Malcolm Knowles Adult Learning Theory
Patricia Farley MS RN CNEWalden University
EdD StudentEDUC 8101
Questions to be addressed?
• What is andragogy?• What is the difference between
andragogy and pedagogy?• What are Malcolm Knowles
assumptions of adult learning?• What are some limitations of Knowles
adult learning theory?
Andragogy
• Andragogy
• Alexander Kapp
Malcolm Knowles
• Father of adult learning• Harvard University• Director of YMCA• Astronomy class• The Modern Practice of
Adult Education: Andragogy vs. Pedagogy
• Published over 230 articles & 18 books
Pedagogy vs. Andragogy
Six Assumptions of Andragogy
1. Self concept
2. Learner’s experience
3. Readiness to learn
4. Orientation to learning
5. Motivation to learn
6. Need to know
Self Concept
Adults are actively involved in decisions that affect themselves
The Role of the Learner’s Experience
Adults come into educational activities with experience
Readiness to Learn
Adults are ready to learn when they need new information to cope effectively with life situations.
Orientation to Learning
Adult learning experiences should be structured around life situations.
Motivation to Learn
Adults are motivated by internal pressures
The Need to Know
Adults must recognize the necessity of learning something prior to starting the process of learning.
Strengths of Knowles Theory
• A set of core adult learning principles
• Can be applied to all
adult learning situations
Limitations of Knowles Theory
• Based on observation and experience
• No valid measurement tool
• Various order of assumptions
• Adult experiences may be negative
• These assumptions can relate to children
• The impact of culture, race, gender or environment not mentioned
Summary
• Andragogy remains the best known model of adult learning
• All theories have strengths/weaknesses.
• No single theory explains how every adult learns.
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