Low cost Alternate
Materials
&
Infrastructure Services
Presented by: Jitendra Singh Diwakar
M.Arch First semester
Roll no. : ARC1401
RPIIT, Karnal, Haryana.
• The concept of precast construction
includes those buildings where the
majority of structural components
are standardized and produced in
plants, in a location away from the
building, and then transported to
the site for assembly.
• These components are
manufactured by industrial methods
based on mass production in order
to build a large number of buildings
in a short time at low cost.
• This type of construction requires a
restructuring of the entire
conventional construction process
to enable interaction between the
design phase and production
planning , to improve and speed up
the construction.
INTRODUCTION
•In prefabricated construction,
only the foundations are
constructed in the traditional way,
while sections of walls, floors
and roof are prefabricated
(assembled) in a factory (possibly
with window and door frames
included), transported to the site,
lifted into place by
a crane and bolted together.
•The theory behind the method is
that time and cost is greatly
reduced.
•The method finds its application
particularly where the structure is
composed of repeating units or
forms.
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
BATTERY METHOD The production of precast concrete
parts in battery mould is characterized
by the fact that the finished parts have
smooth surfaces on both sides.in this,
walls are made.
STACK METHOD In this, horizontal modules are made.
Like slab. Stacking method vary
according to the types of precast
elements. Horizontal stacking of
slab/beam or column units can be
done with support spacers shown right.
METHODS OF PREFABRICATION
INDIVIDUAL MOULD METHOD In this method each components of building
made in individual mould.
like : wall, beam, roof, pile, etc.
EXTRUSION METHOD (Dry Casting Process) The dry casting or extrusion method is mainly
used to produce hollow core slab or wall panels.
It has unlimited length, used self consolidation.
TILTING METHOD the walls are created by assembling forms and
pouring large slabs of cement called panels
directly. The cement panels are then tilted up
into position.
Precast joist is rectangular in shape
The planks are made in module width of 30 cm with maximum length
of 150 cm
the maximum weight of the dry panel is 50 kg).
thickness partly varying between 3 cm and 6 cm. There are haunches
in the plank which are tapered.
3 cm wide tapered concrete filling is also provided for strengthening
the haunch portion during handling and erection.
Diamention of RC plank Putting on Joist
The prefabricated brick panel roofing system consists of:
prefab brick panel brick panel is made of first class bricks reinforced with
two MS bars of 6 mm dia and joints filled with either 1:3 cement sand
mortar or M-15 concrete.
Panels can be made in any size but generally width is 53 cm and the
length between 90 cm to120 cm,
PREFABRICATED BRICK PANEL ROOFING SYSTEM:
This roofing is same as RB panel
roofing except that the panels do
not have any reinforcement.
A panel while casting is given a rise
in the centre and thus an arching
action is created.
An overall economy of 30% has
been achieved in single storeyed
building and 20% in two or three
storeyed buildings .
Pre Fab Bricak Arch Panel
ADVANTAGES OF PREFABRICATION
• Self-supporting ready-made components are used, so the need for
formwork, shuttering and scaffolding is greatly reduced.
• Construction time is reduced and buildings are completed sooner,
allowing an earlier return of the capital invested.
• On-site construction and congestion is minimized.
• Quality control can be easier in a factory.
• Prefabrication can be located where skilled labour is more readily
available and costs of labour, power, materials, space and
overheads are lower.
• Time spent in bad weather or hazardous environments at the
construction site is minimized.
• Less waste may be generated and in a factory setting it may be
easier to recycle it back into the manufacturing process.
• Moulds can be used several times.
• Careful handling of prefabricated components such as concrete
panels or steel and glass panels is required.
• joining of prefabricated sections to avoid failure of the joint..
• Transportation costs
• required heavy-duty cranes and precision measurement and
handling to place in position.
• same type of prefabricated elements tend to look drab and
monotonous.
• Local jobs are lost
• Extra reinforcement required
FERRO CEMENT What is ferrocement
It is a composite material.
Highly versatile form of reinforced concrete.
Its a type of thin reinforced concrete construction ,in which large amount of small diameter wire meshes are placed uniformly through out the cross section.
Mesh may be of metal or any other suitable material, chicken mesh being the most common.
Instead of concrete, Portland cement mortar is used.
Strength depends on two factors QUALITY of sand/ cement mortar mix and QUANTITY of reinforcing materials used.
Construction
The basic steps involved in the construction of Ferro cement elements are:-
Fabricating the skeletal framing system.
Applying rods and meshes. anticorrosive membrane treatment is required for long life.
Plastering.
