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Lessons from the Art of Story-telling forEnhancing a Learning Experience
(Learning) Story-telling
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Legend goes, there was a King called Amarshakti,
who ruled a kingdom in Southern India. He was a
scholar and a powerful ruler.
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King Amarshakti had three sons...
Bahushak
ti
Ugrashak
ti
Anantshakti
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The three princes were, what we would today call reluctant learners
Whatsthe point...Here we go again
I am bored!
Muststudy... blah,blah,your
future... blah, blah, blah
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Minister Sumati advised the king that instead of using conventional ways of teaching,they should find ways to wake the intelligence of the princes... and for this hesuggested requesting the great teacher, Pandit Vishnu Sharma to tutor the princes.
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Since verbal sciences have no final end,Since life is short, and obstacles impend,Let central facts be picked and firmly fixed,As swans extract the milk with water mixed.
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Holy Sir, as a favour to me you must make my three
princes masters of the art of practical life. In return, Iwill bestow upon you a hundred land-grants.
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Stories and narratives play a very important role in education
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Stories help in sense-makingLearners connect new knowledge with lived experience andweave it into existing narratives of meaning
Bruner (1986) explains that a story develops thelandscape of
action and the landscape of consciousness (human intention).
As audience we engage with both levels and enter into the
minds of the characters and into the deeper meaning of thestory.
According to Marsha Rossiter and Carolyn Clark
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Harvard psychologist, Lawrence Kohlberg, who proposed a stage theory of moral
thinking, used stor ies like this one, to test moral reasoning:
A woman was near death from a special kind of cancer. There was
just one drug that might save her.
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Only one pharmacist had that drug and he was charging ten times thenormal price.
The sick womans husband, Heinz, could arrange just half the amount.
PHARMACY
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He pleaded and argued with the pharmacist that his wife was dying and socould the pharmacist please lower the price or allow Heinz to pay later.
But the pharmacist refused.
PHARMACY
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Heinz got desperate and that evening he stole the drug.
PHARMACY
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Should Heinz have stolen the drug?
Should he be punished?
This story is very effecti ve for further discussions on
thinking and moral reasoning
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In his book Social Intelligence, author Daniel Goleman
explains the impact of emot ions on learning and
performance...
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Stories can play a major role in creating suchinspired moments of learning
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What can teachers and parents learn from the art of
storytel ling, to make learning exper iences highly engaging,meaningful and effect ive?
Lets look at some elements, that go into making of a good story,and can be used to enhance learning experiences
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Elements of a Story that can Enhance a Learning Experience
1. Structure
2. Conflict(emotional sub-text)
3. Resolution
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1. Structure
AristotleGustav Freytag
Joseph Campbell
2. Conflict
3. Resolution
Persuasion - Ethos, Pathos, Logos
The Rider, the Elephant, the Path
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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1. Structure
AristotleGustav Freytag
Joseph Campbell
2. Conflict
3. Resolution
Persuasion - Ethos, Pathos, Logos
The Rider, the Elephant, the Path
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Aristotle suggested a Three-Act Structure for
Drama, in his Poetics (c. 335 BCE)
1.Begin
nin
g
2.Middle
3.End
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Lets look at an example...
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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No causation
Little emotion
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Causation
Emotion
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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1. Structure
Gustav Freytag
Joseph Campbell
2. Conflict
3. Resolution
Persuasion - Ethos, Pathos, Logos
The Rider, the Elephant, the Path
Aristotle
Elements of a Story
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Gustav Freytag suggests a Five -ActStructure for Drama
2.Risin
gA
ctio
n
3. Climax
4.FallingA
ction
1. Exposition 5. Denouement
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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2.Risin
gA
ctio
n
3. Climax
4.FallingAction
1. Exposition 5. Denouement
Exposition of the situation,characters introduced, what kind ofpeople they are and their relations,
goals and motivationMain Character gets to know the goaland what is at stake if he or shefails
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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2.Risin
gA
ctio
n
3. Climax
4.FallingAction
1. Exposition 5. Denouement
Conflict is introduced
Small problems thwartprotagonist
Protagonist overcomesthese secondary obstacles
He or she is finally in aposition to go for primarygoal
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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2.Risin
gA
ctio
n
3. Climax
4.FallingAction
1. Exposition 5. Denouement
Turning Point
Single big decisionthat defines outcome
Protagonist and
antagonist plans getrevealed and get indirect or indirectconflict
Protagonist makes adecision or choice whichshows his or her mainquality
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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2.Risin
gA
ctio
n
3. Climax
4.FallingAction
1. Exposition 5. Denouement
Greatest tension
Things go wrong forprotagonist
Seems evil will triumph
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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2.Risin
gA
ctio
n
3. Climax
4.FallingAction
1. Exposition 5. Denouement
Final confrontationand decisive winfor protagonist
All whys areanswered and long-term consequencesrevealed
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Lets look at an example...
