FOREWORD
Reducing hunger and poverty in the country by half by 2015, the first UN millennium development goal, remains a serious concern. The small and marginal farmers constituting 65 per cent of the producers in India face hunger and poverty. Food insecurity among them is both a cause and consequence of poverty. Farmers are also consumers and 70 per cent of the consumers in India are also those who earn their livelihood in farming. Because of continuing poor performance of agriculture in rainfed areas and by these farmers, the growth rates of Indian agriculture witnessed sharp deceleration during the last decade, plummeting to less than 2 per cent for the decade 1995-2005 and then rising slightly above two per cent during 2006-07. However, it is still much less than the expected growth rate of 4 per cent. The Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012) has set a target of 4 per cent for agricultural sector against 9 per cent for the economy as a whole. Therefore, how the nation and states jointly prepare the farmers to learn to live under the new challenges and opportunities will largely determine the success in managing the national food security and poverty scenario.
The uncommon opportunities for launching a new initiative named evergreen revolution, especially to address agricultural concerns of small farmers in rainfed areas, demand innovative policies and strategies, new planning and frontier technologies which can enhance productivity per unit of land and water. For this purpose, the most important strategic programme introduced in the Eleventh Five Year Plan is Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna (RKVY) with an outlay of Rs. 25,000 crores. It gives states more flexibility and incentives to spend more on agricultural sector. The additional assistance is given to the state governments, provided expenditure on agriculture by the state governments is higher than the base period, which is defined as the moving average of the expenditure of the preceding three years. The success of efforts of states in the coming five years will depend on the scale of success of synergies it is able to develop with RKVY and other programmes.
To avail additional assistance under this scheme, a framework has been provided which requires that every district should draw up a district agriculture plan that fully utilises an initial resource envelope from all existing schemes, state or central, including resources at the district level from central schemes such as those of Ministry of Rural Development, Ministry of Panchayati Raj and other Ministries. “TheDISTRICT AGRICULTURE PLANS (DAPs) are aimed at determining the overall resource envelope of each district, its production plan and the associated input plan”. The DAPs will document the diversity of farming economy and growth patterns within the district, potential micro climatic niches, farming systems and natural resources, cropping patterns and livestock. It has also been emphasised to integrate these district level agricultural plans with the state plan. It has been made mandatory to prepare DAPs in accordance with the guidelines issued by the Planning Commission, so as to benefit from the new central schemes for agricultural development.
It is in this context that the Department of Agriculture, Govt of Himachal Pradesh, entrusted the
task of preparing the District Agriculture Plans (DAPs) of eleven districts except Una and State Agriculture Plan (SAP) to the H.P. Agricultural University, Palampur. The university took this gigantic task seriously and constituted a core team of agricultural economists under the leadership of Dr. H. R. Sharma, Professor and Head Department of Agricultural Economics, Extension Education & Rural Sociology. The team developed conceptual framework and evolved methodology for the selection of sample panchayats. Overall, 367 sample panchayats were selected from all the 72 blocks of eleven districts in the state. Two questionnaires, one to collect data at the block level and other to collect data at the panchayat level, were prepared. To accomplish the task of data collection, over 200 scientists of the university were engaged for conducting field survey and secondary data collection from across the state in as many as 72 teams. The scientists remained in the field for about two weeks and collected data from the selected panchayats and blocks using participatory rural appraisal (PRA). To ensure comprehensiveness
in data collection for these plans, each district was assigned to a team(s) of agricultural economists. The agricultural economists incharge of different districts worked to prepare draft agriculture plans for different districts, including state agriculture plan.
The field data were further compiled and analysed by the core team of agricultural economists. The plans have been prepared as per the guidelines laid down by the Planning Commission in Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan Manual (C-DAP). Each DAP document contains a plethora of information on various aspects of agricultural development such as cropping patterns, cropping systems, input use, yield gaps, diseases, constraints and required R&D interventions, projected rates of growth for major agricultural crops and agricultural sector including horticulture and animal husbandry and projected input requirements. DAP documents also contain estimates on rural roads, available irrigation potential including water harvesting, soil conservation, human resource requirement and researchable issues that require attention to boost agricultural production and productivity of agricultural sector.
In accomplishing this task, a large team of scientists, administrative staff of the university and key persons of the state Government played key roles. The team leader, Dr. H. R. Sharma and his core team comprising Dr. S. K. Chauhan, Dr. K. D. Sharma, Dr. Virender Kumar and Dr. Harbans Lal prepared the broad framework for preparing the plans. Dr. Kamlesh Singh, Professor Statistics, Mr. Vaibhav Kalia and Mr. Kapil Sharma computer programmers developed a computer programme to analyse the data. The District Agriculture Plan for Mandi was prepared by Dr. A. S. Saini and Dr. J. S. Guleria. In addition, a large number of scientists and administrative staff of the university were involved in the first ever such state wide field survey for weeks. I wish to place on record my appreciation of the wonderful work done by each one of the above named persons and those I could not mention by name.
Throughout the work on DAPs, the university team received valuable backup advisory support
from several officers of the Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and Animal Husbandry in particular from Mr. J. C. Rana, Director, Agriculture, Mr. H. R. Sharma, Additional Director, Agriculture and Mr. Y. P. Thakur, Superintendent Engineer (Soil Conservation) and on behalf of the university I wish to thank them. Lastly, I appreciate and acknowledge the cooperation and help so willingly offered to survey teams and economist incharges by the district level officers of different departments, especially those from the agriculture department, the scientists of UHF, Solan and the Pradhans of Panchayats as well as farmers, during the field surveys and report preparation.
DR TEJ PARTAP Vice Chancellor
Palampur, March 18, 2009
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C O N T E N T S
Chapter Title of the Chapter Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ix-xxiv
Chapter I INTRODUCTION 1-6 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Data and Methods 4
1.2.1 Sampling Plan 4 1.2.2 Survey Tools 4 1.2.3 Analytical Tools 5 1.2.4 Limitations 6
Chapter II DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRICT 7-582.1 Background and History 7
2.1.1 Location 7 2.1.2 Boundaries 7 2.2 Physiographic Features 8
2.2.1 Area 8 2.2.2 Seasons & Climate 8 2.2.3 Rainfall & Snowfall 10 2.2.4 Soils 12 2.2.5 Forests 13 2.2.6 Flora & Fauna 14 2.2.7 Fishery 15 2.2.8 Sanctuaries 15 2.3 Demographic Features 16
2.3.1 Distribution of Population 16 2.3.2 Sex Ratio 18 2.3.3 Density of Population 20 2.3.4 Literacy Level 20 2.3.5 Occupational Distribution 22 2.4 Agricultural Status 25
2.4.1 Land Use Pattern 27 2.4.2 Distribution of Land Holdings 29 2.4.3 Cropping Pattern 30 2.4.4 Crop Yields 31 2.4.5 Vegetable Production 32 2.4.6 Fruit Production 34 2.5 Irrigation and Use of Inputs 35 2.6 Livestock and Fisheries 41 2.7 Insects, Pests, Diseases and Weeds Problems in Mandi District. 43 2.8 Infrastructural Facilities 45
2.8.1 Banking, Marketing and Co-operation 46 2.8.2 Means of Communication 50 2.8.3 Power 51
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2.9 Industry and Employment Status 51 2.10 Agro - tourism 52 2.11 Extension Services 53
Chapter III SWOT ANALYSIS OF THE DISTRICT 59-643.1 SWOT Analysis for Improving Agricultural and Allied Sectors 59
3.1.1 Strengths 59 3.1.2 Weaknesses 60 3.1.3 Opportunities 61 3.1.4 Threats 61 3.2 Issues Emerging out of SWOT Analysis 62 3.3 Sectoral Growth Drivers 63
Chapter IV AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISTRICT 65-1284.1 Land Use Pattern of the District 65 4.2 Water Resources and Management 65 4.3 Cropping System and Cropping Pattern 69 4.4 Input Use and Gaps 69 4.5 Yield Gap Analysis 70 4.6 Reasons for Gap 70 4.7 Farm Mechanization 70 4.8 Ongoing Schemes for Agriculture and Rural Development 71 4.9 Varietal and Technological Problems 71
4.10 Extension Gaps 71 4.11 Extension Interventions 72 4.11 Researchable Issues 72
Chapter V ALLIED AGRICULTURAL SECTORS 129-1885.1 Horticulture 129 5.2 Animal Husbandry 129 5.3 Poultry 129 5.4 Rabbitary 130 5.5 Fisheries 130 5.6 Sericulture & Floriculture 130 5.7 Mushroom 130 5.8 Medicinal Plants 130 5.9 Beekeeping 134
5.10 Tea 134 5.11 Agricultural Marketing 134 5.12 Agricultural Infrastructure 134
5.12.1 Physical 134 5.12.2 Institutional 134 5.12.3 Human Resources 135 5.13 Rural Enterprises 135 5.14 Agro-Processing 135 5.15 Drudgery of Women 135 5.16 Input Use and Gaps 135 5.17 Yield Gap Analysis 136
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5.18 Reasons for Yield Gap 136 5.19 Interventions needed 136 5.20 Research/Extension Gaps 137 5.21 Researchable Issues 137
Chapter VI DISTRICT PLAN 189-2066.1 Plan Estimates 189 6.2 New/Innovative Schemes 189 6.3 Prioritisation of Different Schemes 190 6.4 Projected Outcomes, Growth Rates and Input Requirement 190 6.5 Growth Drivers 192 6.6 Vision of the Plan 193
APPENDICES 207-218
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v
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page 1.1 The Sample Panchayats 5 2.1 AES - wise Cultivated Area and Blocks 9 2.2 Spread of AES in the District 9 2.3 Rainfall Pattern in Various Agro Ecological Situations of Mandi
District 10
2.4 Trend in Average Rainfall:1990-91 to 2003-04 10 2.5 Information on Occurrence of Drought in Different Blocks of
Mandi District. 11
2.6 Information on Soils in the Mandi District 12 2.7 Block-wise Information on Soils for the Mandi District 13 2.8 Information on Problem Soils in the District 13 2.9 Forest Cover in Mandi District 14
2.10 Changing Forest Cover in Mandi district 14 2.11 Demographic Features, 2001 16 2.12 Tehsil-wise Rural and Urban Population of District Mandi, 2001 17 2.13 Tehsil-wise Proportion of Rural and Urban Population of
District Mandi, 2001 17
2.14 Tehsil –wise Demographic Features of District Mandi, 2001 18 2.15 Block -wise Sex Ratio 19 2.16 Changes in Sex Ratio Over the Period 20 2.17 Density of Population (1981-2001) 20 2.18 Changes in Literacy Levels (1981-2001) 21 2.19 Block - wise Literacy Rate 21 2.20 Educational Level Attained 22 2.21 Proportion of Workers to Total Population, 2001 23 2.22 Per Cent of Main and Marginal Workers, 2001 23 2.23 Occupational Composition of Main and Marginal Workers, 2001 24 2.24 Changing Land Utilization Pattern 28 2.25 Block - wise Land Use Pattern in Mandi District 28 2.26 Changing Patterns of Land Holdings, 1980-81 to 1995-96 29 2.27 Block -wise Operational Land Holdings of Mandi District 29 2.28 Changes in Average Size of Holdings, 1980-81 to 1995-96 30 2.29 Changes in Cropping Pattern 31 2.30 Block - wise Crops and Cropping Systems of District Mandi 31 2.31 Changes in Production of Major Crops and Total Foodgrain
Production, 1990-91 to 2002-03 32
2.32 Changes in Yields of Major Foodgrain Crops, 1990-91 to 2002-03 32 2.33 Areas, Production and Yield of Different Vegetables, 2005-06 33 2.34 Area, Production and Yield of Major Vegetables 33 2.35 Trend in Production of Potato 34 2.36 Areas and Production of Different Fruit, 2005-06 34 2.37 Per Cent Area and Production of Different Fruit, 2005-06 34
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2.38 Areas, Production, Yield of Fruit; 1990-91 to 2005-06 35 2.39 Area Under Irrigation, Major Crops 35 2.40 Block - wise Information on Rainfed and Irrigated Area in District
Mandi 36
2.41 Information on Irrigation Projects Near Completion 37 2.42 Area Under High Yielding Varieties of Major Crops 37 2.43 Organic Inputs Used in the District 37 2.44 Details on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Other Minor Forest
By- Products 38
2.45 Fertilizer Consumption, 1980-81 to 2006-07 38 2.46 Extent of Mechanization 39 2.47 Block-wise Information on the Agricultural Implements and Farm
Machinery 40
2.48 Changes in Livestock Population, 1977 to 2003 41 2.49 Status of Livestock in Different Blocks of Mandi District 42 2.50 Changes in Livestock Production, 1990-91 to 2006-07 42 2.51 Priority -wise Insect Pest Problems in Mandi District 43 2.52 Major Diseases Limiting the Crop Production in Mandi District 45 2.53 Priority -wise Weed Problems 45 2.54 Deposits and Advances of Scheduled Commercial Banks 46 2.55 List of Credit Institutions in Operation for Agriculture and Allied
Sectors in the District Mandi 46
2.56 Co-operative Societies 47 2.57 Information Regarding Markets in the District Mandi 47 2.58 Public-Private Partnership in Market Related Initiatives in the
District 48
2.59 Information on Market Infrastructure Facilities Available in District Mandi
49
2.60 Information on Agro-Processing Facilities Available in and outside the District but serving the need of the District
49
2.61 List of Farmers Groups and Organizations Working in Mandi District
50
2.62 Information on Communication System Prevailing in District Mandi
50
2.63 Families Below Poverty Line 51 2.64 Details of Industrial Units in Medium & Large Scale Sector 51 2.65 Government Employees (Regular) as on 31.03.2002 52 2.66 Participation of Women in Management /Ownership in SSI Sector 52 2.67 Enterprises and Persons Usually Working (Economic Census,
1998) 52
2.68 Number of Factories and Workers 52 2.69 Information on Input and Service Providers in District Mandi 54 2.70 Information on Infrastructure Facilities Under Department
SAU/NGO/Pvt. Sector, Animal Husbandry 56
2.71 Information of Research and Extension Development Activity in 57
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Mandi District (2003-04) 4.1 Block - wise Land Utilization Pattern 74
4.2 a Problems for Land Development 75 4.2 b Interventions for Land Development 78 4.3 Improvement Needed to Increase the Productivity of Land 81 4.4 Financial Estimates for Land Development 81 4.5 Ground Water Availability, Utilization and Stage of Development 82 4.6 Major Cropping Systems 83 4.7 Cropping Patterns 85 4.8 Seed Use, Requirement and Gap 88 4.9 Fertiliser Use, Requirement and Gaps, 2007-08 92
4.10 Yield Gaps in Important Crops 93 4.11 Farm Machinery: Use and Gap 96 4.12 Existing Block Level Schemes for Agriculture Development 98
4.13 a Status of Completed Irrigation Schemes 99 4.13 b Status of Functional Irrigation Schemes 101 4.13 c Status of Non-Functional Irrigation Schemes 103 4.13 d Status of Ongoing Irrigation Schemes 104 4.14 Irrigation Schemes: Funds for Repair and Maintenance 106
4.15 a Varietal and Technological Problems of Cereals, Pulses and Oilseed Crops
108
4.15 b Technological Interventions of Cereals, Pulses and Oilseeds Crops 111 4.16 a Varietal and Technological Problems of Vegetable and Spice
Crops 113
4.16 b Technological Interventions of Vegetable and Spice Crops 116 4.17 a Varietal and Technological Problems of other Crops 118 4.17 b Technological Interventions of other Crops 118 4.18 Estimated Yields and Yield Gaps in Crops 119 5.1 Existing Block Level Schemes for Horticulture Development 140 5.2 Existing Status and Potential for Horticulture Development 141 5.3 Existing Block Level Schemes for Livestock and Fisheries
Development 144
5.4 Livestock Population 145 5.5 Status and Potential for Cultured Fisheries 146 5.6 Medicinal Plants Found in the Mandi District 131 5.7 Production and Disposal of Agricultural Products 148 5.8 Production and Disposal of Livestock and Livestock Products 150 5.9 Marketing Infrastructure 151
5.10 Financial Estimate for Marketing Infrastructure 152 5.11 Existing Human Resource for Agricultural Development 153 5.12 Financial Estimates for Required Human Resources 154 5.13 Unemployment Status 155 5.14 Status of Enterprises 156 5.15 Potential Enterprises for Unemployed and Assistance Required 165 5.16 Agribusiness Establishments 168
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5.17 Drudgery of Women 169 5.18 Livestock Feeding Practices 171 5.19 Yield Gaps in Fruit Crops 172 5.20 Livestock Production Estimates 175
5.21 a Varietal and Technological Problems for Fruit Crops (Per cent of Panchayats)
176
5.21 b Varietal and Technological Interventions for Fruit Crops 178 5.22 Incidence of Livestock Diseases 179
5.23 a Interventions for Livestock Diseases 181 5.23 b Interventions for Feed and Fodder Development 185 5.24 Problems and Interventions for Cultured Fisheries 188 6.1 District Agricultural Plan: Sectoral Outlays and Yearly Allocation 194 6.2 New Schemes for Agriculture and Rural Development 196 6.3 New Irrigation Schemes 199 6.4 Prioritizations of Different Schemes 200 6.5 Augmentation of Land and Water Resources: Physical Targets 203 6.6 Projected Output Growth of Foodgrains and Vegetables 203 6.7 Projected Output and Growth in Production of Different
Agricultural Crops 204
6.8 Projected Output Growth in Fruit Crop Production 205 6.9 Projected Output Growth in Livestock Products and Live Animals
for Sale 205
6.10. Projected Value of Output and Growth of Agriculture and Allied Sectors
205
6.11 Fertiliser Demand, Actual Supply and Projections for 2012-13 206 6.12 Seed Demand and Projections for 2012-13 206
LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES
Appendix Table 1 Block - wise Demographic and Institutional Features 207 Appendix Table 2 Distribution of Workers and Categories of Households 211 Appendix Table 3 Block - wise Demographic Information for District Mandi 213 Appendix Table 4 Farm Gate Prices of Different Crops and Livestock Products 215
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1 Trend in Average Rainfall in Mandi District 11 2.2 Tehsil – wise Sex Ratio 19 2.3 Proportion of Main and Marginal Workers at the District and
State Level 22
2.4 Pattern of Fertilizer Consumption 39
MAP
4.1 Ground Water User Map, District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 67
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
I. District Agricultural Plan: Funding Proposal for Five Years (Lakh Rs.)
Sr.No.
Schemes Total Plan Yearly Allocation Outlay I II III IV V
I Interventions to Improve and Enhance Sustainability of Crop Production System
4,285 642.75 857 857 857 1,071.75
1 Improvement of productivity of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetable and spice crops through promotion of HYV seeds including hybrids
650 97.5 130 130 130 162.5
2 Improvement of soil health through vermi-composting, bio-fertilizers, micro nutrients, soil testing etc.
450 67.5 90 90 90 112.5
3 Protection of crops against biotic stresses (diseases, pests, weeds) and abiotic stresses (hailstorms, drought, flash floods, etc) and other risk factors
250 37.5 50 50 50 62.5
4 Water use efficiency through micro irrigation
700 105 140 140 140 175
(i) Sprinkler 600 90 120 120 120 150 (ii) Drip 100 15 20 20 20 25 5 Agricultural mechanization
through popularization of improved tools and hill specific machinery like power tillers, tractors, crop planters/ harvesters, sprayers, clod breakers and gender friendly post harvesting equipments to remove women drudgery
260 39 52 52 52 65
6 Protected (poly house) cultivation to minimize risk factors and enhance quality and productivity
1,900 285 380 380 380 475
7 Strengthening and improvement of quality control infrastructure (seed, pesticides and fertilizer testing laboratories)
35 5.25 7 7 7 8.75
8 Strengthening of seed production farms and promotion of infrastructure to improve seed production and replacement
40 6 8 8 8 10
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II Need Based Infrastructural Development
18961 2844.15 3792.2 3792.2 3792.2 4740.25
1 Improvement of on-farm water delivery and efficiency of existing irrigation systems
18,081 2,712.15 3,616.2 3,616.2 3,616.2 4,520.25
2 Rural markets 880 132 176 176 176 220 III Natural Resource
Conservation and Management
30559 4583.85 6111.8 6111.8 6111.8 7639.75
1. Soil conservation of arable and non-arable land through engineering measures
2,488 373.2 497.6 497.6 497.6 622
2. Water harvesting check dams, ponds, tanks, etc
21938 3290.55 4387.6 4387.6 4387.6 5484.5
3. Land improvement 6,133 919.95 1,226.6 1,226.6 1,226.6 1,533.25 IV Niche - based Enterprises
for Rural Entrepreneurs 160 24 32 32 32 40
1. Organic farming 48 7.2 9.6 9.6 9.6 12 2. Mushroom 22 3.3 4.4 4.4 4.4 5.5 3. Sericulture 90 13.5 18 18 18 22.5 V Fruit Production 2,380 357 476 476 476 595 VI Livestock, Poultry &
Fisheries2,166 324.9 433.2 433.2 433.2 541.5
1 Livestock improvement 1,145 171.75 229 229 229 286.25 2 Fisheries 1,021 153.15 204.2 204.2 204.2 255.25 VII Human Resource
Development 2,850 427.5 570 570 570 712.5
1 Additional man power requirement
2,767 415.05 553.4 553.4 553.4 691.75
2 Capacity building of extension personnel
83 12.45 16.6 16.6 16.6 20.75
VIII Research & Extension 1,523 228.45 304.6 304.6 304.6 380.75
IX All Sectors & Schemes 62884 9432.6 12576.8 12576.8 12576.8 15721 Note: The funding proposal for the next five year plan is extracted from the comprehensive District Agriculture Plan. This plan excludes full amount of funds earmarked for development of irrigation and rural roads for connectivity and 50 per cent of the funds estimated for rural markets and water harvesting
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II. Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan: Sectoral Outlays and Yearly Allocation (Rs. Lakhs)
Sr.No.
Schemes Total Plan Yearly Allocation Outlay I II III IV V
I Interventions to Improve and Enhance Sustainability of Crop Production System
4,285 642.75 857 857 857 1,071.75
1 Improvement of productivity of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetable and spice crops through promotion of HYV seeds including hybrids
650 97.5 130 130 130 162.5
2 Improvement of soil health through vermi-composting, bio-fertilizers, micro nutrients, soil testing etc.
450 67.5 90 90 90 112.5
3 Protection of crops against biotic stresses (diseases, pests, weeds) and abiotic stresses (hailstorms, drought, flash floods, etc) and other risk factors
250 37.5 50 50 50 62.5
4 Water use efficiency through micro irrigation
700 105 140 140 140 175
(i) Sprinkler 600 90 120 120 120 150 (ii) Drip 100 15 20 20 20 25 5 Agricultural mechanization
through popularization of improved tools and hill specific machinery like power tillers, tractors, crop planters/ harvesters, sprayers, clod breakers and gender friendly post harvesting equipments to remove women drudgery
260 39 52 52 52 65
6 Protected (poly house) cultivation to minimize risk factors and enhance quality and productivity
1,900 285 380 380 380 475
7 Strengthening and improvement of quality control infrastructure (seed, pesticides and fertilizer testing laboratories)
35 5.25 7 7 7 8.75
8 Strengthening of seed production farms and promotion of infrastructure to improve seed production and replacement
40 6 8 8 8 10
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II Need Based Infrastructural Development
61,391.0 9,208.7 12,278.2 12,278.2 12,278.2 15,347.75
1 Irrigation 17,345 2,601.75 3,469 3,469 2,286.8 4,336.25 2 Improvement of on-farm
water delivery and efficiency of existing irrigation systems
18,081 2,712.15 3,616.2 3,616.2 3,616.2 4,520.25
3 Rural markets 1,759 263.85 351.8 351.8 351.8 439.75 4 Rural roads for connectivity 24,206 3,630.9 4,841.2 4,841.2 4,841.2 6,051.5 III Natural Resource
Conservation and Management
52,496 7,874.4 10,499.2 10,499.2 10,499.2 13,124
1. Soil conservation of arable and non-arable land through engineering measures
2,488 373.2 497.6 497.6 497.6 622
2. Water harvesting check dams, ponds, tanks, etc
43,875 6,581.25 8,775 8,775 8,775 10,968.75
3. Land improvement 6,133 919.95 1,226.6 1,226.6 1,226.6 1,533.25 IV Niche - based Enterprises
for Rural Entrepreneurs 160 24 32 32 32 40
1. Organic farming 48 7.2 9.6 9.6 9.6 12 2. Mushroom 22 3.3 4.4 4.4 4.4 5.5 3. Sericulture 90 13.5 18 18 18 22.5 V Fruit Production 2,380 357 476 476 476 595 VI Livestock, Poultry &
Fisheries2,166 324.9 433.2 433.2 433.2 541.5
1 Livestock improvement 1,145 171.75 229 229 229 286.25 2 Fisheries 1,021 153.15 204.2 204.2 204.2 255.25 VII Human Resource
Development 2,850 427.5 570 570 570 712.5
1 Additional man power requirement
2,767 415.05 553.4 553.4 553.4 691.75
2 Capacity building of extension personnel
83 12.45 16.6 16.6 16.6 20.75
VIII Research & Extension 1,523 228.45 304.6 304.6 304.6 380.75 IX All Sectors & Schemes 1,27,251 19,087.65 25,450.2 25,450.2 25,450.2 31,812.75
III. Projected Output Growth in Foodgrain and Vegetable Production
CropExisting Potential Production
(mt) Growth (% p. a)
Area (ha) Production (MT)
Yield(q/ha)
Scenario I
Scenario II
Scenario I
Scenario II
Maize 48,681 1,37,282 28.20 1,68,652 1,60,130 4.57 3.33 Paddy 20,942 26,344 12.58 37,776 36,140 8.68 7.44 Wheat 66,373 1,21,193 18.26 1,56,003 1,48,479 5.74 4.50 Barley 3,839 7,002 18.24 8,632 8,198 4.66 3.42 Pulses 3,280 1,489 4.54 1,813 1,721 4.35 3.11 Food grains 1,44,798 2,93,309 20.23 3,76,020 3,57,841 5.68 4.44 Vegetables 5,762 1,06,021 184.0 1,43,578 3,14,419 7.08 39.31
Note: i Scenario I output growth with increased irrigated area and crop improvement programmes ii. Scenario II output growth with diversion of 20 % irrigated area to vegetable crops
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IV. Projected Output Growth in Production of Different Crops
Current Production (mt) Projected Production (mt)
Growth Rate in Production (% p.a.)
