1
,e-,-ejkBh vH;klØe ¼l= i)rh½
M.A. MARATHI SYLLABUS (SEMESTER PATTERN)
l= ,d
vH;klif=dk 1 % v½ izkphu & e/;;qxhu ejkBh x|
¼,sfPNd½ vFkok
vk½ ejkBh oSpkfjd fuca/k Hkkx&1
vH;klif=dk 2 % vokZphu ejkBh dfork ¼1885 rs 1945½
¼vko’;d½
vH;klif=dk 3 % v½ fo’ks‛k ok³~e;izdkj % ukVd ¼Lokra«;iwoZ dky[kaM½
¼,sfPNd½ vFkok
vk½ fo’ks‛k ok³~e;izdkj % dknacjh ¼Lokra«;iwoZ dky[kaM½
vFkok
b½ yksdlkfgR; % Hkkx & 1
vFkok
bZ½ uos ok³~e;izokg ¼nfyr vkacsMdjoknh o L=hoknh½
vH;klif=dk 4 % lkfgR;’kkL= Hkkx&1
¼vko’;d½
l= nksu
vH;klif=dk 1 % v½ vokZphu ejkBh x|
¼,sfPNd½ vFkok
vk½ ejkBh oSpkfjd fuca/k Hkkx&2
vH;klif=dk 2 % egk;q)ksÙkj ejkBh dfork ¼1945 rs 2000½
¼vko’;d½
vH;klif=dk 3 % v½ fo’ks‛k ok³~e; çdkj % ukVd ¼ Lokra«;ksÙkj dky[kaM ½
¼,sfPNd½ vFkok
vk½ fo’ks‛k ok³~e; çdkj % dknacjh ¼Lokra«;ksÙkj dky[kaM½
vFkok
b½ yksdlkfgR; Hkkx &2
vFkok
bZ½ uos ok³~e;izokg ¼xzkeh.k o vkfnoklh½
vH;klif=dk 4 % lkfgR;’kkL= Hkkx&2
¼vko’;d½
2
l= rhu
vH;klif=dk 1 % izkphu & e/;;qxhu ejkBh dfork % Hkkx & 1
¼vko’;d½
vH;klif=dk 2 % v½ fo’ks‛k xzaFkdkj % lar KkusÜoj
¼,sfPNd½ vFkok
vk½ rkSyfud lkfgR;kH;kl
vH;klif=dk 3 % Hkk‛kkfoKku Hkkx&1
¼vko’;d½
vH;klif=dk 4 % v½ izkphu o e/;;qxhu ejkBh ok³~e;sfrgkl ¼izkjaHkkiklwu
¼,sfPNd½ b-l- 1800 i;Zar½
vFkok
vk½ la’kks/ku’kkL=
l= pkj
vH;klif=dk 1 % çkphu & e/;;qxhu ejkBh dfork % Hkkx 2
¼vko’;d½
vH;klif=dk 2 % v½ fo’ks‛k xzaFkdkj % Hkkypanz usekMs
¼,sfPNd½ vFkok
vk½ Hkk‛kkarjehekalk
vH;klif=dk 3 % Hkk‛kkfoKku Hkkx&2
¼vko’;d½
vH;klif=dk 4 % v½ vokZphu ejkBh ok³~e;sfrgkl ¼b-l- 1800 rs 2000½
¼,sfPNd½ vFkok
vk½ lkfgR;leh{kk
3
ç’uif=dspk vkjk[kMk
xq.kfoHkktu % l= ,d] nksu] rhu o pkj lkBh
çR;sd ys[kh l=kar ijh{kk 80 xq.k
çR;sd l=karhy varxZr ewY;ekiu 20 xq.k
çR;sd l=krhy çR;sd ç’uif=dsps ,dw.k xq.k 100 xq.k
çR;sd l=kps ,dw.k xq.k & 400 % ,e-,- ejkBh inoh ijh{kk & ,dw.k xq.k 1600
ç’ui= % xq.kfoHkktu % ,dw.k xq.k 80
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
4
,e-,- ejkBh
l= i)rh vH;klØe
l= ,d
vH;klif=dk 1
v½ izkphu&e/;;qxhu ejkBh x|
?kVd 1 % ejkBh x| % ladYiuk] Lo:i vkf.k mxe]
?kVd 2 izkphu ejkBhrhy x|izdkj% egkuqHkko x|] c[kj] ,sfrgkfld
i=s
o nLrkost bR;knhaps Lo:i fo’ys"k.k-
% vH;klxzaFk
?kVd 3
1- xksfoanizHkw & pfj=
2- n‛VkarikB
?kVd 4 1-lHkklnkph c[kj
lanHkZxzaFk
1- egkuqHkko iaFk vkf.k R;kps ok³~e; & ‘ka-xks-rqGiqGs
2- izkphu ejkBh x|% izsj.kk o ijaijk & Jh- ja-dqGd.khZ
3- egkuqHkkoh; ejkBh ok³~e; & ;-[kq- ns’kikaMs
4- egkuqHkko % lkfgR; n’kZu & MkW- m‛kk ns’keq[k
5- egkuqHkko lkfgR; % ‘kks/klapkj & MkW- vfouk’k vkoyxkodj
6- ejkBh c[kj okM~-e; & MkW- j- fo- gsjokMdj
5
7- izkphu ejkBhrhy pfj=ys[ku & MkW- olar cksjxkodj
8- laf{kIr ejkBh ok³~e;dks’k ¼vkjaHkkiklwu 1920 i;Zar½ & laik- olar vkckth Mgkds
10- c[kj ok³~e;% mn~xe vkf.k fodkl & ckiwth ladikG
11- ejkBh c[kj x| & laik- xa-c- xzkeksik/;s
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
vFkok
vk½ ejkBh oSpkfjd fuca/k Hkkx&1
?kVd 1 % fuca/k % ,d ok³e;izdkj% Lo:i o ?kVdrÙos
ejkBh oSpkfjd fuca/k % ladYiuk vkf.k Lo:i
?kVd 2 % fuca/kkrhy oSpkfjdrsps Lo:i-
ejkBh fuca/k % mxe vkf.k fodkl ¼LFkwy vk<kok½
% vH;klxzaFk
?kVd 3 % yksdfgroknhaph ‘kri=s % laik- iq-x-lglzcq)s
?kVd 4 1- izcks/kukpk iwoZjax % laik- y-jk- ukfljkckndj
2- L=h&iq#‛k rqyuk % rkjkckbZ f’kans
lanHkZxzaFk
1- egkRek Qqys lexz ok³~e; & laik- ;-fn-QMds
2- egkRek Qqys % ‘kks/kkP;k uO;k fn’kk & laik- gjh ujds
3- yskdfgroknh % dkG vkf.k drZRo & MkW- fueZydqekj QMdqys
4- fuca/k % ‘kkL= o dyk & iz-u-tks’kh
5- ejkBh fuca/k & y?kqfuca/k % Lo:ifoospu & fo-ika- nsÅGxkodj] panzdkar nsÅGxkodj
6- iznf{k.kk [kaM 1 & laik- vfu#) dqGd.khZ] dkWfUVusUVy izdk’ku] iq.ks
7- iznf{k.kk [kaM 2 &laik- vfu#) dqGd.khZ] dkWfUVusUVy izdk’ku] iq.ks
8- vk/kqfud ejkBh x|kpk ik;kHkwr vH;kl & laik- oklqnso eqykVs o brj
9- MkW- vkacsMdjkaps lektfparu & MkW-Hkkypanz QMds
6
10- Qqys&vkacsMdj % ‘kks/k vkf.k cks/k & MkW- Hkkypanz QMds
11- egkRek Qqys & MkW-Hkk-y- HkksGs
12- egkRek Qqys % O;Drh vkf.k fopkj & xa-ck-ljnkj
vH;klif=dk &2
vokZphu ejkBh dfork ¼1885 rs 1945½
?kVd 1 % dfork % ok³~e;izdkjkps Lo:i vkf.k ?kVd
izeq[k vokZphu dkO;izdkjkapk ifjp;
?kVd 2 % vokZphu ejkBh dfork % mxe vkf.k fodkl ¼LFkwy
vk<kok 1885 rs 1945½
% vH;klxzaFk
?kVd 3 gjiys Js; ¼ds’kolqrkaph fuoMd dfork % laik- jk-Jh-tksx
?kVd 4 1- Qqyjk.kh ¼ckydohaph dfork½ % laik- jk-‘ka-okfGaos
2- fiaiGiku ¼xksfoankxztkaph dfork½ % laik- jk-Jh-tksx
lanHkZxzaFk
1- dfork % ladYiuk] fufeZrh vkf.k leh{kk & olar ikV.kdj
2- dkgh ejkBh doh % tkf.kok vkf.k ‘kSyh & lq/khj jlkG
3- vokZphu ejkBh dkO;n’kZu & v{k;dqekj dkGs
4- nfyr dfork & e-lq-ikVhy
5- ejkBh dfork vkf.k vk/kqfudrk & ;’koar euksgj
6- ejkBh dfork % Lo:i vkf.k foospu & fuf’kdkar Bdkj
7- lkBksÙkjh ejkBh dfork o doh & jk-x-tk/ko
8- Lokra«;ksÙkj ejkBh dfork & laik- lq‛kek djksxy
9- dfork vkf.k izfrek & lq/khj jlkG
10- jlxzg.k % dyk vkf.k Lo:i & xks-e-dqyd.khZ
