8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)
1/25
INDUSTRIAL & ENVIRONMENTAL
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Course # KIBGE-707
AFSHEEN AMAN, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Industrial Biotechnology Section
Dr. A.Q. Khan Institute of Biotechnology & GeneticEngineering (KIBGE)University of Karachi
Pakistan
8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)
2/25
8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)
3/25
WHY ALTERNATIVE FUELS ?
Energy consumption increased dramatically
DOMESTIC & INDUSTRIAL usage of fuel increased
Resulted in UNBALANCED energy management
Petroleum crisis occurred in 1973, when the barrel price
was sky rocketing
In addition, the time for depletion of this energy source
(Fossil fuel) is nearing
8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)
4/25
Need an alternative NEED-BASED
COMMODITYITY
Globally Environmental Concerns & Issues were
raise
Needed Power resources capable to sustain
operations over a long period of time
Interest diverted towards natural resources
(Renewable Resources).
8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)
5/25
WHAT IS BIOFUEL?
Conversion of biomass or related natural resources
into fuel or energy by the use of BIOLOGICAL
AGENTS
Biologically generated:
Hydrogen/Methanol/Ethanol/Butanol
WHAT IS BIODIESEL?
An alternative fuel that can be produced from waste
vegetable oil & can be directly used in any diesel
engine
8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)
6/25
BIOFUEL
8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)
7/25
BIOETHANOL / ALCOHOL FUELS
Biologically produced alcohols producedby the action of microorganisms and
enzymes through the fermentation of
sugars or starches (easiest), or cellulose
(which is more difficult).
Most commonly: Ethanol (bioethanol)
Less commonly: Propanol and Butanol
(biobutanol)
8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)
8/25
Ethanol fuel is the most common biofuel
worldwide, particularly produced by
fermentation of sugars
Ethanol production methods used are:
Enzyme digestion (to release sugars from
stored starches)
Fermentation of the sugars
Distillation
Drying.
8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)
9/25
Bioethanol (CH3CH2OH) is a liquid biofuel
produced from several different biomass
feedstocks and conversion technologies.
Bioethanol is usually obtained from the
conversion of carbon based feedstock.
Bioethanol, unlike petroleum, is a renewable
resource that can be produced from agricultural
feed stocks.
8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)
10/25
VARIETY OF FEEDSTOCKS
FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION
Sugar cane
Bagasse
Sugar beet Sorghum & grain
sorghum switchgrass
Barley
Potatoes, Sweet
potatoes & Cassava
Sunflower
Molasses
Corn
Stover
Grain
Wheat
Straw
Cotton
Other biomass
8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)
11/25
MICROORGANISM INVOLED IN
BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION
Saccharomyces uvarum
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Fusarium oxysporum
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Kluyveromyces marianus
Candida pseudotropicalis
Klebsiella oxytoca
Pichia stipitis
Kluyveromyces masxianus
Zymomonas mobilis
8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)
12/25
ADVANTAGES OVER CONVENTIONAL
FOSSIL FUEL
Environmental friendly fuel as it does not
contribute to the CO2 burden
It is Non-Toxic & Biodegradable
Reduce greenhouse effect
Substantially reduce unburned hydrocarbons(93%), carbon monoxide (50%) & particulate
matter (30%)
8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)
13/25
Today ETHANOL is used as a fuel.
Mainly as a biofuel alternative to gasoline, and is
widely used by flex-fuel light vehicles in Brazil, and as
an oxygenate to gasoline in the US.
In Brazil, the National Alcohol Program was launched
to meet the increasing demand for ethanol to fuel
vehicles, and to substitute tetraethyl lead in gasoline.
Brazil & US were responsible for 89 percent of the
world's ethanol fuel production in 2008.
8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)
14/25
Ethanol is used in petrol engines as a
replacement for gasoline
It can be mixed with gasoline to anypercentage. Most existing car petrol engines
can run on blends of up to 15% bioethanol with
petroleum/gasoline.
Anhydrous ethanol (ethanol with less than 1%water) is blended with gasoline in varying
quantities
E100
E85
E10
Modern gasoline engines operate well with
mixtures of 10% ethanol
8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)
15/25
BIODIESEL
8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)
16/25
Biodiesel is prepared from waste vegetable oils or fat
by catalyzed transesterification of triglycerides
Transesterification means taking a triglyceride
molecule, or a complex fatty acid, neutralizing the
free fatty acids, removing the glycerin, and creating
an alcohol ester.
This is accomplished by mixing methanol with sodium
hydroxide to make sodium methoxide. This liquid is
then mixed into the vegetable oil.
8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)
17/25
This liquid is then mixed into the vegetable oil.
After the mixture has settled, Glycerin is left on
the bottom and methyl esters, or biodiesel is left
on top and is washed and filtered.
The final product Bio Diesel fuel, when used
directly in a Diesel Engine will burn up to 75%
cleaner then mineral oil Diesel fuel.
The Cost
The cost of Bio Diesel is largely dependent on
the choice of feedstock and the size of the
production facility.
8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)
18/25
APPLICATIONS OF BIODIESEL
Biodiesel is the most valuable form of renewable
energy that can be used directly in any existing,
unmodified diesel engine.
Biodiesel fuel and can be produced from oilseed
plants such as rape seeds, sunflower, canola and
or JATROPHA CURCAS.
Biodiesel is environmental friendly and ideal for
heavily polluted cities.
8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)
19/25
Biodiesel produces 80% less carbon dioxide and
100% less sulfur dioxide emissions. It provides a
90% reduction in cancer risks.
Biodiesel can be used alone or mixed in any ratio
with mineral oil diesel fuel. The preferred ratio if
mixture ranges between 5 and 20% (B5 - B20)
Biodiesel is cheaper then mineral oil diesel
Biodiesel is conserving natural resources
8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)
20/25
8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)
21/25
RECENT NEWS
8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)
22/25
SPAIN to up biofuel mix in fuels to 6.1 pct by 2013
MADRID | Fri Oct 22, 2010 1:05pm EDT
MADRID (Reuters) - Spain's industry ministry said on
Friday it planned to increase the minimum proportions
of biofuels to be mixed with conventional fuels to 6.1
percent in 2013 from 5.83 percent in 2010. The increase in requirements to mix biofuels with
conventional fuels -- known as minimum blend -- will take
place gradually, reaching 5.9 percent in 2011, and 6.0
percent in 2012, the ministry said in a statement. The European Union wants renewable fuels to account for
10 percent of member states' transport fuel by 2020.(Reporting by Jonathan Gleave; editing by Keiron Henderson)
8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)
23/25
Boeing Launches Aviation Biofuel
Research In China (October 22, 2010 )
U.S. aircraft maker Boeing has said that it will
to invest USD500,000 each year over the next
five years in its aviation biofuel research center
in Qingdao.
The center was jointly launched by Boeing and
the Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy andBioprocess Technology and is called the Joint
Research Lab for Sustainable Aviation
Biofuels.
8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)
24/25
The company is focused on algal growth,
harvesting, and processing technologies
Boeing is planning to conduct a test of a
commercial-jet biofuel in China in May or
June 2011. The test will be the company'ssixth demonstration flight using biofuel.
The test will be made in conjunction with Air
China, the country's flagship carrier, and willuse fuel based on jatropha oil supplied by
PetroChina.
8/8/2019 KIBGE Lecture # 13 (Biofuel & Biodiesel)
25/25
THANK YOU