Cereal Maize 1,10,506 2,10,789 18.15 Paddy 46,282 83,140 15.93 Wheat 1,51,994 2,86,731 17.73 Barley 5,375 9,367 14.86 Buckwheat 53 88 13.04 Millets 51 76.59 6.65 Total 2,15,173 3,90,817 16.33 Pulses Rongi 14 33.36 27.89 Mash 946 1,516.38 12.05 Moong 6 8.36 7.83 Rajmash 2,691 4,677.26 14.76 Gram 140 205.88 9.43 Lentil 139 225.64 12.55 Kulthi 44 62.18 8.51 Total 2,912 4,721.87 12.43 Oilseeds Sesame 20 27.36 8.00 Sarson 132 211.63 12.13 Toria 37 47.40 5.71 Linseed 163 244.90 10.00 Gobhi sarson 20 28.80 9.39 Total 372 560.09 10.11 Vegetables Potato 3,05,112 4,83,013 11.66 Peas 15,543 25,489 12.80 Tomato 14,099 21,837 10.98 Beans 2,039 2,440 3.93 Onion 3,960 5,731 8.94 Cabbage 12,938 16,604 5.67 Cauliflower 7,142 10,451 9.27 Okra (Bhindi) 2,446 2,947 4.09 Cucurbits 5,808 7,945 7.36 Capsicum 2,621 3,054 3.31 Brinjal 1,849 2,179 3.57 Total 3,73,557 5,81,690 11.14 Green Fodder (Barseem) 41,422 51,454 4.84
Note: Growth rate based on gaps between actual and progressive farmers’ yields
V. Projected Output Growth in Fruit Production
Particular
Existing Potential Growth rate in
production (% p.a)
Area(ha)
Production (mt)
Yield(q/ha)
Area(ha)
Production (mt)
Yield(q/ha)
Apple 15,193 46,050 30.31 17,987 86,679 48.19 7.35 Stone fruits 1,896 742 3.92 2,325 2,311 9.94 17.61 Citrus fruits 4,101 6,523 15.91 4,375 12,324 28.17 7.41 Mango 3,807 1,605 4.22 4,118 3,562 8.65 10.16 Litchi 257 228 8.87 409 753 18.42 19.21 Guava 656 935 14.25 848 2,204 25.99 11.31 Papaya 27 54 20.09 41 174 42.37 18.35 Walnut 1,016 260 2.56 1,331 588 4.42 10.52
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VI Projected Output Growth in Livestock Products and Live Animals for Sale
Particulars
Existing Potential Growth rate in
production (% p.a)
No. Production (mt)
Milkyield
(l/kg/day)
No. Production (mt)
Milkyield
(l/kg/day) Milk (Crossbred cows)
3,70,276 1922 5.19 3,70,276 4443 12 26.24
Milk (Indigenous cows)
2,21,016 382 1.73 2,21,016 751 3.4 19.31
Buffaloes 70,165 319 4.54 70,165 698 9.95 23.83 Goat 2,62,761 123 0.47 2,62,761 441 1.68 51.49 Wool/sheep (per yr)
1,67,920 148 0.882 1,67,920 316 1.88 22.70
Wool/rabbitary 10,000 1 0.095 10,000 2 0.15 11.58 Sheep/ goat for meat
74,085 1,022 13.79 81,568 1,762 21.6 14.49
Poultry birds sold
3,39,570 - - 3,72,848 - - 1.96
VII. Projected Value of Output and Growth of Agriculture and Allied Sectors
Sectors Current value of
production(Rs. Lakh)
Projected value of production(Rs. Lakh)
Growth rate (% p.a)
Agriculture 36,462.87 65,461.50 15.91 Horticulture 9,152.53 15,407.70 13.67 Animal husbandry 1,53,251.63 3,51,103.60 25.82 Fisheries 47.50 100.50 22.32 Overall 1,98,914.53 4,32,073.30 23.44
Interventions
� To ensure availability of quality inputs vis- a-vis improved seeds, fertilizers, plant protection materials by improving and strengthening delivery system.
� Improvement of physical, chemical and biological parameters on the basis of soil health cards proposed to be given to all farmers.
� Promotion of integrated nutrient management through vermi-composting, popularization of bio-fertilisers and other ameliorants in addition to judicious and balanced nutrients to crops.
� Promotion of micro irrigation for efficient management and delivery of required quantities of water as per crop needs.
� Promotion of mechanization conducive to hill farming; equipments and implements to reduce labour and drudgery of women folk.
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� Strengthening and improvement of quality control infrastructure (seed, pesticides and fertilizer testing laboratories).
� Provision of quality plant materials to promote fruit production and harness available potential.
� Promotion of protected cultivation along with supporting infrastructure for quality production of high value cash crops.
� Construction of adequate number of CAS (Control Atmosphere Storage) at vulnerable points.
� The install of anti-hail guns at critical points.
Research and Extension Support
� Refinement and validation of technologies for different agro-ecological situations.
� Transfer of technologies through extension interventions like trainings, demonstrations, exposure visits, replication of success stories, etc.
� Validation of ITKS.
� Use of IT for technology dissemination by creating IT hubs at focal points.
� To create a farmers’ advisory system to address their day - to - day queries.
� To promote and strengthen the public- private partnership for ensuring delivery of need based inputs and technologies.
� To provide technical know - how to farmers about the orchard management techniques like cutting, pruning, grafting and marketing operations like grading, packaging, etc.
VIII Augmentation of Land and Water Resources: Physical Targets (ha)
Block Cultivated land
Potential cultivable
land
Productive support
land
Potential support
land
Existing irrigated
area
Potential irrigated
land
Irrigation potential
through water harvesting
Sadar 12,062 5,086 13,091 2,874 780 1,318 2,500 Balh 10,416 4,974 3,182 897 3,369 200 2,500 S Nagar 8,730 7,382 10,760 2,204 611 800 1,500 Gohar 6,838 5,348 5,601 2,516 452 600 1,700 Seraj 10,613 1,400 6,724 2,882 310 111 1,500 Karsog 11,756 773 12,200 4,745 425 3,850 1,500 Gopalpur 9,043 271 4,406 1,714 1,150 700 2,000 Dharmpur 8,963 204 8,292 4,271 928 2,640 2,000 Chauntra 7,018 6,417 4,143 1,692 1,745 1,505 820 Drang 7,486 2,649 5,791 3,550 784 100 1,500 District 92,925 34,504 74,191 27,344 10,554 11,824 17,520
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IX. Projected Fertilisers Demand by 2012-13 (mt)
Type of fertiliser Scenario -I Scenario -II Scenario - III CAN - - - UREA 7,664.38 8,447.19 9,292.7 12:32:16 (N P K) 3,121.94 3,444.19 3,792.52 SSP - - - MOP 545.29 599.08 657.03
Note: (i) Scenario –I projects demand on the basis of growth rate of demand for different fertilizers during the
last five years.
(ii) Scenario –II projects demand on the basis of growth rate of demand plus 2 per cent increase in
demand arising from ongoing process of crop diversification in the district.
(iii) Scenario –III projects demand on the basis of growth rate of demand during the last five years plus 2
per cent growth in demand arising due to crop diversification plus additional 2 per cent increase in
demand, if the target of proposed area under irrigation is fulfilled.
X. Projected Seed Demand by 2012-13 (mt)
Crops Scenario -I Scenario -II Maize 709.14 774.66 Wheat 3,352.63 3,642.53 Paddy 388.11 424.28 Barseem 49.98 54.54 Pulses 611.41 656.45 Vegetables 111.65 123.11 Seed potato 120.66 133.17 Ginger 425.30 455.50
Note: (i) Scenario –I projects demand on the basis of growth rate of demand for
seeds for different crops during the last five years. (ii) Scenario –II projects demand on the basis of growth rate of demand during the last five years plus 2 per cent growth in demand arising due to the target of proposed area under irrigation if fulfilled.
Interventions
� In situ soil and water conservation by employing different measures
� Improvement of support lands (private grasslands) by employing different measures for the control of invasive shrubs, weeds, etc.
� Use of water potential to provide assured irrigation to rain -fed areas
� Water harvesting to create water potential for irrigation and to augment ground water
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XI. Potential Enterprises for Gainful Employment
Sector Enterprises Farm Protected cultivation, off-season vegetable production, mushroom,
dairy, sericulture, nursery raising, fruit and vegetable processing, seed production
Non-Farm Vermi-composting, bee-keeping, mushroom compost, input supply, marketing of vegetable
XII Human Resource Requirement (No.)
Block Crop production
Horticulture Animal husbandry Others Total
Sadar 8 6 5 7 26 Balh 1 5 0 5 11 S Nagar 4 2 5 4 15 Gohar 5 0 4 8 17 Seraj 6 2 4 5 17 Karsog 17 5 10 16 48 Gopalpur 6 11 5 8 30 Dharmpur 5 5 7 13 30 Chauntra 5 3 8 4 20 Drang 10 3 3 8 24 District 67 42 51 78 238
Interventions
� Need based training to the extension personnel within and outside the country
� Exposure to places of success stories where exemplary success has been achieved in the improvement of farming systems
XIII Some Quantitative Outcomes
� Fooodgrains production shall increase from 2, 93, 309 metric tonnes to 3, 76,020 metric tonnes in scenario - I recording a growth rate of 5.68 per cent. Even in scenario - II when 20 per cent of the irrigated area is diverted to vegetable production, the foodgrains production shall register an annual growth of 4.44 per cent.
� Production of vegetables would increase from 1, 06, 021 metric tonnes to 1, 43, 578 metric tonnes registering a growth rate of 7.08 per cent in scenario I when the proportion of area under these crops remains same and further it will increase to 3, 14,419 metric tonnes in scenario II when 20 per cent of the irrigated area is brought under these crops experiencing a growth rate of 39.31 per cent/annum. This will generate a marketable surplus of 2, 82, 977 metric tonnes which in monetary terms amounts to Rs. 2,829.8
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crores. This will generate huge employment opportunities through backward and forward linkages.
� The projected output growth rates based on actual and progressive farmers’ yields of cereals, pulses, oilseeds and vegetables were 16.33, 12.43, 10.11 and 11.14 per cent/annum, respectively.
� The apple yield in Mandi district will increase from 30.31 to 48.19 quintals/ha, showing the annual growth rate of 7.35 per cent. The production of stone fruit will increase from 742 to 2311 metric tonnes, citrus from 6,523 to 12,324 metric tonnes and mango from 1,605 to 3,562 metric tonnes. Resultantly, the annual growth rate of these fruit will also increase at the rate of 17.61, 7.41 and 10.16 per cent, respectively.
� The milk production from crossbred cows will increase at the rate of 26.24 per cent / annum. The milk production from indigenous cows will increase from 382 to 751 metric tonnes, thus enabling to grow at the rate of 19.31per cent / annum. The annual growth rate of buffalo and goat milk production are 23.83 and 51.49 per cent, respectively. The wool production of sheep in the district is expected to increase from 148 to 316 metric tonnes, indicating 22.70 per cent annual growth rate. The number of sheep/goats and poultry live animals reared for meat purpose will also increase by 14.49 and 1.96 per cent / annum, respectively.
� Agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry sectors are projected to grow at 15.91, 13.67 and 25.82 per cent / annum, respectively. The fish production is projected to grow at 22.32 per cent/ annum. Based on the projections mentioned above, overall agriculture along with its allied sectors is expected to grow at the rate of 23.44 per cent / annum. It should be read with a note of caution that animal husbandry and fisheries have lot of potentials in the district as till now these enterprises lagged behind agriculture and horticulture.
� Irrigation potential shall be created which will provide irrigation to an area of 29,344 hectares.
� Available water potential shall be exploited and thereby 29,344 hectares of land shall be brought under protective and assured irrigation.
� With the implementation of plan, 31.58 per cent of the arable land will have assured irrigation facilities as compared to existing proportion of 11.36.
� A huge chunk of land amounting to 27,877 hectares infested with soil erosion, stream bank erosion, etc shall be treated by adopting soil conservation measures.
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� Support land (private grasslands) of 1, 01, 535 hectares shall be treated against invasive weeds and shrubs. This shall improve the fodder production to the approximate level of 10,153 metric tonnes.
� As per the projections, the demand for different types of fertilizers like UREA, 12:32:16 and MOP by the year 2012-13 under scenario I will be 7,664.38 (9.49 per cent higher than present demand), 3,121.94 (4.08 per cent higher than present demand) and 545.29 (29.52 per cent higher than present demand) metric tonnes, respectively. Under scenario II, the demand for these fertilizers will be 8,447.19 (11.18 per cent higher than present demand), 3,444.19 (14.81 per cent) and 599.08 (42.30 per cent higher than present demand) metric tonnes, respectively. Whereas in scenario III, the demand of said fertilizers will be 9,292.7 (32.75 per cent higher than present demand), 3,792.52 (26.42 per cent higher than present demand) and 657.03 (56.06 per cent higher than present demand) metric tonnes, respectively.
� The demand for seed materials like maize, wheat, paddy, barseem, pulses, vegetables, seed potato and ginger is projected to increase to 709.14, 3,352.63, 388.11, 49.98, 611.41, 111.65, 120.66 and 425.30 metric tonnes, respectively. Under scenario II, the demand for seeds is projected to increase at 774.66, 3,642.53, 424.28, 54.54, 656.45, 123.11, 133.17 and 455.50 metric tonnes, respectively.
XIV Researchable Issues
CORE RESEARCHABLE ISSUES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE SECTOR
Plant Breeding
� Breeding of fish specie that can sustain in the toxic water of paddy fields.
� Standardization of production technology of hybrids of cereals, vegetables, pulses and oilseeds.
Pest & Disease Control
� Development of pest forecasting modules for rice leaf folder.
� Formulation of biointensive IPM strategies for the management of
i) Helicoverpa armigera (tomato and gram)
ii) Fruit flies (cucurbits and tomatoes)
iii) White grubs (potato, maize, peas, ginger, cabbage etc)
iv) Cut worms (cereals and vegetables)
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v) Stem borer, leaf folder, hispa and plant hoppers (rice)
vi) Diamondback moth and cabbage caterpillar (cole crops)
vii) Leaf miner and pod borer (peas)
viii) Hairy caterpillar (mash, til, soybean
ix) Termites (cereals and vegetables)
x) Stem borer and aphids (maize)
xi) Plant parasitic nematodes (cereals and vegetables)
� Identification and utilization of native botanicals for eco-friendly pest management.
� Pesticide residue analysis in vegetables and determination of MRLs for consumer safety.
� Germplasm screening for resistance against major insect pests (cereals, pulses, oilseeds and vegetables).
� Survey and surveillance for identification of new invasion of insect pests in the state.
� Safe management alternatives for the stored grain pests.
Soil Improvement, Irrigation, Crop Diversification
� Evaluation of resource conservation technologies (like conservation tillage, deficit water management, pressurized irrigation systems, nutrient-water interaction studies, recycling of waste organic residues, etc.) for irrigated and rain fed areas
� Issues related to increasing water productivity of stored water through crop diversification and soil and water management practices
� Encouragement of the farmers to practice intercropping with suitable crops to check soil erosion, weed control and enhance productivity.
� Need for programmes to control wild/stray animal menace adversely affecting the growth of agriculture.
� Promotion of weed and shrub management technologies that are cost -effective and yield promoters.
� Nutrient indices development for improvement of soil health
� Development of practices for organic farming under different cropping systems.
� Development of technology for integrated nutrient management in vegetables.
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CORE RESEARCHABLE ISSUES FOR DEVELOPMENT OF ALLIED SECTORS
Livestock Improvement
� Identification of constraints thwarting the adoption of improved practices / technologies of dairy & animal husbandry.
� Study on perceptions of various stake-holders i.e. livestock-keepers, veterinarians, paravets and development agencies/ NGOs
� Documentation and scientific validation of the livestock husbandry-related indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) / practices among farmers.
� Development of an integrated livestock (cattle, fish and poultry) production model (ILPM)
� Identification of training needs of women livestock keepers.
� Identification and nutritional evaluation of the high nutrition fodder grasses
Improvement of Fruit Plants
� Evaluation of commercially important apple and apricot varieties in high altitude areas and low to moderate chilling plum and peach varieties at lower altitudes.
� Identification of niche area and remapping of different fruit growing belts.
� Development of technologies for frost management.
� Diversification of fruit with high yielding varieties.
� Development of agro-techniques for improvement of nut quality in pecan.
� Development of techniques for replant problem in stone fruit, especially in plum.
� Development of technology for integrated nutrient management in fruit.
� Development of technology for improving water use efficiency and fertigation in different fruit crops.
� Development of management strategies for mango malformation.
� Management of irregular bearing in pomegranate.
Improvement of Flower Plantation
� Delineation of areas/locations suitable for different flower crops.
� Availability of authentic and quality germplasm/planting material of various flower crops to the growers at the affordable prices.
� Standardization of location specific production technology for different flower crops,
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relating to varieties, planting time, nutrients.
� Integrated nutrient management (INM), pest management and irrigation management.
� Flower regulation as per the market demands.
� Post harvest management and maintaining the cool chain.
� Refinement of infrastructure (greenhouse technology) as per the location specificity.
� Development of disease management strategies of ornamental crops like gladiolus, carnation, lilium, etc.
Development of Honey Bees Industry
� Awareness of pollinator conservation and use of honey bees in managed crop pollination for increased crop productivity.
� Identification of different bee keeping belts.
Improvement of Infrastructure
� Development of protected cultivation technology and monitoring of soil health in poly houses.
� Development of infrastructure for assessment of soil health and amelioration of nutrient deficiencies.
� Standardization of agro-forestry models for different agro-ecological situation.
� Safe waiting periods of pesticides on horticultural crops.
� Constraint identification in different horticultural crops.
� Strengthening farmers training facilities and TOT.
� Impact assessment and policy evaluation in horticulture sector.
� Irrigation water requirement & scheduling under conventional and high tech systems.
� Development of suitable horticultural varieties keeping in view the climatic changes in the region.
� Generation of data base of pollinator diversity in different horticultural crops.
CORE RESEARCHABLE ISSUES FOR UPLIFTING THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARMERS
� Study of supply chain management and emerging marketing systems.
� Analysing trends and patterns of demand, prices and markets of emerging crops and enterprises in the context of ongoing process of globalization.
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� Understanding economic implications of climatic change towards cropping systems, copping patterns and livelihoods of the farmers.
� Impact assessment of the ongoing process of commercialization of agriculture on natural resource base (soil, water and environment) and its implications towards livelihoods / schemes.
� Studies on impact assessment and policy implications of various developmental programmes/schemes.
XV Sum Up
In brief, the implementation of District Agricultural Plan (DAP) shall strengthen and improve the physical and institutional infrastructure and shall restore, rejuvenate, conserve and enhance the health of the available natural resource base. It shall also give a big boost to the ongoing process of crop diversification towards high value cash crop agriculture including off-season vegetables and other niche based enterprises generating huge employment opportunities for the rural unemployed youth. In concrete terms, the implementation of the plan shall go a long way in ensuring ecological sustainability and economic viability of the production systems of the district by providing more than 23 per cent / annum overall growth of the agriculture and its allied sectors.
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1
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
It is well known fact that for any development, may be of a country, a state or a district, capturing a picture of grassroots’ problems, needs and hard realities of the real stake holders through participatory approach is imperative and prerequisite, rather than planning at the top level. Planning is an act or process of preparing or carrying out a focused activity with goals, procedures and policies for economic emancipation of a social or economic unit in a given time frame. The document containing goals, targets and policies to accomplish plan targets is defined as plan. Planning in the context of district agricultural plans is an exercise of preparing an integrated plan considering available resources and encompassing all sectoral activities and schemes being carried out by the government or non-government organizations in a local government area such as panchayat, block / taluka or district. Accordingly, the plan thus prepared is called panchayat or block or district plan. The process of democratic decentralized planning in India dates back to the First Five-Year Plan (1951-1956) which underlined the need to break up the planning exercise into national, state, district and community levels. Two new elements, namely, establishment of District Development Council and drawing up of village plans and people’s participation in planning process through democratic decisions were added in the Second Five Year Plan following the recommendations of Balwant Rai Mehta Committee in 1957. Several new elements have been added to strengthen the process of decentralized planning in the subsequent plans. The importance of preparing panchayat/block/district plan lies in involving the people at the grassroots/stakeholders level and those who are responsible for implementing these plans. The Administrative Reforms Commission in 1967 highlighted that planning needed to be focused in those areas where local variations in pattern and process of development were likely to yield quick results. The Planning Commission issued guidelines to the state governments for formulating district plans in 1969. These guidelines provided details regarding the concept and methodology for drawing up these plans in a framework of annual, medium and perspective plans. The recommendations of several other Committees, namely, Danatwala (1978), Hanumantha Rao (1984) and GVK Rao 1985 were instrumental in the concretization of the idea and concept of District Plans.
The preparation of these plans assumed special significance in the aftermath of the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments which conferred constitutional status to panchayats at district and sub-district levels and local self-government in urban areas. Article 243 ZD of the constitution provides for the procedure for the constitution of District Planning Committee at the district level to consolidate the plans prepared by the panchayats and municipalities and prepare draft development plan for the whole district. The important functions proposed for the district planning committee include, inter alia, to (i) consolidate plans prepared by the panchayats at
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different levels of the rural local and urban bodies; (ii) assess the development disparity that exists between or among village panchayats, block panchayats and municipalities and identify the basic reasons for these disparities; (iii) identify and prioritize the schemes for the development of district conforming to the objectives of the state and central governments; (iv) formulate objectives and strategies for the identification and prioritization of the schemes for the district. As per the guidelines, the preparation of district level plans have to preceded, among others, by the complete assignment of the activities to be undertaken by different levels of local government, formation of District Planning Committees (DPCs).
The current crisis in agricultural sector has once again brought up the importance of preparing district agricultural plans taking into account myriad of agro-climatic niches, problems and potentials in each of the district in the country. As is well known, performance of Indian economy has been a global success story. While it has been growing at a rate of 6 per cent per annum since 1993, the growth rate has been an astonishing 9 per cent during the last four years. This is in stark contrast to the growth rate in Indian agriculture which has witnessed sharp deceleration during the last decade or so. The growth rate has plummeted from a 3.62 per cent per annum during the period of 1984-85 to 1995-96 to less than 2 per cent in the subsequent period of 1995-96 to 2004-05. Agricultural growth was slightly above two per cent during 2006-07 but much lower than the target growth rate of 4 per cent. In brief, Indian agriculture is in a crisis which is unprecedented. The sordid state of affairs has been attributed, among others, to technology fatigue versus policy fatigue and persistent neglect of agriculture and gradual withdrawal of state from active participation in development activities. It is evident from declining plan outlay, declining public sector capital formation, dwindling credit supply which is manifested in fact that the growth rate of institutional credit to agriculture has declined from about 6. 64 per cent during 1981-91 to 2.16 per cent during 1991-99, decrease in the use of critical inputs, increase in the cost of production, faulty price policy in terms of mismatch between minimum support price (MSP) and cost of cultivation and coverage of commodities under MSP scheme. Likewise, neglect of agricultural research and extension, technology fatigue manifested in stagnation/deceleration in growth of yields of important crops like wheat, practically no increase in area under irrigation despite launching Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP) in 1996-97. Between 1995-96 and 2003-04 both central and state governments have spent nearly Rs. 35,000 crores but the net irrigated area has remained static at around 53-55 million hectares, the poor growth in surface irrigation has obliged farmers to depend heavily on ground water exploitation thereby depleting ground water resources and increasing cost of production and fall in the rate of growth of employment opportunities. While the overall employment growth declined from 1.74 per cent between 1983-84 and 1993-94 to 1.08 per cent between 1993-94 and 2003-04, in agriculture it decreased from 1.41 per cent to 0.63 per cent. The net result has been dwindling income of the farmers culminating in increasing number of farmers’ suicides.
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The Eleventh Five -Year Plan (2007-2012) has set a target of 4 per cent for agricultural sector and 9 per cent for the economy as a whole. To accomplish this rate of growth, centre has emphasised fast and inclusive growth, especially of agricultural sector, so that the benefits of growth percolate down to the most vulnerable sections of the society like landless labour, marginal and small farmers, scheduled caste, scheduled tribes, women, and so on. A number of new initiatives have been launched to revive growth in agriculture. One of such important innovation that has been introduced in the Eleventh Five Year- Plan is Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) with an outlay of Rs. 25,000 crores to give states more flexibility and autonomy in planning and executing programmes for agriculture, achieve goals of bridging the yield gaps in important crops, maximise returns to the farmers, incentivise them to spend more on agricultural sector and address the agriculture and allied sectors in an integrated manner. The funds under this scheme would be provided to the states as 100 per cent grant by the central government. An outlay of Rs. 1,500 crore has been approved for 2007-08. The financial assistance provided to the state governments from this centrally sponsored scheme is subject to fulfillment of certain conditions. First, the expenditure on agriculture by the state governments is higher than the base period, which is defined as the moving average of the expenditure of the preceding three years. Second, the preparation of district and state agricultural plans is mandatory. The areas like integrated development of food crops including coarse cereals, minor millets and pulses, agricultural mechanisations, soil health and productivity, development of rain- fed farming systems, integrated pest management, market infrastructure, horticulture, animal husbandry, dairying and fisheries, completion of projects that have definite time lines, support to institutions that promote agriculture and horticulture, etc organic and bio-fertilizers are given priority. The District Agricultural Plan (DAP) should determine each district’s final resource envelops, its production plan and the associated input plan. It has also been emphasized to integrate these district level agricultural plans with the state plans.
Against above background, the Himachal Pradesh State Department of Agriculture entrusted the task of preparing these plans to the HP Agricultural University as per the guidelines issued by the planning commission. The guidelines entail collection and analysis of data on parameters such as land utilisation, farming systems, cropping pattern, horticulture, inputs use, farm machinery, yield and input gaps, issues in livestock management, fisheries, livelihoods of local population, different ongoing irrigation and watershed programmes/schemes, potential for new schemes, post harvest operations, market infrastructure, and so on at the village/panchayat levels. The methodological framework to prepare these plans got evolved in a series of consultations with the officials of the line department like agriculture and horticulture and the scientists working at different KVKs and regional research stations. The details of the methodological framework have been provided in the subsequence section.
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1.2 Data and Methods
In the literature on methodologies in social sciences, there are five main approaches, namely, sample surveys, rapid appraisal, participant observation, case studies and participatory learning and action to conduct a research inquiry. The reliability and generalisability of the findings of any study hinges on the methodology followed to conduct the study. The adoption of a particular approach or amalgam of different approaches, however, is contingent on a variety of factors most notably, the objectives of the proposed research inquiry, the proposed use of the findings, the required level of reliability of results, complexity of the research area/programme and, of course, the availability of resources in terms of both money and time. The merits and demerits of different approaches have been described in Hulme, 2000, pp. 79-98. The present section is, therefore, devoted to explain methodological framework adopted to prepare district agricultural plans for Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh.
1.2.1 Sampling Plan
Mandi district has been divided into 10 developmental blocks. Though, all the developmental blocks in the district were taken, sampling approach was adopted to select the panchayats. The sample panchayats were selected in such a way that variations in micro climatic niches, farming systems and cropping patterns in a particular block were captured. To meet this requirement, 10 -15 per cent of the total panchayats from each of the block with a minimum of four panchayats were selected. Following this methodology, 55 panchayats were selected from Mandi district, the detail of sample panchayats is presented in Table 1 .1
1.2.2 Survey Tools
Guided by the parameters given in guidelines issued by the Planning Commission for the preparation of the district plan and discussions held with the officials of department of agriculture, different aspects on which data were to be collected had been divided in two parts. First, those on which data were to be collected at block level. Second, those on which data were to be collected at panchayats level. Accordingly, two questionnaires were developed which were discussed with different stakeholders and officials of line departments before finalising. These questionnaires were administered in all blocks and sample panchayats of Mandi district. The data were collected following Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) approach for the agricultural year 2007-08. The officers of the line departments, namely, agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry and panchayat pradhans including two-three progressive farmers participated in the PRA during the data collection process.
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Table 1.1 The Sample Panchyats
Block TotalPanchayats (No.)