Curing - depends on the span or application load. - it can take about a month before it is ready to use.
Advantages Basic raw materials are readily available in most countries.
Fabricated into any desired shape.
Low labour skill required.
Ease of construction, light weight and long lifetime.
Low construction material cost.
Better resistance against earthquake.
Disadvantages Structures made of it can be punctured by collision with pointed objects.
Corrosion of the reinforcing materials due to the incomplete coverage of metal by mortar.
It is difficult to fasten to ferro cement with bolts, screws, welding and nail etc.
Large no. of labours required.
Cost of semi-skilled and unskilled labours is high.
Tying rods and mesh together is especially tedious and time consuming.
Low cost Infrastructure
Services
Poor health in developing countries is largely due to diseases like cholera,
dysentery, gastroenteritis and worm infections carried by contaminated
food water and ground.
. In India a large number of people have no latrines or have bucket or dry
latrines, especially in rural areas condition is worse in comparison to these
national average and majority of people resort to open air defecation.
• P-shaped trap having 20mm water seal,
• foot rest,
• two pipes made of cement concrete or any other suitable material
(covered channel made of brick can also be used)
• connected with two leaching pits.
Size of Latrine
Size of 75cm x 90cm is the minimum
The size of 80cm x 100cm is more
appropriate .
Materials and Construction
The materials used include brick concrete, Ferro-cement, used
bitumen drum, bamboo mats and earthen rings.
Infiltrative Capacity of Soil
It has been observed that the infiltrative capacity rate of percolation of
water decreases after first use of the leaching pit due to deposition of
organic matter in between the soil particles.
Cost
The cost of latrine up to
plinth level and with
superstructure has been
estimated as Rs. 4550
and Rs. 7600 respectively at
Roorkee market rates in Jan
2004. Details of material and
labour
requirements are given in
Appendices A and B.
Conclusion
Satisfactory performance of
the low-cost sanitary latrines
built at various places has
paved the way towards a
solution of the problem Low
initial expenditure and
maintenance cost makes
them more acceptable
even to the weaker section
of society.
Some of the village roads are brick
paved with drains for waste water
disposal. But these have not served the
required purpose due to improper slopes,
insufficient maintenance and
unpredictable flow of water.
Rural dwellings having their own source
of water supply like hand pumps
discharge more water on the streets.
Furthermore, the agricultural waste and
domestic refuse collect in drains
obstructing the flow of water and
ultimately, all these things appear on
the streets.
WASTE WATER DISPOSAL SYSTEM FOR RURAL AREAS
The urban type of underground
drainage system was not found
suitable because:
• settlement of silt and ash in drains
• Insufficient quantity of water for self-
cleaning of the drains
• High maintenance and running cost.
• The lack of interest in the
maintenance of community services
• Economic reach of a villager who
can maintain it without outside help.
Keeping in view all these factors, a
system has
been developed at this Institute to
dispose off waste water in rural areas.
THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
• Grading of Existing Ground to Required Shape
• Placement of : i. Pre‐fabricated Concrete Curbs at sides
ii. 50mm thick Gravel Material: Hand + Ped. Roller Compacted iii. Fine Agg. ‐ Ordinary River Sand (Blinding, 12mm thick)
• Hand Laying of Burnt Clay Bricks
• Filling of Irregular spaces (using Cement Mortar)
• Filling in the Brick Joints (using thin layer of fine sand)
Road surface or pavement is the durable surface material laid
down on an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic,
such as a road or walkway. In the past, gravel road
surfaces, cobblestone and granite setts were extensively used,
but these surfaces have mostly been replaced by asphalt
or concrete. Road surfaces are frequently marked to guide
traffic. Today, permeable paving methods are beginning to be
used for low-impact roadways and walkways.
RURAL ROADS
RURAL ROAD SURFACING: The Use of Burnt Clay Bricks
POST ‐ CONSTRUCTION PERFORMANCE
• Few sections show some distress
• No Maintenance Interventions.
• Surface Distresses vary depending on the type
• High Abrasion Resistance results from higher
temperatures,
• Accelerated Deterioration after Construction
are as a
result of:
– The absence of Damp Proof Course (DPC)
– Irregular sections without Filling Mortar
Burnt Clay Bricks:
– are appropriate for surfacing light trafficked
road.
• Rural Friendly Construction Techniques
• Minimal Maintenance
• Greater Economic Benefits
CONCLUSION
Rain Water Harvesting
• Rain Water Harvesting RWH- process of collecting, conveying &
storing water from rainfall in an area – for beneficial use.
