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1
Tli RHERITAGE CRUSADE AND
IT
S
CON
TRADlCTIONSI
David luwenrhal
I ERtTAt:t IS JlV>.tll'WllCRE in the news,
n
the movies,
n
the market
place in everything from galaxies to genes.
It
is tbc chief focus
or
pa
triotism and a prime lure of tourism. One can barely move with
out
b11
mp
ing into u heritage site.
Tivery
legacy is <:hcrished. f rom ethnic
r<10ts
>
history theme parks. Ho llyw
ood
to the Holocaust, milli
on
s
<
I C
busy
lauding
(or horne ll
ling) some pasl.
Why this t11sh of backw;n·d-lonking c
on
cern?
What
make.s heritage
so o ~ w l u r
in a world heset by po
ve
rty and
hu
nger, enmity and stri
fe?
We seek its co mfort pa rtly tn a
ll
ay these In recoiling from
tr
agic
loss nr fend int: off a fearsome future, people. the world over revert to
ancestrnllcgacies.
s
hopes of progress fade, heritage consoles
us
with
tradition.
At;<l
inst wbnt', dreadful and dreaded today, heritage is
gC111tl-indeed,
it
perhaps
fu·s
t appears
n
Psalm
16's g
oodly : l g e . ~
Yet much that
we
inherit is far [rom "goodly:•some of
it
downright
diaholical. Heritage brin l> manifold benelirs:
it
links
us
with ancestors
anti
u l l ~ p r i n g ,
bonds neighbor:. nnd
patr
iots, certilies identity, routs
in time honored ways.
But
heritage is also
opp
'i,•e, defeatist, deca
dent. Miring
n
the ohsolcte, the cult
of
heritage immures life
within museum>
and
monummts.
Breeding xenophobic
hate
.
it
he
comes a by.-ord for bellicose discord. Pcn•erting
the
ulrue" past for
greedy
or
chauvimst ends, heritage underminl'S historical
trulh
with
twistc:tlmyth. unhing rooted faith over critical reason,
it
stymie. so
cial action
and
sanctions passive
acceptan<. C of
preordained
fa
te.
19
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hs benefit> hyPed and its perils e.xaggrruted, heritage by its ~ r y mo
1
ure excite;
parti.an <JCI
rcme:.. Heritage passions play a major role
in
na
tjunal
and
ethnic :
un tli
ct.
tn racism
;u\d
resurgent
generic dctem•inisru.
in nouselllll and commemorative policy in global rhell, illicit trade, and
r i s i
dem:onds
lc tl
rep
atr
iating ;
or
t and ant iqui ties. Jl
cdsi
ons
about
what
to
conserve
and
what
to
jell ison,
about
parent iH)< >d and adoptoon,
ahoul killing
or
Lonverting ur cosseting those
of
rival fairm
all
in
vnkt
heritage
to
explain how
we feel
and to validate how act.
1
Tcritage is as oltl as humnn ity. Prehistor ic p
ecoples
bequeathed
oo
ds and gnals: legacies he11ig
nand i ~ : n
suffus.e
H o m ~
tales,
I
he
Old lestament, and Con fucian precepts. 1\llt only on nur tune has her·
itage become " 111ass crus;ocle whose shrines and icons ~ a i l y multiply
and whose praise suffnses public discuursc.
Concern
woth
roots
and
recollect inn sa LLtrates the West and
e n c r o a c h ~ s
more and more
on
the
,·es t of the world. Nusw.lgia
fo
r
th
i
ng
s
old
and O
II IIVOrn n t ~
dreams
of
prngrt::.S.
A
c.elllury
or
even Jii Ly years ago, the untranlmelcd
future was all the rage; today we laud legacies b t ~ J u e a t h c d by ha>
been.,. n t ~ patrimony implied provincial backwardness or musty an
ti<)Uari anism; now it denotes nurturam:c and stewardship.
Devotion to heritage is a s
pi
1itual calling "like nursing no: in
lloly
Orders,"
as
Ta
mes
Lees Mill1c
ter111ed
his
ow
n ca •eer
oJ
rescoung
historic English
cuunrry
houses.
A
Natinnal Trust successor's \'erbal
slip, When
1
joi ned the Church- J
m e a ~ • ·
tbt:
T r u o t ~
reinforce' the
parallel. Hcl'itage everywhere betokens ptety. Austmlwns arc held to
"spend anore
of
their spiritual energy" in quesls for enshrined
symbc>
ls
nf identity than in any
other
pursuit; «wors
hip
of the past [is
on
e of
/ the great seLular religions."'
The
creed
of
h
er
itage nils needs for rinwl de
votinn
where formal
faith has dwind led . Like rd igious causes. heritage ft"ters exhilanoling
fealties. The qut::.l for and d
tl c
nse of
a l r i m o u i a l l c g a
is likcne 'l to
the
Crusade>-bittcr,
protracted, and n a t h l e s . ~ An<llike rel igion,
her
·
iragc relics on rcveakd faith rather
than
rational proof.
We
elect
a ~ d
exalt o
ur
legacy not by ubje(tively weighing i t s . d a i o ~
to truth,
but ".1
passi
onatel
y lccli
ngtha
t
it
sl
be n ght. Its mamstay
IS
nul me
nta l el
forl but nu)l'a] 1caL
Heri tage is mandatory.
t
comes
to
us willy-
11illy,
:111d call llOI he
shed
buweV< r shaming
it may
he.
Tn sh:ore a legacy is
to
h
dong to a
fan ily a comrnunity a
nu.
;c a nation.
\Nhat each
inherits is in
:snmt
u r c l i < l U e ~ I I U t common CO ITII
llitn.lents
b i n ~ l to
our grnup:
111-
l
wri tors are
ow
count
ayme
•a-not
)liSt pa tnots
hut
r:m tpalnoh.
Mutual identity
: o d ~
mutual
;allegi:oll
ce.
Thos
.: depnvcd
,,r
a
legacy
are r u o d e s . ~ and
hereavcd; those
who spurn nne :ore um1anor-.tl
Tlu: l l c t i i < ~ S ~ Crusadt and Its Contr.ttlu . lcms • 21
i11gr,1tes. Nations be oclt of birth rights wd<cy l:oiiiCilt thei r loss mud• as
F.sau
did
in the
hnok of
Genesis,
an
d intone UNBSCO's C.nnvention
on
che
Repatri
ation of
Culrurall'ropc:rly as llnly Scripture.
The
trails that aLign heritage with religion help explain its potent
pull, but tl1e y :als11
pnse
seriou> risks. A dogma of roo ts nnd or ig ins
t l ~ < H
must he accepted
on
faith denies t
he ru
le
ul
reason
an
d f o r ~
c l o s
t : s
compi'Omise. Credence in a cnyt hie past crafted for
wmc present
callSe
flies
in
the face
of
the
past's
actual
wmplcxity
and
precludes impartial
h istorica l knowledge. Tuuting
our ow
n heritage a; uniquely
sp
lendid
san,ti11ns na
rr
ow i
gnoranc
e.a
nd
r ~ c d s belligerent bigotry.
Hel ilage's potential for
both
good <end evil is huge. On the one
hand, it
otTers
a
rationale
liar
self-respe
cting
stewurd,hip
of
a ll we hold
dear; on
the
otht:r, it signals eclip,
e uf
rcasnn and regression
to em
batt
led tr ibalism. Benign and
baneful
consequences arc intertwined;
her
itage
vk
is ins<:-parable lroau hel'itage virnte. Yet heritage is cus
tomari ly either
admir
ed
or
reviled in lulu. Dcvntces ignore
oo
· sligh t
it
s
threats; detractors sim ply damn its ills and deny
it,
virtues.
I
begin
by tracing how and why heritage has come
to mailer
sn much.
H
ER
T
TAGE
RAM PANT
Herit;ogc is
not
our sole link with the past. Hiolory, tl"'.ldition, memory,
myth, and
memoir
variously
jnin
us
with
previous
tim<-s,
with fore
bears, and with our own earlier selves. These diverse routes
to
the past
ar
e neitla
cr
J1xed n
or
firmly
hound<.>d;
th ey
ovcd
ap and
sh
ift their
focu
s.
Much thai
was once termed lriscor) or
tmrliticm is nnw
heritage
llut the lure of heritage now outpaces other mndes of retrievnl. Ne i
ther hhtnry nor tradition
ever
commande
d the uhiquitnus reach
of
h e r i t a ~ e
today.
llcr11a
ge may
l.
ae heir
to th
e "continuous nnurishing
tradition" that the lois
t.
Mian
Carl
Schorske,
y
II< > means alone, fears
history has ahdicated.J
Never before have
so ma n
y lx:cn
' en
gaged
with so
many different
1""-Spanning
t h ~ < centuries
from
prehislnry
In
last
night,
heritage
commingles Mesoz
oic
monsters with Marilyn Monroe,
l:g
yptian pyra
mids with Elvis Presley. Memo rinl.'
and
mo
nume
nts mu
ll
iply, cit ies
and sites
arc
restored, historic exploits reenactL-d, nca-
mark
et bygones
reb
orn as antiques. Retrof."hion rages; camcorders perpetuate yester
day's trivia. Hislllric sites multiply from t h o u ~ a n d ~ to millions; JS per
cent ol existing postdate the Second World War. Nothing
seems
too rece
nt or
trifling
tn
cnmmem
orate;
l l u d ; o p
l
or exam
ple,
m u ~ e w of
everyday life r i n e
I
he
lclcph
one and the tr
•n
l,
p ; t s l r i < ~ and pharm<tceuticals, advertisin g and aninwl husbandry.
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• D:=l\ iJ Lowc
•nt
hi.\l
Fifty ycuo·s ba d<, book titles a
nd
indexes
g J : ; ~ s t ,
heritage dwell
mainly on
heredi t
y,
probate
law,
aud
taxation; it now >
tr
esses
11tiqu
i
tics, r o o t ~ . idenlity, belonging.
Prior
pos..cssion cuKe mainly legiti
mated title to l
an
d o o luc.re; today it n c t i o cla ims t o sites aud relics.
On both
sides of
the
Atlantic,
modem preoccupation
with
heri
tage
dates fro
rn
about 1980, France's official "Year of P.atrimouy,"
when
l.arousse redclined it l'rom
s t r u i n ~ - :
the civil code tl> celebrating
the
national
estate.•
P.;oc
h p
eop
le esteems its newly influtcd heritage
coucerns unique,
rct1ect ing some u·ait of charuc ter ,,. circuonstnnce, some spirit
of
ven
er:otion or revenge peculiarly iL<
own.
But
the
pull of the
past
di iYers
le
ss than most
snpp e. Vaunting our
own
le acy,
we :ore
tm;oware
hu'v
similar mt r ne i
ghbors' often is
. He re is a 994 travel brochure
li
st o l'
U.uadian heritage goodies:
Cbcs ll'l\lt owoes . , t;oldt·n
,.,.ht'i.H
fields l lf the prail 1t: i • . Blackrom
mc
dk int . . , lh-1
itla
tutcm puld . v i l i < ~ A t S on l'ugo l
slancl
donning sk:tld
on
a
uisp
w i n r c r · ~
morning Northern 1 if;hts o
Anne
of
reen
Gubles.
,
\ t l a ~ 1 o u ~
c;trvings oons.
0
igloo) 0 ro-
bo
l'.san i
.
nl;tplc
sy
ful
)·
These
items
arc
q u i n t e s . ~ e n t i a l l y Canadian,
to be sure. Rut
tbeir iowo
cation o f
natur
e, cthni
dty, am
l cl
lildho
od typify mllst heritages. Max
ims
in Man ch
est
er
an
d Minneapolis. Madaguscar and the Ma r
qu
e.sas
sound
alike.
"If
wealth is lost,
nothing is
lost,"
say
Sikhs;
"if heriltlge
is
yoll>ll e los
t."
To a
C:om
eroon dip
lom
at, her itage is "b
eyond
pr ice,
beyo11d value; it
unilies
the
tri
be
[and
is the spirit of the n ation, what
holds us together."
Inuit and
Indian<
term
"eve
rything part
of
our
her
itnsco" .Every
where,
heritage
is
cwowr.d a nul riment tiS vital
iiS, fo
od
:1nd
drink'
Mosl heritage is ama.<sed
by
p:orticular
groups,
but global media
d iffusion
make
it ever
mo
re
common coin
. T
he same
con ce
rn
s with
precede n
ce and
anti(ltlity, c<mtinuity
an
d coher
enc
e,
heroism and
sac
rifice surface again and again. Heritage care anti conveyance
conjoin
tlo
c stew:m
:ls
lup
ul'
relics unique
to
Australi
:l
or Arnuz
onia
. New Mex
ico
v New Guinea.
