Revised2017

NAME:__________________________________________________PERIOD:______Rubenstein:TheCulturalLandscape(12thedition) ChapterTwelve–ServicesandSettlements(pages430thru457)ThisistheprimarymeansbywhichyouwillbetakingnotesthisyearandtheyarereferredtointhecourseasKeyIssueQuestionsorGuidedReadingNotes.Youwillbeexpectedtoprintoutthesepagesfromtheclasswebpageandwritetheanswersdirectlybeloweachquestion.Thesenotesaretobekeptina3-ringbinderfortheentireyearandwillbethefoundationforstudyingfortheindividualsectionreadingchecksandchaptertests,theSemesterExams,andtheAPExaminMay.KeyIssue1:WhereAreServicesDistributed?

• INTRODUCINGSERVICESANDSETTLEMENTS• LEARNINGOUTCOME12.1.1–DESCRIBETHETHREETYPESOFSERVICES

1.Examplesofthetertiary,or______________sectoroftheeconomyinclude______________________________________________________________________________________________________.2.Ingeographicterms,whatisaservice?3.Servicesgeneratemorethan_____oftheGDPinmostdevelopedcountries,whilelessthan_____inmostdevelopingcountries.4.Whyareservicesgenerallyclusteredindevelopedcountries?5.Ingeographicterms,whatisasettlement?6.Whatisthemostfavorablelocationfactorforservices?7.Theservicesectorisdividedintothreesubgroups:

a.around_____%ofalljobsintheU.S.areconsumerservicesWhatisthemainpurposeofconsumerservices?Thefourmaintypesofconsumerservicesare:_______________,_______________,_______________,and_______________

b.around_____%ofalljobsintheU.S.arebusinessservicesWhatisthemainpurposeofbusinessservices?Thethreemaintypesofbusinessservicesare:______________________________,______________________________,and______________________________c.around_____%ofalljobsintheU.S.arepublicservicesWhatisthepurposeofpublicservices?Publicsectorjobsinclude__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8.AllthegrowthinU.S.employmenthasbeenin__________________________,whileemploymentin__________________and____________________sectorjobsdeclined.9.Whatsubcategoryofjobshaveincreasedthemostwithinbusinessservices?10.Whattypesofjobshaveincreasedthemostwithinconsumerservices?

KeyIssue2:WhereAreConsumerServicesDistributed?• CENTRALPLACETHEORY• LEARNINGOUTCOME12.2.1–EXPLAINTHECONCEPTSOFMARKETAREA,RANGE,

ANDTHRESHOLDWhatdoesthecentralplacetheoryattempttoexplain?Centralplacetheoryisaspatialtheoryinurbangeographythatattemptstoexplainthereasonsbehindthedistributionpatterns,size,andnumberofcitiesandtownsaroundtheworld.Italsoattemptstoprovideaframeworkbywhichthoseareascanbestudiedbothforhistoricreasonsandforthelocationalpatternsofareastoday.GermangeographerWalterChristallerin1933decidedforexamplethatthecountrysideintheareashewasstudyingwouldbeflat,sonobarrierswouldexisttoimpedepeople'smovementacrossit.Inaddition,twoassumptionsweremadeabouthumanbehavior:1)Christallerstatedthathumanswillalwayspurchasegoodsfromtheclosestplacethatoffersthegood,and2)wheneverdemandforacertaingoodishigh,itwillbeofferedincloseproximitytothepopulation.11.Ingeographicterms,whatisacentralplace?

12.Whatisamarketarea(alsoknownashinterlandorthenodalregion)ofaservice?13.Becausemostpeopleprefertogetservicesfromthe___________location,consumersnearthecenterofthecirclegetservicesfrom____________establishments.Thecloseraconsumeristotheedgeofthemarketarea,thegreaterthelikelihoodtheywillchoosetogetservicesfrom___________________________________________.14.The48contiguousstateshavebeendividedupinto________functionalregionscenteredaroundcommutinghubs,thatarealsocalled_____________________________________.

15.Ingeographicterms,whatistherangeofaservice?16.Rangeisoftenmodifiedbecausepeoplethinkofdistanceintermsof_____ratherthan______________.17.Whatisthethresholdofaservice?18.Asuitablesiteforaserviceisonewiththepotentialforgeneratingenough__________tojustifyusingthecompany’sscarce

_________tobuildit.

• HIERARCHYOFCONSUMERSERVICES• LEARNINGOUTCOME12.2.2–EXPLAINTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFDIFFERENT-SIZED

SETTLEMENTS19.Thereisnopointintravelingtoadistantstoreifthesamemerchandiseisavailableatanearbyone.Wetravelgreaterdistanceonlyif a. b.