11- ejkBh dkO;kps ekunaM % Hkkx 1 o Hkkx 2] l-jk-xkMxhG
12- xhrdkO; & olar nkorj
13- nksu ijaijk & n-fHk-dqGd.khZ
7
14- dforsfo‛k;h & laik- olar vkckth Mgkds
15- ds’kolqr leh{kk & laik- ukMd.khZ] dker o brj
16- xksfoankxzt leh{kk & v{k;dqekj dkGs
17- ckydohaps dkO;foÜo & e-lq-ikVhy
18- ckydohaph dfork % rhu lanHkZ & jes’k rsaMqydj
______________________________________________________________
__________________
vH;klif=dk & 3
v½ fo’ks‛k ok³~e;izdkj % ukVd ¼Lokra«;iwoZ dky[kaM½
?kVd 1 % ok³~e;izdkj o dykizdkj Eg.kwu ukVdkps Lo:i-
ukVd o jaxHkwehP;k izeq[k ?kVdkapk vH;kl-
?kVd 2 % vk/kqfud ejkBh jaxHkweh % Lokra«;iwoZ dky[kaM % LFkwy
vk<kok
% vH;klxzaFk
?kVd 3 rrh; jRu % egkRek tksrhjko Qqys
?kVd 4 1- laxhr lkSHknz % v..kklkgsc fdyksZLdj
2- dhpdo/k % d`-iz- [kkfMydj
lanHkZxzaFk
1- vktps ukVddkj & laiknd nÙkk=s; iqaMs o Lusgy rkojs
2- nfyr jaxHkweh] laiknd & Hkkypanz QMds
3- ukVd % ,d fparu & olar dkusVdj
4- ukVÓkLoxr % Lo:i vkf.k leh{kk & ‘kdqaryk [kksr
5- iz;ksx{ke ejkBh ukVds & laiknd eq-Jh-dkuMs
6- ejkBh ukVd vkf.k jaxHkweh % ifgys ‘krd ¼1843&1943½ & fo-Hkk-ns’kikaMs
7- ejkBh ukVÓkys[kura=kph okVpky & vjfoan okeu dqGd.khZ
8- ejkBh ukVÓkleh{kspk fodkl & panzdkar /kkaMs
9- ejkBhps ukVÓkra= & eks-n-czEgs
10- ‘kksdukVÓkkps lkfgR;:Ik & lnk dÚgkMs
11- ‘kksdkafrdspk mn; & foykl [kksys
8
12- lqq[kkfRedsps Lo:Ik & xksdkddj o nqaMxsdj
13- ejkBh ukVÓkin % Lo:i vkf.k leh{kk & v-n-osy.kdj
14- jaxfoe’kZ & ujgj dqjandj
15- ledkyhu ejkBh jaxHkweh & laiknd jktsanz ukbZdokMs] jktu t;Loky
16- laxhr lkSHknz % ?kVuk vkf.k Lo:i & laiknd o-fn-dqyd.khZ
17- rrh;jRu & laiknd MkW-enu dqyd.khZ
18- egkRek Qqys %‘kks/kkP;k uO;k okVk & laiknd gjh ujds
19- ukVddkj [kkfMydj% ,d vH;kl & ok-y- dqyd.khZ
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
vFkok
vk½ fo’ks‛k ok³~e;izdkj % dknacjh ¼Lokra«;iwoZ dky[kaM½
?kVd 1 % dknacjh % O;k[;k] Lo:i vkf.k ?kVd
ejkBh dknacjh ¼Lokra«;iwoZ dky[kaM½ % LFkwy vk<kok
?kVd 2 ,sfrgkfld] jktdh;] lkekftd] xzkeh.k] izknsf’kd] ‘kgjh&
egkUkxjh] L=hoknh] nfyr bR;kfn çokgkapk ;kapk LFkwy
ifjp;-
% vH;klxzaFk
?kVd 3 i.k y{kkr dks.k ?ksrks\ & g-uk- vkiVs
?kVd 4 1- banw dkGs ljyk HkksGs & ok-e- tks’kh
2- j.kkax.k & foJke csMsdj
lanHkZxzaFk
1- dknacjh & y-x-tksx
2- dknacjh vkf.k ejkBh dknacjh & m‛kk gLrd
3- xsY;k v/kZ’krdkrhy ejkBh dknacjh] laiknd & foykl [kksys
4- ejkBh dknacjhpk bfrgkl & panzdkar ckafnoMsdj
5- dknacjh leh{kk & Jh-ek-dqGd.khZ
6- ejkBh dknacjh % ifgys ‘krd & dqlqekorh ns’kikaMs
9
7- ejkBh dknacjh% ra= vkf.k fodkl & iz-ok-ckiV] uk-ok-xksMcksys
8- dknacjh % ,d lkfgR;çdkj & gfj’panz Fkksjkr
9- /kkj vkf.k dkB & ujgj dqjandj
10- ejkBh dknacjh % vkLokn;k=k & laiknd fot;k jktk/;{k
11- okeu eYgkj % ok³~e;n’kZu & ok-y- dqGd.khZ
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
vFkok
b½ yksdlkfgR; % Hkkx & 1
?kVd 1 % yksdlkfgR; % ladYiuk] Lo:i vkf.k O;kIrh
?kVd 2 ejkBh yksdlkfgR; vH;klkph ijaijk
vH;kldkaps la’kks/ku o laiknukps dk;Z
?kVd 3 % yksdlkfgR; o fyf[kr lkfgR; ;kapk ijLij lac/k]
yksdrÙoh; v/;;u i)rh] vkfnca/kkRed v/;;u]
yksdlkfgR;krhy ok³~e;hu lkSan;Z % jpuk] Hkk‛kk] dYiuk o
vkfo‛dkj‘kSyh] yksdlkfgR; o ikjaifjd lkfgR; % vuqca/k
?kVd 4 yksdlkfgR; o larlkfgR;] yksdlkfgR;kpk brj ‘kkL=ka’kh
vuqca/k % bfrgkl] iqjkrÙo] lekt’kkL=] ekuooa’k’kkL=]
Hkk‛kk’kkL=] ekul’kkL=] /keZ’kkL= vkf.k yksdlkfgR;-
lanHkZxzaFk
1- yksdlkfgR;kph :ijs‛kk & nqxkZ Hkkxor
2- yksdlkfgR;kps Lo:i & izHkkdj ekaMs
3- yksdizfrHkk vkf.k yksdrÙos & e/kqdj okdksMs
4- yksdlkfgR; % ‘kks/k vkf.k leh{kk & jk-fpa-<sjs
5- ejkBh yksdlaLdrhps mikld & jk-fpa-<sjs
6- yksdlkfgR; vkf.k yksdlaLdrh & ljksftuh ckcj
7- yksdlkfgR; % Hkk‛kk vkf.k laLdrh & laiknd ljksftuh ckcj
8- yksdlkfgR; % cnyrs lanHkZ] cnyrh :is & xaxk/kj eksjts
9- yksdlkfgR; % ,d Lora= vH;kl{ks= & xaxk/kj eksjts
10
10-yksdlkfgR; la’kks/ku i)rh & vfuy lgL=cq)s
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
vFkok
bZ½ uos ok³~e;izokg ¼nfyr&vkacsMdjoknh o L=hoknh½
?kVd 1 % lkfgR;krhy izoÙkh vkf.k izokg % ladYiuk vkf.k Lo:i
?kVd 2 lkBksÙkjh dkGkr mn;kl vkysys uos ok³~e;izokg o R;kaph
lkekftd o jktdh; ikÜoZHkweh] nfyr&vkacsMdjoknh
lkfgR;izokg % mxe] fodkl] Lo:i vkf.k oSf’k‛VÓks-
L=hoknh lkfgR;izokg % mxe fodkl Lo:i vkf.k oSf’k‛VÓks-
% vH;klxzaFk
?kVd 3 1- gfddr vkf.k tVk;w ¼dknacjh½ & ds’ko esJke
2- tsOgk eh tkr pksjyh gksrh ¼dFkk½ & ckcqjko ckxwy
3- ukdscanh ¼dfork½ & t- fo- iokj
?kVd 4 1-nqLrj gk ?kkV ¼dknacjh½& xkSjh ns’kikaMs
2-fonsgh ¼dFkk½ & fot;k jktk/;{k
3-iqUgk nh?kZ dfork ¼dfork½ & jtuh i:Gsdj
lanHkZxzaFk
1- nfyr lkfgR; % osnuk vkf.k fonzksg & Hkkypanz QMds
2- nfyr lkfgR; % fl)kar vkf.k Lo:i & ;’koar euksgj
3- nfyr lkfgR; % vktps ØkafrfoKku & Hkkypanz QMds
4- nfyr dfork & e-lq-ikVhy
5- nfyrkaph vkRedFkus & oklqnso eqykVs
6- nfyr jaxHkweh & laik-&MkW-Hkkypanz QMds
7- nfyr dFkk % mn~xe vkf.k fodkl & izdk’k [kjkr