Display
and tourism
imprint diverse legacies
with
like fucades. Legacies uf nature, prehistory, art, and architecture are
hype
d in t
en
us
ever mor
e alike. Exotic dra
gnn
tlies
and eml;noge
re.d d i
alects are nul yet shnwn a lMgside Old Master
paintings
in
Suth
eby's
t a l o g u e ~ but t
heir collectors and
pr
otectors
talk
the same
legacy
lingo.
' Way's heritage impulse
is Western in
origin,
language,
and
leadet··
Th
e first h i
stor
ic
monu
ment;
meeting
in
1931 en
gaged l'.uro
pelllos alone; Tunisia, Mexi
co, an
d l'eru joined in 19(i4; by 197 J, eigh ty
l hc Hcr
iiAf,C
Cru lath• me l hs C:
uu
tratlic.l ions • 23
nntions Irom :oil continent; crafted
the
World Heri llge C o n v ~ - n t i u n G
With conservation tcclm
iques
in Rcu 11e
and l.nndon
and Cali
fornia, Swedish and
German
firms dominate heritage work in Asia and
• Africa. Zimbabwe's nationalp;otrimuny-u"living" Shona village; the
replica Old B
ulaw<OyO
Herit
ag
e
Centre<-nr(
t)•pkul p omlucts o f Eurn-
American
enterprise.
C:A
USES OF MODERN HEIUTAGE CONCERN
Why d()Cs. m t ~ g e
l ~ o 1 ~ 1
large today?
Anwers eli
O er (mm place to
plaL'C. Hen tage m
Hn
t;nn o saod
to
refl
ect
nostalgia for im pt:rial self
esteem, in
Ame
rica to requite angst for lost ttUimlunity, in France tore
dress '" '' rt.ime l ~ g r a c c , in A ~ s t r a l i a
1 supplant the
non.e
nr
f.uropean
reccoJCy woth
llldtgenous antoquoty
.l
Rut
no
expla n
atio
n
sp
ecific to on e
people
can
ac w unt
lor
a cause so contagious.
Wh:ot is
iowolved is a clus
ter of trend$ whose p r c o n i ~ c s , p r o m i ~ c s and problem> are
tr
uly gloh:ol.
T_hese trends_ engender ~ w n llltd dislocation of self from fanlil y,
famoly from
ne•ghhorhood,
neighb
orhood
from
nation-even
oneself
f ~ ? m .
moe's .fom 1
er
>t:l;cs.
iuch
ch.anges involve manifold a>pects of
lole: mcreasong longevtty, fam
il
y <hssolu tim t, los.< oi f a m i l i e ~ r locales,
g ~ n o d d :
_and wholesale
migration, ac
ce.l
erated o b ~ o l c s c c n c c along
wnh
ll
nsong fe.ar
of
technology.
Th
ey
erode
future expectations,
spur
llO$ta lgia. an<l insti I .unong millions tbc
co
nvict ion I out they n
eed
a nd
arc clwed a heri.tagt·.
~ t 1 1 n a w a y
innovatio':' >toke> demands for her itage.
Markt't
force>
s_w1ftly outdate o s t thmgs
now
made or b11 ill ; migra lio n up mots m il
luut<
from
native locules;
new modes
of
transport and machinery
tr
ansform
urban
and
rural l
nncls<::
opcs at shocking speed. Beleaguered
by loss a
nd
t:
h;o
uge, we keep our beal'ings
un
ly by cliugi ug to rem nants
nf l a b i l i t y . Hence p r c . ~ e r v c r s '
aversion
to
let
anything
go, mani:os
li>r
p e r ~ o d
.styl
e.<, p a ~ a n cult
s
m e g < ~
lithic sill::s . We long for
is
la
nds
of
se
-o,
cunty m seas o l
chang
e. In a throwaway
so
ciety w lo ct'c everythi
ng
i<
ephemeral,"
London'•
College of
Arms
explains the
\'ague
for
ancestor
bunts,
: t . > p 1 e g i n to look for somt·thi
ng
more a ~ t i n g :
l e g ~
at n sk arc
che
n
shed
for
the
ir very frngi lit y T loc
heritage
of
rural
lofe
IS exalted
b ~ c u u s c
everywhere at risk, if
not
already lost. So
ra pid is French scenic and
social
decay that tourists were
urged
in 1993
to
"see France
whi c it
is
~ t i l l there." landscape
is
1\r
it
ni n's.urchetypal
lcg;oly; two ccn tunes
of
coty t:ddmont.<made
cou
nt ry life a metaphor
f
or the nat
ivn al so
ul, yearning
to "
win ~ < : k
n share in
the co mmon
heritage
filched
from
tiocm with Endosw-e
an
d the
industrial
Rcvulu
tion." The
historian
Herb
ert
llullerlicltl
lauded
Englishmen's "in
escapable heril :oge" of Whig history ns "part or
the
l;oudscape of
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4 •
l nv
id f.nwemhal
English life, like
OUI ~ o u n t r y
lanes
or
our November mists
or
historic
inns."• At the
h ~ i ~ ~ h of
the "mad
cow"
epidemic in
the
late
1990s,
lead
ers of
udozen English i t y groups j
oin
ed
to
wa
·
n
th
at th e whole
sale
slaughter of livestock threatened, above all else, to doom the
p a . ~ t o m l l d s c a p e -the nut ion's spiritual bc:trtland.
Genocide and iconoclasm intensify needs liw abi
di
ng legacies.
Eu
rope's doon1ed Jews res<
>lve
d to leave ineffacenhle. witnesses
to
the
.Holocaust. Along with
human
bu tchery we mourn the carnage of rre
placcable art. I ~ > save
C i o t t o ~
frescoes, Tarold Nicolson
would
have
sacrificed hilllsclf. and
sooner
th:nl lose
St
, Mark's, V
en i
ce, would have.
given up his sons.•• A pace of los.' "pecllliar 10
our
times:· declared
UNF-"CO in
1972,
menaced mankind's culmral and motural heritage
and ll1undat
ccl
its protection. T
he
deliberate demoliti
on of
Mo>tar's
bridge and Sarnjcvo's library underscore the gravity or c
ontin
ulng k>s.
Yet horror at upheaval is not new. P.adl e n e r ~ l i o n since the French
Revolution h
:>s
felt buffeted
hy
nuhulent
i m e . ~ .
After Napoleon, many
felt s
trand
ed bet
we
en the past, when l i f ~ had heen much
th
e same
from con to con, and a present that sundered e;u:h year from the last.
'l1>Cy
were
the
firs t
to
mourn
th
e recent
as
beyond recall and
to
limn
a
childhoocl
un
imaginable to their own dlildren. Marx's
11148 ommu·
uist
Manifesto
note
d the
c < ~ n s
a n t
revol
ut
ion
of
pi'Oductions, t
he
un
int
errupte
d
d i s t u r b a n ~ e of
all social relai ions , ideas
be
coming obsolete
b
ef
ore they can
<><si
f
y:"
Our grcat-grcat-
gnmdpnrcn
ts were more sev
ered fmm the ir past than we, who liS heirs
to
two cen turies of change
ar
e
hahintatcd
to expect- and
unt
il
recently to
wek
ome- i
nn
ovation.'
1
lu•ing lost familiar vistas u ~ h as
we
do, our precursors were no e ~ ~
c.man
cd by novelty.
12
But they were k s.< s e l e ~ l y
reminded
of their
s . ~ .
N
or
did a sociall y accepted nostnlgi" sanct
ion
their yearnin
gs; on
the u ~ n t n
they
we
re
enj
oined
to praise
the
new.
They
suffered
change often a . ~ viokn t as ours; but we
percei e ou
rselves
to he its un
exampled victims. Modern media magnify
th
e past's remotencs.<.
J::vcn
recen t vis
ua
l imuges (st reet scenes, ho me decor, hairstyles, and cloth
ing) at o nce strike us as anachronistic. Old pho tos posed in
stud
ios
seem in<-onceivahly remote.
Our
llreat
grandparents look
more
like
foreigners
than fo
r
eb
e
ar
s.
Gro
wing l
ong
evity us
off
even fr
om our
own pas ts. flcreft of familiar scenes and comp
anio
ns, o ur
me n
wdes
b c ~ o m e
unreool nizablc 10 others. "If you age :o lot, there
is
Jinally :tl
onosl nobody
left who
sharedyuur
va't experience"
of a
bygo
ne
world.
ou
lov
k
around
for" ln
yon• of
he oklcr ge
nera
tion .
. .
to sutisfy your
curiosity
about
some det.ail
or th
e landscape or the pnst. There is n<)
longer any ulder gen
eration.
You have become it, while
yuur
mind was
mostly un
other
matlcrs,» no tes William Ma.xlvcll.')
'Jh those o n ~ i o u s of
being
poised between two worlds
nlthuughl
nnd action,
heri
tage seems
of
crucial im
port
.
"My
Bret
on-sp
eaking
co
oot
empo
ra
oi
cs
w
ill
p
erh:>ps be
the very
l:ts
t
people
n have spokc.l
Bre
tO
il on the ir
mmlt
ers' l
aps:'
says the folklorist Helias. Hence his
stewardship du ry
trans<:encl;
thai of his predecessors and successors.
T
he former were
not
much
concern
ed
with
the
fi>te of
t
heir
idinm";
the latter will
cond
emn us
J
w
fu
iling to
pro
te
ct
their
her
itage." We
feel uni<jucly accountable. Previous generations likewise looked hack
v
a
congenial world j ust gone, but their laments
were
formulaic; ours
harden into heritage dogmn.
tvlassivc migration sharpens n o s t a g i ~ . 'l'his century's d i a ~ p u r a have
suffered incomparable di.<placcmem. Fleeing violence hatred, and
hunger, tens
of
millions take refuge in alien
lamk M a s . ~
exodus has
man
y precedents,
I t ~
he sure- the Middle Passage. the Irish Famine.
Bu t refugee exodus, up twcnt fol d in
thiny
years,
is
now a global com
monplace. More than
half of all f ~ d e $ l i n i a n s ,
l.iberians, Afghans,
Rwa
n
dam,
a
ncl
llo"1ians mou
rn
l
ost
homelands. So do billions
of
rural folk forc.ed into cit ies. "D isplaced r s o n tlre displaced not just
in
p a c e
hul in t i ~ n c ; they have been cut off from their ow11 pllsts,"
wntes
'en lope Livd y severed from
her
own Egyptian
dlildbood
by
rem
ova
l to England.
l
you can n
ot
r
evi;
it
your own origins- reach
out :md
touch tht111 fro m
tim
e to
tim
e-you are fur ever in
cia sense
un
tethered."Js
from
.<uch traumas
ensue <JUCl>ts for roots."The rnorc people arc
on
the move," observes
il
co
lu
mnist, more they will ~ ; r a s p at tangible
memorials
of their
l v c p.tsl.
",. Urhan
newcomers d
om
esticate
alien ouilieu.< with rural furnishings and
old
farm tools; mconentos
of
bygone life;, tyles console those
to rn
from native scenes. l>iaspora ure
no t
ably h
erit
age-h
ung
ry. Five
ou
t of s ix ancestry searches in Italy are
made
l>y Italian-Americans. Dublin is dduged with in<Juiries
froon
Sons
of J::rin
abroad, .some ~ c k i n g a
lon
g-lost
le
gacy,
others
an
heir
on
whom to bestow one.
A
heritage past need not have been km
>wn
i rslh;ond.
"1
come fr
oon
Rotuma," says
a
Fijian who has never
been
in
Ro
nuua·
home
is where
his ancestors came from. Until
~ c n t l y , fourth-;eneratio
n New
7.calandc,
s
spoke of as "h
ome"
with no i
nt
en tio n ofever livi
g
t
her
e. Descendants u l r..onfedera te planters who fled
to
Brazil still
cleave
to old
Dixieland
w:ty>, exahing a
herilage
of
slavery
so
as to
" ' ""-'cherished values
on
to
fu t
u
re
gen
era
ti
ons.""
Heritage is
also
nurtur
ed by tech no
phoh
ic gloom. The.
horro
rs of
fasc ism, the failure
of
o m m u n i ~ m , ahnve :oil the
tlorc:J
t of nuclear and
biologic:tl c oa:>trophc corrode
f o r m ~ r
faith in progr('.ss. Many
douhl
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26
•
Utwitll owc:nthal
their l e a d e r visioll or to sustain a livable globe; dismayed by
to<lay's
w o ~ r
they hark back 10 a
~ i m p l c r
pa:.t virtues they in
flate ~ o n d whose vi<;es they ignore.
