Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Plantae
An Evolutionary History of PlantsAn Evolutionary History of Plants
Life on Earth: The First ForestsLife on Earth: The First Forests
Complete the information on the Complete the information on the next two slides (also shown on the next two slides (also shown on the handout provided in class) as youhandout provided in class) as youview the film.view the film.
From the film, list the order of development of the members of the plant kingdom.
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Mosses
Club Mosses
Ferns
Cycads
Conifers (Gymnosperms)
Angiosperms
Circle the group(s) that exhibit each of the properties listed below.
a. Require water for swimming gametesmosses club mosses ferns cycads conifers angiosperms
b. Possess a vascular systemmosses club mosses ferns cycads conifers angiosperms
c. Produce spores mosses club mosses ferns cycads conifers angiosperms
d. Produce seeds mosses club mosses ferns cycads conifers angiosperms
Algae Are the Algae Are the Ancestors of Ancestors of
PlantsPlants
Photosynthetic Photosynthetic Protists gave rise Protists gave rise
to plants to plants
Algae
Characteristics of Plants Characteristics of Plants
• EukaryoticEukaryotic
• MulticellularMulticellular
• Autotrophic: photosyntheticAutotrophic: photosynthetic
• Sexual and asexual reproductionSexual and asexual reproduction
• Cell wall made of celluloseCell wall made of cellulose
• Usually non-motile except for gametesUsually non-motile except for gametes
• Adapted to life on land Adapted to life on land
Adaptations to Life on LandAdaptations to Life on Land
• Roots and root-like structuresRoots and root-like structures
• Conduction vessels Conduction vessels
• Structural supportStructural support
• Water-proof coveringWater-proof covering
• Pores for gas and water exchangePores for gas and water exchange
• Mechanisms for dispersal of Mechanisms for dispersal of reproductive products reproductive products
Evolutionary Evolutionary TreeTree
of Major of Major Plant Plant
GroupsGroups
AncestralAncestralAlgaeAlgae
AncestralAncestralAlgaeAlgae
Liver-Liver-wortsworts MossesMosses
BryophytesBryophytes
True vascular tissueTrue vascular tissue& lignin appear& lignin appear
FernsFerns Gymno-Gymno-spermssperms
Seeds andSeeds andpollen appearpollen appear
Flowers &Flowers &Fruits appearFruits appear
Seed PlantsSeed Plants
Angio-Angio-spermssperms
TracheophytesTracheophytes
Shows Shows increasing increasing
adaptations adaptations for land for land dwellingdwelling
Evolutionary trend: reduction of gametophyteEvolutionary trend: reduction of gametophyte
HaploidHaploidDiploidDiploid
GametesGametesform by mitosisform by mitosis
Spores formSpores formby meiosisby meiosis
nnnnnn
Plant Life Cycle: Alternation of Generations
SporeSporeMotherMother
CellCell
EggEgg
SpermSpermGametes meetGametes meet& fuse to form& fuse to formzygotezygote
ZygoteZygote
EmbryoEmbryoSporophyteSporophyte22nn
SporesSporesnn
GametophyteGametophytenn
nnnn
22nn
22nn
22nn
Bryophytes: MossesBryophytes: Mosses
• No fluid-conducting vascular systemNo fluid-conducting vascular system
• Enclosed reproductive structuresEnclosed reproductive structures
• Require moist environmentsRequire moist environments
SporophyteSporophyte(stalk) (stalk)
Female GametophyteFemale Gametophyte(leafy) (leafy)
Tracheophytes: Tracheophytes: Vascular PlantsVascular Plants
• Specialized groups of Specialized groups of conducting cells conducting cells organized into vesselsorganized into vessels
• Functions of vesselsFunctions of vessels– conduct water and conduct water and
nutrientsnutrients– provide support to plant provide support to plant
body with ligninbody with lignin
• Largest group of plants Largest group of plants
Tracheophytes: Tracheophytes: FernsFerns
• Seedless Seedless vascular plantsvascular plants
• Tall leafy Tall leafy SporophyteSporophyte
• Gametophyte Gametophyte requires moist requires moist environmentenvironment
Archegoniaproduce eggs
Antheridiaproduce sperm
Gametophyte
Fern Life Cycle
YoungYoungSporophyteSporophyte
HaploidHaploid1n1n
DiploidDiploid2n2n
mitosis,mitosis,differentiation,differentiation,growthgrowth
MatureMatureSporophyteSporophyte meiosismeiosis
SporeSporeCaseCase mitosis,mitosis,
differentiation,differentiation,growthgrowth
MatureMatureGametophyteGametophyte
growthgrowth
EggEgg
SpermSperm
fusionfusionto formto formzygotezygote
ZygoteZygote
mitosis,mitosis,differentiation,differentiation,growthgrowth
Tracheophytes: Tracheophytes: GymnospermsGymnosperms
• Seed-producing Seed-producing vascular plantsvascular plants
• Pollinated by windPollinated by wind• Conifers adapted to Conifers adapted to
cold, dry climatecold, dry climate– cones to protect seedscones to protect seeds– evergreen evergreen – waterproof needle-like waterproof needle-like
leavesleaves– sap does not freezesap does not freeze
Tracheophytes: Tracheophytes: GymnospermsGymnosperms
Giant SequoiaGiant Sequoia(Largest Living Thing)(Largest Living Thing)
Coastal RedwoodCoastal Redwood(Tallest Trees)(Tallest Trees)
Two Two UncommonUncommon
GymnospermsGymnosperms
GingkoGingko
Cycad
These plants have These plants have separate sexes, separate sexes,
ie. male and ie. male and female plants.female plants.
Tracheophytes: AngiospermsTracheophytes: Angiosperms• Seed and fruit-producing Seed and fruit-producing
vascular plantsvascular plants• Broad, waterproof leavesBroad, waterproof leaves• Modified leaves = Flower Modified leaves = Flower
= reproductive structure= reproductive structure• Many have animal Many have animal
pollinators; some use windpollinators; some use wind• Greatly reduced Greatly reduced
gametophyte gametophyte (pollen grain and (pollen grain and embryo sac with egg)embryo sac with egg)
• Largest number of species Largest number of species (250,000)(250,000)
Applying Your KnowledgeApplying Your Knowledge
Which group of plants Which group of plants
• Encloses seeds within fruit?Encloses seeds within fruit?
• Does not have a vascular system? Does not have a vascular system?
• Protects seeds within a cone?Protects seeds within a cone?
• Has a vascular system but does not Has a vascular system but does not produce seeds? produce seeds?
1.1. MossesMosses2.2. FernsFerns3.3. GymnospermsGymnosperms4.4. AngiospermsAngiosperms