1. Madison’s attempts at US Neutrality• CausesCauses of War of 1812
• Impressment • War Hawks • Tecumseh
• Defend American neutrality
2. 2nd War of Independence: vs. Great Britain• Mr. Madison’s War---War of 1812• Misc. Information and lst’s
• War strategy• Francis Scott Key = “National Anthem”• British burn White House• War heroes
• William Henry Harrison• Andrew Jackson
• Battle of New Orleans--1815Madnotes1
3. Outcomes:• War----a stalemate
• Treaty of Ghent• Hartford Convention • War’s Legacy
• US defends it’s neutrality • Respect from Europe
4. President James Monroe, 1817 to 1825• Era of Good Feelings• Monroe Doctrine
Madnotes2
• Born in Virginia, 1751•Enlisted in Continental Army
but too small•Attended Princeton University
and became a lawyer.•Father of the Constitution and
Bill of Rights.•Secretary of State during
Jefferson’s Presidency•President, 1809 to 1817
•Most known for defending US Neutrality during the War of
1812.
• Born in Virginia, 1751•Enlisted in Continental Army
but too small•Attended Princeton University
and became a lawyer.•Father of the Constitution and
Bill of Rights.•Secretary of State during
Jefferson’s Presidency•President, 1809 to 1817
•Most known for defending US Neutrality during the War of
1812.
madwar
President James Madison
President James Madison
Non-Intercourse ActNon-Intercourse Act1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the 1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all Embargo, which forbade American trade with all
foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or
French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon’s Bill No. 2.by Macon’s Bill No. 2.
Macon’s Bill No. 2Macon’s Bill No. 21810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but 1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but
offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly
changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.resumed trade with France, but not Britain.
Dupe of Napoleon
November, 1810: Madison announces nonimportation against
Britain Results in political ties with France
Major foreign policy mistakeNapoleon
•August, 1810: in response, Napoleon (lying) announced
decrees (stop impressing US ships) had been repealed
Presidential Election of 1812
NEXT
War breaks out again between the United States and
Britain in 1812.
England closed ports under French control to
foreign shipping (incl. US), seized US ships &
impressed Americans.
Napoleon ordered seizure of all merchant ships that
entered British ports.
impressment
France and Great Britain are at France and Great Britain are at warwar
Both sides were impressing US ships. An act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, men and forcing
them into your navy
War Hawks
New members of Congress, John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay want war why Great Britain….Why?
•U.S. must defend its neutrality•Stop impressment•British forts•Tecumseh•Desire for Canada and Florida•Called 2nd War of Independence
War Hawks
New members of Congress, John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay want war why Great Britain….Why?
•U.S. must defend its neutrality•Stop impressment•British forts•Tecumseh•Desire for Canada and Florida•Called 2nd War of Independence
madwar
Henry ClayKentucky
Henry ClayKentucky
John C. CalhounSouth Carolina
John C. CalhounSouth Carolina
TecumsehTecumseh Tecumseh (Shawnee warrior) & the
Prophet (brother) formed union of tribes east of Mississippi to fight white intrusion Supplied by the British led Indian cultural renewal
1809: General William H. Harrison appointed as governor of Indiana Territory by President Jefferson.
President Jefferson instructed Harrison to convince Tecumseh to stop attacking American settlements.
PRINCIPLES WE FOUGHT
•Defend our neutrality•Freedom of the seas
•Defend our self interest
madwar
President James Madison
President James Madison
Madison brought the US into this war to defend the neutrality
of the US.
Would this be a violation of President Washington’s policy
of keeping the US out of war and neutral?
“Mr. Madison’s War”“Mr. Madison’s War”
Why Britain, not France? Impressment: destroying US economy British forts Arming of Indians (Tecumseh) Desire for Canada No respect from British
Was convinced by the War Hawks that this was a needed war.