8- fuGh igkV & izk-jk-x-tk/ko
11
9- lkfgR; % xzkeh.k vkf.k nfyr & laik- uaniqjs] fu?kksV] okVk.ks] ykacV
10- L=h&lkfgR;kpk ekxksok & [kaM 1]2 o 3& laikfnr ¼Hkkjrh; fo|kihB vfHker
fo’ofo|ky; o lkfgR;izseh
Hkfxuh eaMG½
11- L=hoknh leh{kk % Lo:i vkf.k mi;kstu& vf’ouh /kksaxMs
12- 1960 uarjph lkekftd ifjfLFkrh o lkfgR;krhy uos izokg & vkuan ;kno
13- vk/kqfud ejkBh dof;=haph dfork & jk-x-tk/ko
14- dFkk xkSjhph & laik- fo|k ckG o brj
15- ejkBh ysf[kdk % fpark vkf.k fparu & Hkkypanz QMds
16- L=hokn & laik- lqerh ykaMs
17- fot; jktk/;{k ;kaps dFkkfoÜo & vydk HkksiVdj
18- vkacsMdjoknh ejkBh lkfgR; & ;’koar euksgj
19- n lsdaM lsDLk & fleksu n cksOgqvkj ¼vuqokn&d#.kk xks[kys½
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
vH;klif=dk & 4
lkfgR;’kkL= & Hkkx 1
?kVd 1 % lkfgR;’kkL=kps LFkwy Lo:i(
lkfgR;kph Eg.kts dk;\] lkfgR;kph iz;kstus]
lkfgR;kph fufeZfrizfØ;k] lkfgR;izdkjkph ladYiuk]
?kVd 2 izeq[k lkfgR;izdkjkaps Lo:i o iFkxkRe o Sf’k‛VÓs]
lkfgR; vkf.k brj yfyr dyk]
lkfgR;ewY;s vkf.k thouewY;s] lkfgR; o lekt % ijLij
laca/k] ‘kSyhfoKku
?kVd 3 % Hkkjrh; lkfgR;’kkL= % mxe vkf.k fodkl ¼LFkwy vk<kok½
‘kCn’kDrh % vfHk/kk] y{k.kk vkf.k O;atuk]
?kVd 4 jl ladYiuk] jllw=s] jlkaph la[;k
12
jl % ykSfdd dh vykSfdd\ jlfo?us]
jl & ladYiusps izkphu o vokZphu Hkk";dkj-
lanHkZxzaFk
1- Hkkjrh; lkfgR;’kkL= & x-«;a-ns’kikaMs
2- jlHkkofopkj & j-ia-daxys
3- jlppkZ & in~ekdj nknsxkodj
4- lkfgR;&fl)kar] ¼vuqokn½ & l-xa-eky’ks
5- lkSan;Zehekalk & jk-Hkk-ikV.kdj
6- Vhdkfoosd & Jh- ds-Jhjlkxj
7- lkSan;Zfopkj & laik- eaqcbZ ejkBh lkfgR; la?k
8- vk/kqfud ejkBh lkfgR;leh{kk o jlfl)kaUr & y{e.k’kkL=h tks’kh
9- dkO;’kkL=iznhi & l-jk-xkMxhG
10- izkphu dkO;’kkL= & j-ia-daxys
11- Hkkjrh; lkfgR;’kkL= & jke dkils
12- uos lkfgR;’kkL= & ;’koar euksgj
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
l= & nksu
vH;klif=dk & 1
v½ vokZphu ejkBh x|
?kVd & 1 % vokZphu ejkBh x|% ladYiuk o Lo:i] vokZphu ejkBh
fuca/kok³~e;kpk LFkwy vk<kok] ejkBh yfyr fuca/k % ,d Lora=
ok³~e;çdkj
?kVd & 2 yfyr fuca/kkps miçdkj % vkBo.kh&vuqHko]
13
y?kqfuca/k] O;fDrfp=s] çoklo.kZu vkf.k yfyrys[k ;k
çdkjkaph oSf’k‛VÓks vk/kqfud ejkBh yfyr fuca/kkpk LFkwy
vk<kok-
% vH;klxazFk
?kVd & 3 1-çcks/kukpk iwoZjax ¼e- tksrhck Qqys ;kaps fuoMd ys[ku½
& laiknd y-jk- ufljkckndj
2-vkxjdj ys[klaxzg & laik- x-ç- ç/kku
?kVd & 4 1-MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdjkaps cfg‛Ñr Hkkjrkrhy vxzys[k
& laiknd jRukdj x.kohj
2-ika<js dsl fgjoh eus & fo-n- ?kkVs
3-_rqpØ & nqxkZ Hkkxor
lanHkZxzaFk
1- vk/kqfud ejkBh x|kpk ik;kHkwr vH;kl & laik- MkW-oklqnso eqykVs o brj
2- egkRek Qqys lexz ok³~e;& laik- ;-fn-QMds
3- egkRek Qqys % ‘kks/kkP;k uO;k fn’kk & laik- gjh ujds
4- ejkBh fuca/k & y?kqfuca/k % Lo:ifoospu & fo-ik-nsÅGxkodj o panzdkar nsÅGxkodj
5- iznf{k.kk & [kaM&1 & laik- dkWfUVusUVy izdk’ku
6- iznf{k.kk [kaM&2 & laik- dkWfUVusUVy izdk’ku
7- vkxjdj & ;-fn-QMds
8- Qqys&vkacsMdj % ‘kks/k vkf.k cks/k & Hkkypanz QMds
9- ejkBh y?kqfuca/kkpk bfrgkl & vkuan ;kno
10- vokZphu ejkBh x|kph iwoZihfBdk & xa-ck-ljnkj
14
11- egkRek Qqys % O;Drh vkf.k fopkj & xa-ck-ljnkj
______________________________________________
_____________
vFkok
vk½ ejkBh oSpkfjd fuca/k % Hkkx & 2
?kVd & 1 % ejkBh oSpkfjd fuca/k % Lokra«;ksRrj dky[kaMkpk LFkwy
vk<kok
?kVd & 2 vH;klxzaFk & 1- MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj ;kaps fuoMd ys[k
& laiknd xaxk/kj ikurko.ks
2- fouksck lkjLor & laiknd jke 'ksokGdj
¼vH;klklkBh Hkkx&5% lkfgR;'kDrh½
?kVd & 3 % vH;klxazFk &
1- fopkjf’kYi ¼ y{e.k’kkL=h tks’kh ;kaps fuoMd ys[k ½ &
laiknd & çk- jk-x- tk/ko
?kVd & 4 1- uO;k ;qxkph Lianus & ¼xa-ck- ljnkj ;kaps fuoMd ys[k ½ &
ç- fp- 'kstoydj
2- f'kojk= & ujgj dq#andj
lanHkZ xzaFk
1- MkW- vkacsMdjkaps lektfparu & Hkkypanz QMds
2- Qqys&vkacsMdj % ‘kks/k vkf.k cks/k & Hkkypanz QMds
3- xaxk/kj ckGd‛.k ljnkj & gs-fo-bukenkj
4- i=dkj MkW-vkacsMdj & xaxk/kj ikurko.ks
15
5- fuca/kdkj MkW- vkacsMdj & ;’koar euksgj
6- MkW- vkacsMdjkaph i=dkfjrk & lq[kjke fgojkGs
7- vkxjdjkapk lkekftd rÙofopkj & xa-ck-ljnkj
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
vH;klif=dk & 2
egk;q)ksRRkj ejkBh dfork
¼ dky[kaM 1945 rs 2000½
?kVd & 1 % vH;klxazFk
1- e<sZdjkaph dfork & ck-lh- e<sZdj
?kVd & 2 1-uoh eGokV & 'kjPpanz eqfDrcks/k
2- ek>s fo|kihB & ukjk;.k lqosZ
?kVd & 3 % vH;klxazFk
1-xzkexhrk ¼v/;k; 10]39o 40½ & jk"Vªlar rqdMksth egkjkt
?kVd & 4 1-la/;kdkGP;k dfork & xzsl
2- mRFkkuxaqQk & ;’koar euksgj
lanHkZxazFk
1- loZ lqosZ & laik- olar f’kjokMdj
2- lqosZ ;kaps fo|kihB & laik- iq‛ik jktkiqjs
3- eqfDrcks/kkaps lkfgR; & jk-Hkk- ikV.kdj
4- eqfDrcks/kkaph dfork & enu dqyd.khZ
5- e<sZdjkaph dfork % ,d vH;kl & /kksa-fo- ns’kikaMs
6- e<sZdjkaph dfork % vkdyu] vkLokn vkf.k fpfdRlk & v{k;dqekj dkGs
7- e<sZdjkaph dfork % Lo:i vkf.k lanHkZ & [kaM 1 o [kaM 2& fot;k jktk/;{k
