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LCA (analisis siklus hidup):past, present, future & perspectives
for South-East Asia / Indonesia
Jeroen Guinée | 2nd ILCAN Conference Series on Life Cycle Assessment (“Life Cycle Perspectivesto support Sustainable Development”), Universitas Pelita Harapan Campus, Tangerang, Indonesia
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Contents
•Past-Present-Future of LCA
•LCA perspectives for South-East Asia (SEA) / Indonesia
Contents
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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA; ISO 14044)
• Complete picture to map andavoid potential problem shifting- whole life-cycle
- All burdens and impacts
• Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potentialenvironmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle
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LCA: how did it evolve?
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USA:• Late 60s and early 70s: first solid waste LCAs
• Later broadened to energy, resources, chemical emissions and solidwaste
• Beverage containers:- Midwest Research Institute (Kansas City, US)o Resource and Environmental Profile Analysis (REPA)
Past – Present - Future
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Europe: Basler & Hofmann, 1974
• First “impact assessment” (1974 !)
Past – Present - Future
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First mentioning of ‘avoided burden’, 1979crediting copper system co-producing steam-based electricity
Source: Boustead & Hancock, 1979, p.292
Past – Present - Future
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80s: Rapidly growing interest
• Swiss EMPA 1984:“Ökobilanzen von Packstoffen”
- first “database”
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• Workshops• LCA guides and handbooks• Dedicated scientific journals• Databases& software
90s: Remarkable growth of scientificactivities world-wide
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How to get famous?
• Publish in the Int. J. Life CycleAss.
Past – Present - Future
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Harmonisation• SETAC ‘Code of Practice’
Past – Present - Future
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And Standardization: ISO
Past – Present - Future
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Guinée et al. 1993. Quantitative LCA ofProducts. J Clean Prod (1)1, 3-13
Direct applications:
- Product developmentand improvement
- Strategic planning- Public policy making- Marketing- Other
Goal and scopedefinition
Inventoryanalysis
Impactassessment
Interpretation
Life cycle assessment framework
ISO’s famous framework(ISO14040, 1996)
… did you know …
Past – Present - Future
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2000-2010: dissemination & policy• UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative launched in 2002:
- putting LCT into practice (http://lcinitiative.unep.fr/)
- improving tools through better data and indicators
• European Policy:- Integrated Product Policy (IPP)
- European Platform on LCA established in 2005
- Renewable Energy Directive (RED)
• US-EPA promotes use of LCA: http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/lcaccess/
• Various regional LCA networks (Australia, Canada, Thailand, Indonesia, …)
Past – Present - Future
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00s: … and new Handbooks
among which numerousCarbon Footprint
Standards/Handbooks
Past – Present - Future
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Lessons from bio-energy studies• LCA limitations & discussions:
- data gaps and uncertainties
- influence of key methodological choices
- incompleteness of impacts included:o limited focus on GHG (CO2-eq.)
• Poorly or not captured, direct or indirect, side effects:- e.g., cutting of tropical forest, peat swamp cultivation, rising food prices (Mexican
tortilla crisis), …
Source: van der Voet et al., Biofuels 2010 (1)3: 435-449
Past – Present - Future
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2010-now: Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA)
• First use of LCSA by Zhou et al. (2006/2007)- LCSA = LCA + LCC
• Klöpffer & Renner (2007):- LCSA = LCA + LCC + SLCA
• Zamagni et al. (2009); Guinée et al. (2011)- Broadening of impactso LCSA = LCA + LCC + SLCA
- Broadening level of analysiso Product-, sector-, and economy-wide questions & analyses
- Deepeningo E.g, modelling rebound effects
Past – Present - Future
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Developing LCSA activities
• LCSA section in ISIE• SETAC-UNEP LCSA WG (broadening indicators)• Special issues of Int. Journal of LCA and Journal of Industrial Ecology• Open access book “Taking stock of industrial Ecology” with Chapter on
LCSA (http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-319-20571-7)• ………
Past – Present - Future
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PERSPECTIVES FOR SOUTH-EASTASIA (SEA) / INDONESIA
What can SEA learn from LCA history to speed up its LCA developments?
Perspectives SEA
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For doing an LCA in practice, we need:• A method
• Software
• Data (inventory, impact assessment)
• (Applications)
• (Training course)
Perspectives SEA
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Handbooks
Perspectives SEA
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Software
Perspectives SEA
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Small interruption ….• Who knows ‘SimaPro’ ?• Did you know that:
- 25 years ago …..
- the first – and CML’s last !! – SimaProversion was developed
- At CML, Leiden, the Netherlands…
- by these guys
• Riddle: SimaPro stands for ….?
Riddle
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Databases
sources: https://nexus.openlca.org/databaseshttp://faculty.washington.edu/cooperjs/DFE_Website/LCA_database_list.htm
Perspectives SEA
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All databases focus on EU and USA mainlyDatabase Geographical focus Temporal scope
ecoinvent + LC-Inventories.ch Europe, although scope is global(see next slide)
1995-2005
Probas; Ökobaudat; bioenergiedat Germany, Europe 1995-2015; 1995-2015; 2010-2030
GaBi Mainly Europe, some USA,Indian, Japan etc.