20.Accordingtothecentralplacetheory,therearehexagonsofvarioussizeswhichrepresentinganestingpatternofsettlements.Inorderfromsmallesttolargest,theyare:__________________,________________,________________,and________________.21.Whatistherank-sizerulefoundinmanydevelopedcountries?22.Howdoestheprimatecityruledifferfromtherank-sizerule?23.Whatisthenegativeimpactonadevelopingcountryofhavingtheprimatecityruleapplyintheircountry,nottherank-sizerule?

• MARKETAREAANALYSIS• LEARNINGOUTCOME12.2.3–EXPLAINHOWTOUSETHRESHOLDANDRANGETO

FINDTHEOPTIMALLOCATIONFORASERVICE24.Whatisthepurposeofamarketareaanalysis?25.Whatdoesthegravitymodelpredictforabusinessowner?26.Whatarethetwobasicconsumerbehaviorsassociatedwiththegravitymodel? a. b.27.Ingeographicterms,whatisafooddesert?

• PERIODICMARKETS• LEARNINGOUTCOME12.2.4–DESCRIBETHECONCEPTOFPERIODICMARKETSIN

DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES28.Ingeographicterms,whatisaperiodicmarket?29.Whatareadvantageofaperiodmarketinaruralorlow-incomearea? a. b.

KeyIssue3:WhereAreBusinessServicesDistributed?• HIERARCHYOFBUSINESSSERVICES• LEARNINGOUTCOME12.3.1–DESCRIBETHEFACTORSTHATAREUSEDTO

IDENTIFYGLOBALCITIESAglobalcity,alsocalledworldcityorsometimesalphacityorworldcenter,isacitygenerallyconsideredtobeanimportantnodeintheglobaleconomicsystem,oftenmeaningtheflowofinformationandcapital.Traditionally,thethreemostimportantglobalcitiesareNewYork,London,andTokyo.Globalcitiesaredividedintothreelevels:alpha,beta,andgamma.30.Whattypesofbusinessservicesseemtoclusteringlobalcities? a. b. c.31.Listthefactorsthataregenerallyusedtoidentifyandrankglobalcities. a._________________________ d._________________________

b._________________________ e._________________________c._________________________ f._________________________

32.Whydoglobalcitieshaveadisproportionatenumberofluxuryandhighlyspecializedconsumerservices,aswellasofferingthemostplays,concerts,operas,nightclubs,restaurants,bars,sportingevents,libraries,museums,theaters….?33.Globalcitiesmaybecentersof______________or_______________politicalpower,suchasnationalcapitals,likeLondonorBeijing.WhileNewYorkisnotanationalcapital,itishometothe________________________________,andBrussels(Belgium),alsoaglobalcity,isthecenterforthe___________________________________.

• BUSINESSSERVICESINDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES• LEARNINGOUTCOME12.3.2–DESCRIBETWOTYPESOFBUSINESSSERVICESIN

DEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES34.Developingcountriesoftenspecializeintwodistincttypesofbusinessservices,______________________________________and________________________________________oftenbecauseof________________________________,________________________________,and______________workers.35.Off-shorefinancialservicesoffertwoimportantrolesintheinternationalfinancialmarket: a. b.36.Whatareexamplesofback-office(business-processingoutsourcingorBPO)services?37.Whattechnologicaldevelopmenthaseliminatedtheneedforspatialproximityformanycompaniesthatprovideback-officebusinessservices?38.Forwhattwolabor-relatedreasonsdocompanieschoosetohireemployeesfromdevelopingcountriestoperformback-officefunctions,suchasthecallcentersinIndia? a. b.

• ECONOMICSPECIALIZATIONOFSETTLEMENTS• LEARNINGOUTCOME12.3.3–EXPLAINTHECONCEPTOFECONOMICBASE

39.Whatisthedifferencebetweenbasicbusinessandnonbasicbusiness? a.basicbusiness– b.nonbasicbusiness–40.Theuniqueclusterofbasicbusinessesinasettlementisits________________________________;foracommunitytoprosper,attractingbasicbusinessesmustbethefocusoffuturegrowth.41.Insummary,new______________businessesattractnewworkersandtheirfamiliestoacommunity,andthennew_______________servicesareopenedtomeettheneedsoftheseworkersandtheirfamilies.42.Specialized,ortalented,individualsarenotdistributeduniformlyamongcities.Theyareattractedtocitieswiththemost_______________________________and______________________________.43.AccordingtoRichardFlorida’sresearch,themainattractionis____________________,ratherthan____________________.The“coolness”indexcombinedthepercentageofpopulationintheir______,thenumberof__________andother__________placespercapita,andthenumberof_________________________________percapita.44.UsingFigure12-30onpage447,whatcityinFloridaisrankedasbeingthemost“cool”accordingtothePOVMagazineindex?________________________