No. Selected PanchayatsName
Sadar 48 6 Kotli, Bari Gumanu, Pandoh, Kigas, Chehtigarh,Kot Dhalyas
Balh 51 6 Chhamyar, Shatti, Behna, Nag Chaila, Zaned, Beri
Sundernagar 45 5 Mahadev, Samon, Alsoo, Rohanda, Bhalana Gohar 36 4 Silnu, Saran, Sainj, Dhisti Seraj 39 5 Dheem Kataru, Shiva Thana, Bali Chowki,
Thachadhar, Panjain Karsog 52 6 Lower Karsog, Shahet, Nanj, Mahog, Sawa
mahunag, Shahaj Gopalpur 38 5 Rakhota, Hari Behna, Baldwara, Nowani,
Chowk Dharmapur 44 5 Kothuwan, Langm, Dhawali, Chanouta,
Greyoh Chauntra 36 6 Chauntra, Tikkri Mushera, Ropri Kahloru,
Matehar, Neri Langna, Drahal Drang 33 7 Pali, Chukku, Bhararu, Hargunain, Sanwad,
Barot, Dhamchyan Total 422 55
1.2.3 Analytical Tools
The data were analysed following appropriate statistical tools. Since the data were collected from sample panchayats, the estimates arrived at from sample panchayats were required to be blown up for the block as a whole. For blowing up these estimates, the statistical tools like percentages, simple and weighted averages and standard deviations of different parameters were computed. The averages then were multiplied with the total number of panchayats in a particular block to arrive at the estimates for the whole block. In some cases, depending upon the nature of parameters, one standard deviation was added to the average to arrive at estimates at the block level. The problems, suggestions and interventions suggested by the grass root level functionaries were coded. Based upon these codes, frequency tables were generated and different problems and interventions were prioritized and five most important problems and interventions were considered for preparing plan estimates. The interventions required to solve different problems and to exploit the available potential in different areas, were divided into three categories namely, research, extension and development. The funds for these interventions were then worked out in consultation with the stakeholders. The financial requirements for other parameters like irrigation, watershed schemes, infrastructure, markets, and so on were prepared in consultation with the district level officials of the line departments like agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry and irrigation.
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1.2.4 Limitations
For the preparation of the district agricultural plan strictly according to the guidelines issued by the Planning Commission, the data on different parameters should have been collected at the village level. This, however, could not be done due to time constraint. Further, under current dispensations while most of the data are being collected and prepared at tehsil level, the developmental schemes are being implemented at block level whose geographical area seldom coincides with that of tehsil. This mismatch between the administrative boundaries of tehsil and development blocks led to some problems in generating estimates for the whole block.
Note
1. Hulme, David (2000). Impact Assessment Methodologies for Micro Finance, Theory, Experience and Better Practice. World Development, 28 (1): 79-98.
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Chapter II
DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRICT
2.1 Background and History
The Mandi state, like most of the other hill states, takes its name from its capital, which is situated on the left bank of the Beas river. Mandi is a Hindi word meaning “market” and it may possibly be connected with the Sanskrit word “mandapika,” meaning “an open hall or shed” and may also be derived from the Sanskrit word mand, meaning “to adorn or distribute.” If a conjecture as to the origin of the name may be offered, it probably took its rise from the fact that, in ancient times, as at the present day, the place was a centre of trade on the main route from Yarkand and Ladakh to Hoshiarpur and the plains. The earliest mention of the town is on the inscription at the Trilok Nath temple in Old Mandi, which dates back to the year 2264 of the Kaliyuga era, and the Saka year 1442, corresponding to A.D. 1520. Mandi district was formed with the merger of two princely states viz; Mandi and Suket, on 15 April 1948, which coincided with the formation of the state of Himachal Pradesh and it was named after the name of MANDAVYA RISHI (earlier known as mandavya nagar).
2.1.1 Location
Mandi, one of the twelve districts of Himachal Pradesh, is situated in Western Himalayas between 31o-13� -20�� to 32o-04�-30�� North latitude and 76o-37�-20�� to 77o-23�-15�� East longitude. There is also a town called Mandi, which has a distinguished history and interesting architecture look. It has a rich culture and history represented by its temples which are a major attraction for the tourists. Mandi is an important trading centre being situated on the two state highways viz.Pathankot-Kullu and Kullu –Shimla and one national highway of Delhi -Chandigarh- Kiratpur-Bilaspur-Manali. The town is headquarter of the district and also the gateway to Himachal's most famous valleys - Kullu, Manali, Lahaul and Spiti. The entire town has a huge sprinkling of temples. Mandi’s raw silk has acquired wide fame, besides the salt mines at Drang and Guma that are the special features of the economy. The town has remains of old palaces and notable examples of 'colonial' architecture.
2.1.2 Boundaries
It is bounded by six districts and is almost in the center of the state. In North-west side Kangra and in the west Hamirpur and Bilaspur districts are located. Solan and Shimla districts are on the Southern and Kullu district on the Eastern side. Administratively, the district is divided into six sub-divisions viz. Sunder Nagar, Mandi, Chachiot, Karsog, Joginder Nagar and Sarkaghat, nine tehsils viz. Sunder Nagar, Mandi, Chachiot, Karsog, Joginder Nagar and Sarkaghat, Padhar, Thunag, Lad-Bharol and seven sub-tehsils, namely, Baldwara, Balichowki, Dharmapur, Sandhol, Kotli, Aut and Nihri. From development point of view, the district is divided into ten blocks viz.
8
Sadar, Sunder Nagar, Karsog, Seraj, Gohar, Drang, Chauntra, Gopalpur, Dharmapur and Balh. The district has areas ranging from the low lying sub-tropical to higher mountains making it possible to grow a variety of field crops and fruit and undertake livestock enterprises.
2.2 Physiographic Features 2.2.1 Area
The district has a total geographical area of 3,950 square kilometers and constitutes around 7 per cent of the total geographical area of the state. Topographically, the district can be divided into two main categories, a) Shivalik (Outer Himalaya) region; the Balh valley, Baldwara and Joginder nagar area of Mandi district ranging from 651 to 1,500m amsl fall in this region. Deep to shallow stone embedded with loam to clay soils are found in this zone. The paddy, maize, ginger, wheat, potato and citrus fruit are cultivated in this area. b) Mid mountain (Inner Himalaya) region: Areas of Chachiot, Karsog, and Seraj and part of Drang blocks (1,500-4,500m amsl) fall in this region. The series of parallel ranges are divided by longitudinal valleys. There is continuous increase in the height from valley to hills. There are many hill ranges in the district occupying distinctive place in the geographical features of Mandi. The main hill ranges in this district are as under:
I.Dahaula Dhar: This high elevation range covers considerable part of the Suket area. It runs with eastern boundary of the district from north to south. In this range ‘Nagru’ is the highest peak, with an elevation of 4, 4 00 meters above mean sea level. The range joins the Kullu district in the north-east.
II. Ghogar Dhar: Ghogar dhar has the rock salt mines of Gumma and Drang and is fully covered with forests. It enters the district at Harabagh in Drang block.
III.Sikandra Dhar: This range runs from north-west boundary of Suket and Bilaspur and has been divided into sub-ranges i.e. Kamlah and Lindi dhar.
IV Dhar Bairkot: This range starts from Rewalsar and extends towards Suket. Some of its branches join Kangra with Sikandra dhar. Other hill ranges in the district are Shikari, Kamrunag, Parashar, Bundli, etc.
2.2.2 Seasons and Climate
Mandi falls in the mid-hills-sub-humid zone and high hills temperate wet agro- climatic zone of Himachal Pradesh. The district is entirely hilly, except Balh area in Sundernagar/Sadar blocks and Chauntra area in Chauntra block which are fertile valleys. In general, there is increase in elevation from south to north. Agro-climatically, the district has been delineated into five agro ecological situations (Tables 2.1& 2.2).
9
Tab
le 2
.1 A
ES-
wis
e C
ulti
vate
d A
rea
and
Blo
cks
S. No.
Nam
e of
AE
S %
of c
ulti
vate
d ar
ea o
f di
stri
ctN
umbe
r of
blo
cks
cove
red
1 A
ES-
I V
alle
y ar
ea
25
10
2 A
ES-
II M
oder
ate
rain
fall
mid
-hill
are
as
39
10
3 A
ES-
III
Hig
h ra
infa
ll –m
id h
ill a
reas
12
7
4 A
ES-
IV M
id h
ill –
sub-
tem
pera
te a
reas
15
7
5 A
ES-
V H
igh
hill
tem
pera
te w
et a
reas
9
6 So
urce
: Str
ateg
ic R
esea
rch
and
Ext
ensi
on P
lan
of D
istr
ict M
and,
i Him
acha
l Pra
desh
, AT
MA
, 200
5.
Tab
le 2
.2 S
prea
d of
AE
S in
the
Dis
tric
t
Nam
e of
A
CZ
N
ame
of A
ES
Are
a(h
a)
% o
f ge
ogr.
ar
ea o
f di
stt.
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
B10
A
%
A%
A
%
A%
A
%
A
%
A
%
A
%
A
%
A
%
Low
hill
su
b m
onta
ne
subt
ropi
cal z
one
I 98
6.90
25
10
60
40
10
15
55
10
5
30
5
Mid
hill
su
b hu
mid
zo
ne
II
1,53
9.5
39
50
40
30
45
35
45
90
25
20
15
III
473.
71
12
20
-
15
5
5
-
-
25
40
10
Hig
h hi
ll w
et
tem
pera
te
zone
IV
592.
14
15
15
-
10
25
25
-
-
30
10
35
V
355.
28
9
5
-
5
15
10
-
-
15
-
35
Tot
al
3,
947.
6 10
0
Sour
ce: S
trat
egic
Res
earc
h an
d E
xten
sion
Pla
n of
Dis
tric
t Man
d,i H
imac
hal P
rade
sh, A
TM
A,2
005.
10
2.2.3 Rainfall and Snowfall
The district receives the highest rainfall in the state with an average annual precipitation of 1,568.5 mm. Maximum rainfall occurs in the month of June to September followed by January to March whereas least rainfall occurs in the month of November followed by December, October and April. About 63 per cent rainfall occurs in monsoon season i.e. from June to September and rest of the precipitation occurs due to western disturbances. Further Fig. 2.1 indicates wide fluctuations in the average rainfall. For example, during the monsoon period, the amount of rainfall varied from as high as 1,752.5 millimeters in 1999-2000 to as low as 816.2 millimeters in 1991-92. More or less, similar pattern was discernible in the amount of rainfall in other seasons. Taking the total amount of rainfall in all the four seasons, it varied from as low as 1,118.9 millimeters in 2002-03 to as high as 2,243.3 millimeters in 1996-97 (Tables 2.3 & 2.4).
Table 2.3 Rainfall Pattern in Various Agro Ecological Situations of Mandi District
S. No. AES Altitude (m) Rainfall (mm) 1 Valley areas 651-1,300 1,000 2 Moderate rainfall mid-hill areas 651-1,300 1,540 3 High rainfall –mid hill areas 1,100-1,800 2,376 4 Mid hill –sub-temperate areas 1,300-1,800 1,080, light snowfall
5 High hill temperate wet areas >1,800 1,000
Moderate to high snowfall Source: Strategic Research and Extension Plan of District Mand,i Himachal Pradesh, ATMA, 2005.
Table 2.4 Trend in Average Rainfall; 1990-91 to 2003-04 (millimeters)
Year Monsoon Winter Post - monsoon Pre-monsoon Total 1990-91 1,561.4 92.1 182.4 332.7 2,168.6 1991-92 816.2 129.4 6.5 183.2 1,135.3 1992-93 1,554.8 219.9 74.0 185.5 2,034.2 1993-94 1,223.3 137.2 8.3 152.7 1,521.5 1994-95 1,177.5 137.2 40.6 152.7 1,508.0 1995-96 996.3 158.8 38.1 93.3 1,286.5 1996-97 1,692.5 157.6 344.0 30.2 2,243.3 1997-98 1,372.4 170.3 294.7 284.9 2,122.1 1998-99 1,297.5 80.3 132.7 113.8 1,624.3 1999-2000 1,752.5 89.8 11.7 118.8 1,972.8 2000-01 1,131.1 23.8 4.6 232.6 1,392.3 2001-02 1,085.0 125.3 34.7 146.4 1,391.0 2002-03 867.9 113.6 23.4 114.0 1,118.9
Source: Annual Season and Crop Reports, Various Issues, Directorate of Land Records, Government of Himachal Pradesh.
Lower areas of the district experience hot summer (up to 40o C temp.) and cold winter with frost and fog. Hilly areas experience mild summer and cold winter with low to high snowfall and mist in rainy season. The high altitude areas like Badar, Gohar, Seraj and Sonar usually have sufficient snowfall every year from January to March. The mean monthly average, maximum and minimum temperatures recorded at Sunder Nagar varies from 15.3 to 32.6 and 0.5 to 20.5 °C, respectively.
11
Trend in Average Rainfall
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
1990
-91
1991
-92
1992
-93
1993
-94
1994
-95
1995
-96
1996
-97
1997
-98
1998
-99
1999
-2000
2000
-01
2001
-02
2002
-03
Year
Rai
nfal
l (m
m
Monsoon Winter Post - monsoon Pre-monsoon Total
Fig. 2.1 Trend in Average Rainfall in Mandi District Source: Annual Season and Crop Reports, Various Issues, Directorate of Land Records, Government of Himachal Pradesh.
Table 2.5 is self explanatory as it clearly speaks about the occurrence of droughts in various blocks of Mandi district and affecting severity at various degrees.
Table 2.5 Information on Occurrence of Drought in Different Blocks of Mandi District
Sr. No. Block Year in which effected (last 10 years)
Severity M/S/VS % Cropped area affected
1. Sadar 2002, 2004 &
2005
SSM
60 55 35
2. Balh 2002, 2004 &
2005
SSM
55 65 30
3. Sundernagar 2002, 2004 &
2005
SS
MS
62 65 34
4. Gohar 2002, 2004 &
2005
MM
MS
23 25 32
5. Seraj 2002, 2004 &
2005
SS
MS
63 62 36
6. Karsog 2002, 2004 &
2005
SSS
67 63 61
7. Gopalpur 2002, 2004 &
2005
SS
MS
65 60 33
8. Dharmapur 2002, 2004 &
2005
SSS
70 62 60
9. Chauntra 2002, 2004 &
2005
MMM
25 20 22
10. Drang 2002, 2004 &
2005
MMM
22 20 18
Note: M=Moderate, S=Severe, SV= Very SevereSource: Strategic Research and Extension Plan of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, ATMA,2005.
12
2.2.4 Soils
Broadly, the soil in the district can be classified into brown hill and sub – mountain soil. The brown hill soil occurs in Chauntra, Drang, Mandi, Sadar, Rewalsar, Dharmapur, Gopalpur, Chachiot and Sundarnagar, whereas sub-mountain soil predominantly occurs in Seraj and Karsog blocks. The soil texture in Mandi district varies from medium to fine having sandy loam to clay loam soils. The PH of soil is slightly acidic in nature in some parts of the district. The details on soil types in different agro ecological situations and blocks in Mandi District are presented in Tables 2.6 & 2.7.
Table 2.6 Information on Soils for Mandi District
Sr.No AES Soil Topography %
area Important crops
1 Valleyareas Entisol & Inseptisol More or less
leveled 25 Wheat, paddy, maize, onion, garlic, vegetables, plum, mango, litchi
2
Moderate rainfall mid-hill areas
Entisol Inseptisol & Mollisol
Hilly terrain, soils shallow to deep, frost prone particularly on northern aspects
39 Wheat, maize, paddy, ginger, onion, garlic tomato, plum, Mango
3
High rainfall –mid hill areas
Alfisol, Inseptisol & Mollisol
Hilly to moderate slope 12
Wheat, Maize, paddy, pea potato, sarson, linseed, vegetables
4
Mid hill –sub-temperate areas
Alfisol & Inseptisol
Hilly terrain, slop moderate to steep, during winter northern aspects have frost for longer period
15
Potato, wheat, maize, paddy, off-season vegetables (pea, cabbage, cauliflower, tomato, capsicum), apple, pear, plum
5High hill temperate wet areas
Shallow in depth, Acidic in reaction, silt loam to loam
Hilly terrain 9
Wheat, barley, maize, buckwheat, potato, pea, apple, nuts, off-season vegetables
Source: Strategic Research and Extension Plan of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, ATMA, 2005.
13
Table 2.7 Block - wise Information on Soils for Mandi District (Area in ha)
Sr.No.
Block Black soil
Red soil Sandy soil Sandy loams
Others (clay soil)
Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % 1. Sadar - - - - 857 5 11,146 65 5,144 30 2. Balh - - - - 1,231 8 6,156 40 8,003 52 3. Sundernagar - - - - 322 2 9,989 62 5,800 36 4. Gohar - - - - 122 1 8,286 68 3,778 31 5. Seraj - - - - 60 0.5 9,550 79.0 2,403 20 6. Karsog - - - - 376 3 7,517 60 4,636 37 7. Gopalpur - - - - 186 2 5,123 55 4,005 43 8. Dharmpur - - - - 572 7 5,308 65 2,287 28 9. Chauntra - - - - 403 3 4,702 35 8,330 62 10. Drang - - - - 203 2 7,297 72 2,635 26
Source: Strategic Research and Extension Plan of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, ATMA, 2005.
The soils of district Mandi are medium in available nitrogen and phosphorus and low to medium in available potassium. The soils have low to high organic carbon status. In some pockets of the district, where farmers are growing fruit and vegetable crops, deficiencies of Zn, B and Mo in soils are being observed. Even in lower areas, Zn deficiency in soils is being observed in maize and rice growing areas. Generally, the soils are prone to water erosion particularly in rainy season (Table 2.8).
Table 2.8 Information on Problem Soils in the District
Sr.No.
Problem soil Area (ha) Extent of severity Very severe Severe Mild
1. Soil erosion 350 155 60 135 2. Micro-nutrient
deficiency 20,000 - - 20,000
Source: Strategic Research and Extension Plan of District Mandi Himachal Pradesh, ATMA, 2005.
2.2.5 Forests
Forests play an important role in the economy of the district. Forests provide valuable timber for export as well as for construction purposes, fuel wood, grazing land and grass for the animals. Forests are scattered throughout the district on the higher slopes. The important forests are those lying in the Sutlej valley. Deodar forests are generally found at an altitude varying from about 1,650 meters to 3,000 meters from the mean sea level. The species are of their best in the Dhamoon forests at an altitude of about 2,350 meters. The chill forests are generally found at an elevation varying between 950 meters to 1,650 meters, while oak forests are found at all aspects at an altitude varying between 950 to 2,750 meters. In the lower areas, bamboo and other bush type of forests are found in the entire district. The per cent of forest cover in the district is around
14
42 as compared to 26 in the state (Table 2.9 & 2.10). Interestingly, the area under forest cover has shown increasing trends over the years (1991-92 to 2002-03) whereas the reverse was found true for the state. The principal marketable forest products are timber, bamboo, resin and katha in the lower areas of the district.
Table 2.9 Forest Cover in Mandi District (area in km2)
Particular Mandi Himachal Pradesh Geographical area 3,950 55,673 Legally classified forest area 1,860 37,016 Dense forest 1,007 8,976 Open forest 664 5,377 Total forest area 1,671 14,353 % area under forest of total geographical area
42.30 25.78
Source: Forest Survey of India -2005.
Table 2.10 Changing Forest Covers (Per Cent)
Particular Year Forest land
Mandi
1990-91 42.44 1995-96 43.65 2000-01 43.84 2002-03 44.08
H.P.
1990-91 30.85 1995-96 31.10 2000-01 24.05 2004-05 24.22
Source: Annual Season and Crop Reports, Various Issues, Directorate of Land Records, Government of Himachal Pradesh.
2.2.6 Flora and Fauna
Flora
The more prominent trees of this district are Simbal (Bombar malabarium), the mango (Mangifera indica), the tun (Cedrela toana), several species of acacia and albizzia, the Salambra (Odina wodier) and two species of terminalic and jaman (Engenia jambolana). The bamboo is indigenous in this region. The waste land is covered with thorny shrubs. The other flora found in the district are deodar (Cedrus deodars), blue pine (Pinus excelsa), Spruce (Picas morinela), Silver fir (Abies pindrow), white oak (Querecus incana), Moura or hilly oak (Querecus dilatala), green oak (Querecus glauxa). Above 2,350 meters, the flora is almost entirely temperate in character. The walnut, horse –chestnut, maple holly and popular, are often accompanied with a dense mass of undergrowth of hill bamboo, ferns and shade loving herbaceous plants. The most
15
common shrubs of the higher elevations are the berberis, indigofera and desmodium. The common fruit trees are banana, ber, jaman, mango, pears and shahtoot.
Fauna
The district is well stocked in game animals. Black bears are common in the higher valleys while leopards are found throughout the district. Barking deer and gural are frequently found at medium elevation. The mask deer and serao are found in certain localities of the district. The other animals inhabiting the district are hill fox, jackal, porcupine, pini marten, langur and monkeys.
Black and grey partridges are commonly found throughout the district. The peacock and common jungle fowl are found even at higher altitude. During winter, large flocks of blue rock pigeon can be seen in Balh and Sandhol, while Himalayan wood pigeon can be seen in Kali forests. Among birds of prey, the lammergeyer and golden eagle are found only at higher altitude. Of all the smaller birds, fly –catchers, shrikes, cuckoos, wagtail bulbuls, warblers, pipits, duck and gees are common in the district.
2.2.7 Fishery
The district abounds in the natural water resources in the form of rivers, streams, lakes and ponds. Mandi district is one of the most advanced districts in sphere of fishery management. A small hatchery unit for Trout Culture was also maintained at Barot which caters to the needs of Anglers in the Uhl and Lambadag rivers which were once famous for quality trout. The farm has a capacity of 2, 00, 000 fingerlings and attracts 300-400 anglers in a year.
Riverine Fisheries
Mandi district with its network of rivers and streams has vast potentiality for the development of inland fisheries. River Sutlej makes a good landing ground for Mahseer fishing. The river Beas is also rich in fisheries resources. Barbus (Mahseer), Labeo diplostomous (Gid), Labeo dyochelous (Kuni) and Oreigus sinuatus (Himalayan Barbel) are the main food fishery and are found in rivers Sultej and Beas and their tributaries. Trout (Salmo fario), an exotic species of game fish, was first introduced in this district from Kullu probably in thirties. Trout is available in Uhl, Lambadag and Thirthan perennial tributories, Mandi, Kun-ka-Tar, Sandhol, Dehar, Barot, Puin Bridge, Kamand, Bhali Chowki and Mangalore. The total fish production in the district during the year 2006-07 was 736 tonnes which was 10.69 per cent of the state fish production.
2.2.8 Sanctuaries
In order to protect and ensure the survival of various species of indigenous fauna, the following three sanctuaries have been established in the district:
16
i. Bandli Wild Life Sanctuary
It was established in 1962 at a distance of about 10 kms from Sundernagar. Goral, black bear, red jungle fowl and cheer pheasants are found in this sanctuary and it covers an area of 498 hectares.
ii. Nargu Winch Camp Wild Life Sanctuary
It covers an area of 13, 543 hectares. Musk deer, cheer, pheasants, serao, goral, tragopan and chakor are found.
iii. Shikari Devi Wild Life Sanctuary
Its area is 21, 387 hectares. The musk deer, monal, koklash, red jungle fowls, partridges and kali pheasants are found in the sanctuary.
2.3 Demographic Features
2.3.1 Distribution of Population
The district is next to Kangra with regards to population. In terms of area, it ranks seventh in the state. Mandi has 14.83 per cent of state population and 7.10 per cent of the total geographical area of the state. Table 2.11 shows the decadal variation of population since 1981 to 2001. The population of the Mandi district increased from 6, 44, 827 in 1981 to 7, 68, 446 in 1991 recording a growth rate of 20.40 per cent. The population of the district further increased to 9, 01,344 in 2001 with a growth rate of 16.05 per cent.
Table 2.11 Demographic Features, 2001
Particular Population (No.) Year Person % to state Dec. growth Density/
sq km
Mandi 1981 6,44,827 15.06 24.46 163 1991 7,68,446 14.86 20.40 195 2001 9,01,344 14.83 16.05 228
H. P. 1981 42,80,818 100.00 23.71 93 1991 51,70,877 100.00 20.79 93 2001 60,77,248 100.00 17.39 109
Source: Census of HP, 1991 & 2001
17
Table 2.12 Tehsil - wise Rural and Urban Population of District Mandi, 2001
Tehsil Total Rural Urban Persons Male Female Persons Male Female Persons Male Female
Padhar 44,144 22,025 22,119 44,144 22,025 22,119 0 0 0 Jogindarnagar 75,675 36,555 39,120 70,627 33,892 36,735 5,048 2,663 2,385 Lad Bharal 25,404 11,452 13,952 25,404 11,452 13,952 0 0 0 Sandhol 18,443 8,579 9,864 18,443 8,579 9,864 0 0 0 Dharmpur 30,898 14,723 16,175 30,898 14,723 16,175 0 0 0 Kotli 23,941 11,667 12,274 23,941 11,667 12,274 0 Sarkaghat 78,469 37,440 41,029 74,763 35,570 39,193 3,706 1,870 1,836 Baldwara 40,330 19,447 20,883 40,330 19,447 20,883 0 0 0 Sundernagar 1,01,437 51,976 49,461 77,451 39,291 38,160 23,986 12,685 1,1301 Mandi 1,92,370 97,616 94,754 1,64,128 82,638 81,490 28,242 14,978 1,3264 Aut 26,873 13,799 13,074 26,873 13,799 13,074 0 0 0 Bali Chowk 33,663 17,141 16,522 33,663 17,141 16,522 0 0 0 Thung 44,106 22,287 21,819 44,106 22,287 21,819 0 0 0 Chachyot 50,435 25,247 25,188 50,435 25,247 25,188 0 0 0 Nihri 31,777 16,122 15,655 31,777 16,122 15,655 0 0 0 Karsog 83,379 41,796 41,583 83,379 41,796 41,583 0 0 0 Total 9,01,344 4,47,872 4,53,472 8,40,362 4,15,676 4,24,686 60,982 32,196 28,786
Source: Primary Census Abstract of Himachal Pradesh-Series 3, Census of India, Directorate of Census Operations, Himachal Pradesh, Shimla
Table 2.13 Tehsil - wise Proportion of Rural and Urban Population of District Mandi, 2001 (Per Cent)
Tehsil Rural Urban Persons Male Female Persons Male Female
Padhar 100.00 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Jogindarnagar 93.33 92.72 93.90 6.67 7.28 6.10 Lad Bharal 100.00 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sandhol 100.00 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Dharmpur 100.00 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Kotil 100.00 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sarkaghat 95.28 95.01 95.53 4.72 4.99 4.47 Baldwara 100.00 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Sundernagar 76.35 75.59 77.15 23.65 24.41 22.85 Mandi 85.32 84.66 86.00 14.68 15.34 14.00 Aut 100.00 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Bali Chowk 100.00 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Thung 100.00 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Chachyot 100.00 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Nihri 100.00 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Karsog 100.00 100.00 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Total 93.23 92.81 93.65 6.77 7.19 6.35
Source: Primary Census Abstract of Himachal Pradesh-Series 3, Census of India, Directorate of Census Operations, Himachal Pradesh, Shimla
18
In terms of population, Mandi tehsil with 1,92,370 persons is the biggest tehsil of the district, followed by Sarkaghat tehsil (second biggest) and Sundernagar tehsil (third biggest). Tehsil wise rural and urban population is presented in Tables 2.12 and 2.13. As may be seen from the table, a preponderant majority of rural population lives in rural areas; among different tehsils, the proportion of rural population varies from 76.35 per cent to 100 per cent. The per cent of rural population was highest in Sundernagar (23.65 per cent) followed by Mandi (14.68 per cent) and Jogindarnagar (6.67 per cent). It was, however, interesting to observe that majority of females represent the rural population of the district.