The
l i ~ m a y e d
are
nc1 ly
kgion: heritage looms larger beca?se more
people nvw haw a share in it. In tirnes past, only a small anstocnotK
nlinority sought forebears. :una:.scd <nltiquities, enjoyed Old Masters,
or toured museums and histvric sites. Such pursuits now
lure
the mul
titude. Millions now hun
thdr
rovts, prntcct beloved
so.--cnes, cheti
h
mementos, and gener:olly
dote on
times past.
llcritagc growl h tho• r e f l e c t ~
tntumas
of change_and fears
of a menacing future. Hu•" rnany prescrvatJonosts docs tt take tn
change a light bulb? l'nur- une to ioscrl the bulb, one to d o < : u o n e ~ t
the event,
and
twn to lament the passing of the
old
bulb. Herrtagc os
non
pruonote<l on ly by felt
tkdioe;
it snouetimes celebrates success_. But
devotion to e ~ ; : " i c s is f:or ouorc apt to rnourn loss than to laud gauo.
FACE
TS
OP GROWTH
Unt il modern limes rnost peoples Irusted tradition, lived in accord
an
ce
with wbal
\'IllS
co nslltnt and ~ o n s i s t c and
cu
stom<Orily cooolmtrncd
1vith
ancestors. Hunding
dcllv
ll onodcs of life and thought to dcsce.n
tl:tnts wM tm
oi
iCr of ingnoined habit til
an
or delib c:rate elrort;
th
e inher
it
ance ui' la
nd and lives
tock, lineage
o
nd
reptJtc socholly
codilied and a q ~ e dosed to peo
s
omol decision.
Few
du ng to
ar
tifac.ls
th;tt had O\tt
hoslo:
d practical
m'
spir itual
use.
y cont rast, heritage ooow
rellccts nol just hubit
but
co
nsciot" choice.
Wa ys of va
l
uin
g t
he
pust
that
;orose
ioo Remtissance and Hnlig
lot
enrncnt Euro
pe
and were bol
stered
l.ly
nationalism lind pl>pulism are now d o p t ~ t l ever
yw
here .
17 11rl
i
er
l'
olk hu·g.c
ly fused pust with
prt>
.
cnt.
Stal)Jhty
cytlt
cal re
currence mu ted m;orks of change anti averted the breaches that now
so
tder nld froool new, obsolete frooon u.:tble,
Ihe
deud fron1 the
li
ving.
Spirits of 1he departed remained intimately
i n ~ o l v e d with
everyday
life,
bonding
1vhat t:ould
be
seen and touched wttlo what was vcolcd
or
imagined. For onost peoples, t h ~ past was not a foreign country
hu
t
the ir own. •
While in
our
world the new
rcpla<;es
the old, in theirs the nc.\f was
but anot her a>pcct
or
1he eternal. lienee few
d e s i r e ~
to preserve what
was old.
Th
e only vestiges of
d1c
past that medieval Europeans system
atically conserved were princely t a l i ~ m a n ~ and. p i r i r u a l _ i c o n s ~ e
V e \ t m e n t ~
and
bodily traces uf saints
and
sovcretgns. Ancient edtlices
were
allowL-d
to ~ : a y or were olcmolished with little st>nSC of lnss. The
ra1.ing and rehuildins of St. Peter's io Rome in the I 500s was wholly
T
he
l
lcrih•g<· \ msltdl·
hs Cnnlntdit:
riu ns
•
1 1
consonan t
wi
lh
~ t c w a r d s h i p
as
th
en seen.
Th
e o
ld
stones
mea nt noth
ing in thcmselve>; only lloc remembered <ilc i g n i l i e d the Church's in
~ t r u p e r m a n e n c ~ .
Over ensuing ccnturic.o;, material relics played an
i n c r e a ~ i n g
role,
emblems first of power <On<l piel y then
or
populHr purpose. Ever more
secular, onnrc social,
and
more substantial, heritage today augments
n
manifold ways.
Three
aspect•
of
growth merit special note: from
Ihe
e l i t ~ and grand to the vernacular and
~ v e r y d a y ;
from the remote to the
nxent; and rrom Ihe material to the intangible..
emamlar nts
Like it• new
mas.•
clientele,
the
past doted
on is more and
more
pop
ulist. l'ormcrly
ahout
splendid
monument•,
unique trca•ures,
and
great heroes, heritage now ulsn tnuts the typil'lll and evoke, the vcrn;ot:
ular. The homes
and
hatmts
of
Everyman and l::verywoman have
spread from
Sl:a
n
<limovian open
-
air museum.<
into historical theme
park.• the world over. Cvlvnia l
i n m ~ b u r g
privileges dirt, ruin, and
decay (unoolnwn grass, peeling paint,
and
horse
manm
e)
io an
every
day scene
mo1·e lll
hcntir : und hence mnrc
vir luuus
tban
lhc
genteel
of
previous r ~ s t o r ~ Unhappy Williamsburg craftsmen nre
now rc<tuirctl tn
I
urn
out
shod
dy replicas true
to
supp
osed eighteenth
c.
entury
prototypes.
lO
Run by the well bom and the well off, heritage remains more
an
elilt than " rulk
ol(oonai
n.
But if palaces arc moo-e lavishly stewarded
th
an
haunts of hu n
oh
l
t:
, i
lo
c l:o llcr noc
l>cllcr
loved.
ll
istori
c-
hnusc
vis it flock to kitchrns and servant and slave quarters; foil' mu seums
s t r f ~ S the huondruno
owco·
the exquisite, the ordinary Jnore than the
llll\tSttal, the
popuh
or ulong
wl
lh the p;otridnn. In reenacting
I
he ]>
tx
t,
peasants and pop srn rs gain center stage. The bedroom car
pe
t
an
d
plastk
h o u s ~ p l n u rrom l lvis Presley's Gr·acd a
nd
arc his fans' ona
Lisa
and
Elgin Marbles. Old baseball
~ : a r t l s , be-er
Coke bnllles,
and harbed wire thrill more collectors than
do
Queen Anne chairs or
mahog;ony highbuys. \.enrc scenes, decoy ducks, and ma
ng
le b o a r d ~
that once cluttered lofts and allies gel reclaimed as art. Pop oncrnora
hilia however trivial or tawdry becomes treasure trove.
'Jbe more who engage with heritage, the les.< c..<ntcric and exacting it
grows. If the weak and the meek have not inherited the earth, lht:y
in
U<"J\ingly l>ecomc keepers
of
its castoffs. Vestiges
of
folkways formerly
scorned as backw<rrcl arc nmv pri:t.ed as <juainL" Sanctuaries once cx
clu.•ively elite now cater to hoi poUoi. t.xlubitions at London's Victoria
Albert Mu;cuon hype New
Age
grunge and
s
treet crcd."
The
gener
als and grandees
whv
gluwcr dnwn from the walls
of
Britain'.< Natinnal
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8
• lh vjd
~ ) w c n l l m l
Portrait
Gallery
are
now outfaced
by
grinning
athletes,
pop
stars, anti
media cclehritie•.
Some decry
such plebeian e n d ~ .
"Can
a perfectly
ordina
ry hon<e
in
a
perfectly or
dinary
town rea lly
be a
part
of
our Tlationlll heritage?"
So
carped a critic
in
1993, when England's
Natio
nal Trust wds be
queathed
a Victorian semidetached
house
in Worksop,
Nottingham·
sh ire, thnt had been left
in
a sixty-year ti
me
warp.
Rathe1· tb
;nl "a
m s - e y ~
view" of' the past. the Trust shoulcl"illustn
ll
e
the
jiuest
ex
amples
nf architecture and furnishings."
11
Yet
Our Grimy
Heritngt•
{1971) and
SAVE
Jlritain's Heritage's
Satauir. Mills (19M)
had already
won accolades f
rom her
i
tag
e
fancieN>.
The populi
st trend
is worldwide. Prance in
the
1980s legitimated t
wide
range
0
(' working-class lcgadcs: "a simpk oven or a vi llage lava
tnry elicits the patrimonial ardor
once
given an artistic masterpiece."
11
American heritage b e g ~ n
10 be
folksy a century ago, with
Gc Orge
Washington c k : ~ g e d frorn
a r i ~ t o c r u l
into
commo
n
m;on
,
Abraha111
Lincoln refashioned into,, •·ustic rail-split ter, o nd log cabins
dt
rigueur as
p r c . ~ i d e n t i a l
birthplaces; today
the
vernaculur is all
the
rage. 1\ustrulians zealou;l
promote
their folk p a ~ L Museums dwell
migration and the.
poor
and the imprisoned,
th
e notori
ous Ne
d
Ke
ll
y
g01ng.
This reflects u general view that Ihey
ha
ve
no
elite
past worth
notice-no monunlenl'
to wealthy taste,
no
heroic epi
~ d e s no formative
documems
like Magna Carta. Anything o m p o u ~
gets
~ s l y
mocked.
2
•
1
Genealogy typifies
th
e populist
tr
end. Milliuns
of Roots·
related
,
1
uests ,pawned fifty tl1ousand American f;nn ily-trec e ~ p e r
t s . Si11ce
1970 French ancestor
hunting
h;" become a veritable national
sport.
"N
ot long ago gem:alogy
w a ~
a
hohhy
for
aristocrat
s, maiden
aunt,,
and eccen tr ics," noted a
19X8
survey, and "must Emupeans would
haw
stared blankly if asked to give their great-grandmother's a1ne:' \'\lith
humble origins newly chic,
all
forebears
arc
now ancestral worthies.
2
'
"W h
en T
was a
hoy at
Harrow School in
th
e 1920s;·
the
tlfchitectural
historian
Si•·
John Su
mmersnn
me sixty years later, T did ; ~ I I I
cou
ld
to prtvent
fiii) One
finding
out
my
gra11dfu
ther
wns a
common
labourer. Today
I'd
make
~ u r e everyone
knew.»
' lbe writer
)on:llhan
Raban relates his father's switch
from
genteel
to rougher
roots. n
the
1950s he
mounted
an "nn tiqt
•c
truffle
hunt
(
fo ri
nn unllroken
arc of
pure ancestry. a tra il
of
bl
ood
[fr
on1
] helmeted
centurions
[a
nd I
J\nulo-Saxun.< in mead halls" dowu
through army
officers and
minor
g e • ~ r y .
But in
the
1980> Rab:111
pcre was
digging
up
"our criminal
past:' ancestors
a g e d
in smuggli ng, privatceri
ng
and the slave
trade
;'
showing
that
"ru
pine
, pltm
Je r
,
fiddling the
bol>ks
and
dealing
under the counter ran in ow·
blood."1r.
Th{·
Heritage Cru tt<Je
•n h 5 Conmdt<tiOn: •
9
Convict
fvrc_bem'l.
who
onc
e disgr;occd Australian desccnclnuls now
lend
l h ~ m
rad1cal
ch1c.
Some limits remain: "munlcr;
rape-no, w
1 ~ 1 1 u d n
1
brag
ahoul
m i . lklys e a l o g i s ~ .
"We would
brag
about high
WciY mbbe1y. though. More typ,c:llly, ruols seekers hope
1o
lind " .· 1
1 . 1 . b'd' ,.,, . . . . sunp e,
lOnesl, aw-a 1
6
anc'<.'>lors,
m Carol Slllcld<'s wcmb w h o ~ "
1
ol> <I I
d
.....
I'
'
II
' u.,
y
mun cv rvc.' wr wmpensate for their own complex fears and doubts.n
l11stnnt
r·ndi
tio11
O n ~ e confined
to
a distant
past-pre-1750
buildings. centuries-old
aniiiJUCS,
Old
Master paintings-heritage now engulfs yc>l. 1
H . b . h' . . erc ay.
ouses e c ~ o m ~ . 1stonc men' decades, school h
is
rnry takes
on
evellts w
1th
hvmg
me111vry.
a "Heritage"
car
is
one made hcic>r
c
1'J711. The c:onunem?rative pace quickens from cemen nials lo liflieth
and
twenty
-fifth anruversaric.,.
l l e r i t a g ~
today
a i l ~
v n the living. ln
d ~ a n a
fans,
of
Q ~ a y l boast
the lil-.<t museum hono ring
an extant
v•cc presoucnl, lca urmg
.l:.liblc
-school snapshots and his Lill ie 1 "
b·1 b
n
·r
A
1 . . .e
.gue
• se a 1m1orm. ol people Walt fifty yea", afler the
person
is
gone,
bur
we had all In; sluff lying riglu
here
so why not
do
·
1
hi
I ) ·u . . ,,.
