MALAYSIA: EARTHQUAKES
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia,
USA USA
MALAYSIA
• Population: 23,522,482
• Area: 329,750 km2
• Coastline: 4675 km
• GDP: $207.8 billion
• GDP Per Capita: $9,000
MALAYSIA IS AT RISK FROM EARTHQUAKES & VOLCANOESMALAYSIA IS AT RISK FROM
EARTHQUAKES & VOLCANOES
• EARTHQUAKES and VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS (usually from sources outside the country; i.e., Indonesia, not inside)
• EARTHQUAKES and VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS (usually from sources outside the country; i.e., Indonesia, not inside)
WESTERN MALAYSIA, WHERE KUALA LAMPUR IS LOCATED, IS AT GREATER
RISK FROM NATURAL HAZARDS THAN EASTERN
MALAYSIA
KUALA LUMPUR
• The city covers an area of 243 km2 (94 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 1.6 million in 2010.
• Greater Kuala Lumpur, also known as the Klang Valley, was an urban agglomeration of 6.9 million in 2010 and one of the fastest growing metropolitan regions in Malaysia.
MALAYSIA: PART OF THE COMPLEX EURASIAN AND INDO-AUSTRALIAN
PLATE TECTONICS
MALAYSIA: PART OF THE COMPLEX EURASIAN AND INDO-AUSTRALIAN
PLATE TECTONICS
THE SUNDA TECTONIC PLATE
• The Sunda Plate is a minor tectonic plate on which the majority of Southeast Asia is located.
• The Sunda Plate was formerly considered a part of the Eurasian plate, but GPS measurements have confirmed its independent movement at 10 mm/yr eastward relative to Eurasia.
Sabah Deputy Chief Minister Joseph Pairin Kitingan blamed the tragedy on
a group of 10 foreigners who "showed disrespect to the sacred mountain" by posing naked at the
peak last week. He said a special ritual would be conducted later to "appease the
mountain spirit."
PHYSICAL EFFECTS
• The M6.0 earthquake struck early Friday near Malaysia’s Mount Kinabalu a popular tourist destination.
• The ground shaking triggered landslides, sending huge granite boulders tumbling down the 4,095-meter-high peak.
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND
FAILURE)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES
LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
GLOBAL “DISASTER
LABORATORIES”
GLOBAL “DISASTER
LABORATORIES”
SITING AND BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES
LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO LATERAL SPREADS
SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS
PRECIPITATION THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE SHAKING
GROUND SHAKING THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
CAUSES OF DAMAGE
GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIES
GLOBAL DISASTER LABORATORIES
LATERAL BLAST
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
PYROCLASTIC FLOWS
FLYING DEBRIS
VOLCANIC ASH
LAVA FLOWS
LAHARS
TOXIC GASES
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
DISASTER LABORATORIES
DISASTER LABORATORIES
PRELIMINARY SOCIAL EFFECTS
• By Saturday, the death toll had reached 13.
• Some climbers were stranded; others made it down safely.
• People were advised to expect aftershocks
PRELIMINARY SOCIAL EFFECTS
• The ground shaking damaged buildings, schools, a hospital, and roads in Ranau.
SEARCH AND RESCUE OPERATIONS
• About 60 rescuers and four helicopters were combing the mountain, where loose rocks and boulders that fell during the quake blocked part of the main route.
MALAYSIA IS AT RISK FROM OTHER NATURAL HAZARDS MALAYSIA IS AT RISK FROM OTHER NATURAL HAZARDS
• CYCLONES
• FLOODS (especially during cyclone season)
• LANDSLIDES (TRIGGERED BY TOO MUCH RAIN OR EARTHQUAKE GROUND SHAKING )
• CYCLONES
• FLOODS (especially during cyclone season)
• LANDSLIDES (TRIGGERED BY TOO MUCH RAIN OR EARTHQUAKE GROUND SHAKING )
Floods and landslides from cyclones are the primary hazards
affecting Malaysia. Effects from earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are usually
from distant sources. Droughts also occur.
KUALA LUMPUR AND PUTRAJAVA
• Kuala Lumpur is the cultural, financial, and economic center of Malaysia, and also the seat of Malaysia’s Parliament and the official residence of the King.
• Putrajava is the location of the executive and judicial branches of the federal government, which were relocated from Kuala Lumpur in 1999.
TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE
IN MALAYSIA A Paradigm Shift
From Disaster Proneness Will Improve the Quality of Life in Malaysia
CONTINUATION OF THE STATUS QUO WHEN MALAYSIA IS AT RISK
AND DISASTER PRONE - - -
Will result in new and more complex HEALTH PROBLEMS
WILL result in unnecessary DEATHS AND INJURIES
WILL result in longer and more costly RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
A PARADIGM SHIFT TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE IN
MALAYSIA - - -
Will result in fewer and less complex HEALTH PROBLEMS
WILL result in fewer
DEATHS AND INJURIES
WILL result in shorter and less costly RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION
TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE IN MALAYSIA
• Step 1: Integrate Past Experiences Into Books of Knowledge
• Step 2: From Books of Knowledge to Innovative Educational Surges to Build Professional and Technical Capacity
• Step 3: From Professional and Technical Capacity to National Disaster Resilience
Step 1: Integrate Past Experiences Into Books of
Knowledge NOTE: A book of Knowledge is
everything we know or think we know about Malaysia’s risk-causing
hazards
BOOK OF
BOOK OF
KNOWLEDGE
KNOWLEDGE
- Perspectives
- Perspectives
On Science, Policy,
On Science, Policy,
And Change
And Change
BOOKS OF KNOWLEDGE
Are “TOOLS” to facilitate a commitment by Malaysia to minimize
the likely impacts of the inevitable future cyclones, floods, landslides
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and droughts, thereby anticipating and
preventing disasters
WHAT DO WE KNOW?
• Disaster resilience has become an urgent global goal in the 21st century as many Nations are experiencing disasters after a natural hazard strikes, and learning that their communities, institutions, and people do NOT yet have the capacity to be disaster resilient.
Step 2: From Books of Knowledge to Innovative
Educational Surges to Build Professional and Technical
Capacity in Malaysia to Minimize Likely Impacts in the
Next Disaster
NOTE: Step 2 is a task for a Nation’s “Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine,” its
educational institutions at all levels, and its electronic and
print media that provide public information
WHAT DO WE KNOW?
• Disaster resilience does not just happen; it is the result of decision-making for a national paradigm shift from the status quo to an improved “coping capacity” that enables the country to recover quickly after a disaster.
Step 3: From Professional and Technical Capacity to Science-based Decision-making for a
Paradigm Shift from the status quo to Disaster Resilience in
India
NOTE: Step 3 is a task for Malaysia’s “decision-makers,”
(i.e., its political leaders, stakeholders, and leading
professionals)
who have a basis for deciding on the nature and scope of a
national paradigm shift
LIVING WITH NATURAL HAZARDSLIVING WITH NATURAL HAZARDS
INCREASED DEMANDS INCREASED DEMANDS ON COMMUNITYON COMMUNITY
INCREASED DEMANDS INCREASED DEMANDS ON COMMUNITYON COMMUNITY
A DISASTER:A DISASTER:
INSUFFICIENT INSUFFICIENT CAPABILITIES OF CAPABILITIES OF
COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY
INSUFFICIENT INSUFFICIENT CAPABILITIES OF CAPABILITIES OF
COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY
LIVING WITH NATURAL HAZARDSLIVING WITH NATURAL HAZARDS
DEMANDS ON DEMANDS ON COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY
DEMANDS ON DEMANDS ON COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY
MINIMIZE IMPACTS OF FUTURE MINIMIZE IMPACTS OF FUTURE OCCURRENCES:OCCURRENCES:
CAPABILITIES OF CAPABILITIES OF COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY
CAPABILITIES OF CAPABILITIES OF COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY
MALAYSIA’SMALAYSIA’S
COMUNITIESCOMUNITIES
MALAYSIA’SMALAYSIA’S
COMUNITIESCOMUNITIESDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
•NATURAL HAZARDS MAPS•INVENTORY•VULNERABILITY•LOCATION
RISK ASSESSMENTRISK ASSESSMENT
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
A PARADIGM SHIFTA PARADIGM SHIFT IN MALAYSIAIN MALAYSIA
•PREPAREDNESS•PROTECTION/PREVENTION•EARLY WARNING•EMERGENCY RESPONSE•RECOVERY/RECONSTRUCT.
POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS