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GOVERNMENTOFPUNJAB
PLANNING&DEVELOPMENTDEPARTMENT
GUIDELINESFORLANDACQUISITIONAND
RESETTLEMENT
FORPPPINFRASTRUCTUREPROJECTS
FEBRUARY2011
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TABLEOFCONTENTS
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................. 4
ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................................... 71.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 8
1.1 BRIEF OF PPP INITIATIVES IN PUNJAB.............................................. 8
1.2 PUNJAB PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP FRAMEWORK ............. 9
1.2.1 POLICY DOCUMENTS............................................................................ 91.2.2 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS .................................................. 10
2.0 INITIATING LAND ACQUISITION UNDER PROJECT LIFE CYCLE
113.0 APPLICABILITY OF THE GUIDELINES............................................. 13
4.0 LAWS & REGULATIONS FOR LAND ACQUSITION........................ 13
4.1 LAND ACQUISITION ACT 1894 (LAA)............................................... 13
4.1.1 Synopsis of Land Acquisition Act 1894................................................... 144.1.2 ACQUISITION - PART II OF LAA ........................................................ 15
5.0 LAND ACQUISITION............................................................................. 18
5.1 Types of Land Requirements.................................................................... 185.1.1 Permanent Land ........................................................................................ 18
5.1.2 Temporary land......................................................................................... 18
5.2 WHAT IS LAND ACQUISITION........................................................... 185.3 LAND ACQUISITION UNDER PPP INITIATIVES.............................. 18
5.3.1 Feasibility Study Including Land Acquisition Cost Estimates ................ 19
5.3.2 Land Acquisition Process Completion Time. ........................................... 205.3.3 Financing Arrangements........................................................................... 21
5.3.4 Minimize Land Speculation...................................................................... 215.3.5 Institutional Arrangements - Coordination with Concerned Departments22
5.4 LAND ACQUISITION MANAGEMENT PLAN (LAMP)..................... 235.4.1 General...................................................................................................... 23
5.4.2 Project Description.................................................................................... 23
5.4.3 Characteristics & categorization of Land to be Acquired (Baseline Data)235.4.4 Survey & Census of Land & Economic Activities................................... 24
5.4.4.1 House Hold & Individual Census ............................................................. 24
5.4.4.2 Land Tenure.............................................................................................. 255.4.4.3 Land Use ................................................................................................... 25
5.4.4.4 Structures .................................................................................................. 255.4.4.5 Livestock................................................................................................... 25
5.4.4.6 Agriculture & Production ......................................................................... 26
5.4.4.7 Trees.......................................................................................................... 265.4.4.8 Business Inventory.................................................................................... 26
5.4.5 Legal Framework for Land Acquisition and Compensation..................... 27
5.4.6 Institutional Arrangements........................................................................ 27
5.4.7 Financing Arrangements........................................................................... 275.4.8 Entitlements & Compensation Mechanism .............................................. 27
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5.4.9 Time Lines for Acquiring land ................................................................. 285.4.10 Required Government Approvals ............................................................. 28
5.4.11 Ownership of Land ................................................................................... 28
5.4.12 Monitoring & Evaluation.......................................................................... 285.4.13 Conclusions and Recommendations ......................................................... 28
5.5 Unsolicited Proposal................................................................................. 296.0 RESETTLEMENT & REHABILITATION............................................. 29
6.1 InvoluntaryResettlement .296.2 Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) .............................................................. 29
6.2.1 Requirement of Resettlement Action Plan................................................ 296.2.2 What is Resettlement Action Plan ............................................................ 30
6.3 Contents of Resettlement Action Plan...................................................... 30
6.3.1 Executive Summary.................................................................................. 306.3.2 Project Description.................................................................................... 30
6.3.3 Scope of Land Acquisition and Resettlement........................................... 31
6.3.4 Socioeconomic Information and Profile................................................... 32
6.3.5 Consultation, Public Participation and Grievance Redress....................... 326.3.6 Policy Framework and Legal Framework................................................. 336.3.7 Entitlements, Assistance and Benefits...................................................... 33
6.3.8 Relocation Planning.................................................................................. 34
6.3.9 Income & Livelihood Restoration ............................................................ 356.3.10 Resettlement Budget and Financing Plan ................................................. 36
6.3.11 Institutional Arrangements........................................................................ 36
6.3.12 Implementation Schedule.......................................................................... 37
6.3.13 Monitoring & Evaluation.......................................................................... 37
7.0 TABLES7.1 Table7.1ofLandAcquisitionIndicators&InformationSources
7.2 Table7.2ofSampleBudgetPlanforaResettlementActionPlan8.0 References
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IMPORTANTDEFINITIONS
Land
Acquisition
Theprocesswherebyapersoniscompelledbyapublicagencytoalienate
allor partof the landa personownsorpossesses, to theownershipandpossessionofthatagency,forpublicpurposeinreturnforacompensation.
Environmental
Assessment
Processtodeterminetheenvironmental impactsofaproject in itsareaof
influence,andtoevaluateanddesignmitigationmeasures.Dependingon
the significanceofprojectimpactsandrisks,theprocessincludesanInitial
Environmental Examination or a fullscale Environmental Impact
Assessment.
Government
Agency
Department,attacheddepartment,bodycorporate,autonomousbodyof
the Government, local government or any organization or corporation
ownedorcontrolledbytheGovernment.
Affected
Person
Anypersonorhouseholdadverselyaffectedbyacquisitionofassetsor
changeinuseoflandduetoaproject.
Government GovernmentofPunjab.
Infrastructure Both traditional infrastructure (transport networks, water supply, energy
generation, etc.) and social infrastructure (education and health facilities,
etc.).
Publicprivate
partnership
(PPP)
Partnership between the public sector represented by a Government
Agencyand a private party for the provision of an infrastructure facility
and/orservicewithaclearallocationofrisksbetweenthetwoparties.The
PPP modalities range from service contracts to management contracts to
leases
to
concessions
to
build
operate
transfer
contracts
and
their
variants.
PPPproject Project implemented on a PPP basis in any of the eligible infrastructure
sectors.
PPPCell Entity established in the Planning & Development Department to assist
Government Agencies in preparing and executing highquality PPP
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projects,andactasaPPPcatalystandadvocate,knowledgemanager,and
policyandprojectadvisortothePPPSteeringCommittee.