8- rjhgh ;srks okl Qqykauk & e-ok- /kksaM
9- jk‛Vªlar rqdMksth egkjkt % O;Drh vkf.k ok³~e; & laik- v{k;dqekj dkGs
10- /kqds vkf.k f’kYi & «;a- fo- ljns’keq[k
16
11- xszlfo"k;h & v{k;dqekj dkGs
12- xszl vkf.k nqckZs/krk & t;ar ijkatis
13- lkFkZ xzkexhrk & rqdkjkenknk xhrkpk;Z ¼laik- lqnketh lkojdj½
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
vH;klif=dk & 3
v½ fo’ks‛k ok³~e;çdkj % ukVd ¼Loka«;ksÙkj dky[kaM½
?kVd & 1 % vH;klxazFk
1- dkSars; & fo-ok- f’kjokMdj
2- bFks vks’kkGyk e`R;w & ol ar dkUksVdj
?kVd & 2 1-rq>s vkgs rqtik’kh & iq-y- ns’kikaMs
?kVd & 3 % vH;klxazFk
1- okMk fpjscanh & egs’k ,ydqapokj
?kVd & 4 1-okVk&iGokVk & nRrk Hkxr
lanHkZxazFk
1- olar dkusVdjkaph ukVds % oSfo/; vkf.k /kohdj.k & jk- Hkk- ikV.kdj
2- dkusVdjkaph ukVÓkl‛Vh & jktu t;Loky
3- ,ydqapokjkaph ukVÓkl‛Vh & la/;k vers
4- egs'k ,ydqapokj ;kaph ukVÓkl‛Vh & deys’k
5- f’kjokMdjkaph ukVds & ‘kksHkuk ns’keq[k
6- iq-y- % ,d vkdyu & enu dqyd.khZ
7- verfl)h % [kaM 1 o [kaM 2 & laik- l-g- ns’kikaMs o brj
8- nÙkk Hkxrkaph ukVÓkl‛Vh & çdk’k f=Hkqou
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
vFkok
vk ½ fo‛ks’k ok³~e;çdkj% dknacjh ¼Lokra«;ksRrj dky[kaM½
?kVd & 1 % vH;klxazFk
1- cGh & foHkkojh f’k#jdj
2- Qfdjk & v..kkHkkÅ lkBs
17
?kVd & 2 Lokeh & j.kftr nslkbZ
?kVd & 3 % vH;klxazFk
1- >kMk>Mrh & foÜokl ikVhy
?kVd & 4 1-xksrkoGk & vkuan ;kno
2-iks[kj.k & ds’ko esJke
lanHkZxzaFk
1- ejkBh dknacjh % vkLokn;k=k & laik- fot;k jktk/;{k
2- ‘kks/k >kMk>Mrhpk & lqo.kkZ ukbZd
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
vFkok
b½ yksdlkfgR; % Hkkx 2
?kVd & 1 % ejkBh yksdxhr % Lo:i] fosospu vkf.k çdkj
dFkkxhr] vksoh] Qsjkojph xk.kh] HkksaMyk] HkqykckbZ] ukxiapeh]
fo/khxhrss]'ksrdjh xhrs] xksa/kGh] oklqnso] ikaxwG] /kuxjxhrs]
iksrjktkph xk.kh] 'kkfgjh dfork] nfyr 'kkfgjh] yko.kh]
iksokMk-
?kVd & 2 ejkBh yksddFkk % Lo:i] foospu vkf.k çdkj
yksddFkkaph Hkkjrh; ijaijk] c`gRdFkk] iapra=] fgrksins’k]
osrkGiapfo’kh] flagklucRrh’kh] 'kwdcgkRrjh] tkrddFkk-
?kVd & 3 yksdukVÓk % Lo:i vkf.k çdkj
% ç;ksx:i yksddyk] yksdu`R; fo/kh] ukVÓkfo/kh-
% Hkkjrh; yksdukVÓkkph ijaijk] Hkjrç.khr ukVÓ:is]
ckS)dkyhu jaxHkweh] tkrdkrhy ukVÓ:is b- pk LFkwy ifjp;-
18
?kVd & 4 % ç;ksx:i yksddyk vkf.k R;kaps cnyrs Lo:i-
% dkgh yksdukVÓkçdkj % dGlw=hukVÓk] xkas/kG] ok?;keqjGh]
n’kkorkj] yGhr] na<kj] dhrZu] rek’kk] [kMh xaer] Hkk#M]
vkfnoklh uR; o ukVÓk:is-
lanHkZxzaFk
1- yksdjaxHkweh & çHkkdj ekaMs
2- yksdjatukph ikjaifjd ek/;es & ‘kjn O;ogkjs
3- ejkBh yksddFkk & e/kqdj okdksMs
4- yksdçfrHkk vkf.k yksdrÙos & e/kqdj okdksMs
5- ejkBh yksdlaLÑrhps mikld & jk-fpa- <sjs
6- yksdukVÓkkph ijaijk & fo- Ñ- tks’kh
7- fL=;kaps [ksG vkf.k xk.kh & ljksftuh ckcj
8- yksdlkfgR; vkf.k yksdlaLÑrh & ljksftuh ckcj
9- yksdlkfgR; % Hkk‛kk vkf.k LkaLÑrh & laiknd ljksftuh ckcj
10- yksdlkfgR; % cnyrs lanHkZ cnyrh :is & xaxk/kj eksjts
11- yksdukxj jaxHkweh & rkjk HkokGdj
12- yksdlkfgR;krhy L=hçfrek & rkjk HkokGdj
13- ejkBhps yksdukVÓk % rek’kk] dyk vkf.k lkfgR; & ukenso OgVdj
14- >kMhiV~Vhph yksdjaxHkweh & gfj’panz cksjdj
15- [kMh xaer % fonHkkZps yksdys.ks & gfj’panz cksjdj
16- na<kjhph yksdlaink & gfj’panz cksjdj
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
19
vFkok
bZ½ uos ok³~e;çokg ¼xzkeh.k o vkfnoklh½
?kVd & 1 % xzkeh.k ok³~e;çokg % Lo:i] mxe vkf.k fodkl
xzkeh.k lkfgR;kph lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd o jktdh; ik’oZHkweh
xzkeh.k ok³~e; çokgkph çeq[k oSf’k‛VÓks
?kVd & 2 vkfnoklh lkfgR;çokg % Lo:i] mex vkf.k vkf.k fodkl
vkfnoklh lkfgR;kph lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd o jktdh; ik’oZHkweh
vkfnoklh lkfgR;çokgkph oSf’k‛VÓks-
?kVd & 3 % vH;klxzaFk
1- /kx ¼dknacjh½ & m)o ‘ksGds
2- fuOkMd ‘kadj ikVhy ¼dFkk½ & laiknd & ok-y- dqyd.khZ
?kVd & 4 1-ft=kc ¼xzkeh.k dfork½ & laiknd & HkSjodqekj
2-xkasMou isVys vkgs- ¼dfork½ & fouk;d rqejke
lanHkZ xazFk
1- xzkeh.k lkfgR; % Lo:i vkf.k leL;k & vkuan ;kno
2- xzkeh.k lkfgR; % Lo:i vkf.k ‘kks/k & ukxukFk dksRRkkiYYks
3- xzkeh.k lkfgR; % ,d fparu & n- rk- Hkkslys
4- xzkeh.k dFkk & oklqnso eqykVs
5- ejkBh çknsf’kd dknacjh % ra= vkf.k Lo:i& enu dqyd.khZ
20
6- lkfgR; % xzkeh.k vkf.k nfyr & ¼laik-½ bZ’oj uaniqjs] gfjpanz fu?kksV] jktsanz okVk.ks]
jek ykacV
7- xzkeh.k okM~-e;kpk bfrgkl & panzdqekj uyxs
8- vkfnoklh lkfgR; % Lo:i vkf.k leh{kk & fouk;d rqejke
9- uodFkkdkj ‘kadj ikVhy ;kaP;k lkfgR;kpk fpfdRld vH;kl & ukxukFk dksrkiYys
10- ejkBh xzkeh.k dforspk bfrgkl & dSykl lkosZdj
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
vH;klif=dk & 4
lkfgR;’kkL= & Hkkx 2
?kVd & 1 % ik’pkR; lkfgR;’kkL= %
vuqÑrhpk fl)kar] IysVks o vWfjLVkWVy ;kaph ers] dWFkkflZl]
?kVd & 2 bfy;Vpk dkO;fopkj-
?kVd & 3 % vokZphu ejkBh lkfgR;fl)kar %
e<sZdjkapk lkSan;Zfopkj vkf.k y;rÙOk] ok³~e;hu egkRerk]
eqfDrcks/kkapk ekuq‛krspk fl)kar] n-x- xksMls ;kapk iksrfopkj]
