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Lesson 3:
INTERNETPROTOCOLS
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Internet Protocols
are sets of rules
governingcommunication within
and betweencomputers on a
network
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require messagesto arrive within a
certain amount oftime so that
computers do notwait indenitely for
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also initiatealternative actions if
the network does nomeet the timing
rules.
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The main functions oprotocols are:
Identifying errors ompressing the
data !eciding how the
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"ddressing thedata
!eciding how toannounce sent and
received data
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COMMONPROTOCOLS:
TCP/IP:TheTransmission ontrol
#rotocol $Internet#rotocol %T#$I#& suite
of rotocols has
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internetworking. T#$I#
represents a set of publicstandards that specify
how packets ofinformation aree'changed betweencomputers over one or
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IPX/SPX: Internetwork
#acket('change$)equenced
#acket ('change is theprotocol suite originallyemployed by *ovellorporation+s network
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It delivers functions
similar to those includedin T#$I#.NetBEUI: *etI/)('tended 0ser Interfaceis a protocol usedprimarily on small
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*et(0I cannot be routed
or used by routers to talkto each other on a large
network.AppleTalk: "ppleTalk isa protocol suite used tonetwork 1acintosh
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It is composed of a
comprehensive set ofprotocols that span the
seven layers of the /pen)ystems Interconnection%/)I& reference model.
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HTTP: 2yperte'tTransfer #rotocol governshow les such as te't,graphics, sound, andvideo are e'changed onthe -orld -ide -eb
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FTP: ile Transfer
#rotocol providesservices for le transfer
and manipulation. T#allows multiplesimultaneousconnections to remote
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SSH: )ecure )hell is
used to securely connectto a remote computer.Telnet: It is anapplication used toconnect to a remotecomputer that lacks
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POP: #ost /4ce
#rotocol is used todownload e5mail from a
remote mail server.IMAP: Internet 1essage"ccess #rotocol is alsoused to download e5mail
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SMTP: )imple 1ailTransfer #rotocol is usedto send e5mail to aremote e5mail server.
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IP A!!ress"n#
"n IP address is anumber that is used toidentify a device on thenetwork. (ach device onnetwork must have aunique I# address to
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"n I# address consists of
a series of 36 binary bits%7s and 8s&. It is very
di4cult for humans toread a binary I# address.or this reason, the 36bits are grouped into four
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"n I# address, even in thi
grouped format, is hardfor humans to read, write,
and remember. Therefore,each octet is presented aits decimal value,separated by a decimal
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This format is called
dotted5decimal notation.-hen a host is congured
with an I# address, it isentered as a dotted5decimal number, such as76.7;9.7.
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The logical 365bit I#
address is hierarchicaland is composed of two
parts:the rst part identiesthe network, and
the second part
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or e'ample, if a host has
an I# address of76.7;9.79.
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This is called hierarchical
addressing, because thenetwork portion indicates
the network on whicheach unique host addressis located.
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ive lasses of I# "ddress:Class A 5 0sed for largenetworks, implementedby large companies andsome countries
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Class B 5 0sed for
medium5si>ed networks,implemented by
universities.Class C 5 0sed for smallnetworks, implementedby I)#s for customer
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Class $ 5 0sed for
special use formulticastingClass E 5 0sed fore'perimental testing
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Class $ 5 0sed for special
use for multicastingClass E 5 0sed for
e'perimental testing
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S%&net MaskThe subnet maskindicates the networkportion of an I# address.Like the I# address, thesubnet mask is a dotted5decimal number.
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!efault subnet masks for
the rst three classes ofI# addresses:'(()*)*)*: lass ",which indicates that therst octet of the I#address is the network
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'(()'(()*)*: lass ,
which indicates that therst two octets of the I#
address are the networkportion
'(()'(()'(()*: lass ,which indicates that the
rst three octets of the I#
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IpCon+#
Ipconfg is a commandused to nd out the I#
address of a certainnetwork you are
connected to
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Ho, to %se t-e
"pcon+# co..an!7& lick on )tart utton,
then type cmd %commandprompt& on the search
bo'.6& " black screen will
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3& Type ipcong and press
enter.