Project
DevelopmentFacility
Pooloffundsavailableforconsultingservicesrequiredforthepreparation
andtransactionexecutionofPPPprojects.
MarketValue Thevalueofassetdeterminedbymarkettransactionofsimilarassetsand
finallyarrivedatafternegotiationswith thestakeholders,and it includes
transaction costs and without the depreciation and deductions for
salvagedbuildingmaterial.
Project
Inception
Guidelines
Methodology for Government Agencies on how to identify, screen andregister potential PPP projects, draft terms of reference and request for
proposals for their preparation and transaction execution, and selectconsultants.
Resettlement Means all measures taken to mitigate any and all adverse impacts,
resulting due to execution of a Project, on the livelihood of the project
affected persons, their property, and includes compensation, relocation
andrehabilitation.
Project
Preparation
Guidelines
Methodology for Government Agencies on how to prepare a feasibility
studyforaPPPprojectandseekapprovalbythePPPSteeringCommittee.
Risk
Management
Unit
EntityestablishedintheFinanceDepartmenttoreviewrequestsfordirectand/or contingent government support for PPP projects and ensure itsfiscalsustainability.
Compensation Includes cash payment, deferred payment, a bond, an insurance policy,
stipend, payment in kind, rendition of services, grant of privileges and
disturbancemoney,entitlementtospecialtreatmentbyGovernment,grant
of
alternative
land,
grant
of
business,
trade
and
commercial
facilities.
Entitlement Means the sum total of compensation and other assistance assessed
accordingtothestatusofeachindividualbelongingtotheprojectareaor
relatedtherewithordependantthereon.
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Collector MeanstheCollectorofadistrict,andincludesaDistrictOfficer(Revenue)
andanyofficerspeciallyappointedbytheBoardofRevenueorExecutive
DistrictOfficer(Revenue)toperformthefunctionsofaCollector
InvoluntaryResettlement
Anyresettlement,whichdoesnotinvolvewillingnessofthepersonsbeingadverselyaffected,butareforcedthroughaninstrumentoflaw.
Transaction
Execution
Guidelines
Methodology for Government Agencies on how to select the transaction
advisoryservicesandPrivatePartyforundertakingaPPPprojectandseek
approvalbythePPPSteeringCommittee.
Consultants Individual consultants, or a consulting firm, or a financial institution,
which will provide the services required for the preparation and
transaction execution of a PPP project. Given the importance of the
transaction execution phase in the life cycle of PPP projects, the
consultants are frequently called transaction advisors, and the project
developmentservicesarereferredtoastransactionadvisory.
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ABBREVIATIONS
ADB AsianDevelopmentBank
AP AffectedPersons
EA EnvironmentalAssessment
PDF ProjectDevelopmentFacility
PPP PublicPrivatePartnership
P&DD PlanningandDevelopmentDepartment
LAA LandAcquisitionAct1894
LAMP LandAcquisitionManagementPlan
RAP ResettlementActionPlan
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BRIEFOFPPPINITIATIVESINPUNJAB
TheGovernmentofPunjabiscommittedtosustainableeconomicgrowth
andinclusivesocialdevelopment. Globalexperiencehasshownthatthere
is a close relationship between these objectives and infrastructure
development. The correlation works in both ways investments in
infrastructure are a major driver for economic growth and economic
growth requires well functioning infrastructure facilities and services. If
infrastructure investments are not kept at a sufficient level, economic
growthbecomesconstrainedbypowershortages,trafficcongestion,high
transportcosts,andother infrastructurebottlenecks.As to the impacton
socialdevelopment,itisthelowincomegroupswhoaremostaffectedbyaninadequateaccesstoandpoorqualityofinfrastructureservices.
The Government has, therefore, decided to significantly increase
infrastructure investments and has made provisions in the provincial
budgettothiseffect. TheGovernment isalsothebeneficiaryoffinancial
assistance for infrastructure projects from multilateral and bilateral
development partners. In addition to projects funded by its budget and
developmentloans,theGovernmentiscommittedtoengagingtheprivate
sector
in
the
provisionof
infrastructure.
The
preferred
mode
is
public
privatepartnerships(PPPs)wheretheprivateandpublicsectorsenterinto
mutually beneficial contractual agreements for the provision of public
infrastructureservices.
TheGovernmentrecognizes theneedforand importanceandbenefitsof
private sector participation in infrastructure development. Punjab
accounts for more than half of Pakistans population and economic
output. However, it is estimated that less than 50% of its infrastructure
investment requirements can be met by public sector funds. The
GovernmentwantstofillthegapthroughPPPsandotherformsofprivate
sectorparticipation.PPPshavebeenrecognizedworldwideasanessential
mode of public service delivery. They attract private capital investment,
increaseefficiencythroughtheprofitmotivationoftheprivatesector,and
helpreformsectorsthroughthereallocationofrolesandrisks
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1.2 PUNJABPUBLICPRIVATEPARTNERSHIPFRAMEWORK
1.2.1 POLICYDOCUMENTS
PPP for InfrastructureAct 2010: For the private investments in
infrastructuretomaterialize,acomprehensiveandconsistentcross
sector legal framework is essential that establishes a clear and
predictable environment within which investors will finance,
implement and operate PPP projects. A welldrafted PPP law
protecting rights of all the parties is a key component of such a
framework as it will develop confidence of private investors in
making investment in infrastructure development. The PPP law
should describe the overall framework for undertaking PPP
projects from beginning until the end. It should also outline the
overallprocessforundertakingprojectsunderPPPmodeincludingallimportantissues,suchasprojectidentificationandpreparation,
method of competitive bidding, and roles and responsibilities of
eachpartyinvolved.Toprovideafirmlegalframework,thePunjab
PPP for Infrastructure Act2010 was enacted by PunjabProvincialAssembly on 12th July 2010. The Act is based on an intercountry
comparison, incorporates international best practices, and is
consistent with the other components of the enabling PPP
framework.
PPP Policy: The PPP Policy aims at reinforcing the considerable
enthusiasmforPPPsinvarioussectors,addressingthelackoftrust
between the public and private sectors to collaborate in
infrastructure projects, and facilitating the creation of effective
partnerships.TheGovernmenthopestofullyutilizethepotentialof
PPPs for Punjab by strategizing and standardizing the PPP
development.Toensurethis,thePPPPolicystatestheobjectivesto
beachieved through PPPs,providesguidance to thepublicsector
on initiating, evaluating and executing PPP projects, and
communicates the Governments position on PPPs to otherstakeholders, including potential private sector partners and the
public at large. The PPP Policy was approved by the Provincial
CabinetinSeptember2009.