?kVd & 4 Hkkypanz usekMs ;kapk ns‚kh;rspk fl)kar] jk-Hkk- ikV.kdjkapk
f}/kokRedrspk fl)kar-
lanHkZxazFk
1- vWfjLVkWVyps dkO;’kkL= ¼vuqokn½ & xks-fo- djanhdj
2- lkfgR;&fl)kar ¼vuqokn½ & l-xa- eky’ks
3- lkSan;Za vkf.k lkfgR; & ck-lh- e<sZdj
4- l‛Vh] lkS an;Z vkf.k lkfgR;ewY; & ‘kjPpanz eqfDRkcks/k
5- iksr & n-x- xksMls
6- lkSan;Zehekalk & jk-Hkk- ikV.kdj
7- Vhdkfoosd & Jh ds- {khjlkxj
21
8- ejkBh Vhdk & laik- olar nkorj
9- lkSan;Zfopkj & laik- eqacbZ ejkBh lkfgR; la?k
10- vk/kqfud ejkBh lkfgR;leh{kk o jlfl)kUr & y{e.k’kkL=h tks’kh
11- IysVksps lkfgR;’kkL= & v-uk- ns’kikaMs
12- e<sZdjkaph lkSan;Zaehekalk & çHkkdj ik/;s
13- e<sZdjkaps lkSan;Z’kkL=% iqUk%LFkkiuk & n-fHk- dqGd.khZ
14- uos lkfgR;’kkL= & ;’koar euksgj
l= & rhu
vH;klif=dk & 1
çkphu & e/;;qxhu ejkBh dfork % Hkkx 1
?kVd & 1 % çkphu ejkBh lkfgR; % Lo:i] mxe vkf.k fodkl
jktdh;] lkekftd o lkaLÑfrd ik’oZHkweh
/keZ vkf.k laçnk; ;kaP;k’kh vl.kkjk lkfgR;kpk vUkqca/k
lardkO;çokg % LFkwy vk<kok
?kVd & 2 çkphu ejkBh dkO;kP;k vfHkO;Drhps çdkj % vHkax o vksoh
çkphu ejkBhrhy [kaMdkO;s o vk[;kudkO;s % LFkwy ifjp;-
?kVd & 3 % vH;klxzaFk
1- Kkus’ojh % v/;k; uOkok ¼^KkusÜojh*ph e- ‘kklu çdkf’kr
jktokMs çr½
22
2- Ekgnacsps /koGs % laiknd & lqgkfluh bysZdj
?kVd & 4 1-egk}kjkP;k ik;jh’kh & laiknd gsear bukenkj o y-jk-
ufljkckndj
2-,dukFkkaph Hkk:Ms ¼[kaM&1½ & laik- ukuklkgsc cMos
lanHkZxzaFk
1- egkjk"Vª lkjLor ¼[kaM 1 [kaM 2½ & fo-y-Hkkos] ‘ka-xks-rqGiqGs
2- izkphu ejkBh ok³~e;kpk bfrgkl % Hkkx 1 rs 7& v-uk-ns’kikaMs
3- izkphu ok³~e;dks’k % izkphu [kaM & LukrdksÙkj ejkBh foHkkx] ukxiwj fo|kihB
4- egkjk‛Vªkrhy ikp laiznk; & ia-jk-eksdk’kh
5- izkphu ejkBh ok³~e;kps Lo:i & g-Jh-‘ks.kksyhdj
6- Kkunso vkf.k Kkunsoh & laik-jk-fpa-<sjs
7- ejkBh dfork % tquh vkf.k uoh & ok-y-dqGd.khZ
8- lar dof;=h & banqerh ‘ksoMs
9- vksoh rs yko.kh & Jh-ja-dqyd.khZ
10- lar] iar o rar & Jh e- ekVs
11- izkphu ejkBh dfoiapd & n-lh-iaxw
12- ,dukFkn’kZu & laik- gs-fo- bukenkj
13- e/;;qxhu ejkBh lkfgR; % ,d iqufoZpkj & Jh-ja-dqyd.khZ
14- izkphu ejkBhph uo/kkjk & jk-fpa-<sjs
15- ejkBh vk[;ku dfork & xa-c-xzkeksik/;s
16- egkdkO; % Lo:i vkf.k leh{kk & n-fHk-dqGd.khZ
17- ejkBh lkfgR;kps vkfnca/k & m‛kk ns’keq[k
18- ikp HkfDrlaiznk; & j-jk-xkslkoh
19- HkkxorksÙke lar ,dukFk & ‘ka-nk-isaMls
20- ,dukFkkaph Hkk#Ms & laik- enu dqyd.khZ
21- Ekgnacsps /koGs & laik- enu dqyd.khZ
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
23
vH;klif=dk & 2
v½ fo’ks‛k xazFkdkj % lar Kkus’oj
?kVd & 1 % fof’k‛V xazFkdkjkpk vH;kl % ,d ok³~e;hu ladYiuk
lar Kkus’oj % pfj= vkf.k O;fDRkeÙo
?kVd & 2 Kkus’ojdkyhu lkekftd] jktdh;] lkaLÑfrd] /kkfeZd
ifjfLFkrhpk LFkwy vk<kok-
lar Kkus’ojkaps ok³~e;foÜo % LFkwy ifjp;
?kVd & 3 % vH;klxzaFk
1- Kkus’ojh % v/;k; ifgyk ¼’kkldh; jktokMs çr½
?kVd & 4 1-Pkkaxnso ikl‛Vh
2-ve`rkuqHko ¼çdj.k 1 o 2½
lanHkZxzaFk
1- Kkunso vkf.k ukenso & ‘ka-nk-isaMls
2- Kkunso vkf.k Kkunsoh & laik- jk-fpa-<sjs
3- ejkBh dfork % tquh vkf.k uoh & ok-y-dqGd.khZ
4- Kkus’ojkaps rÙoKku & ‘ka-nk-isaMls
5- Kkus’oj pfj= vkf.k la’kks/ku & jk-x-g‛ksZ
6- JhKkunson’kZu & laik- c-l-;sjdqaVokj
7- KkusÜojh&izcks/k & laik- ‘kadj vH;adj
8- KkusÜojh % Lo:i] rÙoKku vkf.k dkO; & e-ok-/kksaM
24
9- JhKkusÜojn’kZu & Hkkx 1 o Hkkx 2 & laik- u-ck-ns’keq[k
10- Kkunsokaps O;fDreÙo & lq’khyk ikVhy
11- KkusÜojhrhy f’kdo.k & Jh-ek-dqGd.khZ
12- KkusÜojkaps Jksrlaokn & n-fHk-dqGd.khZ
13- KkusÜojkaph thoufu‛Bk & xa-ck-ljnkj
14- vkBo Kkunsokapk] Kkunsohpk & ;w-e-iBk.k
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
vFkok
vk½ rkSyfud lkfgR;kH;kl
?kVd & 1 % rkSyfud lkfgR;kH;klkph ladYiuk rkSyfud lkfgR;kH;klkP;k
fn’kk] çHkkokph ladYiuk % lS)kafrd Hkwfedk o ç;kstu]
çHkkokph dkj.kehekalk % laidZ] jktdh; fLFkR;arjs] lkaLÑfrd
var%çokg] uos ‘kks/k vkf.k rÙoKku- çHkkokaps Lo:i %
vuqdj.kewyd] caM[kksjh] ;qx/keZ o ;qx’kSyh]
?kVd & 2 ok³~e;hu fo"k;kapk o vk’k;lw=kapk çHkko] pfj=uk;d] ik=s]
feFkd ;kapk çHkko-
e/;;qxhu ejkBh ok³~e;kojhy çHkko % LFkwy ifjp;
fczVh’kdkyhu ejkBh lkfgR;kojhy çHkko % LFkwy ifjp;
ikf’pekR; fopkjoarkapk çHkko % LFkwy ifjp;
ok³~e;hu çHkko % ‘ksDlihvj] bClsu b-ukVddkjkapk çHkko-
?kVd & 3 % rkSyfud lkfgR; leh{kk % rÙo vkf.k mi;kstu]
foÜolkfgR; vkf.k jk‛Vªh; lkfgR; % ladYiuk o Lo#i]
?kVd & 4 Hkkjrh; lkfgR; % ladYiuk o Lo:i] Hkkjrh; lkfgR;kP;k
lanHkkZr rkSyfud lkfgR;kH;kl-
lanHkZxzaFk
v% oSpkfjd xzaFk
10-rkSyfud lkfgR;kH;kl % rÙos vkf.k fn’kk & laik- panz’ks[kj tgkxhjnkj
25
11- rkSyfud lkfgR;kH;kl & olar ckiV
12-rkSyfud lkfgR; % uos fl)kar vkf.k mi;kstu & vkuan ikVhy
13-lkfgR; % jax vkf.k vrjax & fuf’kdkar fejtdj
14-rkSyfud lkfgR; vkf.k e/;;qxhu ejkBh ok³~e; & laik- j-ck-eapjdj
15-izkphu & vokZphu lkfgR;kuqca/k & laik-jk-xks-ukbZdokMs]d‛.kk lkdqGdj o brj
16-Hkkjrh; lkfgR;kph ladYiuk & laik- n-fn-iqaMs o in~etk ?kksjiMs
c% yfyr xazFk
1- ioZ & ,l-,y-HkSjIik ¼vuqokn & mek dqyd.khZ½