2.3.2 Sex Ratio
Table 2.14 Tehsil - wise Demographic Features of District Mandi, 2001 (No.)
Tehsil Persons Male Female Sex ratio (F/1000M)
Padhar 44,144 (100.00)
22,025 (49.89)
22,119 (50.11) 1,004
Jogindarnagar 75,675 (100.00)
36,555 (48.31)
39,120 (51.69) 1,070
Lad Bharol 25,404 (100.00)
11,452 (45.08)
13,952 (54.92) 1,218
Sandhol 18,443 (100.00)
8,579 (46.52)
9,864 (53.48) 1,150
Dharmpur 30,898 (100.00)
14,723 (47.65)
16,175 (52.35) 1,099
Kotli 23,941 (100.00)
11,667 (48.73)
12,274 (51.27) 1,052
Sarkaghat 78,469 (100.00)
37,440 (47.71)
41,029 (52.29) 1,096
Baldwara 40,330 (100.00)
19,447 (48.22)
20,883 (51.78) 1,074
Sundernagar 1,01,437 (100.00)
51,976 (51.24)
49,461 (48.76) 952
Mandi 1,92,370 (100.00)
97,616 (50.74)
94,754 (49.26) 971
Aut 26,873 (100.00)
13,799 (51.35)
13,074 (48.65) 947
Bali Chowk 33,663 (100.00)
17,141 (50.92)
16,522 (49.08) 964
Thung 44,106 (100.00)
22,287 (50.53)
21,819 (49.47) 979
Chachyot 50,435 (100.00)
25,247 (50.06)
25,188 (49.94) 998
Nihri 31,777 (100.00)
16,122 (50.73)
15,655 (49.27) 971
Karsog 83,379 (100.00)
41,796 (50.13)
41,583 (49.87) 995
Total 9,01,344 (100)
447,872 (49.69)
453,472 (50.31) 1,013
Source: Primary Census Abstract of Himachal Pradesh-Series 3, Census of India, Directorate of Census Operations, Himachal Pradesh Shimla
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Tehsil -wise Sex Ratio
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
Tehsil
Sex Ratio
Fig. 2.2 Tehsil - wise Sex Ratio Source: Primary Census Abstract of Himachal Pradesh-Series 3, Census of India, Directorate of Census Operations, Himachal Pradesh, Shimla
The sex wise distribution of population at the tehsil level has been brought out in Table 2.14 and Fig.2.2. Further, table shows that among different tehsils, female population accounted for more than 50 per cent in Padhar, Jogindernagar, Lad Bharol, Sandhol, Dharmpur, Kotli, Sarkaghat, and Baldwara while in the remaining tehsils their proportion was less than fifty per cent. The similar trend can also be observed at the district level. It is worthwhile to note that sex ratio is comparatively higher in Lad Bharol as compared to other tehsils while it is lowest in Aut.
Table 2.15 Block - wise Sex Ratio
Sr.No.
Block Population (No.) Male (No.) Female (No.)
Sex ratio (F/1000M)
1. Sadar 1,14,791 57,861 56,930 9842. Balh 1,00,151 50,243 49,908 9933. Sundernagar 92,930 47,101 45,829 9734. Gohar 60,750 30,457 30,292 9955. Seraj 73,987 37,556 36,431 9706. Karsog 93,144 46,770 46,374 9927. Gopalpur 85,243 40,915 44,328 1,0838. Dharmpur 79,191 37,404 41,787 1,1179. Chauntra 66,592 31,028 35,564 1,14610 Drang 73,583 36,341 37,242 1,025 District 8,40,362 4,15,676 4,24,685 1,022
Source: Strategic Research and Extension Plan of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, ATMA, 2005.
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Out of 10 blocks in the district, the sex ratio was found low in favour of females in the blocks of Sadar, Balh, Sundernagar, Gohar, Seraj and Karsog (Table 2.15). As per table 2.16, the sex ratio has increased at the district level on the whole while there is a declining trend in the state, (decreasing from 988 in 1981 to 970 in 2001).
Table 2.16 Changes of Sex Ratio Over the Period
Particular Population (No.) Year Person Male Female Sex ratio
Mandi1981 6,44,827 3,22,575 3,22,252 999 1991 7,68,446 3,77,986 3,90,460 1,033 2001 9,01,344 4,47,762 4,53,582 1,013
H. P. 1981 4,280,818 2,153,329 2,127,489 988 1991 5,170,877 2,616,841 2,554,036 976 2001 6,077,248 3,084,897 2,992,351 970
Source: Census of HP, 1991 & 2001
2.3.3 Density of Population
With the rise in population, the density of population in the district has also increased. The density of population increased from 163 persons per square kilometer in 1981 to 228 persons per square kilometer in 2001(Table 2.17)..
Table 2.17 Density of Population (1981-2001)
Particular Year Density/ sq km
Mandi1981 163 1991 195 2001 228
H. P. 1981 93 1991 93 2001 109
2.3.4 Literacy Level
The literacy level of the district has increased from 40.21 per cent in 1981 to 75.86 per cent in 2001. It was, however, interesting to see that average literacy rate in the district was lower than that of state average. Another important point visualized from the data is that average male literacy rate is higher than state average; while female literacy rate is relatively lower (Table 2.18).
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Table 2.18 Changes in Literacy Levels (1981-2001)
Particular Literacy % Year Male Female Total
Mandi1981 52.96 27.45 40.21 1991 76.65 49.12 62.74 2001 86.67 65.36 75.86
H. P. 1981 53.19 31.46 42.48 1991 75.36 52.13 63.86 2001 86.02 68.08 77.13
Source: Census of HP, 1991 & 2001
With regards to block –wise literacy rate, it ranges between 69 to 80 per cent. The highest literacy rate was recorded in Gopalpur while lowest literacy rate was found in Drang and Seraj blocks (69 per cent).
Table 2.19 Block –wise Literacy Rate
Sr.No.
Block Population (No.)
% of literacy
Male (No.)
Female(No.)
1. Sadar 1,14,791 73 57,861 56,930 2. Balh 1,00,151 78 50,243 49,908 3. Sundernagar 92,930 72 47,101 45,829 4. Gohar 60,750 73 30,457 30,292 5. Seraj 73,987 69 37,556 36,431 6. Karsog 93,144 70 46,770 46,374 7. Gopalpur 85,243 80 40,915 44,328 8. Dharmpur 79,191 78 37,404 41,787 9. Chauntra 66,592 75 31,028 35,564 10 Drang 73,583 69 36,341 37,242 District 8,40,362 73.7 4,15,676 4,24,685
Source: Strategic Research and Extension Plan of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, ATMA, 2005.
The categorization of population according to different educational levels has been given in Table 2.20. More than half of the population was educated above middle level. It was found that only 1.35 per cent of the population was illiterate.
22
Table 2.20 Educational Level Attained
Educational level Number Percentage Illiterate 7,906 1.35 Below primary 1,19,193 20.28 Primary 1,65,195 28.11 Middle 95,535 16.25 Matric/higher secondary/diploma 1,73,205 29.47 Graduate & above 26,714 4.55 Total 5,87,748 100.00
2.3.5 Occupational Distribution:
Success of any work depends upon the availability, job commitment and job performance of the workers involved in the particular activity. The proportion of agricultural workers and non-agricultural workers has been brought out in Table 2.21. Out of total workers, majority were non-agricultural workers. As may be seen from the table, workers constitute half of the total population in the district out of which nearly three-fifth was main workers. Similar pattern was discernible at the state level also. Further, among male and female, while the proportion of total male workers was 52.64 per cent in case of female it was around 48 per cent. However, it was visualized that proportion of main workers was higher than marginal workers. There was a different pattern in the distribution of male and female workers. For example, the proportion of marginal female workers was twice the male workers. More or less similar pattern in the distribution of total workers (main and marginal workers) was noted for the state as a whole.
Proportion of Main Workers & Marginal Workers
Fig. 2.3 Proportion of Main and Marginal Workers at the District and State LevelSource: Primary Census Abstract of Himachal Pradesh-Series 3, Census of India, Directorate of Census Operations, Himachal Pradesh, Shimla
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Table 2.21 Proportion of Workers to Total Population, 2001 (No.)
Particular Person Male Female Mandi
Population 9,01,344 4,47,872 4,53,472 Total workers 4,54,292
(50.40) 2,35,754 (52.64)
2,18,538 (48.19)
Main workers 2,69,076 (29.85)
1,76,622 (39.44)
92,454 (20.39)
Marginal workers 1,85,216 (20.55)
59,132 (13.20)
1,26,084 (27.80)
Himachal Pradesh Population 60,77,900 30,87,940 29,89,960 Total workers 29,92,461
(49.23) 16,86,658
(54.62) 13,05,803
(43.67) Main workers 19,63,882
(32.31) 13,33,361
(43.17) 6,30,521 (21.09)
Marginal workers 10,28,579 (16.92)
3,53,297 (11.45)
6,75,282 (22.58)
Note: Figures in parentheses are percentages Source: Primary Census Abstract of Himachal Pradesh-Series 3, Census of India, Directorate of Census Operations, Himachal Pradesh, Shimla
The distribution of total workers into main and marginal workers in district Mandi and state of Himachal Pradesh has been presented in Table 2.22. As may be seen from the Fig. 2.3 main workers constitute the more than half (59 per cent) of the total workers in the district. Almost similar pattern was discernible at the state level also. Further, among male and female main workers, the proportion of male workers was 74.92 per cent, while in case of female the proportion was around 42 per cent.
Table 2.22 Per Cent of Main and Marginal Workers, 2001
Particular Persons Male Female Mandi
Main workers 59.23 74.92 42.31 Marginal workers 40.77 25.08 57.69 All 100.00 100.00 100.00
Himachal Pradesh Main workers 65.62 79.05 48.29 Marginal workers 34.38 20.95 51.71 All 100.00 100.00 100
Note: Figures in parentheses are percentages Source: Primary Census Abstract of Himachal Pradesh-Series 3, Census of India, Directorate of Census Operations, Himachal Pradesh, Shimla
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The distribution of main and marginal workers into different occupational categories has been brought out in Table 2.23 Among main workers, cultivators accounted for three-fifth of the total workers; among male and female workers the cultivators accounted for slightly less than half in case of the former and as high as 84 per cent in case of the latter. The per cent share of workers in two occupational categories viz. agricultural labour and household industry was low (less than one per cent in case of agricultural labour and less than two per cent in case of household industry). It was, however, important to mention that in case of male workers about fifty per cent of them were employed in other occupations. In comparison, the proportion of female workers employed in other occupations was around 14 per cent.
Likewise, the distribution of marginal workers into different occupational categories shows that a preponderant majority of such workers in both the sexes was engaged in cultivation both at the district and state level. Nonetheless, 16 per cent of the male marginal workers in the district were engaged in other occupations which include construction activities, transport and communication, hotel restaurant, and so on. The workers in other occupations accounted for 32 per cent of the total male workers and 7 per cent of total female workers. However, proportion of male marginal workers (4 per cent) at the district level was less than at the state level (34 per cent).
Table 2.23 Occupational Composition of Main and Marginal Workers, 2001
ParticularMandi Himachal Pradesh
Persons Male Female Persons Male Female I Main workers 2,69,076
(100) 1,76,622
(100) 92,454 (100)
19,63,882 (110.00)
13,33,361 (100.00)
6,30,521 (100.00)
i. Cultivators 1,63,760 (60.86)
85,250 (48.27)
78,510 (84.92)
10,89,124 (55.46)
5,78,807 (43.40)
5,10,317 (80.93)
ii. Agricultural labour 1,442 (0.54)
967 (0.55)
475 (0.51)
36,156 (1.84)
26,499 (1.99)
9,657 (1.53)
iii. Household industry 4,366 (1.62)
3,648 (2.07)
718 (0.78)
34,917 (1.74)
27,671 (2.07)
7,246 (1.15)
iv. Others 99,508 (36.98)
86,757 (49.12)
12,751 (13.79)
8,03,685 (40.92)
7,00,384 (52.53)
1,03,301 (16.38)
II Marginal workers 1,85,216 (100)
59,132 (100.00)
1,26,084 (100.00)
10,28,579 (100.00)
3,53,297 (100.00)
6,75,282 (100.00)
i. Cultivators 1,65,712 (89.47)
46,646 (78.88)
1,19,066 (94.43)
8,65,746 (84.16)
2,55,505 (88.19)
6,10,241 (90.36)
ii. Agricultural labour 5,076 (2.74)
2,265 (3.83)
2,811 (2.23)
58,015 (5.64)
29,159 (8.25)
28,856 (4.27)
iii. Household industry 2,381 (1.29)
976 (1.65)
1,405 (1.11)
17,602 (2.03)
6,363 (1.80)
11,239 (1.66)
iv. Others 12,047 (6.50)
9,245 (15.63)
2,802 (2.22)
87,216 (8.48)
62,270 (1.76)
24,946 (3.69)
Note: Figures in parentheses are percentages Source: Primary Census Abstract of Himachal Pradesh-Series 3, Census of India, Directorate of Census Operations, Himachal Pradesh, Shimla
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2.4. Agricultural Status
Agriculture scenario of Mandi district is very distinctive and diverse in nature as about more than 50% of the total population depends directly or indirectly upon it for their livelihood. Farm enterprises in the district include cereal crops (wheat, paddy and maize), pulses (urd, rajmash, gram, and lentil), oil seed (mustard, toria, linseed and soybean), vegetables (pea, potato, cabbage, cauliflower, tomato, capsicum, beans and cucurbits), spices (ginger, garlic, onion and turmeric), horticulture, animal husbandry, sericulture, beekeeping, mushroom, and floriculture. Majority of the families maintain cows, buffaloes, bullocks, sheep and goats. The main sources of income generation are agriculture (vegetable/fruit cultivation and milk production), besides, services in government and private sectors. In the past, majority of the projects for the development of agriculture were initiated with the assistance of Federal Republic of Germany in Mandi district. The improved agricultural development programme was started in Mandi on the 14th November, 1962 in collaboration with the ‘Federal Republic of Germany’. The programme was spread over from 1962-74 with the objectives; 1)to improve the existing agricultural conditions and 2) to change the direction of agricultural production in order to improve the production of cash crops more suited to the area.
The agro-climatic conditions in Mandi district are suitable for cultivation of a variety of fruit, off-season vegetables and mushroom. Livestock is the chief wealth of farmers’ families of the district. During the last two decades, the agriculture scenario has changed in the district. The overall cropping intensity is now more than 200% which itself shows the efforts put in by the farmers and extension back up. The productivity of major food grain crops has registered increase over the years but the acreage under pulses has declined considerably. However, the latest trend is encouraging because the farmers are taking more than two crops in a year in addition to raising high value vegetable crops in the district.
There has been unprecedented growth of population in the district during the last two decades. As a consequent, there is increasing pressure on the demand for food, fuel, fodder and timber etc. The rural youth have less opportunity for generating income other than the agriculture and animal husbandry. Government service avenues have decreased as also there is lack of sufficient industrial capacity to accommodate the youth in employment. Reduction in agricultural land due to construction of residential houses, roads and other rural infrastructure and fragmentation due to division of families have further aggravated the problem. So obviously, there is an undue pressure on land resources beyond their carrying capacity. Increasing agricultural production is imperative to meet the growing demand of the fast increasing population in terms of food, fuel, fodder and industrial raw material. The time has come to produce more and more from limited land and available resources without compromising with the quality.
The package of recommendations advocated by the farm university have been adopted by the farmers up to 50-60% due to the gap in extension and communication and secondly in some
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cases these were for a particular zone and are not as such appropriate for a particular agro- ecological situation. Also, investment in this sector is not benefited up to its desirable level due to failure of crops as a result of natural calamities like drought, frost, floods etc. and as such, some corrective measures along with policy support are the need of these areas.
This district is well known for several fruit like apple, plum, mango, pear, citrus, besides number of medicinal and herb plants. There has been reckless felling of mother lines of rare and valuable germplasm due to lack of rearing and non - availability of maturity avenues, consolidation of land holdings and wild animal menace.
The situation of spread of obnoxious weeds and shrubs is alarming. As a result the economic plant species supporting human and animals’ requirements are getting depleted considerably. For this reason, the farmers are finding it difficult to rear the milch and other animals.
The district offers varied physiography in having highly dissected divided hills. With the removal of vegetative cover, the sloping lands, therefore, result into enormous run-off and soil erosion offering very little time to recharge underneath water table. Consequently, the ground water table has been drastically reduced. In several places, already the land presents a ghastly look having been highly dissected and turned into ravines. With every massive rain, the hills transmit a huge run-off. The nullahs are getting deeper and deeper over the years. At times, these nullahs cause heavy and extensive damage to agricultural land, forests and grass lands. In the name of development, the construction of roads and other infrastructures, mining and removal of sand aggregate from the rivers and local nullahs are also leading to breakdown of the fragile hilly ecosystem. Consequently, the loose material erodes and finds its way ultimately into the streams and nullahs resulting into siltation of hydro electric dams.
Majority of farmers are having marginal and small holdings and they also rear milch animals. Due to lack of scientific land use planning and poor infrastructure provided to graded animals, farmers are not getting desired benefits. Therefore, much is needed for diversification in agriculture and animal husbandry sector in order to increase crop and milk production for improving socio-economic status of the farmers. There is no unified system of extension and all the development agencies are working separately. Hence there is an urgent need to reform the present extension programme by clubbing the various developmental agencies so that the developmental activities for the prosperity of farmers of this district can be taken up on the basis of system – approach in the effective execution of 11th Five Year Plan. At present, the schemes implemented by all the developmental departments are state funded or centrally sponsored and have not yielded the desired results, primarily because they are broad based and are not location specific besides meager funding in many schemes with focus on single enterprise. Moreover, till now the approach was totally top to bottom.
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To promote agriculture and its allied activities like horticulture, animal husbandry, fishery and sericulture in the district, the Agricultural Management Agency (ATMA) was created under the 10th plan Scheme “Support to State Extension Programme for Extension reforms”, aided by the centre and state in the ratio of 90:10 through the autonomous body State Agricultural Management and Extension Training Institute (SAMETI) Mashobra. The Agency proposed to bridge the gaps between research and implementation on field through active participation of the farmers themselves.
Innovation in Technology Dissemination (ITD) has been proved to be one of the most vital components of the National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP) started in India since 1998 with the financial assistance of the World Bank. The component was primarily aimed at pilot testing of innovative institutional management and execution protocol for rendering extension services from top level to down i.e. district to village level. The concept of this programme was aimed to ensure the involvement of village level beneficiaries/stakeholders at planning and implementation stages so that the need based location specific /niche based research and extension can be effectively carried out. More emphasis was laid to involve the private sector in the transfer of technology programme. Besides, the adoption of improved farming system through group approach extension; extensive use of mass media/information technology in the dissemination of technology and technical skill upgradation of researchers, extension personnel and farmers was stressed in these programmes.
2.4.1 Land Use Pattern
The changes in land utilization pattern have been brought in Table 2.24. The table shows that in the district there was marginal increase in the area under forest (42.44 per cent to 44.08 per cent) while there was considerable increase in the area under barren land, current fallow and other fallow during the year 1990-91 to 2002-03. It should be noted that there was sharp decline in area put to non-agricultural uses. The net sown area, however, remained almost unchanged during the period, except in the nineties when it decreased by nearly 2.5 per cent. The pattern of change in land utilization for the state was, however, different from that of the district. For example, the area under forests, culturable waste and net sown area declined by varying degree especially during 1995-96 and 2000-01. The area put to non-agricultural uses, however, recorded a significant increase particularly between 2000-01 and 2004-05 which might have resulted into continuous decline in the proportion of net sown area at the state level. The land use pattern of different blocks in Mandi district is depicted in the Table 2.25.
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Table 2.24 Changing Land Utilization Pattern (Per Cent)
Particular Year Forest land
Barrenland
Non- agri. uses
Cultureable
waste
Pasture Misc trees/groves
Currentfallow
Other fallow
Net sown area
Mandi
1990-91 42.44 3.01 2.99 1.10 25.74 0.05 0.57 0.06 24.04 1995-96 43.65 2.98 3.04 1.17 24.54 0.02 0.84 0.08 23.68 2000-01 43.84 6.31 0.00 1.11 24.21 0.08 2.70 0.17 21.58 2002-03 44.08 6.29 0.00 1.11 24.23 0.07 2.43 0.08 21.71
H.P.
1990-91 30.85 5.46 5.74 3.72 33.72 1.43 1.33 0.46 17.31 1995-96 31.10 4.07 5.66 3.64 35.44 1.35 1.55 0.76 16.43 2000-01 24.05 17.75 6.90 2.74 33.63 1.25 1.19 0.30 12.20 2004-05 24.22 14.78 10.08 2.80 33.02 1.51 1.32 0.31 11.94
Source: Annual Season and Crop Reports, Different Issues, Directorate of Land Records, Government of Himachal Pradesh.
Table 2.25 Block -wise Land Use Pattern in Mandi District
Sr.No.
Block Geographical area (sq. k.m.)
Geographicalarea (ha)
Cultivable area (ha)
Cultivated area (ha)
Cultivable waste (ha)
Currentfallow (ha)
1. Sadar 605.07 60,507 17,148 12,062 376 204 2. Balh 224.15 22,415 15,390 10,416 400 107 3. Sundernagar 424.10 42,410 16,112 8,730 589 837 4. Gohar 358.15 35,815 12,186 6,838 140 68 5. Seraj 496.95 49,695 12,013 10,613 150 173 6. Karsog 585.65 58,565 12,529 11,756 857 89 7. Gopalpur 222.60 22,260 9,314 9,043 474 684 8. Dharmpur 267.43 26,743 8,167 7,963 316 166 9 Chauntra 238.47 23,847 13,435 7,018 593 562 10 Drang 528.01 52,801 10,135 7,486 441 564 Total 3,950.58 3,95,058 1,26,429 91,925 4,336 3,454
Table 2.25 Contd…….
Sr.No.
Block Forest Pasture (ha)
Land put to non-agri.
use
Land under misc.
plantation
Barren & unculturable land (waste
land)
Reserved Open
1. Sadar 31,063 - 15,965 1,569 - 2,893 2. Balh 6,157 - 4,079 853 - 403 3. Sundernagar 16,997 - 12,964 1,482 - 811 4. Gohar 19,316 - 8,117 665 4 667 5. Seraj 27,260 - 9,606 1,550 - 343 6. Karsog 25,004 - 16,945 639 2 3,273 7. Gopalpur 2,610 - 6,120 912 - 2,417 8 Dharmpur 4,177 - 12,563 428 95 1,035 9 Chauntra 7,377 - 5,835 1,745 - 717 10 Drang 3,347 - 9,341 1,466 4 29 Total 1,73,431 - 97,910 11,309 105 12,588
Source: Strategic Research and Extension Plan of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, ATMA, 2005.
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2.4.2 Distribution of Land Holdings
Tables 2.26 and 2.27 bring out the changes in distribution of landholdings in Mandi district. The tables show that consistent with overall pattern captured at the all-India level and other states, the process of marginalization of holdings was also evident both for the district and state since 1980-81. For example, between 1980-81 and 2000-01, the proportion of marginal holdings increased from nearly 53 per cent to more than 66 per cent. The proportion of remaining three categories of holdings i.e. small, medium and large, however, recorded a continuous decline that was mainly due to division of families. In comparison, the proportion of operated area accounted for by these holdings brings out highly un-equal distribution pattern. For example, more than four-fifth of the marginal holdings accounted for around three-fifth of the total operated area whereas large and medium size holdings were around 15 per cent only and accounted for nearly 44 per cent of the total operated area. More or less, similar pattern of landholding distribution was in evidence for different blocks in Mandi (Table 2.28) as well as the state as a whole.
Table 2.26 Changing Patterns of Land Holdings, 1980-81 to 2000-01 (Per Cent)
Particular Census year
Marginal <1 ha
Small 1-2 ha
Medium 2-4 ha
Large >4 ha
Total
No. Area No. Area No. Area No. Area No. Area (ha)
Mandi
1980-81 53.43 17.59 25.19 27.48 16.37 33.53 5.01 21.41 95,449 1,25,363 1985-86 62.01 24.97 23.64 31.36 11.59 29.40 2.76 14.27 1,15,099 1,23,456 1990-91 65.55 28.25 22.04 31.50 10.27 28.18 2.14 12.07 1,31,796 1,29,701 1995-96 66.54 29.91 22.06 32.65 9.61 26.86 1.80 10.58 1,36,710 1,29,689 2000-01 69.43 33.91 21.04 33.30 8.19 24.56 1.33 8.22 1,46,247 1,28,472
H. P.
1980-81 55.30 14.92 22.03 20.43 15.16 27.08 7.51 37.57 6,37,081 9,80,425 1985-86 61.55 20.46 20.63 22.71 12.24 25.97 5.58 30.86 7,52,882 9,80,240 1990-91 63.82 21.26 19.96 23.29 11.26 25.51 4.96 29.94 8,33,793 10,09,766 1995-96 62.85 23.05 19.61 24.07 10.74 25.54 6.80 27.34 8,84,492 9,99,099 2000-01 67.30 25.70 19.10 25.00 9.80 24.80 3.80 24.50 9,13,914 9,78,756
Source: Directorate of Land Records, (Various Census), H.P.
Table 2.27 Block - wise Operational Land Holdings of Mandi District
Sr.No.
Block Operational holding (number and area) Large Medium Small Marginal Landless
No. of holdings
Area(ha)
No. of holdings
Area(ha)
No. of holdings
Area(ha)
No. of holdings
Area(ha)
No.
1. Sadar 10 270 1,875 5,725.73 3,305 6,501.00 10,226 4,380.77 30 2. Balh 8 216 1,566 4,790.11 3,179 5,447.02 11,296 4,820.39 40 3. Sundernagar 11 297 1,873 5,727.63 3,204 4,149.07 10,475 4,468.17 13 4. Gohar 7 189 1,277 3,905.06 2,910 4,120.02 7,510 3,202.07 15 5 Seraj 5 135 1,066 3,259.82 2,501 3,540.10 7,250 3,091.78 17 6. Karsog 15 405 1,805 5,551.67 2,998 3,640.02 9,190 3,942.24 24 7. Gopalpur 10 270 1,598 4,866.77 2,813 3,980.01 9,908 4,238.61 31 8. Dharmpur 4 108 1,605 4,908.90 2,700 3,878.03 9,500 4,040.11 16 9. Chauntra 8 216 1,440 4,403.52 2,575 3,575.00 8,089 3,445.03 25 10. Drang 6 162 1,430 4,372.94 2,567 3,509.30 7,411 3,160.11 10 Total 84 2,268 15,535 47,512.2 28,752 42,339.6 90,855 38,789.3 221
Source: Strategic Research and Extension Plan of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, ATMA, 2005.
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While the proportion of marginal holdings increased from around 53 per cent in 1980-81 to two-thirds of the total holdings that of small holdings decreased by a small proportion from 25.19 per cent to around 22.06 per cent. However, the large and medium holdings also recorded a larger proportion of decrease over the period. Insofar as distribution of operated area was concerned, the category of medium and large holdings each accounted for around one-fourth of the total operated area. The proliferation of holdings due to sub-division coupled with lack of alternative employment opportunities in non-farm sector has resulted in the continuous decrease in the average size of holdings of all the four categories both at the district and the state level. As far as changes in average size of the holdings are concerned, the table 2.28 shows that average size of the holdings remained almost same over the period both at the district level as well as at the State level.