• Storage – in tanks, reservoirs, underground storage- groundwater
• Hydrological Cycle
Population increase
Industrialization
Urbanization
(a) Increase in per capita utilization
(b) Less peculation area
In places where rain fed/ irrigation based crops are cultivated through ground water
Decrease in surface area of Lakes, talab, tanks etc.
Harvesting System Broadly rainwater can be harvested for two
purposes
•Storing rainwater for ready use in containers
above or below ground
•Charged into the soil for withdrawal later
(groundwater recharging)
There are two main techniques of rain water harvestings.
Storage of rainwater on surface for future use.
Recharge to ground water.
The storage of rain water on surface is a traditional techniques and
structures used were underground tanks, ponds, check dams, weirs etc
Recharge to ground water is a new concept of rain water harvesting
and the structures generally used are :-
Pits :- Recharge pits are constructed for recharging the shallow aquifer.
These are constructed 1 to 2 m, wide and to 3 m. deep which are
back filled with boulders, gravels, coarse sand.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING TECHNIQUES :
Rain Water Harvesting– Advantages
1.Provides self-sufficiency to water supply
2.Reduces the cost for pumping of ground water
3.Provides high quality water, soft and low in minerals
4.Improves the quality of ground water through dilution when
recharged
5.Reduces soil erosion & flooding in urban areas
6.The rooftop rain water harvesting is less expensive & easy to construct,
operate and maintain
7. In desert, RWH only relief
8. In saline or coastal areas & Islands, rain water provides good quality
water
• Solar energy is the energy that is coming from the sun.
• It can be collected by
human through photovoltaics and heat engines.
• Solar Power, along with
wind, hydroelectric, wave, biomass account for most of the renewable energy source available to use.
Current sources available for cooking are firewood, crop residues and
animal dung in rural areas
Promoted by the Government of India
Parabolic Dish Solar Cookers
Solar Box Cooker
Community Solar Cooker
Solar Steam Cooking System
Solar energy is practically inexhaustible
Widely distributed
Environment friendly
Cost free in raw form
No need to transport raw materials to villages
No towers, heavy cabling, etc.
Indoor air pollution (IAP), resulting from chulhas burning wood, coal
and animal dung (biomass) as fuel, is claiming a shocking 500,000
lives in India every year, most of whom are women and children
Smokeless Chulha (hearth)
Context
More than 70% of Indians live in rural areas
and they use wood burning cook stoves
for cooking their food.
thermal efficiency of these stoves
considerably Improved, fuel wood stoves
would reduce:
• Firewood consumption substantially
• Time and effort on collection of
firewood
• Smoke related health hazard as women
are at high risk due to long exposure to
smoke
• Environmental hazard and thereby
make their utility economical & efficient.
A chimney attached to the stove removes the smoke effectively from
the cooking area. The design is such that it utilizes the complete flame
generated in the stove/chulha some of the benefits are as follows
• Increased thermal efficiency
• Reduction in door pollution
• Reduced drudgery for women and children
• Saving of firewood/biomass leading to conservation of forests
• Employment generation in rural areas
• Protection to rural women folk from health hazards
• Each improved chulha saves 700kg of fuel wood a year
Advantages of smokeless chulha
In recent two years over 2million biogas plants have been installed in a
large number of villages across the country.
The gas produced out of such plants is used as fuel for cooking food in
homes and also for the purpose of street lighting.
As fiscal incentive the Union Ministry of Non –conventional Energy
Sources makes available a Central subsidy to the tune of 25-40% of the
cost for installation of biogas plant.
.
Biogas plant
The normal method of disposing of animal dung is to dry it into cakes for
Burning it , as fuel which not only leads to insanitary conditions in the house
And the neighbourhood but also deprives the agricultural land of an
excellent inorganic manure.
Animal dung contains ingredients which could be exploited for fuel and
manurial values.
Since the launch of the National Project on Biogas Development in 1981-82,
over 2.1 million biogas plants have been set up across the country and they
are promoting mainly night soil-based biogas plants.
Need of biogas plant
Biogas plant benefits
•Mitigation atmospheric methane concentrations reduces impacts on
global climate change
•Treatment of wastes reduces water, air pollution, odors and destroys
pathogens
•Application of digestate fulfils the phosphorus requirements of the crops
and completes the nitrogen requirements from mineral fertilizer.
•Displacement of fossil fuels reduces CO2 emission
Farming benefits
•Diversification of farming activities;
•Reliable energy production and
utilization;
•Additional earnings from waste
treatment,
production of energy and fertilizers,
selling of green certificates;
•Improvement of the mechanical and
nutrition properties of manure;