I
I
\V
e
C
t'
>vmg.
A New Jersey 1
11use
nm
uf lruce p r i n g s t c < ~ n
mtmora-
hlha
ope
n
ed
tll1d
closed whi le
the rock
star yet lives.
Su:css on «'Cent heritage
m i l ' r o r il.<
mass cliemele lhe Rrit
ish
o r k l l l g d a ~ cult of steam tmins,
for e.xample. NotJhly for
those
with
l ttle
sch<X>hng,,
tl11ngs within living
memory
have a relevance ah.,ent
from
r ~ m n
tll
n<:s.
And recent souvenirs
ra
pidly gain scarcity val
ue
.
Fou
nla
m
pens are
al
read
y rurc,
antique
TVs a
nd
extinct Web sites
the
latest collewblcs.
A
. Novelties al
l i r ~ ~
decried in
the end
gain legacy sl:ltus,
amllhe end
is
mgh
so
oner.
hom hat
ccl
eyes
or
es,
Vic
tor ian
r u i l w ; ~ y
via
duc
ts
mu
ta ted
1nto bcl
ow
d scenery defended
o
re zea lously
than
a
11
ci
en
t
~ h h e y s .
T h e y a s ~ a g e from
horror n
hcl'ilage
once
rook a
century; now
happens n two ~ e c a d c s .
Once
proscribed
hy
Australian
towns
as
shahhy renllndcr.•
nl
a hated past, Victorian verandas
by the
ICJ7 s be
came vnluecl
h ~ n t a g
and
in
the
19
SO
s were often a
dd
e
cJ
to buildings
that bad
Jlever
had
vcrauchos.'" ' 'he golden
: u · c h t ~ of
McDonald's
earencs
a r ~ c o u ~ n r r c n t l y
a detested unvehy in London's
T T : u u p ~ l e a d
an
cl
n cbenshe<l le1,>acy in
Calil(orni<>.
. Like
po
p ulism, the vogue f
or
recency shnws
heri
tat::e
is
ope
n
l<)
~ p r o ~ c u o c
A mean
or
meager
l e g : ~ c y can
always be
augmented,
a
bnef ume
s p ~ n
k n ~ c n ~ . T?day s
~ e w
clients Mtpplant
or supple
ment
~ e C X
S t l l l g l c g a c Wllh ICons olthcir own. "O
ther
great Arneri
can,
w1ll bt: whose h d : ~ y s will force their w:ty in to the
<<1lenda
r;• <autJOncd a
CJ <'Ssay
against a ilxccl uncestral
canon.
"O
ur
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3U
• Oj.vid l.owcuthal
fi
all
t
.,., fhev never will
. f · .
1 titudc arc
not
n Yse · ·
houndartts o n ~ t t O n a gra d lact:J> continue to annex what
be
b
e ltMters of htstonc pcrsoM an P . e
· · . d h 1what
]osel>
pertmenc ·
comts
ntwly
sahent an
to s et "IS As heritage expands
f
I
1 docs exact ·
'11te pace n rep
acemen
L
•
Fads for things
't I nes mnre
ep
. m e r a ~
closer to the
prcsenr
. 1 )eco•
I
culture hasten the aurition of
barely P"st, like most t c n ~ ~ f ? ~ P t ~ ~ ~ e d ~ n i c a legacies. The ;tc
h i ~ t o r i c a l
memory and mutliS Is a
I
s h•·r'tt•"e harder to demal'-
. . t
clics a
M
ma
,c. '
"o
enta
l ol ever mo•e reccn r • . ·d·ty's traces merge with thow of
ca
te from the o ngomg prescn:.
\c: le\i
1
c
ur r
e nt locales. Proximity
l.n
today; comerved legactes coa csce w• •lev·un to bu t ever less
dis
tinct
ak
· heritage ever more
re
' ' . . . L
th
e p • · e ~ t : m m
es
1
,
h
·II
that distinguishes hentHge ts 1ts ,, s-
from. our
<twn wo
rld. AI engt
a
tory of previous use.
Living
folkw ys .
1 heritage today suesses
I l l -
Along with the recent
and
the vernaC\t ar, usic. Such concerns
tangible f o l k w a y s - k i n s ~ i p , l : ~ ~ : ~ ~ · r ~ : : ~ j ; , ~ e r q u i ~ i t e s ; folk ega
a.re nol novel:
Hnmenc
i n e - a ~ . I deed two centuries ago the
cies sustained
European
~ a ~ • ~ n t a t ~ ~ ; e r ,.o'nsidered language and
philosopher Johann
Goll
r ~ e
v o • ~
, .
1
y
1
tan
iblc
monuments
and
folldore the c n t ~ of collecttve h ~ : ~ ~ g ~ f n:tion t patrimony well into
rnemMials dummated the lhscod. h 't•ec tural anti<tnitics b ecam e
• 1 S
f·
gu·tr lllg .,,., ' '
the t w c n 1 century .t•
c '.
d I . ·I t'tv•· acts att est. Even nnw, her-
d as rnyrn es•s
u - •
an
overn
mg
concern, . ' . I . te
mo
re on build ings and bones
itoge rcstilution c;llnpatgt
ts co
ncen
m
than on qulltrains or cookery. ,
gl
us <)n itleas
and
images. This
lhtt
legacy concerns incrcaslll. y
utc
do
not
share the Wes
te
rn bias
shift reflects the values of cultmes
th•a
'
sh
Jl'a•ked [llays, musical gen-
. 1 b' ·cts
Korea11s
c en • • . • .
toward matena o
Je
· . b
11
lt '•ng• and pot g1321Jlg. l.tv-
kill
lik
kn 1 nakmg ntss e • ·
res,
and
s s e o ' ·, admiration for ancient forn•s
ing
Culrural'lreasurcs"
~ t o k ~ ~ J a n ~ s e fo r sacred shrines) arc
and skills, whereas a_nctcnt ld
th g . ~
ink. Western conservation has
h d
as
umkusm
so
o
ey
s
.._
s unne h b ' ld l'rtle me ·nlt
(1)
las .
1 ue
transcen-
slllall allure for pwples o "' '
and
brickwork in UNESC:O's
d e n ~
v a ~ u e
accl)rded
o r ~ . s m a l l : r ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 e r
wlrures anti tra<iitioos ill_at
Ven•ce Charter
of
1966 leave.
h·
. . ·piritual values,
on
anthentJc
e;tse.[for
)IItey
place more
t • s
Ind eed as tl•c p u r p u ~ c of
ity
of
thought, than on n::'ateJ:\a >Yllls'
1
e·
111
• ~ t i l ; i t y of creati \•e
. di · · 1 ·kills 1s
to
en u ' ' .
l
)tescl'
VlJtg
tr:l tJnna s ' . ·e y ll"
a•tively
dtscour-
. f . tenaJ •
trtlutCI
S ma ' '
practice,
the
r
cte
ntJon o m.• ' l anti venerated,
the
impulse
to
aged. "Wher• product p ~ e ~ ~ r . ~ : r i l e s Chinua Ache
be
of Nigerian
repe;tt the process ts
compwnuse
•
The H t itUjlt u s ~ d e and IL'\ C:untmdictiom • 31
art. "
The
lgbo choose to eliminate
the
product
""d
retain
the
process
so
that every occasion
and
every gener.uion will receive its
own
ion
pulse and kinesis
o
creation:•••
C:uhnral heritage stressc.< words over things above all in China,
where esteem for tr:ulition
goes hand
in
hand
with recurrent
demoli
tion of material
remains.
Revering ancestral memory
and
c ~ t l l i g r a p h y ,
the Chinese h old
t.he
past's purely physi"d traces in snwll regard; in
deed, o ld worl<s
must
perish so 1 ut new ones can take their place.
Memory
of
art,
not
iL<
phy:,ical
p e r s i ~ t . e l l c c ,
suffuses awareness
and
spurs new artislic L - r e a t i o n . "We in
Ihe
West tend tu equate the un
tique presence with authe ntically ancient physical objecrs:' observes a
Sinologist. "Chi na has
no
ruins
comparable
to the
Roman
forum, or
even to Angkor
Wat"-
n
ot
for want of skills "hut because of a dill'er
cnt alii ude about how to achieve an enduring monwncnt ." Ancient
c i ies
became
sites of heritage through "a
past
of words, nol
uf
stones.•JJ The
Chinese
heritage
i,
not imperishable
monument;
but
imperishable words.
SentimcnL< linked with sites can ov
err
ide tangible concerns even io
the West. In North Carolina,
a
folklorist found
many
old homesteads
empty and neglected hut periodically u ~ e d for family reunions; what
mattered
was "nol
the
walls, tl1e roof, and the foundati01i
[hu
lj lhe
memory
of the
experience> within.
T
heyJ preserve stories about old
ltnuses
better
than they preserve the • tructut•cs th
em s
elves .""
Th
e
marginalized poor are most apl In discount material legacies. Preserv
ing old houses is
more
of a l>une
than
a hnllll
to
working-class
or
eth
nic neighborhoods
al
risk
of
bcinl). gentrified. Heritage
to
tltc •ll is
more likely to mean folkways (fitiths, foods, forms of music and
dance)
than
fabric, live performance mnrc
than
finished ;trtifact."
lntangihle fi.tlkwa)
S
now
a u r o ~ c l
mainstream support. Winners
of Natinnal Endowment for the Arts heril;tge fellowships in 1995
included a blues guilarist,
a
cowboy hHitadeer, a haskel weaver,
a
slep
dancer, a luthier, a quilunaker, und a blacksmith. A publicm, a
thatcher, a cheesemougcr,
and
an umbrella-h,.ndle maker figure among
Britain's oumry T.ife "living national treasures. In 2002, UNE.'i\.0
launched an international
charter
to register and protect a list
of the
Ma.<Lcrpie,.es of the Oral
and
Intangible I lcritage of Humanity,"
rang
ing from polyphonic: ~ i n g i n g in Georgirt lo puppet theater in Sidly.
VULNERABLE
ANI> DISPUTF.
I> LEGACIES
We value our
heritage
most when it seems :11 risk; threats of loss en
gender stewardly lcrvnr. Civil
war
l'Ouscd seventceuth-centmy anti
quaries to save Englan d's imperiled ec desia.<tical mo num ents.
On
ly
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3 • f}:tVid ) AW fl)ll lil l
~ h e n
English antiquaries wrote
of
"saving'' rui ned Nom1an abbeys by
dismanding and shipping them acms' Channel dod tbc f-rench f<'.l'
cuc then\ froul further ncslect; only when London
museuul
bough1
the 's Ht·rt.ogenhoS<Oh seventeenth-century
rnod
l o ~
did
the Dutch
nolly to defend their
natinnallcgaq; o ~ l y
w l ~ e n 1 \ m e n ~ a n ~ were ".bout
to rxport Tattcrshall Castle brick by bnck dod llntam 1913 l e g ~ ~ l a t e
to prutect its built kgacy. lieritage ne,•er means more to us than
when we see it inherited hy someone else." )<; _
The conservntion uf England's architccnoral hentage owes umch to
a
1930<
student hinge at h L ~ t o r i c Rousham, Oxfordshirc. Helplessly
watchms his drunken host take potshots at
g a r ~ l e n statuary
and slash
lamily portraits
, ~ i t h huntiog
crnp ruusetl m _young
) ~ m < - s
Lecs-
Milne "some deep atavistic compassion for
annent
archotecture so
v u h o c r a b l ~
ami
transient, and some p11ternal iostinct to prntect and
,.,
1
fegu.ord all tangible 1vork' of art." Thus inspircd,l.ccs-Milne became
the guiding ~ o 1 i u > of the a t i o n ~ Truot's country
-h
ouse crusade;
dur
ing and at'ter the Second World
V:ar
scores the greatest t-states
on
Hngland were brOU)lhl into publtc ownership and thu s savetl fion1
ruiu u
Cnnsr.rvat
io
n in P.ngland is commonly c u u ~ h < : d
in ~ c r m s
of some
natio
1
al legacy in peril, he
it
Wren
1 e . s ,
lox-huntt l»•
du
cal col
of Greek nnd ltnlian art, or the anstocntcy tt>d
f. We
are now
down to 25 breeding
dukes:'
the Duke of ~ c l c i 1992
.
"At tbis rate i t : ~ II soo n need ouo· own norc breed soetety. EJ..tlnctton
seems always imminent lot' legacie• of
nanorc.
ln World Wildlife
Fund
app eals every bit·d is o n the brink, ~ v e r y mammal all bu t doomed. So
S :arce , ~ n s the ba ld eagle, Anlerica's nationalln rd, that corporallons
launched
a
~ n s t l y (:uld succe•sfu l) drive lo restock eaglets. To
shrinking rain e s t ~ , conoc•vcrs cry havoc o ~ e r
tre
es felled, specocs
lost, e ~ o s y s t c m s rmraged. As developers dcspool and robbers ~ a n s a e . < ,
the. world's ct
olt u r a l l e g < ~ c y
shrinks like th
e, rai_n
forest. So ' re
hralpatrirnony; nine lenths of the globes stx thousand extsttn g lan-
g u a g ~ are expected soon to vanish. . . . .
Such fears
;ore
not chirncrintl. Many
w m d l ~ g
legaoes are
C:est111cd
10 die out . Rut alarmi.on b endemic in the
hentage
nuno-sct. Hurry.
1'he bulldcYtcrs arc coming.
H i ~ t o r i c
buildings are falling," wuned
Amcric.1\ Natiunal Trust in
1970;
thirty years on the same
en
treaty • :
echoes. llritish patrimonial
alarm
;, perpetual-yet thcor legacy
os
probably the "tOrld's
b.:>t
protccled. Aghast at t l ~ e drn.•n of e a ~ u r e s
abro;td, they forget that the flux w < ~ s e v ~ r thus. Prcaou.\
tb•ngs
;tre
guing nut of
our
tlistraLted L'lluotry;' agoni7.ed a Henr_y Jarnes grJndec
a century
ago\
at a
ctuickcr ralc than they
ever
cc.une
m.
11
L he Heritage <r Nitc lc
ttml rls
Cunt mdictions • 33
l l ~ r i t a g e dep lctivn bette•· unde rs tood as pan oi an ongoing dy
na
moe
process than as trreplaceable loss. To expunge Ute nhsolete and
restore
it
as heritage ao-c, like d i s c a ~ :oud its treatment, conjoint and
even symbiotic. '
lbe
a z i ~ gutted Old Warsaw to obliterate an icon of
Polid1 identity;
p o s ~ r
Poles speedi ly rebuilt it
t<J
imply unbroken
wltural_
n t _ i n u i t > : ·
T ~ o e ' ~ n r l d
g r e - ~ t e s t
technocrats
married
genius
for anmh1lauon wnh mstmcts to preserve: the inventor uf tlynamite,
Ions t he globe's most explosive substance , is now best recalled for the
Nobel
Peace
l'rizc; Henry Ford
and
John
U.
Rockefeller, whose jugger
n a u t ~ of progress doomed older
modes
of life, hccmnc exemplary col
lectors und
w•tmJians,
at Ford's Old Dearborn and Rockefeller's
Colonial Williamsburg,
of
the heritage their engines
and
oil uut
modcd.
H c r i l a ~ ; e fdl ofTen,ivc to new orthodoxies is jettisoned in turn.
Afghanistan's lluddhas blasted by the Taliban, disnoantlcd Snviet
heroic statues :ore just the latest victim•
nf chronic
acts
of
iconoclasm.
llolsheviks
t o p p l ~
t•tar monuments, Stalin erases old Bolsheviks,
Khrushchev tears down Stalin, llrezhncv tears dmvn Khrushchev . . .
Nn dil'fcrencc," say., u Russian critic. This is classic old Moscow tech
nique: either worshlp or destroy."J''
Hcritasc also succumb s because ravished
by
;odmirers-loved to
death.
ll
evot
e S
wear clown old lloors , abrade ancient stones, e ro
de
prehistoric trackways. The more we learn of the ill c t . ~ nf light, the
less can c ~ f d l:thl'lcs und watcocolms he Sioce.b reath is lethal
to the <
ave
p 1 1 i n t
n t : : ~ l c g m ; i e s lik
e
La
sc.1ux are closed to public vi
ew
; to
see Leonardo 's La t
upp
er visitors must tlrst he decontaminated.
P.couuori
l's the fragile sites it wns designed to safeguard.
To
protect Galapagos t o r t o i s ~ nnd birds, an annual ceiling of twelve
thousand visitors was set three decades ago; this " u l l i m : ~ t environ
me ntal experience" 110w disastrously lures five times that many.
' 'he best_intenti<Jns prove lethal; the more heritage is apprcci;o lccl,
t h ~ e • · 1t decays or ~ m s to dmss. The very
' '
o f d ~ i g n a t i n g a
hutldong ;ts worth conscrv111g often has the opposite effect; the owneo·'s
fr.ar that it
may
come under k >al protection triggers ha.,ty dconnlitinn
10
avert the
burden
of care.
Stonehenge, llritain's heritage ;1rchetype and a reJ10wned World
Heritage Site, typifies global heritage dilemmas. t has long served
;ond
s u ~ e ~ c d for 111yrind purposes.Some
I n c a ~ $
took stones for fencing and
huoldtng,
others ~ n t ~ d
tools to tourists to
chip
off bits
of sarscn-onc
antiquary grumbled at being "
Obliged wiLh
a
Hammer to labour hard
three Quarter> uf on I lour.•'"' National property sioce the
fil'St
World
War, Stonehen ge now
a f ~ from
religious zealots, farmers, and sou-
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34 •
Davi
d l
.m\ tn
llml
vcnir hunters. nut l e dures c n d l e s ~ ~ u ~ t o folly. Access is lhrough
a dank concrete lu nnel;
ha
1bed wire inttcronitlcn dy festoons the stones;
car parks, l a v a t o r i ~ . a cramped
Rifl
shop. a dingy calc's Sarscn Sand
wiches degrade 1he arnhience. "We
'
ve 1
11anagcd
to separate the slones
from 1heir ,ctting," bragged English Heritage; "we've
surrounded
a
great
monument
to 1he genius
of the
early Tlritish
w i l ~ •
the wnrst e x·
c e s s ~ - s of 1hc 20th century."" Cull statu> and comrneroal pressure ag
gravale 1hese woes. To make Stonehenge e m l y Cor paying n w i s t s , i l s
c.uslodians in the mid l'JROs
ba11ned
Nc'v
Age
cuhL,ts, h•pp1es,
Icy
-
hoe
mystic.,, and "Drnitls.• english Heritage pledged a ~ u r i f i e d S t o ~ e b e n g :
as honeypot and sancmary. Still a self styled nat•onal < h s g r a ~ e ,
Stonehenge 1oday "is a
monument
above all to the
modem
11nllsh
vandal.""
Stonehenge's woes reflect ron usion over herilage goals and means
comrnon to many famous
site>.
Popularity equally degrades_
Mont
·
Saint-Michel. nandil> drawn hy the
a n t i q u i t i e ~
market m a d 1 1 1 ~ e g u n
their way into A11gkor Wat, ill-protected even
hough
floo
dhl
,.,ired li
ke
a conccutratio11 camp; tOtll'ists must evade land m
mcs
planted 10 hall plunder, sornelimes y the .,ery dep u1i1.ed to
guard the place. Al't-h islorical n ~ : nf Cyda
d1
c figu nnes led to the
lo
otin
g of t
ho
usands
of
J>odccanc>C gruvcs a
ud
a H
ood
of
Cy
cl
adic
fi
•kcs.
A
millinll and a
hall'
ritual and cultural objects
M e
being retu rned
from Americ:tll mu seums to
lnd
ian trib es tuider the 199 1 Native
American
Gr
aves and Repatri11
1i
o n Acl. Ml>
St
arc reburied,
some ex
posed to tile elements, many dest royed for ~ c s
of
purificati<.>ll.
Similar fates ell ho nes und grave t r i a t e ~ · a h m
Ab o1
·igincs a
ft
er 1984. Some :ll'gue that th•s depnves tnd1genes
bettcr-edm.atcd (in o ther words, Western ized) desccndanl s of
an m·
valuable legacy. One archaeolog ist surmises that
"A
boriginal people
may come to ackll0\1/Iedge the good fnrtunc thai P.uropcan collecto rs
f
h
. I h .
""
reserved a g m e n l o
c>r
cu tura en tage. . . .
Or they may continue to deplore hat preservauon. Abongmes who
have lived with loss
remark
thai "white peuple
don't
know what
lo
re:,
member and 1•hat
10
forget, whnl
10
let go
or
and what to preserve.
Ametican whites try
10
keep
il all.
At one meeting wit h lriballc-.tders, a
curator r ~ . . : a l l s < ~ n t h r o p o l o g i s t ~ u p p o ~ i n g the reburial of grave goods
lest knowledge be l<)St.
J in ally
vnt Nali,
·e
Amtrk-...n activa)t .&aid.
\ ~ y
c l ~ y ~ u
i t c po-.ple
need
to know alllhiS •1ulrl
Wby
t'llll't yuu
ju
_t kl ol
go?
I.ISt<nHil\> I b;,tlsuch a
viscc:nl fc:ll it ln
orhortc )f,
I
kue\ 1
he
bdd
hit
Vtl something sarn.:d
to
y cuhuro.n lhourlol nf dcliberatdy lettmg knowledge perish ,..., as
ih<
llrriti1gt Crusnde
w
J (Alulr.ulid nn • 35
. ; ; ; u : l i t g i n to
m
t•
as
tbi. tlu.Jut>ht u
kt·tping on
e s
an
cestors OJl a
iU
IM
Unt
shd(w.ts s;tcri
iC gious
rn
rhc-
Indians.tt
Such disputes are myriad.
The past is
mnr
c : u w ~ ~ i l . t l c , more O n l r o v e r s a l , and more vulnera
ble lhau ever before. Heritage appetites outpace heritage growth.
Awareness of Cragilily cudcars whal we inhcril; ever more popular,
heritage h c m m ~ ever mor e pel'hhal.tle. And squabbling over heritage
spoils its integrity for
all
claimants.
The
long-dispulcd Stone of Scone
\\'aS stolen from We>lmin>lcr hy
1 9 5 0 ~
Scottish Nationalists, whu
cnpicd i1 before returning it; in 1996 it was again S U 1 1 d e r ~ • l from the-
acrompanying Coronation
chair
and
oOici:olly
"re patriated" to Scot
land, but no one knows ii
h
the "real"
Stone
or a copy.•; Rivalry
ul'ien t':lu>es 1reasures to be withdrawn from view cnlirdy. forbidden
to take
out
of Bri1:1iu
:o
l.uci:m Freud painling had bought at auc
tion
in
London. ILD An1erican locked it away in a l>ank vaull.
"If
Tlril:lin's export laws could stop her hanging il in her collection, she
would stop u i u ~ public g.allerie. hanging it
in
theirs."·"'
a r r e l ~
over possession and stewardship aggravale lhesc risks. The
passions for
o . ~ s e s ~ i o
that enrich victors tra umatize victims. The
tangible dassic:d l u g ~ has ~ e n so long admired- and co llcclcd
nh •o
:ulihal
littlt of it survives
intact
in
Cir
c
ecc' '
Given
he
avarice of
priva te and
he
c h a u v
t u f
' "
''i on
-states, no policing caJJ
stem the evil irnp1"1 of illicit excavation and smuggling. An i
<p
,ities
slripp,:d f
ro
m site, sundered from context, a rc lnsl nul only to their
lands
of or
igin bui also n Jhe t
mll
nu
n
it
y.••
HJ
RITAG
E DEPRIVATION, HERITAGE POSSESSION
Yc1 in many monttmcnt
-r
ich lands, the sacred national patrimony
m
ea
ns litde
cxcepl l< ru l
in
c lil
cs
t
' '
111 udjunct to tourism.
Most
peo
ple arc too poor nul lo market any antiquities they can unc:trlh. "To be
rid
t, di
g up an ancient tomb;' runs a
Chin
ese j>Ca.sanl
saying;
to n1
ake
a
fortune, open
a
cnlnu." r,.,.J<..,d, illicit ex
purls
of an tiquities from Mcxim
and C:ualem:tla may feed more mouths than any olher rcsouru:. Against
' "ch a c t ~ . legal codes arc impotent and moral ~ : n l r e a t y otiose. Why
should the indigcnl nul
huwk
heir heritage
lo
feed their families?
Do hey c v ~ n view it as rlt ir heritage? Peruvian villagers about
to
luot
a
newfound pre-lucan grave site were persuade.< not to "steal
from the n c c . < l u or"sack lhdr fitther's sacred tomb.• But such vcn
cmliun
s
rare.