KeyIssue4:WhyDoServicesClusterinSettlements?• SERVICESINRURALSETTLEMENTS• LEARNINGOUTCOME12.4.1–DESCRIBETHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENCLUSTERED

ANDDISPERSEDRURALSETTLEMENTS45.Describethephysicallayoutofclustered(alsocallednucleated)ruralsettlements,suchashamletsorvillages.46.Describethephysicallayoutofdispersedruralsettlements.

47.Describeacircularclusteredruralsettlementversusalinearclusteredruralsettlement.

a.circularclusteredruralsettlement:

b.linearclusteredruralsettlement:

48.IntheUnitedStatesclusteredruralsettlementsarehistoricallyfoundincolonial_______________.Whywouldthisbetypicalofthattime,place,andpeople?49.UnlikeNewEnglanderswhoestablishedclusteredsettlements,whydidsettlersintheMiddleAtlanticcoloniesestablishdispersedruralsettlements?50.WhyweresettlementpatternsintheAmericanMidwestsimilartothatoftheMiddleAtlanticcolonies?51.Whatarethelimitationsoftheclusteredruralsettlementpatternwithregardtopopulationgrowth?52.Whatwastheenclosuremovementfrom1750to1850inGreatBritain?

• SERVICESINEARLYURBANSETTLEMENTS• LEARNINGOUTCOME12.4.2–IDENTIFYIMPORTANTPREHISTORIC,ANCIENT,AND

MEDIEVALURBANSETTLEMENTS53.Basedonarchaeologicalresearch,prehistoricurbansettlementsprobablyoriginatedtoprovide______________and______________services.

54.Namethefourhearthsfromwhereitisbelievedthatprehistoricurbansettlementsfirstdeveloped.

a._________________________ c._________________________

b._________________________ d._________________________55.Whatwasazigguratinancienturbansettlements,suchasUr?(Figure12-37)56.Whatmayhavebeenthefirstandmostimportantconsumerserviceprovidedintheearliestpermanentsettlements?57.Whatmayhavebeenthefirstandmostimportantbusinessserviceprovidedintheearliestpermanentsettlements?58.Whatmayhavebeenthefirstandmostimportantpublicserviceprovidedintheearliestpermanentsettlements?59.Definecity-state(originallyintroducedinChapter8).60.WhydidlargeurbansettlementsbegintodeclineafterthefalloftheRomanEmpirestartinginthe5thcentury?61.WhatweretwofunctionsofmanyofthemedievalEuropeanurbansettlements? a. b.

• PERCENTURBAN• LEARNINGOUTCOME12.4.3–EXPLAINTHETWODIMENSIONSOFURBANIZATION

62.Twofeaturesofurbanizationinclude: a.

b.63.LouisWirth,anAmericansociologist,inthe1930definedacityasapermanentsettlementwiththreecharacteristics:_______________________________,_______________________________,and____________________________________________________.64.Whataretwosocialconsequencesofhighpopulationdensityinurbanareas? a. b.65.Whatisonepositiveandonenegativeresultofthesocialheterogeneityofurbancenters? a. b.66.Whatfactorsseemtoblurthedistinctionbetweenurbanandruralresidentsindevelopedcountriestoday?67.Inwhatyearapproximatelydidtheglobalurbanpopulationexceedthatofruralsettlements?____

• SIZEOFURBANSETTLEMENTS• LEARNINGOUTCOME12.4.4–DESCRIBETHELOCATIONOFTHEFASTEST-

GROWINGCITIES68.Developedcountrieshaveahigherpercentageofurbanresidents,butdevelopingcountrieshavemoreoftheverylargeurbansettlements.AccordingtoDemographia,seventhe10mostpopulouscitiesintheworldtodayareindevelopingcountries: ________________________,________________________,________________________,

________________________,________________________,________________________,and________________________

69.Currently,theworld’slargesturbansettlementis______________,andthethreefastestgrowingurbansettlementsare___________________,___________________,and___________________.70.Whattwofactorsexplaintheincreaseinpopulationinurbansettlementsindevelopingcountries? a. b.