Table 2.28 Changes in Average Size of Holdings, 1980-81 to 1995-96
Particular Year Marginal (<1 ha)
Small (1-2 ha )
Medium (2-4 ha)
Large (> 4 ha)
Overall (ha)
Mandi
1980-81 0.43 1.43 2.69 5.61 1.31 1985-86 0.43 1.42 2.72 5.54 1.07 1990-91 0.42 1.41 2.70 5.56 0.98 1995-96 0.43 1.40 2.65 5.59 0.95 2000-01 - - - - -
H. P.
1980-81 0.42 1.43 2.75 7.70 1.54 1985-86 0.43 1.43 2.76 7.20 1.30 1990-91 0.40 1.41 2.74 7.31 1.21 1995-96 0.41 1.39 2.69 7.03 1.13 2000-01 0.41 1.40 2.71 6.85 1.07
Note: Medium includes semi-medium holdings also Source: Directorate of Land Records, (Various Census), H.P.
2.4.3 Cropping Pattern
The changes in the cropping pattern, brought out in Tables 2.29 and 2.30 show that among different foodgrain crops in the district, area under rice, barley and pulses recorded a continuous decline over the period, the area under maize and wheat slightly increased at varying degree from 1990-91 to 2000-01. However, the area under all foodgrain crops decreased from around 92 per cent to around 90 per cent. In comparison, at the state level, the area under foodgrain crops also decreased from around 89 per cent in 1990-91 to 84 per cent in 2000-01. In respect of important crops like maize, rice and wheat, the per cent of area under these crops witnessed decrease of varying degrees.
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Table 2.29 Changes in Cropping Pattern (Per Cent)
Particulars Year Maize Rice Wheat Barley Pulses Foodgrains Cropped area (000 ha)
Mandi 1990-91 30.04 13.66 40.61 2.83 2.84 92.15 163.30 1995-96 29.47 13.35 41.41 2.76 2.76 91.17 161.64 2000-01 30.74 12.73 41.30 2.51 2.02 90.57 157.73
H.P. 1990-91 32.44 8.63 38.26 2.98 3.69 88.59 983.60 1995-96 32.58 8.74 38.04 2.84 3.80 87.43 949.89 2000-01 31.46 8.65 38.27 2.71 3.28 85.98 947.54
Note: Percentages have been worked out on the basis of total cropped area in each district. Source: Annual Season and Crop Reports, Various Issues, Directorate of Land Records, Government of Himachal Pradesh.
Table 2.30 Block - wise Crops and Cropping Systems of District Mandi (ha)
Sr.No.
Block Major crops Cropping system Name Area Name Area Name Area Name Area
1. Sadar Maize 8,602 Paddy 1368 Wheat 9228 Vegetable & peas
148 Maize-Wheat Paddy-Wheat
2. Balh Maize 5,059 Paddy 3,012 Wheat 8,107 Vegetables
peas 181 -do-
3. Sundernagar Maize 6,184 Paddy 1,759 Wheat 6,907 Mash 165 Maize-Wheat Paddy-Wheat
4. Gohar Maize 3,529 Paddy 563 Wheat 3,812 Vegetables peas
803 Maize-Wheat Paddy-Wheat
5. Seraj Maize 2,991 Wheat 3,240 Barley 1,331 Potato 771 Maize-Peas Paddy 69 Vegetables
peas 129 Peas-Wheat
6. Karsog Maize 6,389 Paddy 1,551 Wheat 8,684 Mash 993 Maize-Wheat Paddy-Wheat
7. Gopalpur Maize 7,390 Paddy 5,274 Wheat 11,430 Barley 103 Maize-Wheat Paddy-Wheat
8. Dharmpur Maize 2,361 Paddy 2,320 Wheat 4,701 Barley 123 Maize-Wheat Paddy-Wheat
9. Chauntra Maize 3,159 Paddy 4,103 Wheat 6,203 Barley 465 Paddy-Wheat 10. Drang Maize 3,701 Paddy 1,326 Wheat 5,514 Potato 676 Maize-Wheat
Paddy-Wheat Potato- Fallow
Source: Strategic Research and Extension Plan of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, ATMA, 2005.
2.4.4 Crop Yields
The changes in the production of different crops including total foodgrains have been given in Table 2.31. The table indicates that the production of foodgrains in the district recorded a huge peak in production from 219.96 thousand tonnes in 1990-91 to 270.22 thousand tonnes in 2000-01 mainly due to increase in cultivated area. Among different foodgrain crops, leaving the year 2000-01 which was a drought year, the maximum decline was noted in case of wheat production which depends upon winter rainfall. Similar pattern was discernible at the state level as well. For example, the production of foodgrains decreased from 1368.66 thousand tonnes in 1990-91 to
32
1108.41 thousand tonnes in 2000-01. Likewise, among different crops, the production of wheat decreased from 543.69 thousand tonnes in 1990-91 to 251.32 thousand tonnes in 2000-01. However, there was a continuous decline in production of pulses both at the district level and at the state level.
Table 2.31 Changes in Production of Major Crops and Total Foodgrains Production, 1990-91 to 2002-03 (000 tonnes)
Particular Year Maize Rice Wheat Barley Pulses Foodgrains
Mandi 1990-91 103.12 19.12 88.59 6.62 2.52 219.96 1995-96 127.33 26.66 107.99 6.71 2.02 270.72 2000-01 135.12 31.47 44.10 5.57 1.10 217.37
H.P.
1990-91 669.20 945.32 543.69 37.1 10.87 1,368.66 1995-96 663.44 111.76 502.01 34.2 18.61 1,336.29 2000-01 683.64 124.98 251.32 21.41 20.46 1,108.41 2005-06 543.06 112.14 365.89 29.36 19.63 1,079.15
Source: Annual Season and Crop Reports, Directorate of Land Records, Government of Himachal Pradesh
The yield levels of main crops including foodgrains have been shown in Table 2.33. As may be seen from the table, the yield levels of maize and rice have recorded increase of varying degree between 1990-91 and 2000-01 both at the district and state level. However, the yield levels of wheat, Barley, and pulses declined in varying degree over the period. A similar pattern can be seen at the state level as well.
Table 2.32 Changes in Yields of Major Foodgrain Crops, 1990-91 to 2002-03(q/ha)
Particular Year Maize Rice Wheat Barley Pulses Foodgrains
Mandi
1990-91 21.02 8.57 13.36 14.31 5.43 12.54 1995-96 26.73 12.36 16.13 15.05 4.54 14.96 2000-01 27.87 15.67 6.77 9.54 3.45 12.66 2005-06 - - - - - -
H.P.
1990-91 18.76 9.87 15.99 14.70 2.31 16.54 1995-96 19.90 13.46 13.89 12.69 5.16 16.09 2000-01 22.94 15.24 7.21 8.33 6.58 14.59 2005-06 18.39 14.13 10.21 11.64 7.14 13.52
Source: Annual Season and Crop Reports, Directorate of Land Records, Government of Himachal Pradesh
2.4.5 Vegetable Production
The data on area and production of different vegetable crops both in the district and state during the year 2005-06 have been presented in Tables 2.33 and 2.34. It may be seen from the tables that in the district tomato, peas, cabbage cauliflower, cucurbits, onion and garlic were important vegetable crops both in terms of area and production. The group of other vegetable crops also covered 540 hectares of land and contributed 9,630 tonnes of vegetable production.
33
Table 2.33 Areas, Production and Yield of Different Vegetables, 2005-06
Crop Mandi H.P.
Area(ha)
Production (t)
Yield(q/ha)
Area(ha)
Production (t)
Yield(q/ha)
Peas (green) 1,720 20,541 119.4 16,348 1,77,036 115.35 Tomato 1,058 31,090 293.9 9,211 3,01,249 327.05 Beans 288 2,240 77.8 2,674 27,973 104.61 Onion & garlic 482 4,512 93.6 3,735 49,622 132.86 Cabbage 370 10,778 291.3 3,677 1,15,920 315.26 Cauliflower 310 9,920 320.0 2,263 53,103 234.66 Radish, turnip & carrot 240 4,320 180.0 1,571 32,675 207.99 Okra (bhindi) 150 1,500 100.0 1,728 19,659 113.77 Cucurbits 316 6,800 215.2 2,082 43,845 210.59 Capsicum & chillies 198 2,835 143.2 2,081 30,876 148.37 Brinjal 90 1,800 200.0 772 14,267 184.81 Other vegetables 540 9,630 178.3 3,715 63,817 171.78 Total 5,762 1,05,895 183.8 49,858 9,29,706 186.47
Source: Directorate of Land Records, Government of Himachal Pradesh, Shimla
Table 2.34 Area, Production and Yield of Major Vegetables
Crop Area (ha) Production (mt) Yield (q/ha) hectares % of state tonnes % of state Mandi
Potato 2,419 16.90 34, 484 21.13 143 Other Vegetables
5,762 11.07 1,05,815 10.67 184
Himachal Pradesh Potato 14, 313 100 1, 63, 213 100 114 Other Vegetables
52, 053 100 9, 91, 442 100 190
Source: Statistical Outline of HP, 2006-07.
The yield levels of different crops varied from as low as 77.8 quintals per hectare in case of beans to 320 quintals per hectare in respect of cauliflower. Likewise, at the state level, pea was the most important crop that covered 16,348 hectares of area followed by tomato with an area of 9,211 hectares. Onion and garlic, cabbage and cauliflower were important crops both in terms of area and production. The yield of different crops varied from as high as 327.05 quintals per hectare at the state level to 104.61 quintals per hectare.
The production of potato in Mandi district has increased over the period from 21, 980 tonnes in 2003-04 to 34, 484 tonnes in 2006-07. The contribution of potato production in Mandi to the state also increased from 14 to 21 per cent for the same period (Table 2.35).
34
Table 2.35 Trend in Production of Potato (m. tonnes)
Year Mandi HP As % 2003-04 21,980 1,55,400 14.14 2004-05 16, 260 1,77,919 9.14 2005-06 17,179 1,62,550 10.57 2006-07 34, 484 1,63,213 21.13
Source: Statistical Outline of HP, 2006-07.
2.4.6 Fruit Production
In case of fruit crops in 2005-06, the area under different fruit crops was 31, 905 hectares and the production was 43, 084 tonnes (Table 2.36). It is visualized from the table that apple was the most important fruit crop in the district which was grown in an area of 14, 832 ha. Besides, the main fruit crop at the state level was also apple. At the state level, the area under all fruit crops was 1, 91, 668 hectares that produced 6, 95,520 tonnes of fruit.
Table 2.36 Areas and Production of Different Fruit, 2005-06
Crop Mandi H.P. Area (ha) Production (t) Area (ha) Production (t)
Apple 14,832 36,421 88,560 5,40,360 Citrus 4,244 1,262 20,729 29,160 Dry fruit 2,818 762 11,210 3,920 Other fruit 10,011 4,639 71,169 1,22,080 Total fruit 31,905 43,084 1,91,668 6,95,520
Source: Directorate of Horticulture, Government of Himachal Pradesh, Shimla
The per cent share of the different fruit crops in area and production (Table 2.37) shows that around 85 per cent of the total fruit production was contributed by apple which was the most important crop as mentioned earlier. Mango which is included under other fruit was the second most important fruit in the district accounting for 10 per cent of the total area under fruit and 2 per cent of the total fruit production. In comparison, at the state level, apple was important crop accounting for around 46 per cent of the total area under fruit and more than three-fourth of the total fruit production in the state. Other fruit crops of which mango was important one came second contributing more than one-third of the total area under fruit and nearly 18 per cent of the total fruit production.
Table 2.37 Per Cent Area and Production of Different Fruit, 2005-06
Crop Mandi H.P. Area Production Area Production
Apple 46.49 84.53 46.20 77.69 Citrus 13.30 2.93 10.82 4.19 Dry Fruit 8.83 1.77 5.85 0.56 Other Fruit 31.38 10.77 37.13 17.55 Total Fruit 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Source: Directorate of Horticulture, Government of Himachal Pradesh, Shimla
The area and production of fruit have been presented in the table 2.38. It can be seen from the table that there was a continuous increase of both area and production over the period. For
35
example, the area under fruit crops increased from 5,652 hectares in 1990-91 to 31,905 hectares in 2005-06 in Mandi district and from 3,86,314 ha to 6,95,520 ha at the state level during the said period.
Table 2.38 Areas, Production Yield of Fruit; 1990-91 to 2005-06
Particular Year Area (ha) Production (t) Yield (kg/ha)
Mandi
1990-91 5,652 - 1995-96 29,753 89,090 2,994.3 1999-00 31,588 65,160 2,062.8 2005-06 31,905 43,084 1,350.38
H.P.
1990-91 1,63,330 3,86,314 2,365.24 1995-96 1,95,684 3,11,889 1,593.84 1999-00 2,17,319 4,28,049 1,969.68 2005-06 1,91,668 6,95,520 3,628.77
Source: Directorate of Horticulture, Government of Himachal Pradesh, Shimla
2.5 Irrigation and Use of Inputs
Inputs are the major raw materials in agriculture for increasing productivity of crops. Table 2.39 shows the percentage of area of major crops viz; maize, paddy and wheat which was grown under irrigation. There was a continuous increase in area under irrigation of all major crops both at the district level as well as at the state level. It is interesting to mention that percentage of area of wheat under irrigation at the district level was twice the area at the state level. The area under paddy crop and percentage of irrigated area to net sown area at the state level was, however, greater than that of district.
Table 2.39 Area Under Irrigation, Major Crops (Per Cent).
Particular Triennium Maize Paddy Wheat % Irrigated area to net sown area
Mandi
1990-91 0.00 43.09 47.17 24.74 1995-96 7.77 40.37 43.92 26.80 2000-01 7.88 41.08 44.39 30.07 2002-03 7.94 40.15 44.11 30.13
H P
1990-91 6.78 57.79 17.31 17.00 1995-96 7.77 60.41 18.90 18.79 2000-01 8.28 63.21 18.46 19.13 2002-03 9.43 60.39 20.33 18.80
Source: Annual Season and Crop Reports, Directorate of Land Records, Government of Himachal Pradesh
The main irrigation sources in the district are lift, tanks, bore wells, wells and flow irrigation/canals. The percentage of area under rainfed is high in all the blocks while there is a potential for medium and minor irrigation. Though lift irrigation exists in the all the blocks, the area covered is negligible except in Sundernagar and Chauntra. There is vast potential for bore well irrigation in Sundernagar (Table 2.40). The information on irrigation projects likely to be completed is given in Table 2.41. The projected area to be irrigated will be 1,400 hectares after the completion of on going irrigation projects in the district.
36
Tab
le 2
.40
Blo
ck -
wis
e In
form
atio
n on
Rai
nfed
and
Irr
igat
ed A
rea
in th
e D
istr
ict M
andi
Sr
.N
o.
Blo
ck
Rai
nfed
ar
ea (h
a)
%
Irri
gate
d ar
ea (s
ourc
e w
ise)
M
ajor
M
ediu
m
Min
or
%
P
A
%
P
A
%
P
A
1.
Sada
r 10
,811
89
.62
- -
-
2,00
0 1,
251
0.06
10.3
8 2.
B
alh
7,25
1 69
.61
13.7
4 40
0 2,
410
0.40
4,
000
755
0.29
50.3
9 3.
Su
nder
naga
r 5,
916
67.7
7 -
1,65
0 -
- 6,
000
2,81
4 0.
21
37
.23
4.
Goh
ar
6,04
5 88
.40
- -
- -
1,00
0 79
3 0.
07
11
.60
5.
Sera
j 10
,322
97
.26
- -
- -
700
291
0.01
2.74
6.
K
arso
g 10
,773
91
.64
- -
- -
1,80
0 98
3 0.
04
8.
36
7.
Gop
alpu
r 5,
894
65.1
8 -
- -
- 3,
200
2,54
8 0.
20
34
.82
8.
Dha
rmpu
r 7,
261
91.1
8 -
- -
- 1,
300
702
0.05
8.82
9.
C
haun
tra
4,47
0 63
.69
- -
- -
6,00
0 3,
140
0.21
36.3
0 10
. D
rang
5,
866
78.3
6 -
- -
- 3,
000
1,62
0 0.
12
21
.64
Con
td...
L
ift
Bor
e w
ells
T
ank
Wel
ls
Flo
w
irri
gati
on/c
anal
%
P
A
%
P
A
%
P
A
%
P
A
%
P
A
1.14
200
-
-
200
10.3
8 -
- -
5.99
2,
000
1,05
1 0.
91
16
0
1,00
0 -
25
30
.39
0.11
20
0 20
3.
39
178
595
3.86
677
2.57
2,
700
450
10
0 32
.23
0.03
10
0 5
9.62
1,
000
1,68
7 0.
85
15
0
40
1.
60
3.
67
200
643
0.59
104
30
2.74
1.07
10
0 18
7 2.
62
46
0
80
8.
36
2.
98
400
523
2.14
376
70
34.8
2
12.3
9 50
0 2,
172
0.57
100
35
8.82
3.43
30
0 60
2 2.
29
40
1
20
0 36
.31
15
.67
51,2
00
2,74
8 1.
72
30
2
12
5 21
.60
7.
52
800
1,31
8 N
ote:
%
- s
hare
of
the
tota
l are
a un
der
irri
gatio
n a.
P –
Pote
ntia
l are
a of
the
proj
ect
b.A
– A
ctua
l are
a ir
riga
ted
c.C
onve
rsio
n of
tank
s to
per
cola
tion
tank
s if
any
? So
urce
: Str
ateg
ic R
esea
rch
and
Ext
ensi
on P
lan
of D
istr
ict M
andi
, Him
acha
l Pra
desh
, AT
MA
, 200
5.
37
Table 2.41 Information on Irrigation Projects near Completion Sr. No. Type of the project Name of the project Blocks covered Area irrigated (ha) 1 Projected Actual
Lift irrigation Balh area left bank project Balh 1,400 ha Nil
Source: Strategic Research and Extension Plan of District Mandi Himachal Pradesh, ATMA, 2005.
It can be seen from the table 2.42 that almost all the area of major crops was under high yielding varieties in the district. However, at the state level only three - fifth of maize and wheat and another two - fifth of paddy had been grown with high yielding varieties.
Table 2.42 Area Under High Yielding Varieties of Major Crops (Per Cent). Particular Year Maize Paddy Wheat
Mandi 1980-81 - - -
1999-2000 99.90 99.32 100
H P 1980-81 14.83 NA 33.85
1999-2000 61.63 41.61 61.05 Note: NA = Area not available for 1980-81 Source: Annual Season and Crop Reports, Directorate of Land Records, Government of Himachal Pradesh
Main sources of organic inputs used in the district were bio-fertilizer, vermi-compost and FYM. Dairy farms, private source, own source, NAFED and self help groups & govt. farm were the sources of availability of organic inputs in the district. The usage of organic inputs increased from 41 per cent in 2003-2004 to 45 per cent in 2005-06. Interestingly, per cent of farmers using organic manure also increased from 28.41 to 31 per cent for the same period (Table 2.43).
Table 2.43 Organic Inputs Used in the District Sr.No.
Year (last three years)
Type of input
Sources of availability
Quantityused (mt)
% of area covered (ha)
% of farmers using organic manure
1. 2003-04 FYM Dairy farm Bhangrotu & Kamand
2,000 400 0.296 0.20
Private source 7,000 1,400 1.03 0.71 Own source 2,70,000 54,000 40.00 27.41 Bio-fertilizer NAFED 1.6 320 0.237 0.016 Vermi-
compost Self help groups & Govt. farm
500 16,6.66 0.123 0.08
2. 2004-05 FYM Dairy farm Bhangrotu & Kamand
2,100 420 0.311 0.21
Private source 8,050 1,610 1.192 0.81 Own source 2,80,000 56,000 41.48 28.42 Bio-fertilizer NAFED 2.0 400 0.296 0.20 Vermi-
compost Self help groups & Govt. farm
800 266.66 0.197 0.13
3. 2005-06 FYM Dairy farm Bhangrotu & Kamand
2,050 410 0.303 0.20
Private source 9,070 1,814 1.343 0.92 Own source 2,90,000 58,000 42.96 29.44 Bio-fertilizer NAFED 2.5 500 0.37 0.25 Vermi-
compost Self help groups & Govt. farm
1,000 33.33 0.246 0.16
Source: Strategic Research and Extension Plan of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, ATMA, 2005.
38
The table 2.44 shows details on medicinal and aromatic and other minor forest produce. The area under the medicinal plants is only 5.9 hectares and 11 farmers practised the cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants.
Table 2.44 Details on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and other Minor Forest By -Products
Sr.No.
Block Crop Organic Inorganic Area (ha).
Production (tones)
No. of farmers
No. % Aromatic crops - - - - - - 1. Chauntra Medicinal crops - Inorganic 0.5 - 1 No. -
Non-timber forest produce
- - - - - -
2. Sadar Medicinal crops - Inorganic 0.5 - 1 No. - 3. Drang -do- - -do- 1.33 - 2 No. - 4. Gopalpur -do- - -do- 1.45 - 2 No. - 5. Dharmpur -do- - -do- 1.96 - 4 No. - 6. Balh -do- - -do- 0.2 - 1 No. -
Note: Information under other heads of the table in other blocks may be treated nil. Source: Strategic Research and Extension Plan of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, ATMA, 2005.
Table 2. 45 Fertilizer Consumption, 1980-81 to 2006-07
Particular Year NPK (metric tonnes) NPK (kg/ha) Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Overall
Mandi
1980-81 1,149 1,149 2,298 16.25 16.25 14.43 1991-92 2,151 2,798 4,949 28.26 36.75 30.09 1998-99 2,768 2,996 5,764 36.31 39.30 35.78 2005-06 2,676 3,485 6,161 NA NA NA
H. P.
1980-81 8,155 5,795 13,950 15.93 13.33 14.74 1991-92 15,599 15,006 30,605 29.12 34.36 31.47 1998-99 15,318 19,534 34,852 28.88 42.85 35.33 2005-06 19,197 28,776 47,973 37.28 66.69 50.78
Source: Statistical outline, Himachal Pradesh (Various Issues)
39
Fertiliser Consumption (kg/ha)
01020304050607080
1980-81 1991-92 1998-99 2005-06Year
Qua
ntity
(kg/
ha)
Kharif (Mandi) Rabi (Mandi) Kharif (H.P) Rabi (H.P)
Fig. 2.4 Pattern of Fertilizer Consumption Source: Statistical outline, Himachal Pradesh (Various Issues)
Fertilizers are considered as essential input for increasing productivity of different crops. Thefertilizer consumption during kharif and rabi is given in Table 2.45 and Fig. 2.4. As may be seen from the table, the fertilizer consumption increased continuously over the period both at the district as well as at the state level. For example, total fertilizer consumption in the state increased from 2,298 tonnes in 1980-81 to 6161 tonnes in 2005 – 2006. Further, a similar pattern was discernible with regard to fertilizer consumption per unit area (per hectare).
Table 2.46 Extent of Mechanization (No.)
Type of implement Mandi H. P. 1992 1997 2003 1992 1997 2003
Ploughs 1,27,292 45,350 1,23,383 7,10,349 4,62,439 6,31,470 Carts - - 561 1,128 1,807 2,404 Cane crushers 20 13 30 1,878 1,213 1,135 Tractors 186 180 325 3,466 4,205 6,966 Oil engines 23 31 92 1,299 1,295 3,664 Electric pumps 18 25 315 1,222 2,530 7,325 Threshers 560 919 2,067 19,221 14,048 19,458
Source: Strategic Research and Extension Plan of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, ATMA 2005.
40
Tab
le 2
.47
Blo
ck -
wis
e In
form
atio
n on
the
Agr
icul
tura
l Im
plem
ents
and
Far
m M
achi
nery
Sl.
No
Blo
ck
Agr
icul
ture
Impi
emen
ts a
nd fa
rm m
achi
nery
Tr
acto
rs
Pum
pset
s Sp
raye
rs
Pudd
lers
Po
wer
tille
rs
Wee
ders
H
arve
stor
/thre
sher
s O
ther
s N
o of
ho
use
hold
s
No.
N
o of
ho
use
hold
s
No.
N
o of
ho
use
hold
s
No.
N
o of
ho
use
hold
s
No.
N
o of
ho
use
hold
s
No.
N
o of
ho
use
hold
s
No.
N
o of
hou
se
hold
s N
o.
1.
Sada
r 65
65
-
- 63
3 63
3 20
20
2
2 -
- 70
5 70
5 -
2.
Bal
h 86
86
-
- 74
2 74
2 20
20
6
6 -
- 66
2 66
2 -
3.
Sund
erna
gar
80
80
- -
681
681
55
55
5 5
- -
563
563
- 4.
G
ohar
65
65
-
- 66
5 66
5 31
31
-
-
- 54
3 54
3 -
5.
Sera
j 23
23
-
- 61
0 61
0 -
70
5 5
- --
24
5 24
5 -
6.
Kar
sog
45
45
- -
715
715
160
160
-
- -
554
554
- 7
Gop
alpu
r 60
60
-
- 23
5 23
5 5
5 1
1 -
- 55
9 55
9 -
8 D
harm
pur
40
40
- -
240
240
11
11
- -
- -
445
445
- 9
Cha
untra
35
35
-
- 28
5 28
5 36
36
-
- -
- 52
5 52
5 -
10
Dra
ng
32
32
605
605
1 1
540
540
Sour
ce: S
trate
gic
Res
earc
h an
d Ex
tens
ion
Plan
of D
istri
ct M
andi
, Him
acha
l Pra
desh
, ATM
A, 2
005.
41
It was noted from the Tables 2.46 & 2.47 that agriculture sector in the district has changed towards mechanization. The use of cane crushers, tractors, oil engines, electrical pumps, and threshers increased continuously over the period while use of ploughs decreased from 1, 27, 292 in 1992 to 1, 23, 383 in 2003. The similar pattern can be observed at the state level also.
2.6 Livestock and Fisheries
The changes in livestock over the two decades have been presented in the Tables 2.48 & 2.49. At the state level and the district level, there was a huge decline in sheep population over the three decades. The sheep population declined from 1, 80, 954 in 1977 to 1, 29, 844 in 2003. However, poultry population increased in varying degree between 1990-91 and 2000-01 both at the district and state level. Further cattle, buffalo and goat population declined over the last three decades. It is worthwhile to note that bovine density in case of geographical area was higher at the district level compared to the state level. However, it can be observed from the table that bovine density under operational holding declined continuously from 5.80 in 1977 to 5.39 in 2003. The status of livestock in different blocks of Mandi district can be captured from Table 2.49.
Table 2.48 Changes in Livestock Population, 1977 to 2003 (No.)
Particular Census Cattle Buffaloes Sheep Goats Total livestock
Poultry Bovine density (No./ha)
Geog.area
Operati-onal
holding
Mandi 1977 3,78,752 87,103 1,80,954 2,00,312 8,50,123 39,378 1.32 5.80 1992 4,38,050 1,08,416 1,97,769 2,02,938 9,52,490 81,902 1.38 5.76 2003 4,37,536 84,301 1,29,844 1,89,745 8,49,461 59,357 1.18 5.39
H. P. 1977 21,06,229 5,60,006 10,55,005 10,35,337 47,95,226 3,29,561 0.86 4.75 1992 21,51,616 7,00,923 10,74,345 11,15,591 51,16,933 6,64,039 0.92 5.04 2003 21,96,538 7,73,229 9,06,027 11,15,587 50,46,044 7,63,820 0.91 5.52
Source: Livestock Census, 1977 & 1992 and 2003
42
Tab
le 2
.49
Stat
us o
f Liv
esto
ck in
Dif
fere
nt B
lock
s of
Man
di D
istr
ict
Sr.
No.