When told
that plundering Mayan
s i t e : ~ was
~ t r o y i n g
their own legacy, Yu,alan pc.&S<Iltls were unrepentant. "The ancient
people made il; il is not a part of what we are.••• Even hose who
cher
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ish "
th
e ancient people" may
sdl
them oiT.'lomb ro
bb
ers in Sicil) and
1\
n.cany
led
fully jtt>tified in smuggling antiquities
tn
Swiss dealers.
"T
hey consider
that
these tomhs contain the hodles of their
n . ~ e s t o r s
and they are
thcreli1o'C
entitled to the cnments,
e.><plams a S1<:ohan.
Tuscul tomh
robbers avow endor•ement from Etruscan forebears who
tell them when
and
'"here to dig,
;u1
d which tombs to leave inviolate.
ombnroli skills
are handed down within particular families. with pro
ceed> .haretl among
the
whole community.:iO
heritage in alien hands
is
fel
t
not
worth husbanding. "
T1le
is
su
e
is
owt1crship and (;Ontrol
,"
says an American civil-rights crusader cam
paigning to
<'Onservc
and interpret that movement's sites.
If we
don
't
tell the story ur control the telling, tl•en it is n?
Longer
about us."
F:f-yp
tians
who>c
antiquitie> have mostly ended
up
m
f_.uro
pe,
and
Jamatcans
whose
bcachc.<
are fenced
off
for exclusive usc by tuurists,
cannutsup·
pose the>e legacies uf culture and nature are truly
c i r
Similar
dispus.<cssion
is
k-gion.
We>tcmi1.cd J < ~ v a n e s e
cut o
lf
frurn mclogenous
ro<,tS
by Dutd• imperial rule rclt e ~ i l e d in their own land; "living in "
hotel owned
by t h e r ~ . we >cek
neither to irnpruve nor
eq
uip
it
as we
do
not f•-cl
t h < ~ l it
is ours ' Achrunicl
er a y ~
Sicilian despondency tu aware
ness "that
nv
ne of thelirl rid
ocs-
Lhe Greek temples, the Byuontine
mosaics, Catalan-Gothic
h c ~ · e
reully" theirs. A dozen faceless,
limbless stnlucs
0
1
the
godd\:Ss
Cy
hele, hac
ked to
pieces by a peasant
angered
by
tou ,
i
sts trampling his 011 ions, attest "the danger presented
by
\1people that lccls that its past doesn't
bdong
to
it '"
L
el):tCies
arc
e ~ p c c i a U y
cripplinl) a
pe
o
ple
are c?·
erccd inll) the conviction they d 110 proper patnmony. Ch 1ldrcn m
French culnnial were
ta
ught to rever
e" our
ancesturs, the Gauls."
'f
hr
ousho
ut the Ctlribhc
an
,
~ r i t i c o l o n i l
builL
s c h o o ~ s
a
11d
li
braries where
ym•
distorted
or
erased rny history
and
glonfie.d your
nwn," charges
ja111a
ica Kincaid; West Indians
:; e
re
l.eft
with
_"no
muth
"'land,
no fatherland,
no so
ds, .
.. no
tongue. Earher leg
acoes
olfer
no
solace. "
No
per
i
ods
<>f
tim e over which my
I
African ancc.
LOrs
held
sway,
no documentation
of
compl
eJ< c ~ i Y . a t i o n ~ , is
a ~ y
co
mf
or
t
_to
me.•
To redeem ancient legacies as nallonal
hent
age ts harder snll.
Third Wnrld tfforts tu
for C
emblems
of
tradition are mocked as.imi
tativc
and
nhsoletc, not "authentic" heritage
hu
t
annpera
boutTe
sunu
lacrum of fh•gs anc.l folk
co;tumcs."
Heritage is truly transmitted,
sul) \Csts V.
S. Naipaul, only in
d e - ~ d
cuuntties. or s ~ - c u r e d by
passed
ones-where
can cherish the
and
th
mk
nf
pas:m
g
on
furninore
and
china to their heirs"
p l
aces like Swedct\
and
Gtnada.
"Everywhere l s ~ the past
atn
only cause pain.",} . . . .
Mfrcly tu gain a heritage is fruitless,
w a n ; ~
a_ Bntosh c u s t o o o a t ~ ; m
i t o r ~
must
he
actively cognizant they are
heors to
the
past,
heors
to
Tb
c Heri
tage
<:rusadt o t s <:cmlr .t
ciclions • 37
the coU
et:
l
ons
which they own,
free
to decide for themselves what
they nrc
goin1; IU
du
with the past. what
it
means for them now and
what it 111ay mean for them in the future.""'
Chokes
are constrained
to
he
sure; most heritage
conK'S
]>repackaged by
our
precursors.
nu:
fo
r
I
he past to enrich our present, we must make
its lcg:ocy ou
r veq•
nwn.
~ h e
supreme. merit uf
l_•critage
identity was underscored
hy
an Is
raeh archaeologiSt
add
ressmg army
e c r u i t ~ at
Masada:
Wh<-n
N • t > ~ > l ~ o n stood a n > Q ~ t g l U . troops next to
th
e pyramid< nf 1. \Ypt,
he dcclart'd: Four thousand ycors of history look down "I"'" yuu."
•.•
What
would
be
not have
wwn to he ahle
tn
Y'
"Fuu
r
thousand )"""'of
) flllr wu hi·unry look dowtt U(Nlu )VU.
Our own heritage indeed matters most tv us. Jlut we have a stake in
whHI other. <1m
: fnr,lon. "
Tii
slvry did
not
need to he mine in nrder to
engage me,"
r i t e ~
a Haitian.
"It
just needed to relate tu
u m e o n e ,
any
one. It could not JUSt be The P;t.<L
t
hat to be someone's past.".;.; Heirs
of cumm
inl)l
cd
l c g n t i e ~ ,
we
ga
in
more
from attachment to many pasts
t?an
fmm
ex.c
lttsive devo ion to our "own"- assuming we could de
Ci
de
whiCh
past ' ~ a s truly JUS l
our
. .
Nul on ly is
n<J
pasl
c x d u ~
ours,
no
past people arc enough like
o m s e v e ~
to justif>: essentialist claims lo a particular history. Rather
than .
''
'ohal
s e c r e t ~ ,
ou r cosmopolite ancestors have th ings
to
>UY IO
all th
<t1r
cosmop<Jiite descendants, never just tn a k w ~ e l f
chosen ones. (ilob a
ll
y
c.her
ishcd legacies de
mand
shared possession
and Co n.'rol.
All
her
Huge
is in any case ours for only a brief spell, l>c
fure we
111 tum
pass
11 on
ru
nu
less myriad heirs.
li AZARDS
OF
HERITAGE GLUf
Our
newly augmcntcu ~ : r i t u g e answers a congeries of needs, hu t the
magnitude a11d mo_
mennun
of its growth give ri;;e to their own perils.
~ m a g c
of every
k111d
accumulates to cou nter
the
transience of cvery
t h l l ~ g
newly
m:I<lc.
w r
dun off
more
and more reli
cs
of
the pasl
ilgamst. the ra.
ptd
deJlliSe
of
the disposable. A Legacy of protected sites
and OhJCCll o l e ~ up as
the_ felt opposite
of
obsolescence. Salvaging
ever
more from
UO>tun and
d1scard, we strive to rcctif)'
the
imuillaoce be
tween
the
ephemeral
and
the cndurin1).56 Fending
off
irreversible
cha•.•gc, we
prc:.crvc,
rcslnrc,
v rtplicate. Any
enincrion
is considered
a cnme
, Her itage
ac
cumulates by its ..cry nature: stockpiling
is
its raison
d
~ I r e .
We
Hmu.:.
out ol habit,
and then
contend
that
keeping
t u f f
is
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)\OOd fo r us and for pos t
<:ri
ty. Parsi
mo
n)'
c t i ~
the s
to
rage bags
c c l Pt£c;>.S or kiN<; roo SHOIIT 111 USf., the prs of excrement Lhe1r
begetter
cot tl
d not
hear to
purt wil h
, the auto
-icon__
f
je.remy fle
nt
h:un
left in
perpetui
ty
to
University College London. Srr Va
un
cey :1:trpur
l.rewc
stufTi.'Ci
shells anti
shards
:tnd
o c ~
and swords 01? to c v c ~ y shelf
of every room in Calke AI bey, now a Nauonal Tmst
ro h1s
anal
r e t ~ n t i v e uhsession.> ' Such board>
can
he lethally lOXlC. T.1ke
Mark
T . ~ a i n ' ~
Com ecricu
l aukee, mortally
marooned
among
the r o t ~ o n g
corpses of
his
ckctrowted enemy knights,'" many h_eritagc cust odian s
· ~ o u l c l sooner perhh amid putrc.<eeJK"C than culltherr o l ~ e c l t o n s . .
Cnos.rdcs to save endangered heritage seldom bet.-d limoted <."lL,to<hal
resources. Arch:ocolo Sists hemnan ~ i t e s p l u n d c ~ e d
or
lost
to d e v c l o ~
ers, yet more gets excavated than
can
~ e a p p r a S t . ~ , conserved:
or dis
played." Archival accretion has rnultophed holdmgs
a
_thous:ondfold
within denrdes. Each Ameri'an president's
papers ar
esatd to
outnum
bcr tlmsc of a
ll
h i ~ prtdece,.sors
mmbin
ed. '.very
enterprise
. . . : o n ~ e s
memor
11
hle; out only ba11ks
hu
t nlso ba keries
an
d heaul y shops hie
dos.icrs:
No c.·pnch has delilx·
1
atd y pru(luccd
s
m;t llY an:hives as l
lu r
s , clue alike
ted ,n icHl
advomte:s
in reprvduclion and
to
ou r
ti•>
n<rc:,:pl·(t tur
the.s<.·
'races.
As
t r - ~ t d
n a l
(t)des
.
f
ed
c c l
c l i t ~ i n
l
<l
ac<.·unlulnh:
th
e:
n ~ t . ~ o c u
images,
v
t<lbl
c
<igns vf whu\
\
\1.15,
.1
If cvcr-prvl1e ra l•ng o s s • ~
. t d
be c ~ U c on
evl<.h:uce in ,some trlhunill of hi
s't
ory. H<.&1 t:e the
1nht
b tl1011 ag.(unst
SII:<Jy
ing,
lht rcknt ioJ ,
of
t:'ier)•lhing. . . In
d a ~ s i c
i t ~ . the ~ h , alllt the t < . kept today n\en:l•l'ee .s re
t:nrdc;·d •
1
nd mcll
lOit:\
w
ri
uen
uM
only by
1n i
nor 14dor
s
in htstory bu1
hy
1lu-i1 v ~ t ~ t s l\1 111
doclors.
On
ce
reproached for saving too m
uc
h, ;orch ivists are now adjured to
keep everyth ing . The glu t ch aos: reduced pul>lteatonn
_ ~ o n
m : o i
1 t e n :
~ e e f1u1ds make
th
ci1 expanded stocks ever les.• accesSible.
New
a c q u i s i t i o n ~
go
un
rep01ted,
their
ver y exis tence_unkno•
l
l to the
publi
c l
est
>Ollie se-ck to use them.'"' JTcirs tn a g n . > • ~ l e ~ a c y of
un
sorted
verbiage, chroniclers, like Tris
tr
am
Sh;ortdy,
are lo lll\
gronncl
alit he time. "
1
rll ·
Heritage overload i not ,, new
prohlem,
to be sure. T 1e wo < IS
accumulating
too many
material< for knowledge," observed Haw
thonoc
after
a day
at the
l riLisb
Museum in
1855,
a n d - '
each genera·
tion leaves it> fragment> &
potsherds
behind it,
such
will ftnaUy
be
the
de>peratc conclusion of the le:trnecl.••
1
Oolly
in
our t_ime., ~ h o u g h , h a ~
the glut e ~ 1 1 m e
~ u f f o u t t i n g l y
unmanageable. Yet hentage sLLch sa
cred
cow that none can halt its growth. For example, Italy
os so
sruffc-d
The H
er
itagt' m i(ldc and Jt s Comrad i< :Lons • 39
with treasure tha t o
nl y
li·action of t
s
cataloged, let
:t
lone cared for,
leust of all optn lo the public.•' Everyone kn
ows
th is, yet no steward
dares puhlicly affirm it. To a.•per.c sa<red a realm goes :tg:tinst
the
grain.