PDF Guidelines: The Government has established a fund titled
Project Development Facility (PDF) for the preparation of PPP
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projects including feasibility studies and to meet the cost of
transaction advisors. The objective of the PDF is to help the line
departments,localgovernmentsandothergovernmentagenciesto
overcome the financial constraints for PPP project preparation.
Reimbursement of the cost of project preparation will be sought
from the winning bidder. PDF guidelines, which have been
approved by the Provincial Cabinet, describe the detailed process
fortheutilizationofthefund.
Project Preparation Guidelines: The Guidelines provide an
overview of the life cycle of PPP projects, list the PPP modalities
and infrastructure sectors covered, and explain why adequate
projectpreparationisimportant.Thereafter,theyoutlineapractice
oriented methodology for feasibility studies, and describe the
varioussteps,tasksandprocessesrequiredintheirpreparation.
ProjectInceptionGuidelines:Apracticeorientedmethodology is
describedfortheidentificationandscreeningofpotentiallysuitable
PPP projects, which can be used by line departments and local
governments inhouse without undertaking complex and time
consuming assessment studies requiring external support. This is
followed by outlining the principles and procedure for drafting
terms of reference (TOR) for the subsequent phases of project
preparationandtransactionexecution,andselectingconsultantsto
provideassistanceduringthosetwophases.
Transaction Execution Guidelines: The Guidelines describe a
methodology for Government Agencies on how to select the
PrivatePartyforundertakingaPPPproject.
1.2.2 INSTITUTIONALARRANGEMENTS
Under the Punjab PPP framework, comprehensive institutional
framework has been established entrusting various roles and
responsibilitiesateachleveloftheprojectlifecyclefrominception,
preparation, approval, bidding and execution to project transfer.
The Government has established the following entities as part of
thePPPframework(Figure1):
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PPPSteeringCommittee: A highlevel committee chaired by the
MinisterofPlanning&Developmenthasbeennotified.
PPPCell:AdedicatedCellhasbeenestablishedinthePlanning&
DevelopmentDepartmenttosolelylookintothePPPaffairsinthe
Province.
PPPNodes:FocalpointsarebeingestablishedinLineDepartments
andgovernmentagenciestohandlethePPPprojects.
Risk Management Unit: The unit is being established in the
FinanceDepartmenttoactasfiscalguardianandlookintoissuesof
projectsustainabilityandfiduciaryrisks.
Figure1:PPPInstitutionalFramework
PPP SteeringCommittee
Risk ManagementUnit
PPP Cell
PPP NodePPP Node PPP Node
PPP SteeringCommittee
Risk ManagementUnit
PPP Cell
PPP NodePPP Node PPP Node
2.0 INITIATINGLANDACQUISITIONUNDERPROJECTLIFECYCLE
Thefollowingfourmainphasescanbedistinguishedintheoveralllifecycleof
PPPprojects:
(i) Projectinception(identificationandscreening)(ii) Projectpreparation(feasibilitystudy)
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3.0 APPLICABILITYOFTHEGUIDELINES
TheseGuidelinesareapplicabletoallPPPprojectsinthefollowinginfrastructure
sectors:
(1) Canalsordams(2) Educationfacilities(3) Healthfacilities(4) Housing(5) Industrialestates(6) Informationtechnology(7) Landreclamation(8) Powergenerationfacilities(9) Roads(provincialhighways,districtroads,bridgesorbypasses)(10) Sewerageordrainage(11) Solidwastemanagement(12) Sportsorrecreationalinfrastructure,publicgardensorparks(13) Tradefairs,conventions,exhibitionsorculturalcenters(14) Urbantransportincludingmasstransitorbusterminals(15) Watersupplyorsanitation,treatmentordistribution(16) Wholesalemarkets,warehouses,slaughterhousesorcoldstorages
4.0 LAWS®ULATIONSFORLANDACQUSITION
4.1 LANDACQUISITIONACT1894(LAA)
In Pakistan, a number of laws give and protect the proprietary rights.
Also,lawshavebeenpromulgatedatdifferentoccasionsforpurposeslike
urbanandruraldevelopment,andforestablishmentoftheauthoritiesto
implement their programmes that include acquisition of private
propertiesfordevelopment.
The acquisition of private properties for public purposes including
developmentprojectsinPakistanisgovernedbytheLandAcquisitionAct
1894. It lays down detailed procedures for the acquisition of private
propertiesforpublicpurposesandtheircompensation.Currentlyallover
Pakistan private land for public purpose is being acquired under Land
AcquisitionAct1894.
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Punjab is also following the rules and procedures laid down in Land
Acquisition Act 1894 for acquiring private lands for the development
purposes. The Board of Revenue Department of Punjab in coordination
withtheconcernedgovernmentagenciesdealswiththeLandAcquisition
matters who initiate, issues notices, evaluation and distribution of
compensationetcunderLandAcquisitionAct1894.
SalientfeaturesofLAA1894forLandAcquisitionare:
Governmentshowsitsintentiontoacquirespecificpieceoflandfora public purpose or for a company through publication of
notification in the official gazette and invites objections against
notification
Aftermarkingandmeasurementofthelandtobeacquired,noticesare issued to persons having rights/interests in the land invitingclaimsfromthemforcompensation
Beforepossessionof land is taken,awardofcompensation for theownersisannouncedbytheCollectorafternecessaryenquiries
Compensationevaluationanddetermination AreferencecanbemadebytheCollectortoCivilCourtwhereany
personaffectedbyLandAcquisitionhasnotacceptedtheawardby
giventheCollector.
IncaseofurgencyauthoritycanmakeadeclarationunderU/S17directing theCollector to takepossessionof the landneededfora
publicpurposebeforeawardofcompensation.