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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You must stay curious,read more, learn to learn...
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Why?
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Letmetellyouastory
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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A group of graduates from a prestigiousuniversity were asked...
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Why do we have seasons?
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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23 out of 25 students immediately gave the same answer that the earthis closer to the sun in the summer than it is in the winter
due to the elliptical orbit of the earth.
closer = summer
farther =
winter
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Do you agree?
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Dunno!
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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This argument does not hold water because if it were so thenat that point in time both Southern and Northern hemispheres
would have the same season and we know this is not true.
closer = summer
farther =
winter
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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The Earth's axis is tilted at an angle of 23.5 degrees.The tilt of the Earth means the Earth will lean towards the Sun
(Summer) or lean away from the Sun (Winter) 6 months later.
In between these, Spring and Autumn will occur.
Northern Hemisphere= Summer
Southern Hemisphere= Winter
N. Hemisphere= Winter
S. Hemisphere= Summer
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Dont just rely on your intuitive thinking,be sure to check your cognitive bias.
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Hmm....
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Why?
You must stay curious,read more, learn tolearn...
Let me tell youa story
1. Exposition
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Dunno!
Do you agree?
2. Rising Action
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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3. Climax
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Northern Hemisphere= Summer
Southern Hemisphere= Winter
N. Hemisphere= Winter
S. Hemisphere= Summer
4. Falling Act ion
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Dont just rely on your intuitive thinking,be sure to check your cognitive bias.
Hmm....
5. Denouement
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Why?
You must stay curious,read more, learn tolearn...
Let me tell youa story
Dunno!
Do you agree?
Northern Hemisphere= Summer
Southern Hemisphere
= Winter
N. Hemisphere= Winter
S. Hemisphere
= Summer
Dont just rely on your intuitive thinking,be sure to check your cognitive bias.
Hmm....
1. Exposition
2. Rising Action
3. Climax
4. Falling Action
5. Denouement
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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1. Structure
Gustav Freytag
Joseph Campbell
2. Conflict
3. Resolution
Persuasion - Ethos, Pathos, Logos
The Rider, the Elephant, the Path
Aristotle
Key Elements of a Story
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Call to Adventure
Refusal of the call
Divine intervention or Epiphany
Journey of Trials & Tribulations
Return and Master of the two worlds
Theherosjourneycanbew
ithin-transformationofself
According to Joseph Campbell, the journey ofthe archetypal hero in mythologies consists of
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Lets look at an example...
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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CalltoAdv
enture
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Intervent
ion
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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ll to Adven
ture
f salof the
Call
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CalltoAdv
e
Intervent
ion Trials&Tr
ibulations
Refusalof
t
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
K El t f St r
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Key Elements of a Story
Aristotle
1. Structure
Gustav Freytag
Joseph Campbell
2. Conflict
3. Resolution
Persuasion - Ethos, Pathos, Logos
The Rider, the Elephant, the Path
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Conflict could be between protagonist and antagonist
Or conflict could be with-in the protagonist
Conflict and its resolution moves the story forward...convincingly
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Lets look at two examples...
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Why?
You must stay curious,read more, learn to learn...
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Why?
You must stay curious,read more, learn to learn...
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Why?
You must stay curious,read more, learn to learn...
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Conflict
Why?
You must stay curious,read more, learn to learn...
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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To put the story so far, in perspective...