B
lock
M
ilch
Dro
ught
an
imal
Sh
eep
Goa
t P
oult
ry b
irds
P
igge
ry
Oth
er
Cow
s B
uffa
loes
N
o.
No.
N
o.
Bac
k ya
rd
Far
m
Exo
tic
Loc
al
L
UP
E
L
U
P
E
1,
509
1.
Sada
r 3,
046
50,4
00
- 8,
220
6,26
0 -
9,07
6 16
,450
20
,210
2,
110
5 -
- -
2.
Bal
h 5,
035
15,1
10
- 3,
350
12,1
20
- 2,
115
4,23
5 3,
667
336
2 -
- 50
3.
Su
nder
naga
r 6,
335
12,3
10
- 4,
050
11,9
00
- 3,
050
4,06
0 13
,240
3,
340
10
- 1,
500
310
4.
Goh
ar
10,2
00
25,3
45
- 52
0 80
0 -
8,05
8 12
,990
7,
960
250
1 -
- 36
5.
Se
raj
30,8
52
25,2
50
- 8
- -
10,6
40
38,3
50
27,0
50
40
- -
-
6.
Kar
sog
25,8
00
42,5
00
- 12
,000
6,
320
- 15
,900
13
,300
25
,000
20
0 2
- -
- 7.
G
opal
pur
1,00
0 19
,000
-
10,0
00
9,14
0 -
8,65
0 5,
650
17,9
76
650
2 -
- 4
8.
Dha
rmpu
r 2,
000
11,7
90
- 5,
840
2,90
0 -
6,00
0 4,
686
12,2
10
195
2 -
- 15
9.
C
haun
tra
4,63
0 28
,230
-
1,00
0 1,
932
- 4,
600
4,21
0 11
,210
54
0 3
- -
18
10.
Dra
ng
11,3
90
30,8
10
- 5,
000
690
- 3,
230
13,0
85
20,2
50
1,52
5 3
- -
20
Not
e: L
– L
ocal
UP
– U
pgra
ded
E –
Exo
tic
Sour
ce: S
trat
egic
Res
earc
h an
d E
xten
sion
Pla
n of
Dis
tric
t Man
di, H
imac
hal P
rade
sh, A
TM
A, 2
005.
Man
di
Dis
tric
t Him
acha
l Pra
desh
Tab
le 2
.50
Cha
nges
in L
ives
tock
Pro
duct
ion,
199
0-91
to 2
006-
07
Yea
r
Milk
(mt)
W
ool (
mt)
M
eat (
mt)
E
ggs
(Lak
h)
Cow
B
uffa
lo
Goa
t T
otal
G
oat
Shee
p P
ig
Tot
al
Man
di
1990
-91
- -
- 13
2.14
24
1.65
-
- -
368.
04
10.1
6 19
95-9
6 -
- -
127.
04
229.
16
- -
- 27
2.16
16
.6
2000
-01
- -
- 12
4.06
26
1.71
26
2.36
12
2.06
14
39
8.43
12
.4
2006
-07
93.0
1 40
.49
3.53
13
7.03
22
0.47
18
0.61
16
4.85
32
2.64
66
8.09
46
.44
H
imac
hal P
rade
sh
1990
-91
257.
56
300.
84
14.2
0 57
2.61
1,
452.
1 2,
332.
0 1,
432.
0 28
5.00
4,
049.
0 53
1.70
19
95-9
6 30
2.84
34
4.64
28
.80
676.
27
1,54
8.1
2,28
3.0
1,15
9.4
150.
82
3,59
3.3
720.
81
2000
-01
349.
62
377.
03
33.7
6 76
0.41
1,
586.
1 2,
248.
6 95
5.19
22
1.61
3,
425.
4 81
5.68
20
06-0
7 50
0.01
34
5.19
27
.20
872.
40
1,60
5.3
1,86
9.6
799.
85
264.
77
2,93
4.2
771.
98
Sour
ce: D
irec
tora
te o
f A
nim
al H
usba
ndry
, Gov
ernm
ent o
f H
imac
hal P
rade
sh
43
The changes of livestock production have been presented in Table 2.50. Milk, meat and eggs production have increased over the period while wool production has declined due to decreasing of sheep population.
2.7 Insects, Pests, Diseases and Weeds Problems in Mandi District
The major insects, pests and diseases for different crops on priority –wise, in Mandi district are displayed in Tables 2.51 and 2.52 which are self –explanatory.
Table 2.51. Priority - wise Insect Pest Problems in Mandi District
Crop Insect Pests (priority wise) Remarks Cereals Maize Cutworms
White grubs Riverbed areas and high hills Stem borer Black beetle Nematodes Maize aphid Snails and slugs High hills Termites
Paddy Leaf folder Nematodes White grubs Black beetle Grasshopper
Wheat Termites Low hills Aphid Grasshoppers
Pulses (Mash, chickpea, rajmash, lentil) Bean bug
Pod borer Blister beetle Hairy caterpillars Cutworms White grubs High altitude
Oilseeds(Rapeseed-mustard, sesame, soybean, linseed)
Aphid complex Cabbage caterpillar Painted bug Til pod borer Hairy caterpillars Bean bug Girdle beetle
Sugarcane Termites Borer complex
Vegetables Solanaceous (Tomato, brinjal, capsicum, chilli)
Tomato fruit borer Brinjal shoot and fruit borer Nematodes Cutworm
44
Hadda beetle Cucurbitaceous (cucumber, bitter gourd, bottle gourd, summer squash, pumpkin)
Serpentine leaf miner
Fruit fly Mites Red pumpkin beetle Hadda beetle Aphids
Leguminaceous (pea, french bean)
Pea leaf miner Low hills Cutworms High hills in off- season crop Pod borer Blister beetle Bean bug White grubs Off season crop in high hills
Malvaceous (okra) Cutworms Spotted boll worm (fruit borer) Jassids Flea beetles Mites
Cruciferous (cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, radish, turnip)
Caterpillar complex (Cabbage caterpillar, diamondback moth, semilooper, head borer)
Aphid complex Cutworms White grubs High hills in off-season crops Red ant Snails and slugs High hills Flea beetle Painted bug
Other vegetables and spices (carrot, onion, garlic, ginger, turmeric, coriander, colocasia)
Onion thrips Onion maggot Aphid
Potato White grubs Mid and high hills Cutworm High hills Hadda beetle Red ants Wireworms
Protected cultivation (capsicum, carnation)
Nematodes Aphids Fruit/bud borer Mites Thrips Tobacco caterpillar
Source: Department of Entomology, CSK HPKV, Palampur.
45
Table 2.52 Major Diseases Limiting Crop Production in Mandi District Crop Disease Crop Disease
Cereals Vegetable crops Maize
Bacterial stalk rot Tomato Bacterial wilt Turcicum and maydis leaf blights Fruit rot Banded leaf and sheath blight Cabbage & cauliflower Black rot
Paddy
Blast Stalk rot Brown spot Pea Root rot/wilt complex Grain discolouration White rot False smut Brinjal Bacterial wilt
Wheat
Rusts ( yellow & leaf rusts) Phomosis blight & fruit rot Loose smut Collar rot Hill bunt Potato Late blight
Oilseeds Bacterial wilt Brassica oil seeds
Alternaria blight Chilli and capsicum Bacterial wilt White rust Fruit rot (anthracnose) Downy mildew Phytophthora rot
Linseed
Rust Pulse crops Wilt Mash & mung Leaf spots
Soybean Brown spot Rajmash Anthracnose
Target leaf spot Yellow mosaic
Source: Department of Plant Pathology, CSK HPKV, Palampur
Table 2.53 Priority - wise Weed Problems Crop Weeds (priority wise)
1. Maize Echinochloa colona, Commelina benghalensis,Brachiaria sp.,Ageratum conyzoides,Polygonum alatum, Digitaria sanguinalis Setaria glauca Cyperus iria
2. Paddy Cyperus iria, Echinochloa crus-galli, Fimbristylis sp. Scirpus sp.Commelina communis
3. Wheat Phalaris minor, Stellaria media, Lolium temulentum, Avena leudoviciana,Poa annua,Anagalis arvensis, Medicago denticulata
4. Chickpea, pea Medicago denticulate ,Chenopodium album, Sorghum halepense Anagallis arvensis, Fumaria parviflora
5. i) Rabi: Rapeseed- mustard, linseed ii) Kharif: Sesame
Ranunculus arvensis, Phalaris minor, Polypogon monsplensis, Melilotus alba, Anagallis arvensis. Digitaria sanguinalis, , Dactyloctenium aegyptium Setaria glauca,Cyperus rotundus, Echinochloa colona,,
6.Sugarcane Ageratum houstonianum Parthenium hysterophorus,Digitaria sanguinalis, , i) Kharif: Ginger
Ageratum conyzoides, Cyperus iria Commelina benghalensis, Gallinsoga parviflora Digitaria sanguinalis
ii) Rabi Poa annua, Stellaria media,Fumaria parviflora Source: Department of Agronomy, CSK HPKV, Palampur.
The weed infestation is a major problem in the district, reducing the yield of the crop to a greater extent. On priority basis, Table 2.53 explains the problematic weeds in different crops grown in Mandi district.
2.8 Infrastructural Facilities
A good net-work of infrastructure facilities is available through out the district, except linkage of
46
remote and high altitude villages to main markets with the help of constructing all weather metalled roads.
2.8.1 Banking, Marketing and Co-operation
By 2006-07, the number of bank branches has risen to 104 whose credit deposit ratio has also increased from 30.4 in 2004 to 37.72 in 2006 (Table 2.54).
Table 2.54 Deposits and Advances of Scheduled Commercial Banks (Rs. in lakhs) Year Banks (No.) Deposits Credits Credit –deposit ratio
2004 101 1,12,700 33,800 30.4 2005 101 1,23,900 41,500 34.5 2006 104 1,42,100 53,600 37.72
Source: Statistical Outline of H.P 2006-07.
There is a strong network of banking and co-operative institutions in the district which advance quite a huge amount of agriculture loan to the farmer.Panjab National Bank Ltd. was opened at Mandi on 24th May, 1944 and the State Bank of India on 17th December, 1956. The Himachal Pradesh State Co-operative Bank Limited, Mandi was opened on 2nd December, 1954 by integration of the Mandi Central Co-operative Bank. Its one branch was started at Jogindernagar on 26th November, 1955 and another at Surendernagar on 15th July, 1959. There is a wide net work of banks in the district and Punjab National Bank is the lead bank. The district has 137 branches of various banks including 47 branches of Himachal Gramin bank. The Punjab National Bank has maximum branches (31), followed by HP State Co-op Bank (30). The State Bank of India has 06 branches in the district. The details of branches of different banks and the credit extended under different schemes are presented in Table 2.55.
Table 2. 55 Credit Institutions in Operation for Agriculture and Allied Sectors in the District Mandi S. No. Name of bank No of
branches Credit extended
Agriculture SSI Services Non PS Total 1. PNB 31 2,649.41 704.64 2,692.54 1,111.89 7,158.48 2. SBI 06 301.22 181.94 2,370.62 904.60 3,758.38 3. SBOP 07 149.96 118.63 921.03 723.95 1,913.57 4. IOB 02 14.52 21.56 172.30 152.12 360.50 5. UCO 01 25.70 33.44 105.78 86.97 251.89 6. Central Bank of India 01 196 13.27 42.39 14.52 171.14 7. Oriental Bank of commerce 01 17.24 15.01 112.62 93.76 238.63 8. PPSB 01 9.89 18.81 33.03 75.44 137.17 9. Canara Bank 01 7.12 50.00 92.17 3.30 152.06
10. Bank of India 01 2.20 30,50 159.13 624.39 816.22 11. Bank of Baroda 01 6.03 8.0 61.08 84.37 159.48 12. Union Bank of India 01 22.10 16.15 115.12 34.20 187.57
Regional Rural Bank 1. Himachal Gramin Bank 47 2,390.00 486.00 2,757.00 318.00 5,951.00 2. HP State Co-op Bank
(Corporation) 30 1,349.64 142.09 2,743.67 1,643.48 5,878.88
3. Land Dev Bank 6 423.47 33.41 423.12 0.00 880.00 Total: 137
Source: Strategic Research and Extension Plan of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, ATMA, 2005.
47
The main functions of agricultural co-operatives are to provide short and medium term loans, supply of agriculture and other production requirements and marketing of agricultural produce (Table 2.56).
Table 2.56 Co-operative Societies
Particular Fair price shops (No.) Fair price shops per Lakh of population (No.) Rural Urban Total
Mandi 625 49 674 75 HP 4,010 324 4,344 71
Source: Statistical Outline of H.P 2006-07.
There are six markets in six blocks of the district catering to the needs of the farmers. There is one food grains and vegetables/fruit market in Sundernagar and five fruit and vegetable markets, covering areas of Chandigargh, Delhi, Punjab, Hariyana and local (Table 2.57).
Table 2. 57 Information Regarding Markets in District Mandi
Sr.No.
Block Name of the
market centre
Periodicity (weekly/daily)
Important commodities
handled
Commodity wise quantity
handled (annual)
Area covered No. of farm
families covered
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Sadar Balh S.rnagar Gohar Karsog Gopalpur
Takoli
-do-
Dhanotu
-do-
-do-
Traders
Daily
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
Nil
All fruit and vegetables
Vegetables
Food grains Vegetables
Fruit
Vegetable Fruit
-do-
837 q 2,615q
162 mt 860 mt
33,297q 5,127 q 450 mt
165 mt 125 mt
145 mt 135 mt
Chandigarh, Delhi, Punjab,
Haryana & Local -do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
1,400 9,500 1,625 5,500 4,700
Source: Strategic Research and Extension Plan of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, ATMA, 2005.
48
Table 2. 58 Public-Private Partnership in Market Related Initiatives in District Mandi
Type of Partnership
Partners Activity undertaken
Volume of trade (tonnes)
Value of trade (Rs.)
Terms of refe.
I II III Dairy Horticulture Seed production Apple Sericulture
Farmer
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
Milk federation
HPMC
DOA
Traders
Traders, Deptt. of Industry, DRDA
Consumer
-do-
Farmer & shopkeeper
Consumers
-do-
Milk purchase & processing Fruits & vegetables purchase & processing Seed production & procurement Procurement Procurement & selling
34,328 15,000
3,43,280 3,00,00,000
- -
Source: Strategic Research and Extension Plan of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, ATMA, 2005.
Table 2.58 describes public-private partnership in market related initiatives in the district. The HP milk federation is involved in purchasing milk from consumers and processing it and thus earning revenue of Rs. 3, 43,280. The HPMC purchases fruit and vegetables at reasonable prices and processes them. The Department of Agriculture is producing and purchasing seeds from farmers and thus earning revenue to the tune of Rs. 3 crores.
With regards to market infrastructure facilities, the market facilities like auction platform, market information and parking are available in the district (Table 2.59).
49
Table 2.59 Information on Market Infrastructure Facilities Available in District Mandi
Sr. No.
Nameof the
location
Name of the
structure
Type of service offered
Locationof
facility
Commoditieshandled
Capacity Tariff if any Installed Used
1.
2.
R.M. sub yard
Takoli
R.M. sub yard Dhanotu
i) Auction platform
ii) Market information iii) Parking iv) Toilet
i) Auction platform
ii) Market information iii) Parking
Covered Internet, newspaper, radio RCC platform Sulabh sochalaya Covered Internet, newspaper, radio -
Takoli
Dhanotu
Takoli
Takoli
Dhanotu
-do-
All fruit & vegetables
-do-
700 m sq. -
300 m sq.
3 units
1,000 m sq.
-
500 m sq.
700 m sq. -
300 m sq.
3 units
1,000 m sq. -
500 m sq.
- - - - - - -
Source: Strategic Research and Extension Plan of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, ATMA, 2005.
The five agro-processing centres have been established in the district at different blocks like Sadar, Balh, Gohar and Sundarnagar blocks the functions of which have been displayed in Table 2.60.
Table 2. 60. Information on Agro-processing Facilities Available in and outside the District but Serving the Need of the District.
Sr.No.
Block Location of the
processing unit
Name Commodities processed
Type of processing
Capacity Installed In
use
1. 2. 3. 4.
Sadar Balh Gohar Sundernagar
Bajaura Baggi Chakkar Badhu Jarol
Hill thril processing unit Herbs processing center Milk processing plant Winery HPMC
Cauliflower, Mango, Aonla, Apple, Plum, Carrot, Radish, Chilies Aromatic & medicinal plants Milk Apple Apple, Pear, Plum, Mango, Litchi, Lemon, Galgal, Baby corn
Preservation Extraction of essential oil Ghee, paneer, curd, butter Wine Canning & preservation
3 mt - 1,000 mt
2.5 mt - 860 mt
Source: Strategic Research and Extension Plan of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, ATMA, 2005.
50
Table 2. 61 List of Farmers Groups and Organizations Working in Mandi District
Sr.No.
Name of the commodity interest groups/ farmers interest groups
Location Area of operation
Commodity/ enterprise
Activities undertaken
1.
SHGs 9 in each block
Village Agri.+Hort.+Animal. Vegetable growing, fruit & vegetable preservation, Vermi-composting, mushroom , etc.
2.
Himachal Kisan Union
H.Q. Nagchala
State -do- Awareness amongst the farmers & to take up grievances of the farmers with the Govt.
Source: Strategic Research and Extension Plan of District Mandi Himachal Pradesh, ATMA, 2005.
Table 2.61 presents the lists of farmers groups working in Mandi district. There are Commodity Interest Groups/ Farmers Interest Groups in the district, namely, SHGs and Himachal Kisan Union. The activities undertaken by these groups are preservation of vegetables, growing of fruit & vegetables, vermi- composting, mushroom cultivation, etc. and to enhance awareness amongst the farmers besides taking up grievances of the farmers with the Govt. and solve them.
2.8.2 Means of Communication
With regards to communication systems, post offices, telephone exchanges, telephone booths (public), internet centers and cable vs. without cable TV are available in the district (Table 2.62).
Table 2. 62 Information on Communication System Prevailing in District Mandi
Sr.No.
Type of communication
facility
Sector Address with
tel. no., fax no.
Type of services rendered Area of operation
PublicNo.
PrivateNo.
1 Post Offices 375 - GPO Mandi 222906
All types of postal services, small savings
district
2 Telephone exchanges
158 - GM BSNL 221000
Landline phones, mobile. internet
district
3 Telephone booths (public)
961 - -do- -do- -do-
4 Computer training centers (important)
5 Internet centers 11 - -do- Internet registered dhaba district 6 Cable vs. without
Cable TV - 12 - All channels district
Source: Strategic Research and Extension Plan of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, ATMA, 2005.
51
2.8.3 Power
The development of agriculture and industries can hardly take place without the availability of power. In addition, the electricity for domestic use has become indispensable in the modern days. The rural electrification plays a significant role in bridging up the socio-economic gap between the rural and urban communities and raising the quality of life even in the remote corners of the district. It helps increasing food production by harnessing the ground water resources and halting of migration of rural population to towns. The programme of utilization of hydro-electric power also plays a major role in regular supply of power in the district. There are three main hydro-electric power units in the district at Jogindernagar, Uhl and Bassi. The power house at Jogindernagar generates 110MW whereas the power house at the Bassi generates 60 MW and Uhl Stage III 100MW. Thus, total power generation capacity comes out to be 270 MW in the district.
2.9 Industry and Employment Status
The district is rich in forest, minerals and horticultural resources and has vast potentials for the establishment of small and cottage industries. The setting of these industries is important in raising the income level, living standard of the people and to provide employment opportunities to unemployed youth in the district.
As per the recent socio-economic survey, 20 per cent of the households in the district were below the poverty line as compared to 24 per cent at the state level (Table 2.63).
Table 2.63 Families Below Poverty Line
Particular Families at the time of survey (No.)
Families below poverty line
Families below poverty line to total families
Mandi 2,06,096 41,339 20.06 HP 11,82,926 2,82,370 23.87
Source: Statistical Outline of HP, 2006-07.
The rich natural resources of Mandi district can be utilized in three major sectors namely, Industries, Hydroelectric power and Tourism as mentioned earlier. There has been significant development in the field of industry. There are 3,110 industrial units of medium and large scale sectors in the district as compared to 30,839 in the state (Table 2.64). The district is famous for manufacturing of rural craft, wool & cotton carding, shawl, woollen garments and silk reeling.
Table 2.64 Details of Industrial Units in Medium & Large Scale Sector
Particulars No. of Units. Investment (Rs lakh) Total Employment.Mandi 3,110 6,884.85 12,593 Himachal Pradesh 30,839 74,665.96 1,33,640
Source: http://www.dgfasli.nic.in/publication/reports/himachal
52
One of the main problems in the district is unemployment, though on education-front, the district is much ahead as compared to other districts of the state. The details of employment in the government as well as in private sectors are given in tables 2.65 to 2.68.
Table 2.65 Government Employees (Regular) as on 31.03.2002 (No.)
Particular Gazetted Non-gazetted Total Mandi 1,170 18,908 20,078 Himachal Pradesh 8,415 1, 36, 031 1, 44, 446
Source:http://www.dgfasli.nic.in/publication/reports/himachal
Table 2.66 Participation of Women in Management/Ownership in SSI Sector
Particular Mandi Himachal Pradesh No. of enterprises managed by women
650 3,517
No. of women enterprises 633 3,720 No. of female employees Regd. SSI sector 1,059 4,017 Unregd. SSI sector 907 5,342 Total 1,966 9,359
Source: http://www.dgfasli.nic.in/publication/reports/himachal
Table 2.67 Enterprises and Persons Usually Working (Economic census, 1998)
Particular Enterprises (No.) Persons usually working (No.) Total Agril. Non-agril. All
enterprises Agril. enterprises
Non-agril. enterprises
Mandi 31,095 1,150 29,945 63,892 1,410 62,482 HP 2,25,478 11,148 2,14,330 5,76,898 17,919 5,58,979
Source: Statistical Outline of HP, 2006-07.
Table 2.68 Number of Factories and Workers
Particular Factories Workers 2004 2005 2006 2004 2005 2006
Mandi 191 166 169 4,443 3,125 3,415 HP 2,309 2,471 2,743 93,227 1,11,994 1,37,496
Source: Statistical Outline of HP, 2006-07.
2.10 Agro -Tourism
Agro-tourism is the crossroad of tourism and agriculture where the public visit working farms, ranches, or wineries to buy products, enjoy entertainment, participate in activities, shop at a country store or stand, eat locally grown or locally prepared food and perhaps make overnight stays for an authentic experience relating to agro-technologies being followed by rural farmers. This type of tourism has been emerging in many rural areas of our country and its market is
53
increasing tremendously. Not only that it provides economic diversification but it also helps the farmers to increase their export opportunities without leaving their home. In tune with this, Mandi district has ample potential of developing agro-tourism in the surrounding villages of Prashar Lake (Sadar block) and Rewalsar Lake (Balh block), Chuhar valley in Drang, Naina dhar and Chatbhuja areas and Basahi Dhar of Chauntra block, Kamalah Fort in Dharmpur, Janjehali and Gara Gusaini areas of Seraj block, and Devi Dhar in Gohar block. Similarly, the agro-tourism can also be developed at places of interest like temples, sanctuaries, hill tops, etc. For example, Mandi town is famous for having 81 old stone built temples due to which it is generally called as the Varanasi of Himachal Pradesh and as such, there are ample opportunities for the farmers of surrounding villages to enhance their income through enticing the tourists to their farms and developing agro-tourism spots well equipped with reasonable amenities like shelter, food, quality water, etc. Further, many centuries old temples built of stones in a houseboat style could be seen all over the Mandi town on the right and left banks of the river Beas where it is very broad. This scenic beauty can be made of attraction for the visitors by linking it with agro-tourism ventures.
2.11 Extension Services
A good network of extension services is pre-requisite for the development of agriculture in any area and Mandi is no exception
54
Tab
le 2
.69
Info
rmat
ion
on I
nput
and
Ser
vice
Pro
vide
rs in
Dis
tric
t Man
di
Blo
ck
Seed
Fe
rtili
zers
Pe
stic
ides
A
nim
al
feed
an
d po
ultr
y fe
ed
Vet
erin
ary
med
icin
es
Fish
se
eds
Fish
ha
tche
ries
N
o. o
f ho
rtic
ultu
re
nurs
erie
s
Fodd
er
N
Q
N
o.
of
Uni
t
Qua
ntity
N
*P*K
* N
Q
N
Q
N
Q
N
Q
N
N
o.
***
N
No.
**
* **
C
omm
oditi
es
Q
Sada
r 33
19
.4
48
7.0
2.8
1.8
6 6.
3 -
- 51
12
.0
- -
- -
11
3.3
Ber
seem
, so
rgha
m, O
at
0.13
Bal
h 55
33
.1
76
11
.0
3.4
2.5
2 0.
7 -
- 30
6.
8 -
- -
- 6
4.0
-do-
0.
5
Sund
erna
gar
35
27.6
52
9.0
3.4
2.5
3 0.
8 -
- 34
8.
3 35
14
.5
35
0.70
11
0.
6 -d
o-
0.3
Goh
ar
44
11.0
59
4.
5 1.
5 1.
0 5
3.8
- -
20
4.3
- -
- -
5 0.
5 -d
o-
0.08
Se
raj
28
4.6
36
2.8
1.3
1.0
6 6.
2 -
- 21
5.
7 -
- -
- 17
1.
2 -d
o-
0.08
K
arso
g 29
11
.8
44
3.5
1.5
0.3
8 7.
4 -
- 36
8.
8 -
- -
- 7
1.1
-do-
0.
11
Gop
alpu
r 30
19
.2
57
3.1
1.1
1.1
4 0.
6 -
- 39
9.
0 -
- -
- 7
0.2
-do-
0.
20
Dha
rmpu
r 24
24
.5
39
2.0
0.7
0.4
4 0.
6 -
22
5.
6 -
- -
- 2
0.01
-d
o-
0.19
C
haun
tra
18
13.4
10
2.
2 0.
6 0.
3 4
0.1
- -
18
4.2
- -
- -
- -
-do-
0.
24
Dra
ng
23
9.3
36
2.3
0.5
1.9
5 0.
2 -
- 28
7.
5 20
10
.0
20
0.25
4
0.3
-do-
0.
18
Not
e: N
= N
o. o
f ou
tlets
*
N=
Nitr
ogen
, P=
Pho
spho
rus,
and
Pot
ash
**
Nam
e of
the
fodd
er c
omm
oditi
es
Q=
Qua
ntity
in M
etri
c to
nnes
***
No.
in la
kh.
Sour
ce: S
trat
egic
Res
earc
h an
d E
xten
sion
Pla
n of
Dis
tric
t Man
di, H
imac
hal P
rade
sh, A
TM
A, 2
005.
55
Con
td…
2. 6
9
Blo
ck
Serv
ice
prov
ider
s P
ublic
(gov
ernm
ent)
Pri
vate
Ext
ensi
on
serv
ices
A
gri-
clin
ics
Par
a pr
ofes
sion
als
Inpu
t dea
lers
A
gri-
busi
ness
ce
nter
s N
GO
s F
arm
ers
fiel
d sc
hool
s
No.