4.1.1 SynopsisofLandAcquisitionAct1894
The Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (LAA) has been the most
commonlyusedlawforacquisitionoflandandotherpropertiesfor
developmentprojects.Itcomprisesof55Sectionspertainingtoarea
notification and surveys, acquisition, compensation and
apportionment, awards and disputes resolution, penalties andexemptions. Brief synopsis of important sections of Land
AcquisitionActisasunder:
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LandAcquisitionAct1894containsthefollowingparts:
PARTI PRILIMINARY Section1to3
PARTIIACQUISITION Section4to17
PARTIII REFERENCETOCOURTANDPROCEDURETHEREON
Section18to28 PARTIV APPORTIONMENTOFCOMPENSATION
Section29to30 PARTVPAYMENT
Section31to34 PARTVI TEMPORARYOCCUPATIONOFLAND
Section35to37 PARTVII ACQUISITIONOFLANDFORCOMPANIES
Section38to44 PARTVIIIMISCELLANEOUS
Section45to55PartIIoftheLandAcquisitionActisrelativelyofmoreimportance
where all the necessary steps towards Land Acquisition are done
including notification and declaration in the official gazette to
acquire the private land for Public purpose, physical survey isconducted, marking & measurement of land is done, notices to
interestedpeople,addresstogrievances,awards,compensationetc.
4.1.2 ACQUISITION PARTIIOFLAA
SynopsisofPartIIofLandAcquisitionAct1894isasunder:
Section4:Publicationofpreliminarynotificationandpowersof
officers
thereupon.
PublishNotification in theOfficialGazettewhichmake lawfulfor
anydesignatedofficertoenterthelandandconductsurveyetc.
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Section 5:Notification thatparticular land isneeded forapublic
purposeorforaCompany
Notification thatparticular land isneededforapublicpurposeor
foraCompanyandanotificationtothateffectshallbepublishedin
theofficialGazette.
Section5A:Hearingofobjections
Any person interested in land being acquired and notified under
section 5 may raise objection however after proper hearing the
decisionofExecutiveDistrictOfficer(Revenue)willbefinal.
Section6:Declarationthatlandisrequiredforapublicpurpose
DeclarationissuedbytheExecutiveDistrictOfficer(Revenue)that
land is required for public purpose and published in official
gazette.
Section7:AfterdeclarationCollectortotakeorderforacquisition
ExecutiveDistrictOfficer(Revenue)oranyauthorizedofficershall
directtheCollectortotakeorderfortheacquisitionoftheland.
Section8:Landtobemarkedout,measuredandplanned
Land to beacquiredwillbemarked ifnotdonepreviously under
section4andwillalsomeasureandprepareplan
Section9:Noticetopersonsinterested
TheCollectorissuespublicnoticegivenatconvenientplacesonor
near the land to be taken stating that the Government intends to
takepossessionofthelandandthatclaimsandcompensationtoall
interestsmaybemade.
Section 10: Power to require and enforce the making of
statementsastonamesandinterests
The collector gathers information containing the name of every
person possessing any interest in the land as coproprietor, sub
proprietor, mortgagee, tenant or other and the nature of such
interest,therentsandprofits(ifany)receivedorreceivable.
Section11:EnquiryandawardbyCollector
Collectorinquirestheobjectionsoftheinterestedpersonsandafter
conductinginquirymakeawardofcompensations.
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Section12:AwardofCollectorwhentobefinal
AwardshallbefiledintheCollectorsofficeandshallbefinaland
conclusive evidence as between the Collector and the persons
interested whether they have respectively appeared before the
Collectorornot.
Section12A:Correctionofmistake
Anyclericalorarithmeticmistakesidentifiedisrectified
Section13:Adjournmentofenquiry
The collector may adjourn and postpone any enquiry due to any
reason.
Section 14: Power to summon and enforce attendance of
witnessesandproductionofdocuments
Under theAct theCollector havepowers tosummonand enforce
theattendanceofwitnessesincludingthepartiesinterestedorany
ofthemtocompeltheproductionofrequireddocuments.
Section15:Matterstobeconsideredandneglected
Indetermining theamountofcompensation theCollectorshallbe
guidedbytheprovisionscontainedinsections23and24.
Section16:Powertotakepossession
Aftertheawardundersection11thecollectormaytakepossession
oftheland
Section17:Specialpowerincasesofurgency
In cases of urgency on the expiration of fifteen days from
publication of the notice mentioned in subsection (1) of section 9
where no such award has been made possession can be taken of
anylandneededforpublicpurposesorforaCompany.Suchland
shall thereupon vest absolutely in the Government, free from all
encumbrances.
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5.0 LANDACQUISITION
Governmenthas to initiate the infrastructural development projects in order to
sustain economic development at a desirable level as development of
infrastructural facilities is closely related to economic development.
Developmentof infrastructuralprojects likeroads, transport,dams,airportsetc
requirestheacquisitionofprivatelandforfurtherconstructionanddevelopment
purposes. The private land owners who are deprived off their belongings are
called affected persons (APs) and are liable to be compensated reasonably and
fairly.
5.1 TypesofLandRequirements
Landrequiredforthedevelopmentmaybeoftwotypes:
5.1.1 PermanentLand:PermanentLandisthelandwhichneedsto
be acquired for construction purposes. This type of land is
permanentlyacquiredfromtheprivatelandownersagainstfairand
reasonablecompensation.
5.1.2 Temporary land: Temporary Land is the land required to
carryout theconstructionand installationphases.This typeof land
canbeacquiredonrentalorleasebasisovertheprojectconstruction
period.
5.2 WHATISLANDACQUISITION
LandAcquisitioncanbestatedastheactionofthegovernmentwhereby
itacquireslandfromitsownersinordertopursuecertainpublicpurpose.
Thisacquisitionmaybeagainstthewilloftheownersbutcompensationis
paid to the owners or persons interested in the land. This can be
distinguished from an outright purchase of land from the market. Land
Acquisitionsby the government generallyarecompulsory innature,not
payingheedtotheownersunwillingnesstopartwiththeland
5.3 LANDACQUISITIONUNDERPPPINITIATIVES
ThoughLandAcquisitionprocessandprocedureswouldbe thesameas
in normal course of business traditionally adopted by the government
however under public private partnership theme more deliberations are
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required and the responsibilities on part of the various institutions
involved would be required to draw to a close more effectively and
efficiently.
Issues involved in Land Acquisitions under PPP need to be addressed
technicallyandprofessionally.Astheentireresponsibilitytoacquireland
forconstructionofproposeddevelopmentlieswiththeGovernment.The
governments commitment and necessary arrangements towards Land
Acquisitionarethegesturestotheprivatesectorandbuildconfidenceand
reliabilityofprivatesectortoparticipateinthebiddingprocess.
The following factors must be taken into account in case of launching
publicprivatepartnershipinitiatives.