2- laLdkj & ;w-vkj-vuarewrhZ ¼vuqokn & ja-‘kk-yksdkiwj] fo-x-dkfuVdj½
3- lwM & ckcqjko ckxwy
4- g;onu & fxjh’k dukZM ¼vuqokn & fpa-«;a-[kkuksydj½
5- egkfuokZ.k & lrh’k vkGsdj
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
vH;klif=dk & 3
Hkk‛kkfoKku & Hkkx 1
?kVd 1% Hkk‛ksps Lo:i] oSf’k‛VÓks vkf.k dk;Z
Hkk‛ksP;k O;k[;k] Hkk‛ksps Lo:i] ekuoh o ekuosrj Hkkf‛kd laçs‛k.k]
Hkkf‛kd o Hkk‛ksrj laçs‛k.k] Hkk‛kscíyps nf‛Vdks.k] Hkk‛ksph oSf’k‛V;s o dk;Z-
?kVd 2 LofuefoU;kl % Lou Lofue Loukarj] /ofufufeZrhps
çdkj] ejkBhpk Lofue fopkj- ifnefoU;kl%in&ifne&inkUrj]
ifnefoU;klkrhy çfØ;k] okD;foU;kl % okD;fo’ys‛k.k %
#ica/k vkf.k okD; ijLijlaca/k] çFkeksifLFkr la?kVd i)rh-
vFkZfoU;kl %vFkZLOk:i] vFkZ{ks= vkf.k ?kVdfo’ys‛k.k] vFkZçdkj-
?kVd 3 % Hkk’kkH;klkP;k i)rh
26
,sfrgkfld o rkSyfud Hkk’kkH;kl i)rh] o.kZukRed Hkk’kkH;kli)rh-
?kVd 4 Hkk’kkfoKku o brj vH;kl{ks=s] ‘kSyhfoKku ¼ /ouh]
‘kCn] okD; o vFkZ ;k ikrGÓkakoj½] dks’kfoKku] Hkk‛kkarjehekalk]
euksfoKku] ekuooa’kfoKku] mi;ksftr Hkk‛kkfoKku-
lanHkZxazFk
1- vk/kqfud Hkk‛kkfoKku % fl)kar vkf.k mi;kstu & fefyan eky’ks
2- Hkk‛kk % bfrgkl o Hkwxksy & uk-xks- dkysydj
3- Hkk‛kk vkf.k Hkk‛kk’kkL=s & Jh- u- xtsanzxMdj
4- Hkk‛kkfoKku ifjp; & l-xa- eky’ks] n-fn- iqaMs] vatyh lkse.k
5- vk/kqfud Hkk‛kkfoKku ¼lajpukoknh] lkekU; vkf.k lkekftd½ & dY;k.k dkGs]
vatyh lkse.k
6- Hkk‛kkfoKku % o.kZukRed vkf.k ,sfrgkfld & laiknd- eky’ks] bukenkj] lkse.k
7- ejkBh Hkk‛kk % mn~xe vkf.k fodkl & Ñ- ika- dqGd.khZ
8- vfHkuo Hkk"kkfoKku & xa-uk- tksxGsdj
9- lqYkHk Hkk‛kkfoKku & n-fn- iqaMs
10- ejkBhps o.kZukRed Hkk‛kkfoKku & egsanz dne
11- Hkk‛kkLOk:i lkeF;Z o lkSan;Z & okeu ds’ko ysy s
12- Hkk‛kkfoosd & eaxs’k foB~By jktk/;{k
13- laKkiufo|k vkf.k yfyr dyk & jes’k oj[ksMs
14- Hk;adj lqanj ejkBh Hkk‛kk & n-fn- iqaMs
15- oS[kjh % Hkk‛kkO;ogkj & v’kksd dsGdj
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
vH;klif=dk & 4
v½ çkphu o e/;;qxhu ejkBh ok³~e;sfrgkl
¼vkjaHkkiklwu rs b-l- 1800 i;Zaar½
?kVd & 1 % % ok³~e;sfrgkl % ladYiuk] Lo:i vkf.k fofo/k i)rh]
çkphu&e/;;qxhu ejkBh lkfgR; % çeq[k çsj.kk o Lo:i]
?kVd & 2 çkphu&e/;;qxhu ok³~e;hu] lkaLÑfrd] lkekftd] jktdh;]
/kkfeZd ikÜoZHkweh] frpk ok³~e;kojhy ifj.kke-
?kVd & 3 çkphu & e/;;qxhu ok³~e;krhy fofo/k çokg % larlkfgR;]
27
egkuqHkko lkfgR;] iafMrh lkfgR;] c[kj ok³~e;] ‚kkfgjh ok³~e;]
?kVd & 4 /keZ] iaFk&laçnk; vkf.k ok³~e; ;kaps ijLijlaca/k]
fganw] tSu] ckS)] eqfLye] ukFk] okjdjh] egkuqHkko] nÙk] leFkZ]
ohj’kSo] lwQh bR;knh iaFk&laçnk;] çkphu & e/;;qxhu
lkfgR;&laLÑrhph çlkjek/;es % Hktu] dhrZu] çopu] na<kj]
yGhr] iqjk.k] yksddyk-
lanHkZxzaFk
1- egkjk‛Vª lkjLor ¼[kaM 1 o [kaM 2½ & fo-y-Hkkos]’ka-xks-rqGiqGs
2- izkphu ejkBh ok³~e;kpk bfrgkl % Hkkx 1 rs 7 & v-uk-ns’kikaMs
3- izkphu okM~-e;dks’k% izkphu [kaM]LukrdksÙkj ejkBh foHkkx]ukxiwj fo|kihB]ukxiwj
4- egkjk‛Vªkrhy ikp laiznk; & ia-jk-eksdk’kh
5- egkuqHkko la’kks/ku & fo-fHk-dksyrs
6- ukFklaiznk; & e-jk-tks’kh
7- egkuqHkko iaFk vkf.k R;kps ok³~e; & ‘ka-xks-rqGiqGs
8- ejkBh Hkk‛ksps ewG & fo’oukFk [kSjs
9- izkphu ejkBh x|% izsj.kk vkf.k ijaijk & Jh-ja-dqGd.khZ
10- izkphu ejkBh ok³~e;kps Lo:Ik & g-Jh-‘ks.kksyhdj
11- ;knodkyhu egkjk‛Vª & eq-x-ikuls
12- larkokM~-e;kph lkekftd QyJqrh & xa-ck-ljnkj
13- ejkBh lkfgR;kps vkfnca/k & m‛kk ek-ns’keq[k
14- okjdjh laiznk; % mn; o fodkl & Hkk-ia-cfgjV] v-Kk-Hkkysjko
15- ikp HkfDrlaiznk; & j-jk-xkslkoh
16- ;qxizorZd lar % rqdkjke&jkenkl & laik- ‘kj;w rk;okMs] jktsanz okVk.ks] dksey Bkdjs
17- egkjk‛Vª laLdrhph tM.k?kM.k & g- Jh- ‘ks.kksyhdj] ns’kikaMs
18- lar dof;=h & banqerh ‘ksoMs
19- izkphu ejkBh tSu lkfgR; & lqHkk‛kpanz vDdksMs
20- ejkBh ohj’kSo lkfgR; & lq/kkdj eksxysokj
21- ukxs’k laiznk; & ;w- e-iBk.k
22- eqlyekukaph tquh ejkBh dfork & v-dk-fiz;ksGdj
23- eqlyeku ejkBh lardoh & jk-fpa-<sjs
24- ejkBh ok³~e;kfHk#phps fogaxekoyksdu & jk-Jh-tksx
28
25- ok³~e;sfrgklkph ladYiuk & laik-n-fn-iqaMs
26- ejkBh la’kks/ku eaMGkrhy lw{eiVkaph lwph & fo-ck-izHkqnslkbZ
27- ejkBh ok³~e;kpk bfrgkl % [kaM 1 rs 3 & egkjk‛Vª lkfgR; ifj‛kn
28- larlkfgR; vkf.k yksdlkfgR; % dkgh vuqca/k& jk-fpa-<sjs
29- lkrhxzaFk % Lo:i vkf.k leh{kk & d`-ia-ns’kikaMs
30- iafMr doh & ds-uk-okVos
31- c[kj ok³~e;% mn~xe vkf.k fodkl & ckiwth ladikG
32- lar] iar o rar & Jh e-ekVs
33- izkphu ejkBh dfoiapd & n-lh-iaxw
34- ejkBh c[kj x| & laik-xa-c-xzkeksik/;s
35- eÚgkVh yko.kh & e-ok-/kksaM
36- f[kzLrh ejkBh ok³~e; & xaxk/kj eksjts
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
vFkok
vk½ la’kks/ku’kkL=
?kVd & 1 % la’kks/kukph ladYiuk] la’kks/kukP;k çsj.kk o ç;kstu] oSKkfud
la’kks/ku] lkekftd la’kks/ku] ok³~e;hu la’kks/ku]
?kVd & 2 fofo/k la’kks/ku {ks=krhy ijLijlaca/k] la’kks/kuçfØ;srhy fofo/k VIis]
la’kks/kukph
mfn~n‛Vs] xfgrd] la’kks/ku lkexzh o lk/kus] la’kks/kui)rh-
?kVd & 3 % Hkkf‛kd vkf.k ok³~e;hu la’kks/kukph O;kIrh]