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Stories can inform, inspire and transform
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
I h f d i h l l i i
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In the context of education, a story can help a learner imagine...
what is possible
What is What ispossible
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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The learner is the hero who has to undertake the
learning journey towards what is possible
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Structure > Conflict > Resolution
In this learning journey, the learner hero has to resolve
inner conflicts
What is possible
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InnerConflictsLearnersJourney
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
What is
p
Inner conflicts of a learner could be...
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Structure > Conflict > Resolution
Inner conflicts of a learner could be...
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Cynicism, Skepticism
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
Inner conflicts of a learner could be...
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Cynicism, Skepticism
Trying is the first step
towards failure- Homer Simpson
Fear of Failure or Ridicule
(what will others think of me)
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
Inner conflicts of a learner could be...
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Cynicism, Skepticism
Trying is the first step
towards failure- Homer Simpson
Fear of Failure or Ridicule
(what will others think of me)
Inertia to Act or lack ofenergy and enthusiasm
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
Inner conflicts of a learner could be...
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Cynicism, Skepticism
Rigid Mindset(habits die hard)
Trying is the first step
towards failure- Homer Simpson
Fear of Failure or Ridicule
(what will others think of me)
Inertia to Act or lack ofenergy and enthusiasm
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
Inner conflicts of a learner could be...
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Lack of Self-EfficacySelf-belief about lack of abilities,
that in-turn leads to lesser effortbeing put into learning
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Inner conflicts of a learner could be...
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Lack of Self-EfficacySelf-belief about lack of abilities,
that in-turn leads to lesser effortbeing put into learning
Ambiguity or Lack of Clarity
Boredom & Anxiety
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
Inner conflicts of a learner could be...
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Lack of Self-EfficacySelf-belief about lack of abilities,
that in-turn leads to lesser effortbeing put into learning
Focus on Problems not Solutions
Boredom & Anxiety
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
Ambiguity or Lack of Clarity
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Structure > Conflict > Resolution
What can we learn from the art of story-tel ling about
how to resolve learner s inner conflicts ?
Key Elements of a Story
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Key Elements of a Story
1. Structure
Aristotle
Gustav Freytag
Joseph Campbell
2. Conflict
3. Resolution
Persuasion - Ethos, Pathos, Logos
The Rider, the Elephant, the Path
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
Resolution could be through persuasion
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1.Eth
os
2.Pathos
3.Logos
According to Aristotle a persuasive argument hasthree components
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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1.Eth
os
2.Pathos
3.LogosSpeakerscredibility,authority andcharacter
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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1.Eth
os
2.Pathos
3.Logos
Appeal toemotions
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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1.Eth
os
3.LogosAppeal to logicthrough facts,
data
2.Pathos
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Lets look at an example...
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Structure > Conflict > Resolution
1. Ethos(ethical)
Why?
You must stay curious,read more, learn to learn...
See how I am still so curious,eager to learn new things andmake it a point to read for atleast an hour every day.
2. Pathos (emotional)
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Structure > Conflict > Resolution
1. Ethos(ethical)
Why?
You must stay curious,read more, learn to learn...
See how I am still so curious,eager to learn new things andmake it a point to read for atleast an hour every day.
Let me tell you a story...
2. Pathos (emotional)
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1. Ethos(ethical)
Why?
You must stay curious,read more, learn to learn...
According to AmericanSociety of Training andDevelopment (ASTD), theamount of knowledge in theworld doubles every 18months.
3. Logos (logical)
See how I am still so curious,eager to learn new things andmake it a point to read for atleast an hour every day.
Let me tell you a story...
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
Key Elements of a Story
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1. Structure
AristotleGustav Freytag
Joseph Campbell
2. Conflict
3. Resolution
Persuasion - Ethos, Pathos, Logos
The Rider, the Elephant, the Path
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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In their book Switch - how to change things whenchange is hard authors Chip and Dan Heath take a deeper
look at inner conflicts...
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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They look at the inner conflict as a dilemma between HEARTand MIND and use the analogy given by psychologist,
Jonathan Haidt...