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Ass"#n"n# a stat"c IP
A!!ress7. /pen the ontrol
#anel+s *etworkonnections icon.
6. /pen the iconrepresenting your
+
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3. lick the #roperties
button in the )tatusdialog bo'.
?. rom the list of items,choose Internet #rotocol
%T#$I#&.
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< li k h # i
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;.Type the I# address for
your computer. (nter theappropriate I# "ddress in
the I# address section.=. Type a subnet mask.
The value used on a localnetwork is commonly
b t it b di@ t
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but it can be di@erent,
such as 6
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.Type the address for the
preferred !*) server)Theaddress should be
obtained from yourInternet )ervice #rotocol.
It is used to help yourcomputer nd web pages
and other addresses on
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78. Type the address for
the alternate !*) server.The alternate !omain
*ame )ystem %!*)&server+s I# address is
something that your I)#provides.
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77. lick /A to conrm
the settings.76. lose all other open
dialog bo'es andwindows)
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Ass"#n"n# a $0na."c
IP A!!ressDynamic Host
ConfgurationProtocol (DHCP) is a
software utility used todynamically assign I#
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" !2# server can be
set up and the hostscan be congured to
automatically obtainanI# address.
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These are the I# address
information that a !2#server can assign to hosts:I# address)ubnet mask!efault gateway/ptional values, such as a!omain *ame )ystem %!*)&
server address
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The !2# server
receives a requestfrom a host. The
server then selects I#address informationfrom a set of
predened addresses
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If the host accepts the
o@er, the !2# serverleases the I# addressfor a specic period of
time.
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Bou can congure a
computer to acceptan I# address from a!2# server by
clicking the Obtain anIP address
automatically option
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P"n#The ping is aommand #romptcommand used to
test the ability of thesource computer to
reach a s ecied
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The ping command
operates by sendingInternet ontrol1essage #rotocol
%I1#& (cho Cequestmessages to the
destination computer
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2ow many of those
responses arereturned, and howlong it takes for them
to return, are the twomaDor pieces of
information that the
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P"n# Co..an! S0nta1 S0nta1
2t 0sing this option will pingthe target until you force it to
stop using trl5.2a 2 This ping command optionwill resolve, if possible, thehostname of an I# addresstarget.
2n co%nt This option sets the
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2l 0se this option to set the si>e,in bytes, of the echo requestpacket from 36 to ;
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2" TTL This option sets theTime to Live %TTL& value, thema'imum of which is 6
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2s co%nt 0se this option toreport the time, in Internet
Timestamp format, that eachecho request is received and
echo reply is sent.2, t".eo%t )pecifying atimeout value when e'ecuting
the ping command adDusts theamount of time, in milliseconds,
that ping waits for each reply.
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2s co%nt 0se this option toreport the time, in Internet
Timestamp format, that eachecho request is received and
echo reply is sent.2, t".eo%t )pecifying atimeout value when e'ecuting
the ping command adDusts theamount of time, in milliseconds,
that ping waits for each reply.
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2C This option tells the pingcommand to trace the round trippath.2S srca!!r 0se this option to
specify the source address.25 This forces the pingcommand to use I#v? only but isonly necessary if target is ahostname and not an I# address.
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26 This forces the pingcommand to use I#v; only butas with the 25 option, is onlynecessary when pinging a
hostname.target This is the destinationyou wish to ping, which is either
an I# address or a hostname./ 0se the help switch with the
ping command to show detailed
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26 This forces the pingcommand to use I#v; only butas with the 25 option, is onlynecessary when pinging a
hostname.target This is the destinationyou wish to ping, which is either
an I# address or a hostname./ 0se the help switch with the
ping command to show detailed
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Us"n# t-e p"n#
Co..an!7.&lick on )tart utton,
then type cmd %commandprompt& on the search bo'.
6& " black screen willappear as shown in the
gure below
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This output sho s se eral
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This output shows several
things:7) $eco!"n# na.es tonet,ork a!!resses 8 "domain name server%!*)& resolves machinenames to numericaddresses.
' R ! t "
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') Ro%n!2tr"p
response t".eTheparts of the replies that
say things liketimeF78
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) Ro%t"n# -op co%nt 8The part of the replies thatsays TTLF