5.3.1 Feasibility Study Including Land Acquisition Cost
Estimates
Conductingfeasibilitystudyisanintegralpartofthewholeprocess
ofexecuting theproject.Feasibilitystudy is thekeycomponentof
project preparation and a technical working document for project
appraisal. Any PPP project regardless of its scale and nature can
have longterm implications with a great deal at stake once it is
implemented. A feasibility study therefore needs to be authentic,
accurate
and
comprehensive.
It
should
be
a
complete
document
capturing all aspects of the project and thereby allowing the
Government Agency, PPP Cell, PPP Steering Committee and
potential private sector investors to make informed investment
decisions.Feasibilitystudyshouldinclude:
CostestimatesforLandAcquisitionincludingdetailedsurvey Structuring&Designingofproject Projectneedsandbenefits EnvironmentalAssessments SocialImpactAssessments Engineeringdesign&costestimatesforconstruction Constructionschedule CostEstimatesofconstructionandalliedservicesduringproject
lifecycle
HumanResourcerequirementsoverprojectlifecycle FinancialModelingforvariousPPPoptions
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Economic&FinancialAnalysisalongwithjustifications Risksinvolved ResettlementPlanincludingissuesandmitigationmeasures ProjectmanagementplanandschedulingThe consultants conducting feasibility study should conduct
detailedphysicalsurveyoftheproposedsitefordevelopmentand
producethenecessarydatarelatedtothecharacteristicsoftheland,
facilitiesavailable,governmentstructuresetc.Whileestimatingthe
costof the landandotherstructuresshouldalsoconductdetailed
analyticalsurveyof theentire location toarriveatreasonableand
fair market value. However, the cost estimate calculated in
feasibility study would provide the baseline data and estimate to
the government agency for further arrangement of finances to
acquire land.HoweverfinalvaluationofLandAcquisitionwillbedetermined under the rules and procedures prescribed in Land
AcquisitionAct1894.
5.3.2 LandAcquisitionProcessCompletionTime.
As mentioned above in section 4.3 the government commitment
towards Land Acquisition for the proposed development project
wouldbuild theconfidenceof theprivatesectoratanearlystage.
Under
the
PPP
initiatives
it
is
desired
that
the
Land
Acquisition
process is completed and finalized till the selection of the private
partner. International experiences have shown that delayed or
partlyLandAcquisitionhamperedtheentireprojectintermsofits
costsandtimeandatthesametimeprivatepartnermaynotbeable
tofulfillitsquotedprices.
InordertomaketheprojectsuccessfulLandAcquisitionisdesired
tobecompleted till theselectionof theprivatepartnerso that the
projectmaybeexecutedinaccordancewiththeprojectconstruction
schedule.
ThoughLandAcquisitionAct1894doesnotmentionanytimelines1
tobeadheredafterissuanceofcertainnoticeshoweverifnecessary
1 Board of Revenue Department has proposed certain amendments in Land Acquisition Act 1894 including
timelines for certain actions and sent case to Law Department for further incorporation and approval.
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required tasks are completed efficiently, the required land can be
acquiredinashortestpossibletime.
5.3.3 FinancingArrangements
Keeping in view the fact that governmental resources are limited
and financing needs of the Land Acquisition, which require
massivefundsformegaprojects,aretobemanagedinaccordance
with the requirements of the projects so that the project may be
started in accordance with the construction schedule and project
managementplan. In thisregard,governmentagencyshould take
all necessary arrangements for timely approval, allocation and
releaseoffundsfortheLandAcquisition.
AlthoughLandAcquisitionact1894permitsgovernmenttoacquireprivate land for development purposes and the procedures laid
downintheActareverycandidandaddressthemostconcerning
point of determining compensation to the effected persons,
however,thisalldependsontheavailabilityoffinances.Iffinances
are secured for acquiring land then under LAA the land can be
acquired inaminimumshortestpossible time.Withregard to the
arrangement of funds government must take such arrangements
that the funds to acquire lands are arranged promptly when
required.
UnderLandAcquisitionAct1894noticeundersection5cannotbe
issued until assessed amount is deposited in the account of
collectorforissuanceofcompensationtoAffectedPersons.
5.3.4 MinimizeLandSpeculation
Land Speculation is also the critical point in Land Acquisition
processwhereby ifnecessaryarrangementsarenot taken then the
governmenthastopayhugeextraresources.Governmentneedsto
takeneededstepsunderthelawstominimizeoreliminatetheland
speculation.
Land Acquisition process under Land Acquisition act 1894 starts
withissuanceofnotificationundersection4showingintentionof
the government to acquire the specific land. Land Speculation
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takesplaceduringthetimewhichinvolvesthephysicalsurveyand
identification of ownership of the land to be acquired. An effort
shouldbemadetocompleteallthesurveysattheearliestpossible
timeandfinancestobearrangedsothatnoticeundersection5may
beissued.Afterissuanceofnoticeundersection5thepricesofthe
landaredeterminedonaveragebasisduring lastoneyear.Hence
in case of delay in issuance of notice under section 5, land
speculationmayriseandgovernmentwillhave tobearmorecost
onacquiringland.
5.3.5 InstitutionalArrangements CoordinationwithConcerned
Departments
The Land Acquisition process involves many departments which
include the relevant government agency, Board of Revenue,Finance Department and Planning & Development Department.
TheGovernmentagencyshallensurethattherelevanttasksforthe
concerned departments have been assigned to them and on
continuous basis coordinate with them to ensure that the entire
LandAcquisitionprocessisbeingimplementedinaccordancewith
theLandAcquisitionManagementPlan(LAMP).
5.3.5.1 EstablishmentofCommittee
A high level committee for troubleshooting and to oversee the
entireprocessofLandAcquisitionmaybeestablishedandnotified.
Thecommitteeshalllookintotheissuesinvolvedinacquiringland,
arrangement of finances more particularly. The Committee shall
consistofthefollowing:
ChairmanP&DBoard(Chair) SecretaryofConcernedGovernmentAgency SecretaryofFinanceDepartment SeniorMemberBoardofRevenue
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5.4 LANDACQUISITIONMANAGEMENTPLAN(LAMP)
As Land Acquisition for any development is one of the most important
andcomplexphaseofprojectlife,thereforeitneedstobedealtwithvery
carefully and technically. Acquiring Land from private owners is a
sensitivetaskwhichmayresult insterngrievancesof inhabitants.In this
regardpoliticalwillisalsoanimportantelement.