?kVd & 4 ok³~e;hu la’kks/kukph ofo/k vH;kl{ks=s] lkfgR;Ñrhfu‛B la’kks/ku]
ys[kdfu‛B la’kks/ku] dky[kaMfu‛B la’kks/ku-
lanHkZxazFk
1- ‘kks/kfoKkudks’k & nq-dk-lar
2- ok³~e;hu laKk&ladYiuk dks’k & laik-olar vkckth Mgkds o brj
3- lkekftd la’kks/ku i)rh & iq-y-HkkaMkjdj
4- ejkBh lkfgR; la’kks/ku% Lo:i vkf.k fn’kk & ‘k-jk-jk.ks
29
5- ‘kks/kfuca/kkph ys[kui)rh & l-xa-eky’ks
6- izca/k dlk fygkok\ & t;ar osy.kdj
7- lkekftd ‘kkL=kaph la’kks/ku iz.kkyh & fot; tjkjs
8- la’kks/ku i)rh % izfØ;k o varjax & nq-dk-lar
9- ok³~e;hu fo}Ùkk & nq-dk-lar
10- Hkk‛kk o lkfgR; la’kks/ku [kaM 1] [kaM 2 o [kaM 3 & laik- olar tks’kh]
xa-uk-tksxGsdj] e-uk-vnoar
11- ejkBh la’kks/kufo|k & m‛kk ns’keq[k
12- lkfgR;’kks/k.kh & m‛kk ns’keq[k
13- la’kks/ku % Lo:i vkf.k i)rh & laik- lq-jk-pqusdj vkf.k brj
14- ejkBh izca/k lwph & o-fo-dqyd.khZ
15- la’kks/ku% fl)kar vkf.k i)rh & lnk dÚgkMs
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
l= & pkj
vH;klif=dk & 1
çkphu&e/;;qxhu ejkBh dfork % Hkkx 2
?kVd & 1 % e/;;qxhu ejkBh lkfgR;kph jktdh;] lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd]
ikÜoZHkweh- iafMrh dkO; o ‘kkfgjh dkO; ;kapk LFkwy ifjp;]
?kVd & 2 Hkk#M] yko.kh] iksokMk b- çdkjkapk LFkwy ifjp;] e/;;qxhu ejkBh
dkO; % çeq[k oSf’k‛VÓks-
?kVd & 3 % vH;klxzaFk
1- rqdkjken’kZu & laiknd x-a ck- ljnkj
2- ne;arh Lo;aoj % j?kqukFk iafMr & laiknd v- dk- fç;ksGdj
?kVd & 4 1-‘yksddsdkoyh % eksjksiar & laiknd Jh- uk- cugV~Vh-
2-iaSt.k & laiknd e-uk- vnoar
30
lanHkZxzaFk
1- ejkBh dfork % tquh vkf.k uoh & ok-y-dqGd.khZ
2- vksoh rs yko.kh & Jh-ja-dqyd.khZ
3- lar] iar o rar & Jh e-ekVs
4- izkphu ejkBh dfoiapd & n-lh-iaxw
5- eÚgkVh yko.kh & e-ok-/kksaM
6- ejkBh ‘kkghj & Jh-e-onsZ
7- e/;;qxhu ejkBh lkfgR;% ,d iqufoZpkj& Jh- ja-dqyd.khZ
8- izkphu ejkBhP;k uo/kkjk & jk-fpa-<sjs
9- iafMr doh & ds-uk-okVos
10- vkuankpk Mksg & jk-x- tk/ko
11- lk{kkRdkjh lar rqdkjke & ‘ka-nk-isaMls
12- rqdkjke & Hkkypanz usekMs
13- Jh rqdkjkeckckaP;k vHkaxkph xkFkk & laik- iq-e- ykM
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
vH;klif=dk & 2
v½ fo’ks‛k xzaFkdkj % Hkkypanz usekMs
?kVd & 1 % Hkkypanz usekMs % pfj= vkf.k O;fDreÙOk] usekM;kaP;k
lkfgR;kph lkekftd] lkaLÑfrd] jktdh; ikÜoZHkweh]
?kVd & 2 usekMs ;kapk ns’khokn & usekMs ;kaps lkfgR;fo’o % ,d vk<kok
?kVd & 3 % vH;klxzaFk
1- dkslyk ¼dknacjh½
?kVd & 4 1-ns[k.kh ¼dforklaxzg½
2-VhdkLo;aoj ¼leh{kk½
lanHkZxzaFk
1- dkslykcn~ny & laik- ckck HkkaM
31
2- usekMs ;kaps dknacjhprq‛V; & laik- jktu xol
3- Hkkypanz usekMs ;kaph dknacjh%,d fpfdRlk & fd’kksj lkui
4- Hkkypanz usekMs ;kaph leh{kk%,d fpfdRlk & fd’kksj lkui
5- Hkkypanz usekMs ;kaph dfork%,d fpfdRlk & fd’kksj lkui
6- ns[k.khlaca/kh & laik-uhGdaB dne
7- usekMs ;kaps lkfgR;% ,d vUo;kFkZ & ds’ko lnzs
8- ns’khokn & v’kksd ckcj
9- ns’kh;rk rs tkxfrdhdj.k & enu dqyd.khZ
10- fuoMd eqyk[krh & Hkkypanz usekMs
11- lksGk Hkk‛k.ks & Hkkypanz usekMs
12- lkfgR;] laLdrh vkf.k tkxfrdhdj.k & Hkkypanz usekMs
13- tkxfrdhdj.k vkf.k ns’khokn & jaxukFk iBkjs
14- vkf.kd VhdkLo;aoj & laik- lq‛kek djksxy o brj
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
vk½ Hkk‛kkarjehekalk
?kVd & 1 % Hkk‛kkarj % ladYiuk o Lo:i Hkk‛kkarjkps çdkj % vuqokn] :ikarj o Hkk‛kkaRkj
?kVd & 2 vuqokn % ‘kkL= vkf.k dyk] Hkk‛kkarjdk;kZrhy leL;k
?kVd & 3 % yfyr lkfgR;Ñrhps Hkk‛kkarj] ejkBhrhy Hkk‛kkarfjr lkfgR;kpk vk<kok
Hkk‛kkarj vkf.k rkSyfud lkfgR;kH;kl % ijLijlaca/k
?kVd & 4 ijdh; Hkk‛kkae/khy lkfgR;Ñrhaph ejkBh Hkk‛kkarjs] Hkkjrh; Hkk‛kkae/khy
lkfgR;Ñrhaph ejkBh Hkk‛kkarjs
lanHkZxazFk
v½ lS)kafrd xazFk
1- Hkk‛kkarjehekalk & dY;k.k dkGs o vatyh lkse.k
2- Hkk‛kkarj & lnk dÚgkMs
32
3- Hkk‛kkarj o Hkk‛kk & foykl lkjax
4- Hkk‛kkarjfo|k % Lo:i vkf.k leL;k & laik- jes’k oj[ksMs
5- vuqokn % Lo:i vkf.k foospu & ;-p-e-eq-fo|kihB] ukf’kd
6- Hkk‛kkarj % ‘kkL= dh dyk & e-fo- QkVd o jtuh Bdkj
c½ yfyr xazFk
1- v/khZeq/khZ dgk.kh & bafnjk xksLokeh ¼vuqokn vpZuk fejtdj½
2- jflnh fVdV & verk çhre ¼vuqokn eqjyh/kj ‘kgk½
3- ukp x ?kqek & ek/koh nslkbZ
vH;klif=dk & 3
Hkk‛kkfoKku Hkkx & 2
?kVd 1 % lektHkk‛kkfoKku
lekt&laLÑrh & Hkk‛kk lglaca/k] lektHkk‛kkfoKkukrhy fofo/k ladYiuk %
Hkkf‛kd HkkaMkj] y?kq{ks=s] Hkkf‛kd izHkko{ks=] Hkkf‛kd laidZ] Hkk‛kkO;ogkj]
?kVd 2 }SHkkf‛kdrk] cgqHkkf‛kdrk] Hkk‛kkfeJ.k] Hkk‛kkcny] Hkk‛kkfuf‛k)rk] Hkk‛kk’kq)h]
Hkk‛kkiznw‛k.k] fyaxHksnkph Hkk‛kk o brj Hkkf‛kd Hksn
?kVd 3 % ejkBhpk mxedkG vkf.k frph tud Hkk‛kk
ejkBhpk mxedkG fuf’prhph lk/kus % xzaFk] ys[k o brj ererkarjs]
varoZrqZG &cfgoZrqZG fl)kar] ejkBhP;k iwoZHkk‛kkaps _.k]
tudHkk‛ksfo‛k;h ers
?kVd 4 izek.k ejkBh vkf.k frP;k cksyh
33
izek.kHkk‛kk o cksyh lkE;Hksn] cksyhvH;klkps egÙo]
izek.k ejkBh o ejkBhpk Hkkf‛kd izns’k]
ejkBhP;k cksyh & oÚgkMh] vfgjk.kh] dksd.kh] ukxiqjh] >kMh
lanHkZxzaFk
1- lektHkk‛kkfoKku & jes’k oj[ksMs
2- lektHkk‛kkfoKku çeq[k ladYiuk & j-uk- oj[ksMs