As a
heritage a c l i v i ~ 1
mys
elf almost insli ncth,ely applaud the
n:new;tl of local
pride
in ancestral roots, lht;protection of relics threat
coed by erosion or plu11dcr, :ond
the
rescue
of
cherished legacies from
purblind
r ~ ~ : t l .
. lndiscrimin_te
retention
baR'S other her i
tage
faults. The
shL-cr
mag
DIIude
or
lallgohlc
mementos
and
documentary
lrdCCS
inhibits creative
action. Worship
of
a bloated heritage invites passive reliance on ,...
ce.ived
a u t h o r i t y ~
stifles rational inquiry, replaces Ullplc:tsant reality
woth feel good h o ~ l o r y ,ond saps creative innovation. And all too often
it ignores the needs of local inhabitants whose involvement L-ssen
~ i a l .
Thai
heritage is viahlc only
in
a living
community
is a tenet widely
;occepted but seldom acted
on.
To sustain a legacyof stones, those
who
dwell
among
them also need ~ l C W l l r d s We arc the heritage," de
claimecl " ttu1yur 11f Dijon of plans to conserve lh;ot indigent city;
the
French government sh
oul
d "ex tend p;otrimonial solic
it ude
to us."
Tn
1
ditio_m•l Georgia Sea lslancls' crafts
hav
e b
een
revived, but rampa nt
to t nsm e l l g ~ the people themselves: "'v'lt:, the black native
pop
u
latton
of
these tslands, have bcw me the
ne
w endangered specks.''
•'
: he IS
u s ~ a r c c o l l l - c e ,
remarked an a ntloropol.ogist ab
out
h is
t.oncal 1nemory lncha.M With regard to relics, scarcity seems ipso
f<1C to evtdent. Y
et
It
IS
nnl
I
rue; scarci
ty
is only a ctdtu
r:cl
c;onstruct, its
dd
init ic.m
v a r ~ i n g
_with circumstance. T he West toda y attaches h
ig
h
value to wha t
IS
muq ue,
hence
rare arul induplicable,
suc
h a• the D;:ad
Sea S c r o 01 a Sha kespeare firs t folio. We have forswC>rn , if not for
go
t
t ~ n
m o ~ of enlarging sacred hcr itago:. ln med ieval Ch ristcn
dom,
m irac ulous intervention made sa uce. relics, such as frag
me
nt;. of
the T1·ue O ·oss, in r.nitcly rt:plicable. Mere p mxi 111ity
t o ~ ·
relic could
s a n c t i ~ y
ol ht:r
relic;s.
'l'he_p
rodu
ctivity or late nineteenth ce
nrury
relic
factones enabled the Vaucan lu l•uy
back many
more sacred 1n;.,sures
t ~ 1 a n
it
had lost alier 1X70, wh
en
Italy expropri
:olcd
r c l i ~ , o i o u s proper
l i e s . ~ Moreover, ~ o w n above, not every re.alm of memory tc<)uirL.,.
tangtble or e v ~ n Vtsoblc mementos. Mem
ori
als become compelling by
mea 1" ul a l ~ ' < : I I C L . , ' well as presences. Ghostly monuments to the
Holocaust iJ;t s e v e r ~ German
cities-shafts
lower
ed
gradually helow
ground,
leavmg
nothmg
hcyuncltbe memory of heir disapp.,orance bm
a pi:UJIIC on the
l>llrlin:e.
are
more
poignant than solid mausolewns. '
final )', heritage is oot a static linished product pickled in amber
hut
a11 ever-changi11g palimpsest. New creations and recob'llitions
more thun m:tke
up
for
what
is lost through erosion, demolition, and
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changing taste
s.
Care for
what
we inherit requires acth•c embrace
of
whal we acid to it. To conserve the
past i> nev<:r
enough; good caretak
ing involves continual crt>ulion. flcrit;oge i• ever rcvitali1.cd.
Our
legacy
is
not
purely original,
ror
it includes our forebears' alterations and ad
ditions along with their first cro:ations. We treasure that heritage in our
own pn>tcctivc and
trJnsformativc
fashion, handing it down reshaped
in the faith that our heirs will also hccon1e creati ve as well as retentive
s t e w a r d ~ .
We
bo:nefit our sua.cssor,lcss by encumbering them with a bundle
of canonical artif;octs ami srructw·es than by banding down memories.
' fhe
future may
he bcncr
served
hy inheriting
from
t iS nut
specific ma
terial
relk-,; hlll
knowkdge of traditional creative skills, institutions in
good \vorking order, and habit> of resilience in coping with the uncer
taln vicis.c:itudc:\
of
x i ~ t e n c c .
NOTES
l. rhi;) (1.41AY
Ui$1i1h ollld f'XfcnJ.s
th
e . a t g l l n H ~ l H
in
c:Laptcr,. l .-.nd
I0
of my
Jook
Tilt
l h • l j ( I T ~ CtiiJffrlf '
(Uid ' ' ' ~ p o J i s
tlj i ~ t u r y
( New
York: <:aatlbridso: U.nivmicy JrC'SS,
1998).
].,
l.t<d
Milne, H•o(Jit
wtrl Plll(t 1-:
Couutry
Hom1.· Donors
cmJ
1 lr: l ' l t 1 I i o ~ r n / 1 i ust
{Londuu.
Murr:ay,
l J
4
)l.),
5; "111lmr'5 interview with tvl;urin Dr wy,
PJTI; /\. Mur
l'
l\)',
P ~ r ' l i $ t t l l ( t
;, J-olly;
Sd((.ttd
l rrut:
Writiugs (I
om
lon:
Angus
& Ruhtt'fsonJS""uiut>,
I ? M , l l ~ . l 6
,J
.
C ~ ~ o t l S c h n ~ k ~ . ( 1 . : . . . S i ~ d Vit•lmil (N
t'W
York:. d d g c Uui IC rslty
Press
. l')Sl), :evil.
4.
Aht
ill Bourdin. IJI JHUrlmmi/Cl n i m ~ t l l · (1 'lrill:: rrc:;sc.'i unjvcrsilaitcs d
e:
l'rt'nre,
198-t), 1X: Pitr•r u r ~ . " I t:rc de Ia
~ , . l ) i n m e u 1 0 n
o n , " in his l.iem: de m f uwite (t 'aris:
C . < ~ l n ' " ' t
9R
'I-92).111.:1,
99>.
S.
i t ~ g c : ~ l l t C . ~ I : i t i o in Museum 33 (1'J81), 1
17
}..J, .tud In Jnhu H
('
nry MCCT) tmul,
'
J1
u•
Nation
: ~ n d th<' OhJ<<f,"
lultmuliOJIIJI /vttnw l
lJf (.. ulwtrll
l rntu:rly 3 (1994},
6 8 - ' J ~
UN1".$Ct'), <.:ortwmtluu( ami l(a •uuuuemlatious . .. t m c l m i u ~ tl1c Jlr()tecliull
af
( . , u l
t u r t ~ l
t-lr.ritngt UNF.S<..:<J, 198Sl.
(,,
~ r - . n \ O b ~
C..ltu,ly
.
J . ' M l ~ r i r . rlu pmrutJOIIIC
(l'ttris: Stull,
199
1),
JO
- t
L
'/. Kc\·in
'1: VfG.
I
sh.
'n1t
IWptt>MJitmiml of ltr fu<;t.: Mtm:mm ond llcritage ; ,
lht' 1•m1·
M w l t ~ ' 1Vullrl
( I undO&"': Kuutlfflsc, JlttJ1),
J2; Jaull"$
MarSt
on Fild t,
Hi$tout
l ' r t s ~ · r
• ~ u ; o , ~ CJ1mrm·iuf
Mmtngi. IIIC., uJ
lilt: B11ilr ~ u l d (N
ew York: Mc.G
J:
m-·Hill. l'J82);
Alfrrtl
CirOSSt"',l.t
'' rmr ~ l t r
m€nuJ1re.
(P.ui..: fl.u:nm.ariOJl , 1989); M·nrr.ty,
\ t $ P
s t ~ n u
in
Mil);
109-lYt ~ r m t Duvi:o.t.n, ' 1 - l c : r i l ~ f , C : Ffom P.•LJ.inmn
y
lo 1\lsriche-"' in
11tt.
Vv
mttl
Aftft«
a/
AUfJfldum
I
lbttH
y
(Sydn
Cy
: AU('n
and l1nwin,l000).
l lG-lO.
K. l ~ t r
Spnrric:'f QUnhxl
lU · ~ . u i \ ) P " " ~
(.i("ncakJgy
\,nze-."'
Nt'1nn'f"l'.k,
I
~ 1 . 1 r c h 1988.
..8-9; $C"" 11lw M i c h ~ d K : ~ n u o c n , Afysric <Jmnb of Mtmorr (New York \ r a . n t a ~ ' < '
II<M>b. 1•.1'11 ), 611.
9.
('"..
H.. W.unll ( •J.43)
~ o n c c : d in \ i .kolm
(;h.1..'it',
-r
his b No CJapt.tap. Titis
Is
Our
I h·til;'lp: . ' i.o Uui,wphn l ~ , . , and Makolm
CJtaSC.
eds. 1ht: lmngmi'JI Pnst
(Ma
tt
JifStl"'':
Ma.nrho
te1'
UruvcfSJty
PtC'SS. 1989). I.H ;
Herbe-rt
H u u ~ r f i d ~ TIN b•gti:J,
tJNJn "'" 'HI( ITI)l0f1
C . . . w a b ~ t : tJnivtr"'i'ily
Pf("'SS
, l ~ i l . 2; Rtg
C.amu\On,
·our
Conntry,An
F.A Iialy 111int;$
A '- , A'
Alwal -·Jk
Fitl.l
>.l l
(l\;
lay
9 9 0 ) . ~
10. H-;mlld
Nk,.
sou ( I'.H"' ) ~ u O C 1 . - d in fniUl t-lt'ntf
\k-rr-ym:an,l w o a : ~
of.fhinkin?,
about . : u h u r a l l ~ f k " " > · "
Amni(OUJuurmal PflnUnut.liollal
L•w80
) ~ M O .
f
TIIC·I
h:ritnge
C ru.saclc aud Its C(n
llradi
ttions • 4J
t t. f•·:ul(Ois
h•ttt,
. 'Am.it:n
Rq;tm" <
t In Rl-,·olul iun,.
in
No ··
Li
.
d
·
10i
W:
no,• J'GKOJI, Dc<>lgn mu/ Trutll
Ill
AwutJ;, • r ~
It
t
t
a-, cux e mtniOut-, UI. I.
J\n•l,
I')(,U)
:t7· Jt.kh ~ ' ] ' ; .•. . .. 8 .P y(Loudun
: Rcmt100y.c&Kq;a
11
• , ,
. uu
Cf\1111141n, thtM.J
tt'lllUm
ao fM SS
L · G
..
. •
srmorm,,
:u, (,;rwinft 19S9).l6-4M. • u c s AJU)t.S"'(IfJ,
Rrpu·+
1
2.
h
;, cn
mmnn >c-lirf
thal 1<daujt.J
invrnttoo
L.a.s
.soared
witllO
l
d .
dL'CM.io.. Rur
lr
t l t K " ~ o
tt> l't
1
p • •
u
pr«c
cnr m rc-ctnt
.A
It rnJ
fft . • '
('
t ' V ~ I U O ,
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in
M.&dMcl
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dtty(Lundcln), 2 AIIP,:U
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1992.
Jl. r tol>wc, Ob:>.t'rl
lt rtlll
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t x ~ l l v ~ · c
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past
fot'C'iJ;
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fl·
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11
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1985)
and
in
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I
. AJmJtJ)'
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I ld d • • .. . l.sl s :. ro t t:IPTt Counl"r)'" • T'
R"P't •
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:wmsun.
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furor<'·<
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MJnrvcrs.uy Press, 198l•),
11
JS;
l l•.
27.
~ n f ~ "Lit
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I .
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a
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mhiJtlil 't, rn.J,
20. •
J<mathtw
RaJ,.n, :.AHI(fl"i (Loudou: Pic.otdor
, 1987), J52,
17
2.
\ . r ' ~ ' t t n W
001voon, TI1e Urokrn
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wide
td l,.. l
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u IJStn\
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U/l'l'I'VU> :mutNU: -c.$(J}'S em Honour
of
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.,
r
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Tmu C.il'iffi1h"• HmH(tS nml Culltrlflrs: Tlrt AulltJIJtltfiUl lmttgim'llion ; ~ t t d l i r r
(l\•ttlbo\1fne:
Cit.lll
bridp,f' Univt'.f$it)' 1rcl>S. 19%).240-2.