In order to proceed with the Land Acquisition, the government agency
should prepare a comprehensive and logical Land Acquisition
Management Plan (LAMP). The plan should address the key issues
involved in acquiring land and its mitigation measures. LAMP should
includebutnotlimitedtothefollowingingredients:
5.4.1 General
Includeageneralbriefandbackgroundoftheproposedproject.
5.4.2 ProjectDescription
LAMP should provide overview of thekey features of the project
alongwithitsjustificationincluding:
Background&Purposeoftheprojectabriefdescriptionofthenatureandsizeoftheproject
Objectivesoftheproject Locationoftheproject Sizeormagnitudeoftheoperation,includingcostestimates,and
associatedactivities
Proposedconstructionschedule Anyotherrelevantinformation5.4.3 Characteristics & categorization of Land to be Acquired(BaselineData)
Feasibility study initiated by the Government agencies should
declarethegeographicalandothercharacteristicsofthe landtobe
acquired for the proposed project by conducting topographic and
othersurveysandproducingengineeringmapsanddrawings.The
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geographicalinformationshouldbecategorizedintermsoftypeof
land,typeofbuiltupstructuresandshouldbeelaboratedinLAMP
including:
Federal/ProvincialGovernmentorPrivatebelongings UrbanorCommercial Agriculture(Fertile/Infertile) Residential Residential&CommercialbuiltupStructures Trees&Forests Crops Businesstypes Livestock
5.4.4 Survey&CensusofLand&EconomicActivities
Detailedphysicalsurveyoftheland,beingacquiredfordevelopment
purposes, shall provide the information with regard to individuals
living pattern, related population, individual and collective assets,
(including house, land, crops, buildings, cropping, trees, animals),
businessactivitiesandothercharacteristicsofexistinginfrastructure.
The collected data would be helpful both for determining
entitlements for compensation to affected persons and for
resettlements.
Detailed
physical
survey
should
be
exhaustive
and
shouldincludethefollowingbutnotlimitedto:
5.4.4.1HouseHold&IndividualCensus
Assigninguniquecodetoeachhousehold Numberandparticularsofhouseholdmembers Gender&MaritalStatusofeachperson Religionandcastofeachperson Education&occupations Basisofincome&livelihoods Disabilities
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5.4.4.2LandTenure
Type of land ownership (ownentirely; own share; rent;sharecrop;squat;informaluseright)
IfownedbyHH,nameofHHmember IfnotownedbyHH,nameandparticularsofowner Ifownshare,nameofcoowner Ifownshare,name&particularsofcoowner Ifinformaluseright,defineagreement Numberofyearsinuse5.4.4.3LandUse
SizeofLand Areausedfordwelling Areausedforbusinessifany Areausedforagricultureproduces&Forest Areausedforlivestock&fisheries Areaaffectedbyproject Areaunderwastelandandgrassland5.4.4.4Structures
Government
or
private
owned
Typeofstructure Use&Sizeofstructure Number&Sizeofrooms Wall,flooring&roofingmaterial Numberofdoorsandwindows Number&typeoffencingused Anyothercharacteristics5.4.4.5Livestock
Numberandtypeoflivestock&animals Breedsofanimals Ownerships Outputbeingderivedfromlivestockproduces
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5.4.4.6Agriculture&Production
Typesofcrops Number&typesofagricultureequipment Ownershipofcrops&equipments Totalyearlyproductionofeachcrop Useofcrop(PersonalorSelling) Averageyieldofeachcrop Seasonalityofyearlyproductioncycle Numberoflabourexceptfamilymembers Marketwhereproduceissold Totalincomederivedfromagricultureproduces5.4.4.7Trees
Number&typeoftrees Ownership Ageoftrees Averageyieldoffruits Yearlyproductionfromtrees Useofproduces(HomeorSelling) Incomebeingderivedfromproduces.
5.4.4.8
Business
Inventory
Typeofbusiness Ownershipofbusiness Number&typesofbusinessequipments Numberofemployees Seasonalityofbusiness Incomebeingderivedfrombusiness Suppliersdetailsprovidinginputs
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Compensation mechanism should be transparent that each and
everyAffectedPersongetsthereasonableandfairmarketvalueof
hisorherassetsbeingacquiredbythegovernment.
5.4.9 TimeLinesforAcquiringland
Timelines to acquire land for project construction under Public
Private Partnership approach are decisive. Government agency in
LAMP should fix the timelines in consultation with the concerned
departments, to be engaged for Land Acquisition, and keeping in
viewtheprojectconstructionschedulesothattheprojectisexecuted
swiftlyinaccordancewiththeprojectimplementationschedule.
5.4.10 RequiredGovernmentApprovals
GovernmentAgencyshallcharacterizenecessaryarrangementsand
stepstobetakentoseekvariousgovernmentalapprovalsatvarious
levelsofLandAcquisitionprocess.
5.4.11 OwnershipofLand
Government Agency shall identify the ownerships of the assets
being acquired by the Government and prepare a comprehensive
database
of
the
owners.
In
this
regard
government
agency
will
coordinate with Board of Revenue for accurate and updated
ownershipdetails.
5.4.12 Monitoring&Evaluation
LAMP should clearly state the mechanism for monitoring and
evaluation through out the whole process of Land Acquisition.
Monitoring and Evaluation may also include the internal and
externalmonitoring.
5.4.13 ConclusionsandRecommendations
Governmentagencyshouldclearly indicate therecommendations
andnecessarymitigationmeasuresrequiredformakingthewhole
LandAcquisitionprocessswift.
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5.5 UnsolicitedProposal
In case of unsolicited proposal received by any Government Agency
where the bidder hasprepared thedetailed feasibility study but did not
conduct survey and work on estimating Land Acquisition cost the
government agency in this scenario shall conduct the detailed study on
detailed estimates and other particulars of the land to be acquired
provided government agency is satisfied with other contents of the
feasibilitystudy.
6.0 RESETTLEMENT&REHABILITATION
Most development projects have the potential to create resettlement
effects.Developmentprojects thatchangepatternsof landuseandother
naturalresourcesgenerallycauseresettlementeffects.Resettlementeffectsmaybeeitherphysicaloreconomic.
PhysicalResettlement:istheactualphysicalrelocationofpeopleresulting
fromlossofhomes,productiveassets,oraccesstoproductiveassets.
Economic Resettlement: results from an action that interrupts or
eliminates peoples access to productive assets without physically
relocatingthemselves.