3- lkekftd Hkk‛kkfoKku & laik- çHkkdj tks’kh] pk#rk xks[kys
4- ejkBh Hkk‛kspk vkfFkZd lalkj & v’kksd dsGdj
5- Hkk‛kkfoKku ifjp; & l-x- a eky’ks] n-fn- iqaMs] vatyh lkse.k
6- ejkBh çek.kHkk‛ksps Lo#i & lqgkfluh yn~nw
7- ejkBh Hkkf‛kd vH;kl % ,sfrgkfld vkf.k o.kZukRed & eq-Jh dkuMs
8- Hkk‛kkfoKku vkf.k ejkBh Hkk‛kk & vfuy xoGh
9- Sociolinguistics : An introduction - Petor Trudgill
10- Sociolinguistics - R.A. Hudson
11- Hkk‛kk vkf.k laLÑrh & uk-xks- dkysydj
12- >kMhcksyh & gfjÜpanz cksjdj
13- ukxiqjh cksyh & olar Ñ- oÚgkMikaMs
14- o)h %Hkk‛kk vkf.k Hkk‛kkH;klkps fodlu & fnus’k ekgqydj
15- lkekftd Hkk‛kkfoKku & jes’k /kksaxMs
16- lkfgR;kph Hkk‛kk & Hkkypanz usekMs
17- lkekftd Hkk‛kkfoKku d{kk vkf.k vH;kl ¼laik-½ % t;Jh ikV.kdj
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
34
vH;klif=dk & 4
v½ vokZphu ejkBh ok³~e;sfrgkl
¼b-l-1800 rs 2000½
?kVd & 1 % vokZphu o vk/kqfud ;k ladYiukapk fopkj] ejkBh ok³~e;kpk
vOoy baxzth dky[kaM ¼1818 rs 1885½ % ok³~e;hu
fLFkfrxrh] vuqokfnr okM~e;kpk dky[kaM] ;k dky[kaMkrhy
jktdh;] lkekftd o lkaLdfrd ifjfLFkrh o frpk
ok³~e;fo’ok’kh vl.kkjk laca/k] ;k dky[kaMkrhy
çcks/kuçfØ;k]
?kVd & 2 vokZphu ejkBh OkkM~e;kpk vkjaHkdkG ¼1885 rs 1920½% ;k
dky[kaMkrhy jktdh;] lkekftd o lkaLdfrd izcks/kukps Lo:i
o R;kpk ok³~e;kojhy ifj.kke] ;k dky[kaMkrhy fuca/k] dfork]
dFkk] dknacjh] ukVd ;k ok³~e;izdkjkapk bfrgkl] vokZphu
ok³~e;kpk mRRkjk/kZ ¼1920 rs 1945½ % ;k dky[akMkrhy fuca/k]
dfork] dFkk] dknacjh] ukVd ;k ok³~e;izdkjkapk bfrgkl-
?kVd & 3 % egk;q)ksRrj ejkBh lkfgR; ¼1945 rs 2000½ % egk;q)ksRrj
lkekftd & jktdh; ifjfLFkrh vkf.k ejkBh lkfgR;kpk vuqca/k]
uodFkk] uoukVÓk o uodknacjhph fufeZrh o fodkl]
?kVd & 4 ;k dky[akMkrhy okM~e;izdkjkapk LFkwy bfrgkl] nfyr vkf.k xzkeh.k
lkfgR;kpk bfrgkl] vokZphu dky[kaMkrhy dkgh lkfgR;izokg %
35
jk‛Vªoknh] xka/khoknh] ekDlZoknh] vkacsMdjoknh] L=hoknh
lfgR;izokg vkf.k R;kapk LFkwy vk<kok] tuoknh] vkfnoklh]
ns’khoknh lkfgR;kpk LFkwy vk<kok-
lanHkZxazFk
1- vokZphu ejkBh x|kph iwoZihfBdk & xa-ck- ljnkj
2- vk/kqfud ejkBh okM~-e;kpk bfrgkl [kaM 1] 2 & v-uk- ns’kikaMs
3- vk/kqfud ejkBh okM~-e;kpk bfrgkl [kaM 4] 5 o 6 & egkjk‛Vª lkfgR; ifj‛kn-
4- çnf{k.kk [kaM 1 o 2 & dkWfUVusaVy çdk’ku] iq.ks
5- ejkBh lkfgR; % çsj.kk o Lo:i & laik- xks-ek- iokj] e-n- gkrd.kaxysdj
6- ejkBh dFkk % mn~xe vkf.k fodkl & banqerh ‘ksoMs
7- ejkBh ok³~e;kpk foospd bfrgkl & ç-u- tks’kh
8- ejkBh dknacjh % ifgys ’krd & dqlqekorh ns’kikaMs
9- ejkBh dfork % Lo:i vkf.k foospu & fuf’kdkar Bdkj
10- vokZphu ejkBh dkO;n’kZu & v{k;dqekj dkGs
11- ekDLkZokn vkf.k ejkBh lkfgR; & fo-l- tksx
12- ejkBh oÙki=kapk bfrgkl & jk-ds- ysys
13- ejkBh okM~-e;kpk vfHkuo bfrgkl & laik- xa-uk-tksxGsdj
14- Lokra«;ksÙkj ejkBh dfork & laik- lq‛kek djksxy
15- ok³~e;sfrgklkph ladYiuk & laik- n-fn- iqaMs
16- vokZphu ejkBh ok³~e;lsod % Hkkx 1 rs 7 & laik- xa-ns- [kkuksydj
17- vokZphu ejkBh lkfgR;kph lkaLÑfrd ik’oZHkweh & lnk dÚgkMs
18- ejkBh Hkk‛kk vkf.k lkfgR; & fo-Hkk- ns’kikaMs] Lusgy rkojs
19- ejkBh çknsf’kd dkancjh % ra= vkf.k Lo:i & enu dqyd.khZ
20- vkacsMdjoknh lkfgR; & jk-x- tk/ko
21- nfyr lkfgR; % osnuk vkf.k fonzksg & Hkkypanz QMds
22- nfyr lkfgR; % fl)kar vkf.k Lo:i & ;’koar euksgj
23- vktps ejkBh lkfgR; & laik- vk’kk lkonsdj vkf.k brj
24- ejkBh Vhdk & laik- olar nkorj
25- uoleh{kk % dkgh fopkjçokg & laik- xks-e- dqyd.khZ
36
26- ejkBh lkfgR; % bfrgkl vkf.k laLÑrh & olar vkckth Mgkds
27- leh{ksrhy uO;k ladYiuk & laik- euksgj tk/ko
28- ledkyhu ejkBh lkfgR; % çoÙkh vkf.k çokg & laik- enu /kudj] e.kkfyuh
ikVhy] T;ksrh ykatsokj
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
vFkok
vk½ lkfgR;leh{kk
?kVd & 1 % leh{ksph ladYiuk] lkfgR; &leh{ksph mfn~n‛Vs] la’kks/ku o
leh{kk % ijLijlaca/k] leh{ksrhy vkLokn] vkdyu o ewY;ekiu ;kaps
LFkku
?kVd & 2 vkn’kZ leh{ksps xq.k/keZ] ejkBh leh{ksph okVpky]
leh{ksP;k fofo/k i)rh] vk/kqfud leh{kk & fl)kar
?kVd & 3 % dykoknh leh{kki)rh] thouoknh leh{kki)rh] leh{kk %
lS)kafrd vkf.k mi;ksftr] vkLoknd leh{kk] :ioknh leh{kk]
?kVd & 4 pfj=kRed leh{kk] ekul’kkL=h; leh{kk] vkfnca/kkRed leh{kk]
,sfrgkfld leh{kk] lekt’kkL=h; leh{kk
lanHkZxazFk
1- vk/kqfud leh{kk fl)kar & fefyan eky’ks] v’kksd tks’kh
2- leh{ksph uoh :is & xaxk/kj ikVhy
3- foLkkO;k ‘krdkrhy ejkBh leh{kk & laik- foykl [kksys
4- ‘kSyhoSKkfud leh{kk & jes’k /kksaxMs
5- jlkLokn % ok³~e; vkf.k dyk & ek/ko vkpoy
6- jlxzg.k % dyk vkf.k Lo:i & xks-e- dqGd.khZ
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7- uoleh{kk % dkgh fopkj çokg & laik- xks-e- dqGd.khZ
8- ok³~e;hu jlkLokn & Hkhkejko dqGd.khZ
9- lkfgR;kps rÙoKku & fo-uk- <oGs
10-lafgrkleh{kk vkf.k ikfjHkkf‛kd laKk & olar nkorj
11- ejkBh Vhdk & laik- olar nkorj
12- vkRey{kh leh{kk & jes’k /kksaxMs
13- Vhdkfoosd & Jh- ds- {khjlkxj
14- lkBksÙkjh ejkBh leh{kk & ds’ko lnzs
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