1995-2015
Agribalyse France ?
U.S. Life Cycle Inventory Database USA 1995-2010
NEEDS Europe 2010, 2025, 2050
ELCD Europe 1995-2015
…. etc.
Perspectives SEA
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Geographical representation ecoinvent v2.2 processes (%)
0,0%
5,0%
10,0%
15,0%
20,0%
25,0%
30,0%
35,0%
40,0%
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Perspectives SEA
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Countries with specific LCI data for power generation andsupply (mixes)
Source: Treyer & Bauer 2013, Int J of LCA, DOI 10.1007/s11367-013-0665-2;See also Int J LCA 21 (9), special issue on ecoinvent v3
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SEA processes in ecoinvent v2.2
Perspectives SEA
Abbreviation Country no. of processes in ecoinvent v2.2 no. of processes in ecoinvent v3.3
ID Indonesia 3 32
MY Malaysia 10 28
PG Papua New Guinea 3 2
PH Philippines 2 11
TH Thailand 3 28
21 101
Process Country Category Process Country Category
palm fruit bunches, at farm MY agricultural production mine, gold and silver PG metals
husked nuts harvesting, at farm PH agricultural production gold, from combined gold-silver production, at refinery PG metals
palm kernel meal, at oil mill MY biomass silver, from combined gold-silver production, at refinery PG metals
palm methyl ester, at esterification plant MY biomass sulphate pulp, from eucalyptus ssp. (SFM), unbleached, at pulpmill TH paper & cardboard
palm kernel oil, at oil mill MY chemicals round wood, primary forest, clear-cutting, at forest road MY wooden materials
palm oil, at oil mill MY chemicals provision, stubbed land MY wooden materials
glycerine, from palm oil, at esterification plant MY chemicals meranti, standing, under bark, u=70%, in rainforest MY wooden materials
crude coconut oil, at plant PH chemicals roundwood, meranti (SFM), under bark, u=70%, at forest road MY wooden materials
copper concentrate, at beneficiation ID metals eucalyptus ssp., standing, under bark, u=50%, in plantation TH wooden materials
copper, primary, at refinery ID metals roundwood, eucalyptus ssp. (SFM), under bark, u=50%, at forest road TH wooden materials
molybdenum concentrate, couple production Cu ID metals
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The V2.2 data sets don’t yet fully representwhat they aim for
Copper concentrate, atbeneficiation, Indonesia
The inventory for thebeneficiation of Indonesiancopper concentrate ismodelled with mostlyEuropean flow data.
Perspectives SEA
ecoinvent
V2.2 V3.3
... [RER] [ID, 2009-2016]
… [RER] [ID, 2009-2016]
... [RER] [ID, 2009-2016]
… [RER] [ID, 2009-2016]
… [RER] [ID, 2009-2016]
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World export map
Perspectives SEA
Top commodities exported byIndonesia include(http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/idn/):
Coal briquettes
Palm oil
Petroleum gas
Crude petroleum
Rubber
Copper ore, ….
……
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LCA data representing SEA is main issue• Don’t focus too much on methodology and software:
- Already received/receives most attention
- Apply, learn and adapt them as needed to suit SEA
• Focus: unit process data representing the SEA industry- SEA heavily under-represented in current databases
- Unit process data mainly determine an LCA’s quality:
•Let’s go for a (South East) Asian “ecoinvent” (see also:http://www.ecoinvent.org/about/projects/sri-project/sri-project.html)
goodsservices
materialsenergy
waste* (for treatment)
goodsservicesmaterialsenergywaste (for treatment)
environmentalinterventions
economicflows
chemicals to the airchemicals to waterchemicals to the soilradionuclidessoundwaste heatcasualties
abiotic resourcesbiotic resources
land occupation
products products * economicflows
environmentalinterventions
UNIT PROCESS /PRODUCT SYSTEM
* the functional flows of the process
OUTPUTSINPUTS
land transformation
etc.
Perspectives SEA
− fossil fuels; palm oil, coconut oil, rubber, equipment, …− metal ores; clothing; plywood; ...
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Further lessons to speed up SEA-LCA
• Transparency and credibility: publishsources, data and full result-details
• LCA is hard work and includes manyuncertainties ...- but the answer always is …
o don’t ignore but deal with uncertainties
Perspectives SEA
Pencil!!
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Further lessons to speed up SEA-LCAEx-post versus ex-ante LCA:
what’s the stronger side of LCA?
Perspectives SEA
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Riddle: SimaPro’s meaning (it’s Dutch )• S = Systeem (System)• i = integrale (integral)• m = milieu (environmental)• a = analyse (analysis)• Pro = Produkten (Products)
Systeem voor de integrale milieu-analyse van Produkten
System for the integral environmental analysis of Products
Riddle
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