6.1
Involuntary
Resettlement`
Resettlement is involuntarywhen thedisplacedpersonsdonothave the
power to refuse resettlement nor the option tostay behind. The affected
personshavenorecourse tooppose theacquisitionof landregardlessof
theirdesiretocontinuelivingorusingtheaffectedland.
6.2 ResettlementActionPlan(RAP)
6.2.1 RequirementofResettlementActionPlan
Any development project that causes the physical or economic
resettlement of affected persons requires the preparation of a
ResettlementActionPlan.Anydevelopmentprojectmaybe:
Anyinvoluntaryresettlement
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List of alternatives considered to avoid or minimizeresettlement, describe alternative options considered to
avoidorminimizeLandAcquisitionanditseffects.
Explaintheresultsoftheseefforts explainwhyremainingeffectsareunavoidable
DescribethemainobjectivesoftheRAP Quantifieddataandprovidearationaleforthefinal
decision.
6.3.3 ScopeofLandAcquisitionandResettlement
This section shall include the overall scope and define the
demographic,assetsandeconomiccharacteristicsoftheland
tobe required including justifications andshall include the
followings: Discussestheprojectspotentialimpacts,andincludesmaps
of the areas or zone of impact of project components or
activities;
DescribesthescopeofLandAcquisition(providemaps)andexplainswhyitisnecessaryforthemaininvestmentproject;
Summarizes the key effects in termsof assets acquired anddisplacedpersons
Providesdetailsofanycommonpropertyresourcesthatwillbe
acquired.
CountrysframeworkforLandAcquisitionthrougheminentdomainandotherregulatorymeasures
Policies,laws,andguidelinesrelatingLandAcquisitionandresettlement
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6.3.4 SocioeconomicInformationandProfile
Outline the results of the social impact assessment, the
census survey, and other studies, with information and/or
datadisaggregatedbygender,vulnerability,andothersocial
groupingsincluding:
Define,identify,andenumeratethepeopleandcommunitiestobeaffected
Describe the likely impactsof landandassetacquisitiononthepeopleandcommunitiesaffectedtakingsocial,cultural,
andeconomicparametersintoaccount
Discusstheprojectsimpactsonthepoor,indigenousand/orethnicminorities,andothervulnerablegroupsand
Identify gender and resettlement impacts, and thesocioeconomic situation, impacts, needs, and priorities of
women.
6.3.5 Consultation,PublicParticipationandGrievanceRedress
Participation is a process by which Affected Persons assume
responsibility over their lives. Participation is most important
becausethesuccessofresettlement, likethesuccessofmostofthe
projects that cause it, depends in part upon the responsiveness of
thoseaffected.Itwouldinclude:
Description of all stakeholders who will be involved in theconsultationprocessparticularlyprimarystakeholders.
Description of the consultation and participation processwith affected persons, host community, NGOs, and local
government and related authorities conducted and to be
conductedinthedifferentstagesoftheprojectcycle.
Describes the activities undertaken to disseminate projectand resettlement information during project design andpreparationforengagingstakeholders
Descriptionoftheparticipationmechanismstofacilitatetheconsultationprocess.
Summarizes the results of consultations with affectedpersons (including host communities), and discusses how
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concernsraisedandrecommendationsmadewereaddressed
intheresettlementplan
Disclosureofthedraftresettlementplantoaffectedpersonsandincludesarrangementstodiscloseanysubsequentplans
Describes the planned information disclosure measures(including the type of information to be disseminated and
the method of dissemination) and the process for
consultation with affected persons during project
implementation.
Descriptionofthegrievanceredressframework6.3.6 PolicyFrameworkandLegalFramework
Describethepolicyandlegalframeworktobefollowedwhile
preparingresettlementplanandshallinclude:
Nationalprevailinglaws Incaseofdonor funded projectsadherence to the policiesand
regulationsofthedonoragencies.
Description of key national, donor related (where applicable)and project specific compensation and resettlement policies,
lawsandguidelinesthatapplytotheproject
Include the analysis of the policies, laws, regulations andguidelinesrelevanttoresettlementactivitiesoftheproject
Description of any compensation guidelines, methodologiesusedtovaluelosses,proposedtypesandlevelsofcompensation
to be paid, compensation and assistance eligibility criteria and
howandwhencompensationwillbepaid
describesthelegalandpolicycommitmentsfromtheexecutingagencyforalltypesofdisplacedpersons;
DescribestheLandAcquisitionprocessandprepareascheduleformeetingkeyproceduralrequirements.
6.3.7 Entitlements,AssistanceandBenefits
Regarding the entitlement to compensation government agency
shouldensurethatResettlementActionPlancatersforall theproject
affected persons, determine eligibility for compensation and other
resettlementassistance.
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Specifies all assistance to vulnerable groups, includingwomen,andotherspecialgroups;
PrepareanEntitlementmatrix Work out the packages of compensation and other
resettlement measures that will assist each category of
eligibledisplacedpersons
Establish a timetable for payment of compensation anddelivery of related entitlements to each category of eligible
people
Outlines opportunities for affected persons to deriveappropriatedevelopmentbenefitsfromtheproject.
6.3.8 RelocationPlanning
ResettlementactivitiesrequirerelocationofsomeAPsortheentireproject affected community, with the purpose to recreate living
conditions at new site/s. Efforts should be made to reduce or
minimize the relocation as much as possible, by weighing
alternative options for main project. Depending upon the scale of
relocation involved, all the options should be considered and
different relocation strategies be reviewed by the concerned
government agency, keeping in view the sociocultural and
religious profiles of both the displaced persons and host
communities.
It
shall
also
be
necessary
to
develop
the
relocation
sites along with essential utilities, before any relocation activity
takesplace.Therelocationsitesshouldpreferablywithinthesame
region.
This component will include details of site selection,sitepreparationandrelocationdetailsincluding:
Listofalternativerelocationsitesthatwereconsideredandreasoning.
Information relating to the provision of housing,infrastructure,andsocialservices
Describes options for relocating housing and otherstructures, including replacement housing,
replacementcashcompensationetc.
Describe efforts to protect, move and restore culturalproperty and relocation of artifacts and structures
associatedwithreligious.
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Include a description of the boundaries of therelocationareaandanassessmentoftheenvironmental
impacts
Relocation schedule including timetables for sitepreparationandtransfer.
describes the legal arrangements to regularize tenureandtransfertitlestoresettledpersons;
Describehowintegrationwithhostpopulationswillbecarriedout.
