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Solar System I – The Inner Terrestrial Planets and the Asteroid Belt
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! What do we mean by solar system ! “solar” = related to the sun ! solar system
" all objects gravitationally bound to sun " region of space dominated by sun's gravity
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! What do you think? ! Sun ! Planets ! Dwarf Planets ! Moons ! Small Bodies
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! the “large” bodies in orbit around the sun " large enough that gravity forms them into a sphere " not large enough to become a star
"Mercury in color - Prockter07 centered" by NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington. Edited version of Image:Mercury in color - Prockter07.jpg by Papa Lima Whiskey. - NASA/JPL [1]. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mercury_in_color_-_Prockter07_centered.jpg#/media/File:Mercury_in_color_-_Prockter07_centered.jpg
"Jupiter New Horizons" by NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute - National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jupiter_New_Horizons.jpg#/media/File:Jupiter_New_Horizons.jpg "Neptune Full" by NASA - JPL image. Licensed
under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neptune_Full.jpg#/media/File:Neptune_Full.jpg
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! is in orbit around the Sun,
! has sufficient mass so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape, and
! has“cleared the neighborhood" around its orbit.
2006-International Astronomical Union
"Euler diagram of solar system bodies" by SounderBruce (translated version), Ariel Provost (French version), Tahc (original version) - Derivative work of File:Diagramme d'Euler des corps du Système solaire.svg, translated from French to English. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euler_diagram_of_solar_system_bodies.svg#/media/File:Euler_diagram_of_solar_system_bodies.svg
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Terrestrial ! Mercury ! Venus ! Earth ! Mars
Jovian ! Jupiter ! Saturn ! Uranus ! Neptune
"Mars 23 aug 2003 hubble" by NASA, ESA, and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA) - http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2005/34/image/j/ (image link). Licensed under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mars_23_aug_2003_hubble.jpg#/media/File:Mars_23_aug_2003_hubble.jpg
"Venus-real color" by NASA or Ricardo Nunes - http://www.astrosurf.com/nunes/explor/explor_m10.htm. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Venus-real_color.jpg#/media/File:Venus-real_color.jpg
"Jewel of the Solar System" by NASA/JPL-Caltech/SSI/Cornell - JPEG File: http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/multimedia/pia17474.html#.Um1oeeig5w0Full-Resolution TIFF: JPL Photojournal PIA17474: Jewel of the Solar System (NASA). Licensed under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jewel_of_the_Solar_System.jpg#/media/File:Jewel_of_the_Solar_System.jpg
"Uranus2" by NASA/JPL-Caltech - http://web.archive.org/web/20090119235457/http://planetquest.jpl.nasa.gov/milestones_show/slide1.html (image link)http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA18182 (image link). Licensed under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Uranus2.jpg#/media/File:Uranus2.jpg 8 Elizabeth Charlton, 2016
! Pluto ! Eris ! Ceres ! Haumea ! Makemake
"PIA19562-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-Dawn-RC3-image19-20150506" by NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA - http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/jpeg/PIA19562.jpg. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:PIA19562-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-Dawn-RC3-image19-20150506.jpg#/media/File:PIA19562-Ceres-DwarfPlanet-Dawn-RC3-image19-20150506.jpg
"Nh-pluto-in-true-color 2x JPEG" by NASA / Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory / Southwest Research Institute - http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Multimedia/Science-Photos/image.php?gallery_id=2&image_id=243. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nh-pluto-in-true-color_2x_JPEG.jpg#/media/File:Nh-pluto-in-true-color_2x_JPEG.jpg
"Eris and dysnomia2" by NASA, ESA, and M. Brown - http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/news/eris.html . Originally uploaded to en.wikipedia by en:User:Serendipodous. For more information, see the description page. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eris_and_dysnomia2.jpg#/media/File:Eris_and_dysnomia2.jpg
"2003 EL61 Haumea, with moons" by CalTech, Mike Brown et al. - Keck Telescope, CalTech. Licensed under Fair use via Wikipedia - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2003_EL61_Haumea,_with_moons.jpg#/media/File:2003_EL61_Haumea,_with_moons.jpg
"Makemake hubble" by NASA - Hubble Space Telescope - Email from Mike Brown (discoverer of Makemake), December 5, 2008. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Makemake_hubble.png#/media/File:Makemake_hubble.png
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! satellite – any object in gravitational orbit around another larger object
! moon – natural satellite of a planet
! “The Moon” – the natural satellite of the Earth
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"FullMoon2010" by Gregory H. Revera - Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:FullMoon2010.jpg#/media/File:FullMoon2010.jpg