N
o. o
f fa
rmer
s co
vere
d
No
No.
of
farm
ers
cove
red
No
No.
of
farm
ers
cove
red
No
No.
of
farm
ers
cove
red
No
No.
of
farm
ers
cove
red
No
No.
of
farm
ers
cove
red
No
No.
of
farm
ers
cove
red
Sada
r 15
4,
729
- -
- -
24
2,50
0 -
- -
- -
- B
alh
11
5,59
2 -
- -
- 46
3,
500
- -
1 1,
500
- -
Sund
erna
gar
14
5,00
2 -
- -
- 24
3,
400
- -
1 50
0 -
- G
ohar
14
4,
250
- -
- -
35
2,40
0 -
- -
- -
- Se
raj
15
5,52
4 1
500
- -
19
2,30
0 -
- -
- -
- K
arso
g 17
7,
109
- -
- -
20
2,40
0 -
- 1
500
-
Gop
alpu
r 20
2,
362
- -
- -
14
1,80
0 -
- -
- --
-
Dha
rmpu
r 24
3,
063
- -
- -
4 1,
800
- -
- -
- -
Cha
untr
a 12
2,
429
- -
- -
10
1,50
0 -
- -
- -
- D
rang
13
2,
415
- -
- -
15
2,10
0 -
- 1
500
- -
Sour
ce: S
trat
egic
Res
earc
h an
d E
xten
sion
Pla
n of
Dis
tric
t Man
di, H
imac
hal P
rade
sh, A
TM
A, 2
005.
56
At present, inputs are made available to the farmers through departmental sale points, co-operative societies and private dealers. The details on input and service providers, facilities available with Department of Agriculture /SAU/NGO/Pvt. Sector, Department of Animal Husbandry and Research and Extension Development activities in the district are presented in tables 2.69 to 2.71. A perusal of Table 2.69 reveals that almost all the blocks are having facilities of seed, fertilizers, pesticides, animal & poultry feeds, fish seeds, horticultural nurseries, but many of the blocks except Sundernagar and Drang lack facility of veterinary medicines and fish hatcheries. Further, most of the blocks are lacking agric clinic, farmer’s field schools and agric. business centres. The state Departments of Animal Husbandry, Agriculture and HPKV have established their centres for extending facilities/services to the farmers so as to solve their problems and enhance productivity of agriculture and its allied sectors (Table 2.70). For this purpose, three institutions funded by state government and ICAR are operating in the district for strengthening research & extension facilities (Table 2.71).
Table 2.70 Information on Infrastructure Facilities Under Department/SAU/NGO/Pvt. Sector Animal Husbandry Sr. No. Type of infrastructure Utility No./Area Capacity Present status Animal husbandry
1. Seed farm/demonstration farm (situated at Kangu)
Fodder seed production
3.0 ha 7 –8 qtl. fodder seed production
not sown
2.
Vety. hospitals 36 No. CVD 2 No. MVD 1 No. Total vety. dispensaries/AI centres 278 No. Polyclinic 1 No. Testing Labs 1 No.
Treatment of animals & A.I.
- - -
Agriculture 1 Seed multiplication farm Seed production 6/ 34 ha 75 tonnes Under cultivation 2 Potato development station Seed production 2/11 ha 30 tonnes Under cultivation
3 Farmer advisory cum input sell centre
To provides technical know how and inputs to the farmers
80 - Running properly
4 Soil testing laboratory Testing of soil samples
1 No. 60,000 samples /year
Running properly
Krishi Vigyan Kendra
1. Soil testing laboratory Testing of soil samples
1 No. 500 samples /year
Under construction
2. Seed multiplication farm at Kamand
Seed production 8.0 ha 70q/year Under developed as rainfed
3. Crop demonstration farm Sundernagar
Demonstration unit 3.6 ha 8-20q/year Rainfed
4. Office cum lab building Office 1 No.
30 trainees can be accommo-dated to impart vocational training
Working
5. Farmer’s training hostel For staying the farmers
1 No. 20 beds Under construction
Source: Strategic Research and Extension Plan of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, ATMA, 2005.
57
Table 2.71 Information on Research and Extension Development Activity in Mandi District (2003-04) Department/SAU/ZRS/KVK/NGO
Sr.No.
Sector (Central/State/District) Name of the scheme
Requirement of the scheme
Allocation of the year (Rs. lakh)
Shortfall/ surplus
Extn. Research Extn. Research 1. State (ZRS) Strengthening
of research facilities
- Research Nil 0.57 Shortfall
2. State Facilities for RSS
- -do- Nil 0.78 -do-
3. ICAR (KVK) Strengthening of KVK
Extn. Nil 2.0 Nil -do-
Source: Strategic Research and Extension Plan of District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, ATMA, 2005.
58
59
Chapter III
SWOT ANALYSIS OF MANDI DISTRICT
3.1 SWOT Analysis for Improving Agriculture and Allied Sectors
A critical analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of a region is a sine qua non for formulating development strategies/programmes in as much as it provides valuable insights into the potentials and constraints/threats in realizing these potentials. Thus, given the agro-climatic niches, existing status of agricultural development, physical and institutional infrastructure and the insights emerging from data on numerous other parameters thrown up by block and panchayats level schedules, a detailed analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats was carried out to understand both potentials and constraints in the development of agricultural and allied sectors.
3.1.1 Strengths
The key strengths of the district have been identified as under:
� The varied agro-climatic conditions give rise to micro climatic niches conducive for the cultivation of a variety of agricultural and horticultural crops both, seasonal and off-season, including floriculture and medicinal plants and rearing of crossbred cows, particularly Jersey cross with local cows.
� The high altitude areas of Sadar, Sundernagar, Seraj, Gohar, Karsog and Drang blocks provide cxcellent environment for the cultivation of exotic vegetables along with off-season vegetables, flowers, and taking up income generating enterprises like protected cultivation, mushroom, sericulture, nursery raising, fruit and vegetable processing, seed production vermi-composting, bee-keeping, mushroom compost, etc.
� Two main rivers viz. Sutlej and Beas supported by perennial tributories (Uhl, Jeuni, Tirthan) passing through the district are potential source of lift irrigation.
� The district receives well distributed and sufficient rainfall which augurs well for overall agricultural development. It is also rich in groundwater. For example, net annual ground water availability in Balh valley of the district is 3,483 ha m as against the annual requirement of 781 ha m suggesting enough scope of expansion of area under irrigation through shallow and deep tube wells.
� Situated in the heart of the state and two national high ways passing through it, the district enjoys a potential of emerging as a mega market centre of the state.
� The location of the district near to markets in the neighbouring states of Punjab, Haryana and Delhi as compared to other districts of the state gives it an added advantage.
60
� The district has price responsive farming communities willing to innovate, experiment and adopt riskier crops and enterprises as is evident from the rapid spread of protective cultivation.
� Two well developed lakes viz; Rewalsar (25 km) and Prashar (40 km), beside Kamlah Fort in Dharmpur block, Janjehali and Gada Gosaini in Seraj block, Naina Dhar and Basahi Dhar area in Chauntra block, Devi Dhar in Gohar block and Chuhar valley in Drang block offer vast scope of enticing tourists and developing agro-tourism in the district.
� The moderate climate of the district coupled with availability of pastures and grasslands provide favourable environment for development of small scale commercial dairy.
� The district has fairly well developed infrastructural facilities like commercial banks, seed farms at Bhangrotu, chhater and Joginder nagar, KVK and RSS at Sundernagar and twelve Progeny Cum Demonstration Orchards (PCDO) of both sub-tropical and temperate fruit.
� The existence of country’s first Mahseer fish seed production farm at Sidhpur, Trout farm at Basi, fish farms at Dahar, Machhial, Moviseri, Kamrah, Phula Dhar and Karsog, is an added advantage for promoting and harnessing potential of fish cultivation in the district.
� Potential of promoting organic farming because of low use of inorganic fertilisers and availability of organic inputs like bio-fertilizers, vermi-compost and FYM. The usage of organic inputs has increased from 41 per cent in 2003-2004 to 45 per cent in 2005-06 and per cent of farmers using organic manure has increased from 28.41 to 31 for the same period.
3.1.2 Weaknesses
� Small and fragmented holdings, besides undulating topography of high terrain areas are major impediments in accelerating growth of agriculture and allied sectors.
� The vast areas in the hinter lands lack connectivity to main market centers which hampers agricultural growth.
� Lack of well developed market infrastructure particularly in far flung areas of the district is another hinderance in fostering agricultural growth.
� The non-availability of critical inputs at the right time particularly in the areas having poor connectivity is a vital weak link.
� Poor extension backup as a result of inadequate extension manpower is yet another important weakness.
� Inadequate irrigation facilities despite huge potential to bring additional area under irrigation.
61
� Low and dwindling crop yields of most of the crops and pleauting of crop yields in case of some other crops.
� Pastures and grazing lands infested with weeds and poor quality grasses.
� Low water holding capacity of the soils due to shallow and sandy texture.
3.1.3 Opportunities
� Potential to emerge as leading producer of high value cash crops like exotic vegetables (broccoli asparagus and red cabbage in Karsog and Seraj blocks) off-season vegetables, floriculture, medicinal and aromatic plants and enterprises like apiculture and mushroom
� Scope for enhancing area under irrigation through lift irrigation, rain water harvesting and ground water exploitation.
� Potential to expand organic farming in areas like Seraj and upper areas of Gohar and Karsog, Sadar, Sundernagar and chuhar valley wherein current use of inorganic fertilizers, herbicides/pesticides is negligible.
� Potential for developing commercial dairy and rearing sheep & goat because of availability of pastures and grass lands on the one hand and huge local demand for milk on the other.
� Opportunities for expanding fish cultivation in Jeuni Khad and Janjelhi Khad, Uhl and promoting trout in Tirthan Khad.
� Huge potential for area expansion under mango in blocks like Sundernagar, Gopalpur and Dharmpur.
� Huge potential to increase yields of different crops, particularly maize, as are evident from very large differences in the average yields of different crops of the average farmers and those of progressive farmers. Given the potential to increase maize yield, the district has a potential to emerge as a leading producer of maize thus affording an opportunity to establish maize based agro - industries.
3.1.4 Threats
� The rapid spread of obnoxious weeds like Commelina benghalensis, Echinochloa colona, Ageratum conyzoides, Cyperus rotundus, Dactyloctenium aegyptium Echinochloa crus-galli, Cyperus iria, Commelina communis, Panicum dichotomiflorum, Fimbristylis sp, Medicago denticulate, Anagallis arvensis, Poa annua, Stellaria media, Phalaris minor Avena leudoviciana and Juncus bufonius is posing threat to pastures and cultivable lands.
� Threat of removal of vegetative cover and soil erosion on sloppy lands.
� Shrinking agricultural land due to diversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural uses
62
like houses, roads and other rural infrastructure and ongoing process of sub-division and fragmentation of holdings due to division of families is a fatal threat for future agriculture.
� Unplanned construction of roads and other infrastructures, mining and removal of sand aggregate from the rivers and local nullah are posing serious threat to fragile hilly ecosystem.
� Rapidly increasing population of monkeys and stray cattle is a major threat to crop and fruit production in large parts of the district. In fact, many farmers have abandoned cultivation of crops due to monkey menace.
� Inadequate infrastructure facilities like rural roads, markets and extension back-up are the major handicaps to the ongoing process of crop diversification in the district.
� The rising incidence of diseases like wilt, rhizome rot and blight nematode is a threat to the cultivation of high value cash crops.
� Low prices of agricultural produce coupled with rising input costs are other threats to agricultural sector. As a result of falling profitability, the farmers are fast losing interest in agriculture.
� The degradation of natural resource base, in particular soils and water, poses an imminent threat to the sustainability of agriculture
� The climate change manifested in terms of erratic and untimely rainfall and rising temperatures is yet another threat that looms large in sustaining agricultural production.
� The threat of competition in the market both because of the ongoing process of crop diversification in other states and also from cheaper imports under new liberalised regime.
� The threat of disappearance of comparative advantage enjoyed in the production of high value crops from emerging frontline technologies with the help of which goods can be produced under controlled conditions in plains.
� The threat of price crash as result of too much supply of some of the high value cash crops grown in polyhouses. This would adversely affect the cultivation of these crops
3.2 Issues Emerging Out of SWOT Analysis
� Need to check the fragmentation and use of agricultural lands for non - agricultural uses.
� Need to convert the agricultural culturable waste land for agricultural purposes.
� Need of programmes and policies to control wild/stray animals’ menace adversely affecting the growth of agriculture and allied sectors.
63
� Need for promotion of weeds and shrubs management technologies that are cost effective and yield promoters.
� Need to encourage the farmers to practise intercropping with suitable crops to check soil erosion, weed control and enhance productivity.
� Need to conserve the valuable germplasm of plant species that are rare or are on the verge of extinction.
� Need to enhance the pace of growth promoting technologies adoption so as to attain more production from limited land and available resources without compromising quality.
� Need to reform the present system of extension by clubbing the various developmental/extension agencies.
� Need to strengthen various institutions relating to agriculture with adequate man power so as to make agricultural research and extension programmes more efficient and effective.
� Need to enhance connectivity of far flung upland areas to main market.
3.3 Sectoral Growth Drivers
� To ensure availability of quality inputs like improved seeds, fertilizers, plant protection material by improving and strengthening delivery system.
� Improvement of physical, chemical and biological parameters on the basis of soil health cards proposed to be given to all farmers.
� Promotion of integrated nutrient management through vermi-composting, popularization of bio-fertilisers, and other ameliorants in addition to judicious and balanced nutrients to crops.
� Promotion of micro irrigation for efficient management and delivery of required quantities of water as per crop needs.
� Promotion of mechanization conducive to hill farming and equipments and implements to reduce labour and drudgery of women folk.
� Strengthening and improvement of quality control infrastructure (seed, pesticides and fertilizer testing laboratories)
� Provision of quality plant material to promote fruit production and harness available potential
� Promotion of protected cultivation along with supporting infrastructure for quality production of high value cash crops
� Construction of adequate number of CAS (Control Atmosphere Storage) at critical points
� The installation of anti-hail guns at critical points particularly in the apple growing areas of the district.
64
65
Chapter IV
AGRICULURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE DISTRICT
The present chapter based upon the data collected from all blocks and sample panchyats describes some of the important aspects of agricultural development of the district such as land utilization pattern, cropping pattern, input gap, yield gap, varietal and technological problems, interventions required to solve these problems, researchable issues and so on.
4.1 Land Use Pattern
The total geographical area of the district as per statistics presented in Table 4.1 was 3,95,058 ha of which 25 per cent was found under pasture and forest lands. The extent of pasture and grazing land was the highest in Karsog (16.69%), followed by Sadar (15.72 %) and Sundernagar (12.77 %) blocks. The proportions of cultivable area and cultivated area to the total geographical area were 32 and 23.27, respectively. However, the maximum cultivated area was found in Sadar block and minimum in Chauntra block. The area under fallow lands and culturable waste together accounted for about 2 per cent which can be brought under cultivation, if irrigation facilities and other inputs including technical know - how are made available to the farmers. The analysis of problems and interventions regarding land development highlighted in Tables 4.2a and 4.2b revealed that common problems found in the district were many like soil erosion, fragmentation of holdings, fire in the forest area during summer season, inadequate irrigation facilities, rocky and difficult terrains, spread of weeds and bushes, menace of stray and wild animals like monkey, bear, cattle, etc. The main interventions identified for the development of these problematic lands were to initiate effective policy measures by way of providing technical and financial support to the farmers for soil conservation, check dams, afforestration, cultivation as well as plantation of improved grasses, medicinal and aromatic plants, eradication of weeds and bushes, fencing to control animal menace, construction of irrigation schemes and creating awareness about efficient water harvesting structures. Improvement required for increasing the productivity of land and financial estimates for land development were also presented in Tables 4.3 and 4.4.
4.2 Water Resources and Management
The important water resources identified in the district are as under:
4.2.1 River
There are two main rivers, Beas and Sutlej flowing through the district. Sutlej enters in the district near ‘Firnu village in Chawarsigarh and forms the boundary of the district in the east and south. The main tributaries of this river are Khaled, Bhagwati, Bantehr, Siwan Behna, Kattu, Bagra, Bahlu and Siun. The Beas enters Mandi from the eastern side at village near Largi where
66
Sainj and Tirthan streams join the river. At Pandoh, the water of Beas has been diverted through a channel to join the Sutlej and electricity is being generated at Dehar. Larji project is also under construction on this river for electricity production. The important rivulets (Khads) of the Beas on the north bank are Uhl, Luni and Rina and from south bank are Suketi, Jiuni, Bakhli, Sone, Ramoli and Bakkar Khad. The water of Uhl is being used to generate the electricity at Joginder Nagar (Shanan and Bassi Project).
4.2.2 Lakes and Tanks
There are two famous lakes in the district, Rewalsar and Prashar Lake.
Rewalsar Lake
It is situated at an altitude of 1,360 meters, 25 k.m away from Mandi town. It is square shaped with a square shoreline of 735 m and this dark jewel rests on a mountain spur and is protected by dense vegetation. In Rewalsar, its spirit is said to reside in the tiny island of floating reed that drifts over the water.
Prashar Lake
This lake is situated at an altitude of 2,730 meters, 40 k.m. away from Mandi town. The deep blue water at this beautiful lake is held sacred to the sage Prashar. A three tiered Pagoda-like temple dedicated to the sage lies by the lake - 'rishi' Prashar is said to have meditated here. Its remarkable setting is enhanced by a frame of snow draped peaks visible from the lake's edge, the water of the river Sutlej flows towards south.
4.2.3. Ground Water Resources
The ground water resources availability and utilization have been given in Table 4.5 and Map 4.1. It may be visualized from the table that in Balh valley of Mandi district during monsoon season, the recharge from rainfall is 2,991 ha m and recharge from other sources is 29 ha m. And the corresponding figures for the non-monsoonal season are 792 and 58 ha m, respectively. Thus, total recharge during the year is 3,870 ha m which forms around 9 per cent of the state total. For example, net annual ground water availability in Balh valley of Mandi district is 3,483 ha m as against the annual requirement of 781 ha m, indicating thereby enough availability of ground water in the area.
The ground water availability for future irrigation will be around 2,458 ha m. The projected demand for ground water for domestic and industrial uses up to 2,025 will be at 679 ha m. as against the present demand of 434 ha m.
67
LegendMap 4.1 Ground Water User Map, District Mandi, Himachal Pradesh
68
District Mandi
Wellsfeasible
Rigssuitable
Depth of well (m)
Discharge(lpm)
Suitableartificialrecharge
structures
Soft rock aquifers
Tube well
Dug well
Percussion&
percussioncum rotary
Manual
100-120
10-20
1,200-2,500
300-500 Check dam, Check dam cum
ground water dam, Recharge
shaft
Hard rock aquifers
Bore well
Dug well
Springdevelopment
DTH with odex
Manual
100-150
10-20
1,000-2,000
300-500
30-2,000
Thrust 5 Water level contour (m bgl)
(Pre -mmonsoon decadal mean, 1993-2002) Fault/lineament
Major drainage
Hot water spring (500C)
• Spring
Tehsil boundary
District boundary
State boundary
Other Information
Total Area 3,950 sq.km No. of Tehsils/sub tehsils 16 Major drainage Beas, Satluj Population 9,00,987 (2001 Census) Rainfall 1,136 mm Temperature 1° C to 35° C Regional geology Siwaliks, Alluvium, Metamorphics Ground Water quality Good, EC <750 mhos/cm at 250CUtilizable ground water resources 21.36 mcm (Balh valley) Stage of ground water development 22.47% (Balh valley) Water shed/tehsil showing intensive ground water development
Nil
69
4.3 Cropping System and Cropping Pattern
Rainfed farming system is the traditional practice followed by the farmers. Maize-wheat, maize+pulses-wheat, maize-barley, maize-pea, maize-potato, paddy-wheat, pulses based, oilseed based, vegetable based, spices based and chari-berseem were the important cropping systems being followed in the district under unirrigated and irrigated conditions (Table 4.6). Out of these, the main cropping systems followed by the farmers were maize-wheat, maize-barley, maize-pea, maize-potato, paddy-wheat, oilseed based and vegetable based. Block –wise cropping pattern presented in Table 4.7 reveals that maize, paddy and wheat were the important crops of the area covering an area of 34.48, 14.83 and 47.01 per cent, respectively of the total area of cereals in the district. Moreover, area under cereals covered nearly 75 per cent of the total cultivated area indicating the importance of cereals to the economy of the district. When we look across the blocks’ data, the maximum area under maize was found in Sadar block, while maximum area under wheat and paddy was observed in Karsog and Gopalpur, respectively. The pulse in terms of area was not much important crop in the district, as shown by the data. It covered only less than 2 per cent of the total cultivated area. Among the pulses, rajmash occupied the first rank by accounting for 53 per cent of the area under pulses. The mash was also found an important pulse of the district covering 33.44 per cent of the area. Mash and rajmash were mainly grown in Karsog and Drang blocks. In third order, the vegetable cultivation was another important group of crops in the district as indicated by its area under cultivation (3.48 per cent of the total area). Among the vegetables, potato (37.18 per cent) was the most important crop followed by peas (34.05 per cent), cabbage (10.92 per cent) and tomato (9.76 per cent). The other vegetables being grown were cauliflower, cucurbits, beans, capsicum, okra (bhindi), radish, etc. According to the area under oilseeds, it has no significant impact on the rural economy. Oilseeds covered less than 2 per cent of the area. Among the field crops, next to cereals, fruit cultivation/plantation was an important crop in the district, covering 17.74 per cent of the total cultivated area. The important fruit plants found in the district were apple, other fruit, citrus, mango, dry fruit, plum, pomegranate, etc. The apple accounted for 45 per cent of the area followed by other fruit (31.63 per cent), citrus (14.36 per cent) and mango (9.86 per cent). The spice crops like ginger, garlic and turmeric were also very important crops in the district covering an area of 954, 979 and 130 ha, respectively.
4.4 Input Use and Gaps
The use of seed rates per unit of area displayed in Table 4.8 reveals that in case of most important cereal crops like maize, wheat and paddy was higher than the recommended in almost all the blocks. The seed rate applied by the farmers varied from block to block. For example, in case of maize crop, the seed rate varied from 30kg/ha to 57 kg/ha, implying thereby 50 to 185 per cent higher than recommended. Similarly, farmers used more quantity of wheat seed varying from 8 to 59 per cent than recommended one.
70
In case of mash, the farmers were generally using higher seed rate in all the blocks. As regards Rajmash and Kulthi, seed rate was higher in some blocks (except Seraj and Karsog) than recommended. For oilseed crops like sarson, linseed, toria and sesame, the seed rates used were also on higher side. Similar to other crops, the seed rate of potato also varied from block to block. It was higher in blocks like Balh, Gohar, Seraj, Karsog, Gopalpur and Dharmpur while in other blocks the seed rate was lower than recommended. An examination of Table 4.8 reveals that in case of vegetables the farmers were using higher seed rate. This might be due to the several reasons such as low moisture condition in the fields, late sowing and perception of farmers that when they used more seeds they can harvest good crop yielding more production. However, few farmers in the district were following recommended seed rate. This indicates that recommended growth promoting technology has already made beginning by percolating among the farmers though at a low pace and as such still there is need to gear up extension services to educate more and more farmers. The use and requirement of chemical fertilizers and gaps were examined and depicted in Table 4.9. It can be seen from the table that the quantity of fertilizer used was slightly lower than the quantity required in almost all the blocks whereas in case of farm yard manure, the farmers applied more than the recommended. Bio-fertilisers were being used in Sundernagar only and their quantity applied was found less than the recommended one.
4.5 Yield Gap Analysis
Output gaps were also estimated, the results of which for different crops have been shown in Table 4.10. It can be seen from the table that the average yields obtained by the farmers of the same locations from maize, paddy and wheat was 23 quintals in each crop, which was around 46 per cent lower than the yields of progressive farmers of the district. In case of different blocks of the district, huge yield gap were observed and it ranged between 3 to 35 quintals per ha in maize, 6 to 31 quintals per ha in paddy and 7 to 29 quintals per ha in wheat crop whereas in case of oilseed crops the yield gap was 1 to 13 quintals per ha. The yield gap of potato at the district level was 73 quintals per ha. Various vegetables showed a yield gap of 17 to 121 quintals per ha at district level.
4.6 Reasons for Gap
The reasons pinpointed by the farmers for yield gaps included low level of inputs used such as plant protection materials, imbalanced use of fertilizer, lack of technological know-how, inadequate and untimely supply of inputs, besides unassured irrigation, wild/stray animals menace, etc.. In case of seeds, their use was mostly on higher side than recommended levels. It was a deliberate attempt of farmers to avoid the risk of germination, the drought effect and partially due to the practice of thinning the crop at the latter stage to use it as a fodder.
4.7 Farm Mechanization
The farm machinery like wheat thresher of moderate size available in the market was liked and
71
adopted by the farmers as its number increased in the district as well as in different blocks. It is difficult to make use of presently available machinery due to its non suitability to hill condition. For example, large sized tractors having more horse power generally available in the market are not compatible to hilly condition due to undulating topography, small and scattered holdings, high running cost, etc. which has halted the growth of them use in the district, except in few blocks . The substitute for it is iron plough, generally used by more than 70 per cent of the cultivators (Table 4.11). Spray pumps use was very common since these are required in fruit crops; however, their use in field crops was low. The use of tractors was high in Gopalpur and Balh block (40 -50 per cent). However, tractors and power tillers were less used in other blocks due to smaller size of holdings and height of bunds from one field to another. The use of traditional chaff cutters was not uncommon where its use varied from 6 – 40 per cent among different blocks.
4.8 Ongoing Schemes for Agriculture and Rural Development
Table 4.12 shows that water harvesting, soil conservation, other agricultural schemes were the important schemes operative in all the blocks of the district. There were 967 schemes of water harvesting in the district covering 1,867 villages and about 6,000 families. The whole district has 309 schemes on soil conservation covering 172 villages and benefiting 3,124 families in 8 blocks. The major irrigation projects are handled by IPH Department and minor irrigation schemes are run by Department of Agriculture. The status of existing irrigation schemes and funds required for their repair and maintenance are shown in Tables 4.13a & b and 4.14. Various research projects being run by both the state agricultural universities on field crops, fruit, forestry and spices are common for the development of the district.
4.9 Varietal and Technological Problems
The major problems encountered in the cultivation of cereals, pulses, vegetables and other crops have been given in Tables 4.15 to 4.17. The common problems found in the district were low yield due to weeds and local seed varieties, pest and diseases and animal menace. The required interventions for these crops to tackle farmer’s problems are also given in the table for all the blocks of the district.
4.10 Extension Gaps
Estimated yields and yield gaps in crops termed as Yield Gap I and Yield Gap II have been shown in Table 4.18. The yield Gap I is the difference of recommended or experimental station yield from the actual/average yield. The yield Gap II is the difference of average actual farm yield from the maximum yield obtained by the progressive farmers of the same locality. Quite high differences (gaps) were observed in both the cases.
72
4.11. Extension Interventions
In order to bridge the gaps observed in the average yields obtained by average farmers and the progressive farmers, the following interventions are needed:
� Provision of adequate quantity of quality inputs like improved seeds, fertilizers, plant protection material/measures by improving and strengthening delivery system
� Improvement of physical, chemical and biological parameters on the basis of soil health cards proposed to be given to all farmers.
� Promotion of integrated nutrient management through vermi-composting, popularization of bio-fertiliser and other ameliorants in addition to judicious and balanced nutrients to crops. Strengthening and improvement of quality control infrastructure (seed, pesticides and fertilizer testing laboratories).
� Promotion of micro-irrigation for efficient management and delivery of required quantities of water as per crop needs.
� Promotion of mechanization conducive to hill farming and equipments and implements to reduce drudgery of the women folk.
� Promotion of protected cultivation along with supporting infrastructure for quality production of high value cash crops.
� Checking stray and wild animals menace to improve farming conditions and incomes of the farmers.