James I Allcu ( l'H 1) c.tutUed
in
Kllnuu<n, Mrslir
Ch
ordsoj t m t ' I I J ' ~
2»-7.
Olt.ic-1-rl
r::r.t'IIIC(,
"C,;nmmuu.&
J . : u h m o ~ . l H c r i t a ~ c iJl \JnilieU t w o p c ~ · / C O . M O S Nt.nrs
l:l ( M ~ r c : h
1991
), 25.\.hinu.a
Achcl>e
,"Tbc 1ghu World amlltsArt, . in hi.s Hopesrmd
lmtu•.d;mc,b:
Stlmtd roSS41J')• J9f,'S-1987
(Lund<ux Hciuem.uul, 1988). _.3_
\ Qng C.unl "
u, "I twins Ute Ancient
io
<.ltina."
.n l iahcl M11.Btrdc.
rd.,
Wh"
Uwm
tltt'
1\'ICT/
(MdbournC'
Odurd Umvcnit)' I ' ~ J98j),
ItS
95;
PiC'.flC R y c b
m ~ n s . '"TI1
c
(..hinooe Auinutc tuw•nis
the'
P'"t'" ll'JM6). in Simnu
Leys
(pseudonym for Ryd
rn•n,), 1 1< AIIKri on<l
lilt
IJ<tuJ.,f:
Cni «ltd
1'.<.<1) 1983-I'J'JX (Sfdufl" Huffy
&
~ n c l s r v Y < , I 9 ' J ' l ) , . l - 1 4 .
J..
\'I.
MOt(.
"A Mill.:oi&WUm
nf 0uo('1C Urban llislory: f o r m ~
T
t e ~
and p a C C '
C..oo
n-1,b
in So<w-huw;
Rkt. Vwwnitr t t u f r n
)9:1
( 9 7 3 ) ~ i.?-53.
Midta.dAnn Willwns,• fhc
RKoilin
o( l1<
: : m g i b l in
lktr1
f ' C i u t u c b ~
cd... TIK Con
~ r r n i H n l C:lllltirt(I Mina;lutl Univcn.ity
V'n..-:n uf
KcnhKky. 1988). I ?'J-200.
A.ulolnrnc r L«, ' l h S O ' I n : t i u ~
Okl CuJturG
in the New
World:"
in
Hobert E. )ti)X'
ilrld A. J. T.cc, l 1 r ~ Amc:r;cn,
Mo.mrt"
J ~ r t t i , g 11 /llaliun'$ HartllK£
(\Y.ub.ingron:
U Wif'.OM()S, 1931), 119 2 0 ~ ; Kkm,
•t;uhur.t
tlivcrsily iu ffisroric
P r ~ N . J r i c m
HrHnrit; Pto<fWUiltll fu1um
6:·1
( 1992),
2M-t:
L
1)(-uih iu my f tut
(,
« fortiKII Cuu,lry. 9 _ . ~
J : . m t ~ Le-tS Mi1ne.lmutlrtr $t lf(Luru.ion: f..L(r, l'J70).93 5: idem,
T1.
vplt mul Plncn.
1:Si1110n J('flkinl>, Tl1r t t l i . ~
uj
M.nry f)nvks nm l Olher Wrirings
(Loudon:
J.Mum\r,
~ 9 3 ) ,
9')-IIU.
Hc-nty l > ' m - ~
Tlh•
Oumy ll91l ]
( N ~ : - w
Y u ~ k : fl. l ' t ' t ~ .
JIJHl),
5.
Vita1y Knrnitr .iUOtc<lln l.nwftll(('" Wt:t.hskr, ~ . h t Modili,:aliollS, . Nnv
Yorker
, 12
)uly 1 I' . I,
>9
65.
Rabe-n
1<1\vUS<IIl
(
1
?'N)
lf.UO
tcd in Chri.swphtt Gh ippinJate,
Stone1u:llgt• Complete
(rl"
\
, <:<1,, tu adOI\ l h ; , 1 n c ~ &. Hnd >ml, J ~ N < I ) , 91.
..,._.,.glis
ll 1L
1
l 1 r . ~
ch:utumu jOfi:lyn S t e v r n ~
quoted
in Alcx<lOdc.r Pratt:r, "
11H'
Last
n ~ ;
t,ur<: ul tht
t o n c : l l , ' '
0/.n'r
Vfr rm
$mllifl) t lO Ji.I.OC l
1
J'J3, 49 50.
l o t o p h a (";h ippiud.llt
C"t
WIICJ Owus S t o m : l u : n g ~ r ( Iondun: Baf$fonl, 1990);
P.u) .lish n ~ : ; c .
C : < l t r u n • i m r Bull. November (99•1: Chri
'>tup
llt'l'
Ch
ippi1
Jo.tk
,
"'
Put
df\y,
l
h(
: T ' hl
~ t i ) O C ' c n g t ' , Hi$tary
10&1)'
4J
(April
l'
JIJJ),
6-7; &rh:m
t
t ~ d r r ,
"Stoodu•ng
.
Comcsrrd
l.flm f5\0.lpc::,·· i
ll
(t.-d.)
Ltm(i
w:tt[IC Politi(.S mul
t . · n p t • ( . t
i v ~
(l•tCIVitknt-c, Rl: BrfR. 19'J:S).
24:•-7'1;
Simon
Jenkins,
"'l.ct Stonehenge-:
Ri:r><:,
of
Suffer
the
f:urk o( f ' , ~ . I
T11
7'imd ( l..onduu), 8 ..
cbruary
lliCJl.
1>.
}.
Mulvawry."A Q u ~ : l l t i U u of
Valut'$:
MII\CWllS
and
Cultunl.ll'mpcrly, .
Ul
Mt"Urydc:,
W''o Owns tit,.
l ' n ~ t ? 87 $; l<km. ··r:.u
t Rcsaitted, futureLosr: I he
Kuw
S\-tJmp Plc:ls
uw:cut' BuriAl<."' '"""Jwty6.1
(
1
99
1 , 12- 11.
Aul>ltall:tl' Ahurigial( ~ n o t t . - d ul (.)riflitbs. HmrltrS mrd C ' . . n l l ~ d o r s .
.1.2l•; l.a.rulyn
Gilsn.all rn the ltulbor, l
1
J J u u ~ : 199.-., "'-"'
:illli.ng
a 1989 symposium.
P . I U I I ~ • n ~ ; k l , E , t ' l l Mo1'C rna;lish than t . : o t t i ~ ; · Sp«tntor, 13 July 1996, 11- 16.
Quorrci
in
Oal)'.1
Alhc:-rgc:.-su)'('f Fru.lt-att ' Art Expo n
taws,"
11te
Jimr:s
(
London
), >
M•rcil
1996.
~ JU>I, 'X.A.dnu·AI C'.t:rt.UnflO a u ~ l'rinlC'
o u b t ~
in \.Vendy J.a.mcs, ed., ·111e Pur-
(Uil uJ CtNnmry Rdi);IOIIS Gild Ollturol r'OIIJIIIlnriuns
(London:
RoutJed ';(', PJ95),
21\$-308 Oll'Xl.
C.uliu lttnfn"w.
.J.IOI, J.tt•trmliC}'rmd OwucnJrip (l.uudoo:
I )udc:wurili,
2000).
An.I.-IJI Ii" W.dltl
Ak-•
quul« ;n S;dory D. Gtkpolrick, l.mds ~ Siptin
(N,
,v
\'urL. Mnm"v•
1992),
l.)•J-42;
~ 1 3 r y Dc.Oip oey, "'
Pfok"(tors;
ur Pttu's
Shining l':aSl,•
~ m i ~ f .
20
1\Uf.UU 199-1,
l.l-5; "SIOJlC'S ofTbcir
Anceslol'$,• e ~ 1
Sql-
ltmb<r
1'189.
;1.
r
tiL
Sl.
52.
53.
S4.
"'·
51<.
>9.
60.
(; I .
b 2.
63.
1>4.
6S.
Giuli:tnn Lun.1 ( J97t5) tlunlt't l in John
u r y M ~ ' T ) m o t u ,
"A Licit fmrrnil.douaf Trade in
C.:u ln11
't1
l b i t • . : l . $ , ~ '
Jmmwtimwl
}mmk11
of
Cultuml
Pro/)l.'rly-4 ( IIJI)5}. ;16;. Diuril Tho
r i ~ n ' ' ' ~
Vdu-14
...
'he
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10mb
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Local Cununu
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(
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ll J
26.
l l i i ~ I J ~ r l k \ ~ , , nt:U'<1 (Suw•nJi
u r j a n i n ~ : a t ]
(191
1
J)
qnoted in Denys l.ombaui, "Jn
dni\Clii;J: l'nlllnr; I O P , c ~ ~ ( J ' Uu· S t r a n d ~ of t1ult'
..
UNE.I:;C..V Courh·t. April 1990,16-..H;
f-crmuuJ" fo.htr<uc1t, lh t Pal;u;.-e
<tnd
rhe Gty; 1 o.lr.w )l:trktt: .B
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).ilknillllUIS the N.Ul()n lo ~ d e u and Anlt'ric-.,·
Olmos
-g (1993), 164-5.
V.
N J . . y ~ W .
A
&' I;,
l 1 ~
H . J a ~
(Lundun:
l><'utsdt.
1979),
J S Z - ~ .
f'lo:ril M a t < r ~ ' t l t , - ~ h n b , . . . , i p ; ~ n d
the Puhli.-:
Jomna/ oJ JWral
S«kly
uf
Am
139
(1?'11),
191
"' Y'd
Y;1din (J96.l) quuh.-d1n
Amos.
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lsmtbs. Fuwrdus nudSom
YCwk:
\\ncknftkf
& NK\Irlwn,
1 ~ 1 1 ). :ZM
(my m p h ; t . o g s M.idtd-Rufpb 'lrouillot. SilrncUrg
lht'
A1<1"
I
tum
1111J ht' Ptr.Hb.l<t;rmof
Hi)lury
fktston:
&.l11.uu
P n . . ~ llJl).:;);
1-11.
Andre h ~ < r c l .
' .La uotiuudu
. ~ t r i m n i n e , ' iu
Nnr01, I iem
1
k
rninroirr. II.J., 446;
Guil-
l..Uuru(: .Pt,/''"l"'- du P,llfmwiuc, 1-ltJ;
B("Ulot.n.l
Smith,
'"Art O b j ~ t t t s
and
Hi.stori'--al
w . ~ e \
111 McU'}'fk. Who On"m tire Pmt , 33
4.
M.-ttliu O n ~ r y ,
' ~ h e t l o t o r o ~ t i O t l
ul
C:alkC"
Abb<r." kmmnl of lrt Ruynl Socit:ry
nf
-tt l
l ' l < \ ( 1 9 8 8 ) . ~ Y 7 ' '
MO 'k ' l\vaju,
A C l l l l l l ~ : f t l ' . u t
Ymtktpt
;,
KinK Arthur> Catrrr
(N('w
York:
Tt
:arpC'r &
llrnrhm.
1889), 40-1-
>
.
<
Thnn11\$
t-. K.i.da: -o
· · s . ~ : r l c : < . ~ l h Ihe Amcri
t:.ut
Mu:;.1fc:: fh( Plact" of
Arch
Aeology," in Sli}lC"
$1nd Allltl ittlft o s t ~ k ,
l6U.
~ u ~
•.
r t '
m . t ~ U O i f c d I , J i ~ t m r c ,
..
m his Lit•u:r rle h ~ J I I ) i t c , (::u:v-
x"liViii
{
my
tra n
10
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huu,
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*\l
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Rt
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o m
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pri
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l989j. t
- . 4
);
1
s.l
R WdJ.er,
e..J.,
O i u :
r : • I W I ~
tWil'flfd:
Am:SJ.ing
tllo• C:cuulilitJns
of
Hisrvrkul Rutmh
hr
tl•e Sltlk>·
{AI()auy. NY. I'
JH:l)
, notably
t'$.1ays
hy Richard. J. (19 36) aud
\ V i l l i ~ m
1 J"rc
(37 46). ' " u <
NA
tlulltiel
tluwlhtU'IH", Z
)
S('
pt
t.
I
IILcr
111
55,
11te EuglisiJ f\ nreboC ks, ..-
d. R
und:-.
11
Ste
Wil
l
(Nt\1/ u ~ k :
M u 1 k ~ : ~ n r , l t . l R ~
.N.sm:iatino of
AJ
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