"Jupiter family" by NASA/JPL - PIA01481This image or video was catalogued by Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) under Photo ID: PIA01481.This tag does not indicate the copyright status of the attached work. A normal copyright tag is still required. See Commons:Licensing for more information.Català | Čeština | Deutsch | English | Español | فارسی | Français | Galego | Magyar | Հայերեն | Bahasa Indonesia | Italiano | ⽇本語 | Македонски | മലയാളം | Polski | Português | Русский | Türkçe | 中⽂ | 中⽂(简体) | +/−. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jupiter_family.jpg#/media/File:Jupiter_family.jpg
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"Asteroidsscale" by NASA/JPL-Caltech/JAXA/ESA - http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/571372main_pia14316-43_800-600.jpg. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Asteroidsscale.jpg#/media/File:Asteroidsscale.jpg
"17pHolmes 071104 eder vga" by Ivan Eder - Ivan Eder. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:17pHolmes_071104_eder_vga.jpg#/media/File:17pHolmes_071104_eder_vga.jpg
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! asteroid – small, rocky, planet-like fragment
! meteoroid – very small interplanetary rock
! comet – ice and dust body, eccentric orbit
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! Extends beyond the orbit of Neptune to approximately 50 AU " Home to many frozen small solar system bodies
! Pluto ! Haumea ! Makemake
"Kuiper belt plot objects of outer solar system" by WilyD at English Wikipedia. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kuiper_belt_plot_objects_of_outer_solar_system.png#/media/File:Kuiper_belt_plot_objects_of_outer_solar_system.png
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! Populated by icy minor planets and small solar system bodies
! Due to “scattering” of small bodies by the gas giant planets
! Unstable " origin of most periodic comets
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! How do we measure locations? ! average distance from Sun ! Astronomical Units (AU)
" average sun-earth distance " 1.5 x 1011 m
! Heliocentric longitude " position around the sun
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" Planets all orbit in a disk
"Ecliptic plane 3d view" by Lookang many thanks to author of original simulation = Todd K. Timberlake author of Easy Java Simulation = Francisco Esquembre - Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ecliptic_plane_3d_view.gif#/media/File:Ecliptic_plane_3d_view.gif
"Solarsystem3DJupiter" by Lookang many thanks to author of original simulation = Todd K. Timberlake author of Easy Java Simulation = Francisco Esquembre - Own work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solarsystem3DJupiter.gif#/media/File:Solarsystem3DJupiter.gif
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! Mercury 5.8 x 1010 m or 0.38 AU ! Venus 1.1 x 1011 m or 0.72 AU ! Earth 1.5 x 1011 m or 1.00 AU ! Mars 2.2 x 1011 m or 1.50 AU
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"Oort cloud Sedna orbit" by Image courtesy of NASA / JPL-Caltech / R. HurtOriginal text courtesy of NASA / JPL-CaltechSVG conversion by Holek - SVG version of Image:Oort cloud Sedna orbit.jpg, which lists the following sources: [1] [2] Splitzer Space Telescope Released Images about Sedna. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oort_cloud_Sedna_orbit.svg#/media/File:Oort_cloud_Sedna_orbit.svg 22 Elizabeth Charlton, 2016
! most asteroids found in one region ! disk from 2.3 AU to 3.3 AU ! between orbits of Mars and Jupiter
! Ceres 4.15x1011m or 3.0 AU
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! Jupiter 7.8 x 1011 m or 5.2 AU ! Saturn 1.4 x 1012 m or 9.5 AU ! Uranus 2.9 x 1012 m or 19 AU ! Neptune 4.5 x 1012 m or 30 AU
! Pluto 5.9 x 1012 m or 39 AU ! Eris 1.0 x 1013 m or 68 AU ! Haumea 6.4 x 1012 m or 43 AU ! Makemake 6.9 x 1012 m or 46 AU
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"Oort cloud Sedna orbit" by Image courtesy of NASA / JPL-Caltech / R. HurtOriginal text courtesy of NASA / JPL-CaltechSVG conversion by Holek - SVG version of Image:Oort cloud Sedna orbit.jpg, which lists the following sources: [1] [2] Splitzer Space Telescope Released Images about Sedna. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Oort_cloud_Sedna_orbit.svg#/media/File:Oort_cloud_Sedna_orbit.svg 25 Elizabeth Charlton, 2016
! Furthest extent of Solar system
! 50,000 AU to 100,000 AU (approximately)
! sun's gravity just barely enough to hold objects
! long period comets originate here
"Kuiper belt - Oort cloud-en" by NASAThis SVG image was created by Medium69.Cette image SVG a été créée par Medium69.Please credit this : William Crochot - http://herschel.jpl.nasa.gov/solarSystem.shtml. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kuiper_belt_-_Oort_cloud-en.svg#/media/File:Kuiper_belt_-_Oort_cloud-en.svg
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! most objects are spheres (or close to spheres) ! Diameter – distance across object ! Radius – average distance from center out to edge
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! Sun ! radius = 7.0 x 108 m
" 700,000,000 meters " 700,000 km =7.0 x 105 km
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! Planets – 2,400 km to 70,000km ! Dwarf planets – 450 km to 1,200km ! Moons – 5 km to 2,600 km ! asteroids – most < 1 km, up to 525 km ! comets – nucleus up to 100 km ! meteoroids – most in cm range, up to 100 m
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! Jupiter – largest planet " 7 x 107m (70,000 km)
! Mercury – smallest planet " 2.4 x 106m (2,400 km)
! Size order " Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
Neptune, Earth, Venus, Mars, Mercury
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! Sun = 110 ! Jupiter = 11.2 ! Saturn = 9.1 ! Uranus = 4.0 ! Neptune = 3.9
! Earth = 1.00 ! Venus = 0.95 ! Mars = 0.53 ! Mercury = 0.38
! Eris = 0.19 ! Pluto = 0.18 ! Makemake=0.10-0.15 ! Haumea=0.11 ! Ceres = 0.07
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" What are the major characteristics of each of the inner planets?
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! smallest inner planet ! looks like Moon (gray, bare, cratered) ! essentially no atmosphere
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! a dense CO2 atmosphere, ! covered with deep sulfuric acid clouds, ! hottest planet, ! immense volcanic peaks tower over desolate plains
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"The Earth seen from Apollo 17" by NASA/Apollo 17 crew; taken by either Harrison Schmitt or Ron Evans - http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/115334main_image_feature_329_ys_full.jpgAlt: http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2000-001138.html (direct link). Licensed under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg#/media/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 40 Elizabeth Charlton, 2016
! Great variety: ! blue seas, white clouds and ice caps, red deserts,
green jungles, mountains ! Life!!
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! Thin CO2 atmosphere ! vast red deserts with craters and dunes, ! polar caps of ice and CO2, ! canyons and dry river beds, ! ancient volcanoes,
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! What do they all have in common? ! What caused these characteristics?
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! have similar sizes and structure " Iron/nickel core " Rocky mantle and crust
http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/gallery/terrest_int.jpg
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! What caused this common structure? " They are formed in the inner part of the solar system from
the same material " Solid material formed clumps " Gases pushed away by the Sun " Differentiation " Cooling and cratering
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"Terrestrial planet sizes" by NASAMercury image: JHUAPLVenus image: JPLMars image: HST - Mercury Globe-MESSENGER mosaic centered at 0degN-0degE.jpgVenus globe.jpgThe Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpgMars 23 aug 2003 hubble.jpg. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Terrestrial_planet_sizes.jpg#/media/File:Terrestrial_planet_sizes.jpg
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! Memorizing differences is hard and meaningless ! Understanding the reasons gives meaning to the
facts and makes it easier to remember them
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! Mass and radius affect interior temperature " Smaller => not as hot internally
! This in turn determines the level of tectonic activity " Smaller => not as active
! Examples: " Mercury the least active, " then Mars, " then Venus and Earth
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! Internal activity affects the surface ! More activity => more lava on the surface ! More lava => features are erased more often
! Internal activity also affects a planet’s atmosphere ! volcanic gases are the most likely source of gases ! Less activity => less gas
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! Mass and radius affect atmosphere ! Low mass Mercury and Mars will have a smaller
source of gas than Venus/Earth ! the low surface gravity of these small planets also
means they will have trouble retaining the gases they generate
! Examples: " Mercury the least atmosphere, " then Mars, " Then Venus/Earth
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! Heating depends on planet’s distance from Sun " closer => warmer further => cooler
! Example: " Mercury daytime side is very hot (~427oC) " Mars daytime side is much colder (~20oC in Martian
Summer)
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! Heat and high energy light from Sun can alter atmosphere " Break apart molecules " Drive off light gases
! Example: " Mercury, lost most of the little atmosphere it had " Venus, UV breaks H2O apart with the H escaping into
space
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! While temperature affects the atmosphere, ! the opposite is also true…
! Atmosphere affects the temperature: ! Warming by greenhouse effect ! Insulates surface
! Examples: " Venus is hottest " Earth is warmer than Moon (at night)
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! Atmosphere can affect surface:
! Protects against impacts ! Wind erosion covers impact craters
! Examples: " Mercury, Mars, and Moon many impacts craters " Earth, Venus, not as many, not as visible
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! The water near Earth’s surface makes possible many chemical reactions not found elsewhere
! Examples: ! Biological processes !!! ! CO2 removed from atmosphere by dissolving in
water
! Water also causes large scale erosion
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! photosynthesis ! plants convert H2O and CO2 -> O2
" Earth’s atmosphere has oxygen
! Planets cover and break down rocky surface ! Animals (People) shape surface
" atmosphere ! Sea creatures turn CO2 into rock
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! Surfaces all started out smooth, ! then shaped by: ! cooling, tectonics, impacts, and erosion
! they ended up with different surfaces
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! Mars, Venus and Earth started with similar atmospheres " CO2 with traces of N2 and H2O
! But were then modified by: ! sunlight, tectonic activity, and, in the case of the
Earth, life
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! Two main factors can be used to explain all of these differences
! Planetary size
! Distance from Sun
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! How would Mercury be different if it was larger? ! How would Mars be different if it was closer to the
Sun?
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! remnants of planetisimals ! a small rocky fragment that orbits the sun ! too small to be planet ! doesn't orbit a planet
"(253) mathilde" by NASA - http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/html/object_page/nea_19970627_mos.html. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:(253)_mathilde.jpg#/media/File:(253)_mathilde.jpg
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! Some mostly rock ! Some mostly iron ! Some are a mixture of rock and iron
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"InnerSolarSystem-en" by Mdf at English Wikipedia - Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons.. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:InnerSolarSystem-en.png#/media/File:InnerSolarSystem-en.png
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