6.3.9 Income&LivelihoodRestoration
Resettlementtobeplannedasaresultofdevelopmentactivity
for the affected persons. Those bearing the burdens of
displacement deserve to be beneficiaries of the projectsaffecting them and resettlement plans accordingly should
provide opportunities for restoring and increasing the
incomesandlivingstandardsofthoseaffectedandfollowing
tobeincluded:
Describetheprocessofconsultationwithaffectedpersons(including women and vulnerable groups) regarding
incomerestorationplanningandimplementation
Description of income restoration programmes includingmultipleoptions.
Shortterm&Longtermstrategiesforincomerestoration. Analysis of existing economic activities and patterns of
severelyaffectedAPstoassesstheirneeds.
Special measures for affected persons disadvantaged intermsofincomegenerationandemployment
Specialmeasures forwomenandvulnerablegroupsafterconsultation
Analysis of economic activities of all effected persons toassesstheirneedstoestablishbaseline
Describetrainingprograms Describe framework for institutional supervision and
evaluation
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6.3.10 ResettlementBudgetandFinancingPlan
The development projects which requires considerable
resettlements also requires large financing in order to resettle the
affectedpersonsandfor incomeand livelihoodrestoration.In this
regard comprehensive financial requirements are to be estimated
andnecessaryfinancingarrangementsshouldbeinplacefortimely
effectivenessoftheresettlementeffects.Followingsmayshouldbe
includedintheRAP.
Itemized budget for all resettlement activities,including compensation for Land Acquisition. The
annual resettlement budget should show the budget
scheduled expenditure for key items including
resettlementunit,monitoringandevaluationetc. Include a justification for all assumptions made in
calculatingcompensationratesandothercostestimates
(taking into account both physical and cost
contingencies
IncludeinformationaboutthesourceoffundingfortheResettlementActionPlan(RAP)budget
6.3.11 InstitutionalArrangements
The RAP must identify and provide details on the roles and
responsibilitiesofallorganizationsinvolvedincludingpublic
or private, governmental or nongovernmental that will be
responsible for resettlement activities. The capacity of these
organizations to carry out their responsibilities should be
assessed for the effective delivery. This section should cover
thefollowings:
Describes institutional arrangement responsibilitiesand mechanisms for carrying out the measures of the
resettlementplan;
Includesinstitutionalcapacitybuildingprogram DescribesroleofNGOs,ifinvolved,andorganizations
of affected persons in resettlement planning and
management;
Describes how womens groups will be involved in
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resettlementplanningandmanagement,
6.3.12 ImplementationSchedule
This section includes a detailed, time bound, implementation
schedule for all key resettlement and rehabilitation activities. The
implementation schedule should cover all aspects of resettlement
activities synchronized with the project schedule of civil works
construction,andprovideLandAcquisitionprocessandtimeline.
6.3.13 Monitoring&Evaluation
The RAP must provide a coherent monitoring plan that identifies
the organizational responsibilities, the methodology and the
schedule for monitoring and reporting and procedures. The
followingsshouldbeincluded:
Institutional arrangements to monitor resettlementactivitiesbythegovernmentagencyincludinginternal
andexternalmonitoringarrangements
Describe financial arrangements to carry out bothinternalandexternalmonitoringarrangements
Describeinternalmonitoringprocessandprovidealistofmonitoringindicators
Describeexternalmonitoringprocessandprovidealistofmonitoringindicators
Describe frequency of reporting and content for bothinternalandexternalmonitoring
Describeprocessforintegratingfeedbackfrominternalandexternalmonitoringintoimplementation
Evaluation of the impact of the resettlement for areasonable period after all the resettlement and
development
activities
has
been
completed.
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Table7.1 LandAcquisitionAssessmentIndicators&InformationSources
LandAcquisitionAssessmentIndicators InformationSources
1. Quantityoflandrequired Planningdocuments,includingengineeringdesignsandmaps
2. Locationandownershipoflandrequired Fieldsverification
3. Useoflandrequired Landacquisitionlawsandregulatoryprocedures
4. Determiningnecessityofinvoluntarylandacquisition
Informationfromprojectimplementingagencies
5. Legalprocessofassetacquisition Informationfromimplementingagency.
6. Proposedtimingoflandacquisition,
includingdetails
regarding
land
already
ac uired
Projectplanningdocuments
7. LandUse Secondarydata(governmentstatistics;
socialordemographicresearch)
8(a) Productiveuse(e.g.,agriculturalor
commercial),includingpresentuseofpubliclands
designatedfortheproject,andincludingseasonal
orperiodicuses;estimatednumberofhouseholds
affectedineachcategory.
8(b) Estimatednumberofresidentialhouseholdsaffected,sortedbycategoryofstructure(e.g. byconstructionmaterials).
Fieldsverification
8(c) Tenurialstatusofpresentusers.
8(d) Presenceofsquattersorencroachers.
8(e) Presenceofpublicorcommunityinfrastructure.8(f) Presenceofcultural,historical,orsacredsites.8(g) Presenceofnaturalconservationsitesor
Programs
Fieldsverification
InstitutionalCapacity InformationSources
9. Whichadministrativeentitiesaretobe
involvedinlandacquisition?
Implementingagency
10. WhichpersonnelareresponsibleforRAP
preparationandimplementation?
Implementingagency
11. Whatisthecurrentcapacityoftheseentitiesandpersonneltomanagelandacquisitionandresettlementimplementation?
Landacquisitionlawsandregulatoryprocedures
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Table7.2 SampleBudgetPlanforaResettlementActionPlan
Item
Cost
(Rs.) Comment Timing
Source o f
Funds
Channel of
Disbursement
Operations
Salaries
Office/Administration
Transporta tion
Miscellaneous
Compensation
To Landow ners for
agricultural land
For crop productionfor landowners and
tenants
For dwellings and
Struc tures
For house-plots
For trees
For ente rprises
For mo ving
Land ac quisition & resettlement planning
Land ac quisition
Site p lanning
Infrastruc ture
Monitoring & evaluation
RAP mo nitoring
RAP evaluation
Community development
Ag ricultural extension
services
Small enterp rises
Revolving credit
Com mon fac ilities
Contingency
TOTAL
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8.0 REFERENCES
AsianDevelopmentBanksSafeguardPolicyStatement(June2009)