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Your Mind or rational side is
THE RIDER
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
Your Heart or emotional side isTHE ELEPHANT
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THE ELEPHANT
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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THE RIDER (mind or rationality)
(+)- is a visionary (thinks long-term)- good at planning and direction- accepts delayed gratification
(-)- Over analyzes(analysis-paralysis)
- Limited strength (self-supervision is exhausting)
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
THE ELEPHANT (heart or emotions)(+)
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(+)- can provide energy and enthusiasm- responds well to positive emotions
- love, compassion, empathy, loyalty(-)- lazy and unpredictable- desiresinstant gratification- negative emotions(loss of energy or focus)
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
What looks like Laziness is often Exhaustion
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THE RIDER
Changing habits is tiring (self-control is exhausting)
Prefer to maintain status quo
Sees only problems on the path of change
Too many choices (analysis paralysis)
I
tsto
odiffic
ult
The
sto
newill
break
W
hat
should
Imak
e?
W
hatto
olsshould
Iuse?
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
What is What is possible
What looks like Resistance is often Lack of Clarity
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THE ELEPHANT
Why change? No emotional connect with change
The challenge is too big
I dont have the ability (lack of self-efficacy)
How should I go about it - what steps?
Why
sho
uldI
doit?
This
isimpossibl
e
Ido
ntha
vethe
abi
lity
How
doI
even
start?
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
What is What is possible
To Resolve the Inner Conflict,
and bring about change (from what is
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and bring aboutchange (from what is
to whatis possible),you need to appeal
to both the rider and the elephant
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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What role can Stories play in Directing the Rider and Moti vating
the Elephant ?
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
Direct the Rider
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Role of Stories
Stories that demonstrate change is possible
Focus on solutions (and not the problems)
i.e. dont focus on what is broken and how to fix itinstead focus on what is working and how to do more of it
Stories that explain the critical steps
Di t th i
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Lets look at an example...
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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The story should go on to explain how he changed his mindset...
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Instead of looking at the bad
grades he considered his Agrade in English
How did I get an A in English?Good study habits?
Hard work?Multiple performanceopportunities (writing, debating)?Deep interest and confidence?
He then applied the same
learning approach to othersubjects
He got a C in Math andScience and a B in History!
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Lets look at some examples...
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
Stories inspired by Albert Banduras Social Learning Theory
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Tele-novellas and Radio-dramas narrating stories of model
behaviour have been very successful in bringing about socialchange like,
- radio drama, Taru, in India, about femalereproductive health
- radio drama, "Twende na Wakati," or "Let's Go withthe Times," in parts of Tanzania, about HIV and AIDS
- "Ven Conmigo," or "Come with Me," in Mexico, on adultliteracy
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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Principles on which these stories are based (according to Bandura)
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Contrasting Role Models - positive, transitional and
negativeCharacters demonstrate how to manage set-backs or enlistsupport
Personal Relevance - from audience perspectiveAspirational Linkage (i.e. based on audiences aspirations)
Vicarious Motivators
Environmental Support - tell the audience what support isavailable for making the change and where to look for it
Structure > Conflict > Resolution
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To conclude...
Stories help a learner heroembark on a journey towards
What ispossible
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InnerConflicts
LearnersJourney Resolution
self-confidence and
understanding...
What is
Stories help a learner heroembark on a journey towards
What ispossible
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InnerConflicts
LearnersJourney Resolution
self-confidence and
understanding...
What is ...by creating inspiredmoments of learning thatcombine - ful l attention,enthusiastic interest andposit ive emotionalintensity.
Do you remember stor ies that made history come ali ve for you, or
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We can all learn from hearing stories - parables, moral tales, stories
of adventure...
We can also learn by telling stories - shar ing our own hard knocks oflife tales, that helps us make sense of our life situation (blogging for
catharsis!)
And, best of all, stor ies can make the learning exper ience a lot of fun
biographies that got you back on your fee t when you were down?
References
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References
Narrati ve Perspect ives on Adult Educat ion - Rossiter & ClarkSocial Intel ligence - Daniel Goleman
A Pri vate Universe - projects about misconceptions in Science
A Hero with a Thousand Faces - Joseph CampbellWikipedia - Panchtantra, Kohlberg, Aristotle and Freytag
Switch - Chip & Dan Heath
Lecture by Albert Bandura -ht tp://www.you tube.com/watch?v=xjIbKaSXM3A
8/7/2019 Learning (to the power of) Storytelling
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Author & Illustrator
Atul Pant