“Mr. Madison’s War”“Mr. Madison’s War”
June, 1812: War Hawks engineer declaration of war with England. Unfortunately, Congress was not aware that London
repealed impressment policy 2 days prior to war
New England opposed to war but Southern/western states supported the war
US at war vs. most powerful nation, but US divided Poorly equipped US army initiated military action
in 1812 by launching a 3-part invasion of Canada The British easily repulsed the Americans
Map war1812
•US unprepared for war.
•Failed invasion into Canada.
•Blockade hurt US economy…
The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813
The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813
US military victory led by General William H. Harrison Tecumseh was killed during this battle
Naval BattlesNaval Battles
The Battle of Lake Erie was probably the most important naval battle of the war After defeating the British, Captain Oliver Hazard Perry
declared, “We have met the enemy and they are ours” Thomas Macdonough defeated a British fleet on
Lake Champlain which resulted in a British retreat US Naval tradition develops during the War of 1812
Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814 Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814
highlights
Dolly Madison escaped from White House and
took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the
British destroyed it.
Dolly Madison escaped from White House and
took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the
British destroyed it.
U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star
Spangled Banner. September 13th, 1814
U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star
Spangled Banner. September 13th, 1814
highlights
Battle of Fort Battle of Fort McHenry,McHenry,
18141814
Battle of Fort Battle of Fort McHenry,McHenry,
18141814
Oh Say Can You SeeOh Say Can You SeeBy the Dawn’s Early Light…By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- -- Francis Scott KeyFrancis Scott Key
Oh Say Can You SeeOh Say Can You SeeBy the Dawn’s Early Light…By the Dawn’s Early Light… -- -- Francis Scott KeyFrancis Scott Key
•10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.
•4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were 4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of
Ghent was negotiated to end the war.Ghent was negotiated to end the war.
•10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.
•4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were 4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of
Ghent was negotiated to end the war.Ghent was negotiated to end the war.
New orleans
•Considered greatest U.S. victory to that
time•Defeated British’s best without help from any country•Countries gained
respect for the U.S. after this battle.•Kept Louisiana
Purchase under the control of the U.S.
•Considered greatest U.S. victory to that
time•Defeated British’s best without help from any country•Countries gained
respect for the U.S. after this battle.•Kept Louisiana
Purchase under the control of the U.S.
New orleans
The Treaty of Ghent The Treaty of Ghent War of 1812 is considered a
“stalemate”…Dec. 1814 Peace commissioners in Ghent
devised the following terms of peace A halt to the fighting The return of all conquered
territory to the prewar borders Recognition of the prewar
boundary between Canada and the United States
Treaty was ratified by the Senate
Radical NE Federalists met to discuss their grievances & find solutions to their problems:
•U.S. Govt. fighting an unnecessary war against the wrong enemy
•Sought financial assistance from Washington since their trade was at a standstill because British had placed a blockade
around the Atlantic coastline of US•New Englanders continued to trade with the British during the
war•Talked of secession or a separate peace proposal with England
Resolutions adopted by the convention resemble a modern day political platform:
•Constitutional amendments lessening the powers of Congress
•restoring Federalist influence by a minority veto•2/3’s vote before an embargo, new western states
could be admitted and war could be declared.
The War’s Legacy The War’s Legacy
U.S. gained the respect of other nations U.S. came to accept Canada as a neighbor
and a part of the British Empire The Federalist party came to an end as a
national force Talk of nullification and secession in New England set a precedent that would later be
used by the South Gained our neutrality and became isolated
from Europe
The War’s LegacyThe War’s Legacy
Native Americans in the West were forced to surrender large areas of land and move west.
More U.S. factories were built War heroes such as Andrew Jackson and
William Henry Harrison would eventually become Presidents.
Growth of American nationalism Enter a time period in our history called the
“Era of Good Feelings”
Respect from the Europeans
The War of 1812 won new respect for America among many British. Michael Scott, a young lieutenant in the British navy wrote,
“I don’t like Americans; I never did, and never shall like them…..I have no wish to eat
with them, drink with them, deal with, or consort with them in any way; but let me tell
the whole truth, nor fight with them, were it not for the laurels to be acquired, by overcoming an enemy so brave, determined and alert, and in every way so worthy on one’s steel, as they
have always proved.
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