What is a hybrid electric vehicle?
What does it do?
What does the battery have to do?
What are the candidate batteries?
How should we choose between them?
Battery (size proportional to capacity)
Generator / motor
Electrical energy flow (flow rate proportional to thickness)
Mechanical energy flow (flow rate proportional to thickness)
ISG
Series hybrid
Electric driveBattery (size proportional to capacity)
Generator / motor
Electrical energy flow (flow rate proportional to thickness)
Mechanical energy flow (flow rate proportional to thickness)
SLI only
Parallel hybrid
Battery (size proportional to capacity)
Generator / motor
Electrical energy flow (flow rate proportional to thickness)
Mechanical energy flow (flow rate proportional to thickness)
ISG
Series hybrid
Electric driveBattery (size proportional to capacity)
Generator / motor
Electrical energy flow (flow rate proportional to thickness)
Mechanical energy flow (flow rate proportional to thickness)
SLI only
Parallel hybrid
Types of Hybrid ElectricAutomobile
Micro- Mild- Medium Full
EV Drive
Motor assist
Regen. braking
Engine stop
Battery voltage 12 36 144 >200
Battery capacity (Ah)
50 - 60 15 - 20 6 - 8 6
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Time (secs)
Current A
Charge and discharge currents experienced by‘Insight’ battery during hard driving
Typical range of state-of-charge, rates of discharge and recharge and failure modes
Duty SLI Deep cycle High rate PSoC
Examples 12 V EV HEV , UPS, PV
Range of SoCMax. norm.disch. rateMax. norm.charge rate
Life-limitingmechanisms
85 - 90 %
10 C
0.5 C
20 - 100 % 50 - 70, 70 - 90 %
4 C
0.5 C
15 C
8 C
Corrosion,shedding
PCL 1,PCL 2 ?
Characteristics of high-rate partial-state-of-charge operation
1. High rate - up to 15 C discharge and 8 C charge
2. Long periods without approaching top-of-ch.
3. Very large number of (small) cycles - 300,000rather than < 1,000.
–– 1.61.6
–– 1.41.4
–– 1.21.2
–– 1.01.0
–– 0.80.8
–– 0.60.6
00 10001000 20002000 30003000 40004000 50005000
Number of HEV cyclesNumber of HEV cycles
Pot
entia
l P
oten
tial v
s vs H
g | H
gH
g | H
g 22S
OSO
44
CB1 (0.2 wt.%)
CB1 (2.0 wt.%)GR2 (2.0 wt.%)
CB2 (2.0 wt.%) CB3 (2.0 wt.%)
CB4 (2.0 wt.%)
CB5 (0.4 wt.%)
CF1 (2.0 wt.%)
EoC and EoD potentials of negative plates in HRPSoC operation
Characteristic Units Min. Power-assist Max. Power-assist
10 s Disch. power kW 25 40
10 s charge power kW 20 35
Available energy kWh 0.3 0.5
Weight kg 40 60
Cycle life cycles 300,000 300,000
Derived parameters
Specific disch. power W kg-1 625 667
Specific ch. power W kg-1 500 583
Specific energy Wh kg-1 7.5 8.3
Key FreedomCAR Performance Goals
Battery type,manufacturer
Design elements Specific power(W kg-1)
‘RHOLAB’ (8Ah)Enersys
Twin-tab to boostPower, spiral
600
Bipolar (8Ah)Effpower
Bipolar plate Pb-Impreg ceramic
1000
Ultra (8.5Ah)Furukawa/CSIRO
Additional carbonCapacitive element
500 - 600
VRLA Batteries designed for power-assist operation
Project Effpower
ALABC Identifier:Effpower
Battery type: Bipolar, 8 Ah, 144V
Vehicle: Honda Insight
Voltage: 144V
BATTERY MANAGEMENT• Honda Insight Battery
Management System supplied and installed by PROVECTOR
• Add-ons including CAN interface, OBD2 module and GPS module
• Effpower cell monitoring system
Project ‘Ultra’ALABC Identifier: DP 1.1
Battery type: Furukawa/CSIRO flat, 7 Ah, 12V
Vehicle: ALABC Honda Insight
Voltage: 144V
PbO2 Pb
+ – Separator
Lead–acid cell+ –
Ultrabattery
Pb
Carbon electrode
i
ii1
i2
+ –
Carbonelectrode
PbO2
Asymmetric supercapacitor
Ultrabattery is a hybrid energy-storage device, which combines an asymmetric capacitor and a lead-acid battery in one unit cell, without extra electronic control.
Configuration of the Ultrabattery
Hybrid pulse power characterisation
(maximum power assist, battery-size factor = 35)
y = 2E-06x3 - 0.0207x2 + 59.285x + 875.37R2 = 0.9997y = 4E-07x3 - 0.0069x2 + 4.6404x + 61819
R2 = 0.9998
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 2100 2400 2700 3000
1-h discharge energy / Wh x BSF
10-s
dis
char
ge p
ower
/ W
x B
SF
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
10-s
cha
rge
pow
er /
W x
BSF
Available energy = 1550 Wh
Available energy goal = 500 Wh
Discharge power = 40 kW Charge power = 35 kW
High-speed and hill-climbing driving profile
0.11 Ah
-3.63 Ah
45% DoD(8 Ah battery)
Cycling procedure:discharge the cell/battery to 80% SoC and then subject to the above profile repetitively until the minimum voltage reaches 0 V.
Performance:at least four times longer in cycle-life than the state-of-the art VRLA cells
Dis
char
geC
harg
e
UC1 UC2 UC3
Ultracells
UB
Ultrabattery
200
400
600
800
0
Cyc
le n
umbe
r
C1 C2
Control cells
1000
1200
CB
Control battery
Cycling PerformanceCycling Performance(Under EUCAR Power Assist Profile)(Under EUCAR Power Assist Profile)
Battery for a Power-assist HEV (~1kWh)
NiMH Li-Ion VRLA Freed’carMin.Goals
Weight (kg)(excl. BMS)
23.26 12.5 33.3 40 (inc.BMS)
Cost, $ (rawmaterials)
349Ni - lme
74Li - USGS
58Pb - lme
500 wholebattery
Life - cycles 300,000 ? 200,000+ 300,000
Life - miles 100,000+ ? 50,000++ 100,000
If hybrid electric vehicles are to contribute meaningfullyIf hybrid electric vehicles are to contribute meaningfullyto reductions in pollution, in greenhouse gas emissionsto reductions in pollution, in greenhouse gas emissionsand to relieving the pressure on world oil supplies theyand to relieving the pressure on world oil supplies theymust be adopted in very large numbers.must be adopted in very large numbers. In order for thisIn order for thisto happen such vehicles must be affordableto happen such vehicles must be affordable……