value is .5413 and upper boundary value is .6781
21
Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
One-Sample Statistics
Security Issues N Mean Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
No Domestic Travel :
Security Issues
Frequency of traveling
domestically392 1.6097 .68838 .03477
Similarly, security issues is an important factor while travelling so when there is a threat of
security issues then people will not prefer travelling, here 392 respondents replied to this and 8
were unable to answer
One-Sample Test
Security Issues
Test Value = 1
t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
95% Confidence Interval
of the Difference
Lower Upper
No Domestic Travel :
Security Issues
Frequency of traveling
domestically17.536 391 .000 .60969 .5413 .6781
22
Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
Here, again The column t shows a value of 17.536 which is each sample observed
statistics
Df stand for degree of freedom and here its value is 391 which is calculated when 1 is
minus from number of cases and it is equal too to them
One-Sample Statistics
Law & Order Situation N Mean Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
No Domestic Travel : Law
& Order Situation
Frequency of traveling
domestically392 1.6097 .68838 .03477
As the whole purpose of the thesis is to know the effects of law and order on tourism so it is
important to consider this question the most. When law and order situation is not stable then
respondents answer then they will not travel domestically and frequency of travelling will be
less than usual travelling ratio.
Out of 400, 392 respondents gave the answer and rest 8 were unable to answer it, Mean value
is 1.6097, mean deviation value is .69938 and standard error mean value is .03477
23
Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
One-Sample Test
Law & Order Situation
Test Value = 1
t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
No Domestic Travel
: Law & Order
Situation
Frequency of
traveling
domestically
17.536 391 .000 .60969 .5413 .6781
T value is 17.536, degree of freedom is 391, and sig value is .000 which is significant so the
hypothesis is rejected
One-Sample Statistics
Military operations N Mean Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Mean
No Domestic Travel :
Military Operations
Frequency of traveling
domestically392 1.6097 .68838 .03477
Lastly, when there will be military operations in northern areas then frequency of travelling domestically
will be less
24
Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
One-Sample Test
Military operations
Test Value = 1
t df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean
Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower Upper
No Domestic Travel
: Military
Operations
Frequency of
traveling
domestically
17.536 391 .000 .60969 .5413 .6781
Also, all the values are same as above tables, so military operations are also a factor for people
to not travel.
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Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS, DISCUSSIONS,
IMPLICATIONS AND FUTURE RESEARCH
Conclusions
Very thorough research has been carried out for this Thesis in the result and hypothesis section
which recommends and concludes that law and order situation plays the most important role in
successful tourism industry because tourists, whether traveling domestically or internationally
prefer places where they could travel without any fear or insecurity. The uncertain situation of
law and order has affected the domestic tourism industry of northern areas of Pakistan to great
extents. This has decreased the number of tourists who used to visit these areas every year.
The northern areas of Pakistan are heavenly beautiful and can be compared to any beautiful
landscape on earth, but they have lost their value and number of tourists because of the worse
condition of law and order situation in Pakistan. in order to improve the domestic tourism of
the northern areas, extraordinary efforts are need to be made that includes heavy investments,
government involvement, private and public sector interest, efforts of local people, and positive
26
Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
image of Pakistan through electronic media. This procedure might take long time to settle
everything but is effective in the long run.
Discussions
After performing thorough research on the subject matter of Thesis. It is found that the law and
order situation has greatly affected the domestic tourism of northern areas of Pakistan.
previously, northern areas of Pakistan used to receive thousands of tourists every year, but
with the increase in uncertainty of law and order situation; domestic and international tourists
have been alarmed by the electronic media and international tourists are told specifically not to
visit Pakistan because it is unsafe and insecure for them due to the worse conditions of law and
order.
Implications and Recommendations
The law and order situation in Pakistan has decreased the number of tourists that were
received by the northern areas of Pakistan. It has affected everything and everybody. However,
Pakistani government need to step forward and help the locals to present a positive image of
Pakistan so that more tourists could be attracted to visit. This needs high motivation, positive
27
Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
image building, media support, heavy investments, education, and most of all; means of
security and better environment so that tourists could feel secure before planning their trips to
northern areas of Pakistan.
Future Research
The following Thesis has paved way for a vast area of research. In future, more research could
be carried out on the aspect of how domestic tourism could be improved and how law and
order situation could be handled while traveling. Apart from that, research could also be carried
out on how to present positive image of Pakistan and its domestic tourism through media and
how media could be used to attract more tourists and tempt them to visit the northern areas of
Pakistan. Tourism could play a vital role in the development of economic conditions of Pakistan
and it could be improved by making contributions and presenting a positive image of Pakistan
in front of other countries.
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Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
REFERENCES
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Impact of law and order on domestic tourism
30