� Strengthening the existing marketing infrastructure like construction of village link roads, ropeways, market collection points, early completion of proposed regulated markets at critical points for high value cash crops including vegetables and fruit.
� Provision of irrigation facilities to rainfed areas and water harvesting to create water potential for irrigation and to augment ground water level.
4.12 Researchable Issues
Issues Relating to Breeding
� Breeding of fish specie that can sustain in the toxic water of paddy fields.
� Standardization of production technology of hybrids of cereals, vegetables, pulses and oilseeds.
Issues Relating to Pest & Diseases
� Development of pest forecasting modules for rice leaf folder
73
� Formulation of biointensive IPM strategies for the management of
xii) Helicoverpa armigera (tomato and gram)
xiii) Fruit flies (cucurbits and tomatoes)
xiv) White grubs (potato, maize, peas, ginger, cabbage etc)
xv) Cut worms (cereals and vegetables)
xvi) Stem borer, leaf folder, hispa and plant hoppers (rice)
xvii) Diamondback moth and cabbage caterpillar (cole crops)
xviii) Leaf miner and pod borer (peas)
xix) Hairy caterpillar (mash, til, soybean
xx) Termites (cereals and vegetables)
xxi) Stem borer and aphids (maize)
xxii) Plant parasitic nematodes (cereals and vegetables)
� Identification and utilization of native botanicals for eco-friendly pest management
� Pesticide residue analysis in vegetables and determination of MRLs for consumer safety
� Germplasm screening for resistance against major insect pests (cereals, pulses, oilseeds and vegetables).
� Survey and surveillance for identification of new invasion of insect pests in the state
� Safe management alternatives for the stored grain pests
Issues Relating to Soil Improvement, Irrigation, Crop Diversification
� Evaluation of resource conservation technologies (like conservation tillage, deficit water management, pressurized irrigation systems, nutrient-water interaction studies,
recycling of waste organic residues etc.) for irrigated and rain fed areas
� Issues related to increasing water productivity of stored water through crop diversification and soil and water management practices
� Encouraging farmers to practise intercropping with suitable crops to check soil erosion, weed control and enhance productivity.
� Initiation of programmes to control wild/stray animal menace adversely affecting the growth of agriculture.
� Promotion of weed and shrubs management technologies that are cost effective and yield promoters.
� Nutrient indices development for improvement of soil health
74
� Development of practices for organic farming under different cropping systems.
� Development of technology for integrated nutrient management in vegetables.
Table 4.1 Block - wise Land Utilization Pattern (ha)
Sr.No.
Block Geographical area (ha)
Pastures & grazing land
Cultivable area (ha)
Cultivated area (ha)
Cultivable waste (ha)
Currentfallow (ha)
1 Sadar 60,507 15,965 17,148 12,062 376 204 2 Balh 22,415 4,079 15,390 10,416 400 107 3 Sundernagar 42,410 12,964 16,112 8,730 589 837 4 Gohar 35,815 8,117 12,186 6,838 140 68 5 Seraj 49,695 9,606 12,013 10,613 150 173 6 Karsog 58,565 16,945 12,529 11,756 857 89 7 Gopalpur 22,260 6,120 9,314 9,043 474 684 8 Dharmapur 26,743 12,563 8,167 7,963 316 166 9 Chauntra 23,847 5,835 13,435 7,018 593 562
10 Drang 52,801 9,341 10,135 7,486 441 564 District 3,95,058 1,01,535 1,26,429 91,925 4,336 3,454
Source: Field Survey, 2007-08
75
Tab
le 4
.2 a
Pro
blem
s fo
r L
and
Dev
elop
men
t (P
er C
ent o
f Pan
chay
ats)
Pro
blem
Sa
dar
Bal
h Su
nder
naga
r G
ohar
Se
raj
Kar
sog
Gop
alpu
r D
harm
pur
Cha
untr
a D
rang
F
ores
ts
Pro
duct
ive
Wee
ds
- 50
40
-
- -
20
20
- -
Wee
ds a
nd b
ushe
s -
50
40
- -
-
20
- -
Ani
mal
pro
blem
-
- 60
-
- -
20
- -
- Ir
riga
tion
- -
20
- -
- 20
-
- 14
.28
Qua
lity
seed
-
- 20
-
- -
20
- -
42.8
6 U
ncon
solid
ated
la
nd
- 16
.67
- 10
0 20
-
40
- -
57.1
4 So
il er
osio
n -
33.3
3 -
100
100
33.3
3 20
-
- -
Roc
ky,
diff
icul
t te
rrai
n -
- -
- 80
33
.33
- -
33.3
3 -
Fire
16
.67
16.6
7 -
- 80
-
- -
- -
Illic
it fe
lling
16.6
7 -
- 80
-
- -
- -
Def
ores
tatio
n 40
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
Deg
rade
d R
ocky
, w
eeds
an
d bu
sh
- 33
.33
40
- 80
-
20
40
83.3
3 -
Stee
p ge
ogra
phy
- 33
.33
20
- 20
16
.67
20
20
33.3
3 -
Les
s ar
ea
- -
- -
- -
20
20
- -
Obn
oxio
us w
eeds
-
16.6
7 80
-
- -
- 20
-
- Fi
re
- 16
.67
- -
60
- -
- -
- Il
licit
felli
ng
- 16
.67
- -
60
- -
- -
- D
efor
esta
tion
- 16
.67
- -
- 33
.33
- -
- -
Soil
eros
ion
-
- -
- 33
.33
- -
- -
Bar
ren
and
uncu
ltiv
able
land
R
ocky
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
- R
ocky
and
ste
ep
66.6
7 -
20
- 80
50
-
40
- 14
.28
Roc
ky
- -
20
- -
- -
- -
- St
eep
geog
raph
y -
- -
- -
- -
40
- -
Obn
oxio
us w
eeds
-
- 20
-
- -
20
- -
- L
and
slid
es
- -
- -
- -
20
- -
- W
ild a
nim
als
- 16
.67
- -
- -
20
- -
-
76
Dif
ficu
lt to
man
age
- 16
.67
- -
80
- -
- -
- B
arre
n ro
cky
land
-
-
100
- -
- -
16.6
7 28
.57
Poor
qu
ality
gr
asse
s -
83.3
3 60
-
- 16
.67
40
20
83.3
3 57
.14
Roc
ky,
wee
ds
and
bush
-
- -
- -
16.6
7 -
- -
- R
oads
/pat
hs/c
hann
els
Lac
k of
te
chni
cal
know
-ho
w
- -
40
- 40
16
.67
- -
- -
Nar
row
pa
ths
and
kuch
ha c
hann
els
- -
- 10
0 40
-
- -
- -
Cul
tura
ble
was
te
Wee
d/bu
sh in
fest
ed
Wee
ds
- 66
.67
60
- -
- 20
80
-
- W
eed
and
bush
66
.67
50
60
100
80
33.3
3 60
20
-
- N
on a
vaila
bilit
y of
ir
riga
tion
- -
40
- -
- -
- -
- A
nim
al m
enac
e M
onke
ys
- -
80
100
- 83
.33
20
60
- 28
.57
Wild
boa
r -
- 20
-
- 33
.33
80
20
- -
Stra
y an
d w
ild
anim
al
50
- 60
10
0 40
33
.33
40
40
- -
Dif
ficu
lt to
man
age
Hig
h co
st
of
prod
uctio
n -
- 60
-
20
- -
60
- -
Stri
ngy
anim
als
- -
40
- 40
-
- 20
-
- L
ow p
rodu
ctio
n -
- 20
-
- -
- 20
-
- R
oads
lack
ing
- -
- -
20
- -
- -
- P
erm
anen
t pas
ture
s an
d ot
her
graz
ing
land
s P
rodu
ctiv
e Sh
allo
w la
nd
- -
60
- -
- -
80
- -
Roc
ky a
nd s
teep
-
- 20
-
- -
-
- 42
.86
Low
pro
duct
ion
- -
60
- 10
0 -
- 20
-
28.5
7 L
acki
ng
impr
oved
gr
ass
stra
ins
- -
- -
100
16.6
7 -
- 50
57
.14
Roc
ky
- -
- -
80
- -
- 16
.67
- W
eeds
and
bus
hes
33.3
3 -
- -
- -
- -
- -
77
Deg
rade
d W
eed
and
bush
y 33
.33
16.6
7 20
75
10
0 66
.67
40
80
66.6
7 42
.87
Slop
py
50
33.3
3 20
25
40
16
.67
20
20
16.6
7 -
Les
s pr
oduc
tive
33.3
3 50
60
40
16
.67
- Fl
oods
and
land
sl
ides
-
- -
50
- -
- -
- -
No
gras
ses
- 16
.67
- -
- -
- -
- -
Tra
ditio
nal g
rass
-
- -
- -
16.6
7 -
- -
- U
nder
mis
c tr
ee c
rops
and
gro
ves
Unp
rodu
ctiv
e 16
.67
- 60
-
- -
- 20
-
14.2
8 U
nwan
ted
tree
s 16
.67
- 60
75
-
- -
- -
14.2
8 A
nim
al p
robl
em
- -
- -
- 16
.67
- -
- -
Dis
ease
and
ins
ect-
pest
s -
- -
- -
16.6
7 -
- -
- F
allo
w la
nd
Cur
rent
fallo
w
Rai
nfed
33
.33
- 80
-
60
- -
60
16.6
7 -
Shal
low
land
-
- -
- 60
-
- 20
-
- D
roug
ht
- -
- 10
0 -
- -
- -
- B
ushy
are
a -
- -
- -
16.6
7 -
- -
- O
ther
fallo
w
Rai
nfed
-
- -
- 20
-
- 20
-
- R
ainf
ed >
80%
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
- M
argi
nal l
and
- -
- 10
0 -
- -
- -
- C
ulti
vate
d la
nd
Rai
nfed
>50
%
- -
80
- -
33.3
3 -
60
33.3
3 -
Shal
low
an
d un
irri
gate
d -
- 40
10
0 20
33
.33
- 40
-
- D
isea
se a
nd i
nsec
t-pe
sts
- -
40
- 20
-
- -
- -
Fros
t -
- -
- -
- 20
-
- 28
.57
Hill
y te
rrai
n -
- -
- -
- -
- -
28.5
7 Sc
atte
red
hold
ings
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
57.1
4 Ir
riga
tion
16.6
7 50
-
- -
33.3
3 -
- -
- L
and
slid
es
- -
- -
- 16
.67
- -
- -
Uni
rrig
ated
and
la
ck o
f im
prov
ed
vari
etie
s 33
.33
- -
- -
- -
- -
- So
urce
: Fie
ld S
urve
y, 2
007-
08
78
Tab
le 4
.2 b
Int
erve
ntio
ns fo
r L
and
Dev
elop
men
t (P
er C
ent o
f Pan
chay
ats)
Inte
rven
tion
Sa
dar
Bal
h Su
nder
naga
r G
ohar
Se
raj
Kar
sog
Gop
alpu
r D
harm
pur
Cha
untr
a D
rang
F
ores
ts
Pro
duct
ive
Impr
oved
gra
sses
-
- 40
-
80
- -
40
- -
Aw
aren
ess,
tr
aini
ng
and
dem
onst
ratio
n -
50
60
- -
- -
- -
- Ir
riga
tion
faci
litie
s -
- 20
-
- -
- -
- -
Prop
er p
rote
ctio
n -
- -
- -
- 20
-
- -
Soil
cons
erva
tion
- -
- 10
0 10
0 33
.33
40
- -
14.2
8 C
heck
dam
s, r
oads
-
- -
100
100
33.3
3 20
-
- 14
.28
HY
V's
- -
- -
- -
20
- -
57.1
4 C
onso
lidat
ion
of la
nd
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 57
.14
Aff
ores
tatio
n 10
0 50
-
- -
50
- -
Deg
rade
d
A
ffor
esta
tion
- 50
40
-
80
83.3
3 20
40
16
.67
- Pl
uggi
ng
- 33
.33
40
- 80
33
.33
20
20
- -
Impr
oved
gra
sses
-
16.6
7 60
-
80
33.3
3 20
20
-
- Fr
uit p
lant
atio
n -
- -
- -
33.3
3 -
- -
- B
arre
n an
d un
cult
ivab
le la
nd
Roc
ky
Plug
ging
and
pla
ntat
ion
- 16
.67
60
- 60
33
.33
- 40
-
14.2
8 Im
prov
ed
gras
ses
and
plan
tatio
n of
m
edic
inal
an
d ar
omat
ic p
lant
-
66.6
7 40
10
0 80
-
- 20
-
- H
erbs
66
.67
- -
- -
- -
20
- -
Con
tour
bu
ndin
g,
land
le
velin
g, r
ecla
mat
ion
- -
10
0 -
- 20
-
- -
Frui
t pla
ntat
ion
- -
- -
- 16
.67
- -
- -
Lan
d pu
t to
non-
agri
use
s B
uild
ings
A
war
enes
s -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- R
oads
/pat
hs/c
hann
els
Aw
aren
ess
- -
40
- 40
16
.67
- -
- -
Bro
aden
ing
and
mel
ting
of
path
s an
d pu
cca
chan
nels
-
- -
100
- -
- -
- -
79
Cul
tura
ble
was
te
Wee
d/bu
sh in
fest
ed
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Era
dica
tion
66.6
7 10
0 80
10
0 80
33
.33
80
80
- -
Cul
tivat
ion
66.6
7 10
0 20
10
0 80
16
.67
40
-
- Fr
uit p
lant
atio
n 66
.67
66.6
7 40
-
- -
- 20
-
- Ir
riga
tion
faci
litie
s -
- 40
-
- -
-
- -
Ani
mal
men
ace
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Polic
y 50
-
60
-
83.3
3 60
60
-
28.5
7 Fe
ncin
g -
- 20
10
0 40
33
.33
80
60
- 28
.57
Low
co
st
prod
uctio
n al
tern
ativ
e -
- 60
-
20
33.3
3 -
20
- 14
.28
Mon
key
cont
rol
- -
- -
16
.67
-
- -
Dif
ficu
lt to
man
age
- -
- -
-
-
- -
Alte
rnat
ive
- -
40
- 20
-
- 40
-
- L
ow
cost
pr
oduc
tion
alte
rnat
ive
- -
60
- 20
-
- 40
-
- C
rop
plan
ning
-
- 20
-
-
- 20
-
- A
war
enes
s -
- -
- 20
-
- -
- -
Roa
d co
nstr
uctio
n -
- -
- 20
-
- -
- -
Fenc
ing
- -
- -
20
- -
- -
- P
erm
anen
t pas
ture
s an
d ot
her
graz
ing
land
s P
rodu
ctiv
e
W
HS-
Wat
er
harv
estin
g st
ruct
ure
- -
40
- 80
-
- 20
-
42.8
5 Su
itabl
e gr
ass
33.3
3 -
60
- 10
0 -
- 20
-
42.8
5 Im
prov
ed g
rass
es
- -
- -
100
16.6
7 -
20
50
57.1
4 D
egra
ded
- -
- -
-
- -
- -
Era
dica
tion
50
- 20
-
40
- -
80
- 28
.57
Plan
tatio
n of
im
prov
ed
gras
ses
50
33.3
3 20
50
60
16
.67
- 40
16
.67
100
Mul
tipur
pose
tree
s 50
-
-
60
16.6
7 -
20
- 71
.42
Che
ck d
ams
-
- 50
-
- -
-
U
nder
mis
c tr
ee c
rops
and
gro
ves
Mul
tiple
pur
pose
tree
33
.33
- 40
75
-
- -
20
- 14
.28
Frui
t pla
ntat
ion
33.3
3 -
80
75
- -
- -
- 14
.28
Fenc
ing
- -
- -
- 16
.67
- -
- -
Dis
ease
man
agem
ent
- -
- -
- 16
.67
- -
- -
80
Fal
low
land
C
urre
nt fa
llow
Su
itabl
e va
riet
ies
33.3
3 -
80
- 60
-
- 60
-
- T
ube
wel
ls
- -
- -
60
- -
- 16
.67
- Ir
riga
tion
- -
- 10
0 -
- -
- -
- M
ultip
le p
urpo
se tr
ee
- -
- -
- 16
.67
- -
- -
Oth
er fa
llow
Fl
ow ir
riga
tion
sche
me
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Lif
t irr
igat
ion
sche
me
- -
- -
20
- -
- -
- W
ater
har
vest
ing
stru
ctur
e -
- -
- 20
-
- -
- -
Rec
lam
atio
n, p
lant
atio
n of
pu
lses
an
d im
prov
ed
gras
ses
- -
- 10
0 -
- -
- -
- C
ulti
vate
d la
nd
Irri
gatio
n fl
ow
irri
gatio
n sc
hem
e/W
HS/
Lif
t ir
riga
tion
sche
me/
wat
er
use
effi
cien
cy
33.3
3 10
0 40
10
0 60
20
60
50
28.5
7 A
war
enes
s
80
10
0 80
16
.67
40
60
Wat
er h
arve
stin
g st
ruct
ure
16.6
7 10
0 40
10
0 80
16
.67
40
40
16.6
7 -
Suita
ble
vari
etie
s 16
.67
- -
- 20
-
80
20
33.3
3 -
Con
tour
ing
need
ed
- -
- -
- 66
.67
20
20
16.6
7 71
.43
Irri
gatio
n f
acili
ty
33.3
3 -
- -
- 16
.67
- -
- -
Soil
cons
erva
tion
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
81
Tab
le 4
.3: I
mpr
ovem
ent N
eede
d to
Inc
reas
e th
e P
rodu
ctiv
ity
of L
and
(ha)
Par
ticu
lar
Sada
r B
alh
Sund
erna
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Dis
tric
t L
and
leve
ling
8,15
7 77
2 4,
918.
8 1,
598
2,23
8 6,
394
3,31
8 13
5 3,
138
774
31,4
42
Con
tour
bun
ding
and
terr
acin
g 5,
445
- 3,
001.
4 52
4.3
2,89
5 3,
856
- -
4,
062
- 19
,784
Fe
ncin
g (l
engt
h in
m)
8,16
4 69
1 10
,704
1,
014
1,48
9 1,
525
12,4
52
45,2
61
- -
81,3
01
Rec
lam
atio
n -
8.5
4,79
1.4
2,68
9 1,
176
846.
1 -
- -
1,12
0 10
,630
C
heck
dam
(L
engt
h in
m)
6,15
7 9,
511
8,32
2.2
17,8
38
25,2
78
13,6
40
51,2
20
- 58
.42
65,2
99
1,97
,325
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
Tab
le 4
.4: F
inan
cial
Est
imat
es fo
r L
and
Dev
elop
men
t (R
s. L
akh)
Sr N
o P
arti
cula
r Sa
dar
Bal
h Su
nder
naga
r G
ohar
Se
raj
Kar
sog
Gop
alpu
r D
harm
pur
Cha
untr
a D
rang
D
istr
ict
1 B
arre
n an
d un
cult
ivab
le la
nd
R
ocky
/sto
ny/s
lopp
y 10
0 25
10
0 12
5
150
40
50
60
50
700
2 L
and
put t
o no
n-ag
ricu
ltur
al u
ses
R
oads
/pat
hs/c
hann
els
- -
- 25
0 -
- -
- -
- 25
0 3
Cul
tura
ble
was
te
W
eed/
bush
infe
sted
12
0 10
0 95
47
0 11
5 45
0 10
0 90
10
5 95
1,
765
A
rea
pron
e to
ani
mal
m
enac
e 25
50
50
50
-
150
50
50
50
50
575
St
ray
cattl
e 20
-
20
- -
- -
- -
- 40
Wild
boa
rs
25
- 25
-
- -
- -
- -
50
4 P
erm
anen
t pa
stur
es
and
othe
r gr
azin
g la
nds
80
60
65
207
80
225
60
100
75
70
1,02
2
D
egra
ded
So
il w
ater
co
nser
vati
on
95
50
75
275
40
275
60
80
50
50
1,05
0
5 L
and
unde
r m
isce
llane
ous
tree
cr
ops
and
grov
es
55
20
55
40
25
38
260
45
38
44
600
6 F
allo
w la
nd
28
- 25
15
-
- -
- -
- 68
Cur
rent
fal
low
28
25
15
- -
- -
- -
68
T
otal
57
6 30
5 53
5 1,
447
260
1,28
8 57
0 41
5 37
8 35
9 6,
133
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
82
Tab
le 4
.5 G
roun
d W
ater
Res
ourc
es A
vaila
bilit
y, U
tiliz
atio
n an
d St
age
of D
evel
opm
ent
(ha
m)
Par
ticu
lar
Man
di
(Bal
h V
alle
y)
Him
acha
l Pra
desh
Ann
ual R
eple
nish
able
Gro
und
Wat
er R
esou
rce
Mon
soon
sea
son
R
echa
rge
from
rai
nfal
l 2,
991
32,7
21
R
echa
rge
from
oth
er s
ourc
es
29
760
Non
- mon
soon
sea
son
R
echa
rge
from
rai
nfal
l 79
2 7,
794
R
echa
rge
from
oth
er s
ourc
es
58
1,51
1 T
otal
3,
870
42,7
85
Nat
ural
dis
char
ge d
urin
g no
n-m
onso
on s
easo
n 38
7 4,
279
Net
ann
ual g
roun
d w
ater
ava
ilabi
lity
3,48
3 38
,507
A
nnua
l gro
und
wat
er d
raft
Ir
riga
tion
347
9,12
2 D
omes
tic a
nd in
dust
rial
use
s 43
4 2,
490
Tot
al
781
11,6
12
Proj
ecte
d de
man
d fo
r do
mes
tic a
nd in
dust
rial
use
s up
to 2
025
679
4,13
1 G
roun
d w
ater
ava
ilabi
lity
for
futu
re ir
riga
tion
2,45
8 25
,255
St
age
of g
roun
d w
ater
dev
elop
men
t (%
) 22
30
83
Tab
le 4
.6 M
ajor
Cro
ppin
g Sy
stem
s
Cro
ppin
g se
quen
ce
Sada
r B
alh
Sund
erna
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Dis
tric
t
Uni
rrig
ated
M
aize
-whe
at
� �
� �
� �
� �
� �
� M
aize
+pul
ses-
whe
at
� -
� -
� �
- -
- �
� M
aize
-bar
ley
� �
- �
� �
� �
� �
� M
aize
-pea
�
� �
� �
� -
- -
� �
Mai
ze-p
otat
o -
- �
- �
� -
� �
� �
Pota
to-f
allo
w-
whe
at (
bien
nial
) -
- -
- �
- -
- -
� �
Mai
ze-t
oria
-w
heat
-
- -
- �
- -
- -
- �
Cha
ri-b
erse
em
� �
- -
- -
- -
�
� Pa
ddy-
whe
at
� �
� -
- �
� �
� �
� Pa
ddy-
barl
ey
- �
- -
- -
- -
- -
� Pu
lses
bas
ed
� �
- -
� �
- �
� �
� O
ilsee
d ba
sed
� �
- -
� �
� �
� �
� V
eget
able
bas
ed
� �
� -
� �
� �
� �
� Su
garc
ane
base
d -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Spic
es b
ased
�
- -
- -
� -
� �
- �
Fing
er
mill
et
base
d -
- -
- -
- -
� �
- �
Whe
at -
tom
ato
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- W
heat
- g
inge
r-
pota
to
- -
� -
- -
- -
- -
� O
ther
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Irri
gate
dM
aize
-whe
at
� �
� �
- -
� -
� �
� M
aize
+pul
ses-
whe
at
� -
� -
- -
- -
- �
� M
aize
-bar
ley
� �
- �
- -
- -
� �
� M
aize
-pea
�
� �
� -
� -
- -
- �
Mai
ze-p
otat
o -
- �
- -
- -
- -
� �
84
Pota
to-f
allo
w-
whe
at (
bien
nial
) -
- -
- -
- -
- -
� �
Mai
ze-t
oria
-w
heat
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
� �
Cha
ri-b
erse
em
� �
- �
- -
- -
� �
� Pa
ddy-
whe
at
� �
� �
- �
� �
� �
� Pa
ddy-
barl
ey
- -
- �
- -
- -
� -
� Pu
lses
bas
ed
� �
- -
- �
- -
- �
� O
ilsee
d ba
sed
� -
- -
- �
- -
� �
� V
eget
able
bas
ed
- -
� -
- �
� -
� �
� Su
garc
ane
base
d -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Spic
es b
ased
�
- -
- -
� �
- �
- �
Fing
er
mill
et
base
d -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Whe
at -
tom
ato
- -
� -
- -
- -
- -
� W
heat
- g
inge
r-
pota
to
- -
� -
- -
- -
- -
� O
ther
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
85
Tab
le 4
.7 C
ropp
ing
Pat
tern
(ha)
Cro
p Sa
dar
Bal
h S
Nag
ar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Dis
tric
t C
erea
l M
aize
8,
605.
27
6,83
8.59
4,
893.
14
5,13
5.38
1,
979.
55
8,29
2.99
5,
599.
78
639.
68
1,92
9.60
4,
767.
60
48,6
81.5
8 Pa
ddy
2,43
2.07
3,
172.
20
2,91
2.56
62
1.23
-
1,93
3.91
4,
396.
43
1,43
3.60
2,
381.
60
1,65
8.40
20
,942
.00
Whe
at
9,50
8.68
8,
594.
01
6,97
1.72
4,
562.
47
3,94
6.84
12
,989
.3
9,40
4.58
1,
038.
56
4,43
0.80
4,
926.
00
66,3
73.0
0 B
arle
y 59
5.53
39
0.96
16
4.61
27
7.58
72
2.76
42
4.73
13
7.76
36
.24
369.
41
719.
02
3,83
8.60
B
uckw
heat
-
- -
72
.00
21.0
0 -
- -
- 93
.00
Mill
ets
5 3
5 -
81.0
0 2
5 7.
28
3 7
118.
28
Tot
al
21,1
46.6
18
,998
.8
14,9
47.0
10
,596
.7
6,80
2.2
23,6
63.9
19
,543
.6
3,15
5.4
9,11
4.4
12,0
78.0
1,
40,0
46.5
G
reen
Fod
der
75
231
145
170
- 19
22
5 11
5 75
11
0 1,
165.
00
Pul
ses
Ron
gi
3 2.
5 3
1.5
0.5
2.2
2.5
4.86
2.
5 3
25.5
6 M
ash
30.5
0 11
8.83
10
1 37
.00
36.0
0 58
3.33
57
.81
15.1
2 31
20
2.51
1,
213.
10
Moo
ng
- 5
3 -
- -
- -
- -
8 R
ajm
ash
542.
00
- 15
7.58
18
.50
282.
85
546.
43
- -
- 37
4.80
1,
922.
16
Gra
m
21
89.7
6 31
-
- -
11
13
11
8 18
4.76
L
entil
2
77.5
2 97
.22
- -
- 3
2.56
5
3 19
0.30
K
ulth
i 5
3.40
5
2 9.
00
7 3
4 3
5 46
.40
Tot
al
608.
5 30
0.01
40
2.8
59
328.
35
1,14
0.96
82
.31
46.8
2 55
.5
603.
31
3,62
7.56
O
ilsee
dsSe
sam
e 11
3
19.6
0 -
- -
2 3
2 5
45.6
0 Sa
rson
8.
95
41
37
17
9 21
37
15
5
25
215.
95
Tor
ia
5 25
23
-
- -
15
11
- -
79
Lin
seed
-
- -
- -
- -
- 45
2.80
91
.43
544.
23
Gob
hi S
arso
n 3
5 3
- -
3 2
2 7
7 32
T
otal
27
.95
74
82.6
17
9
24
56
31
466.
8 12
8.43
91
6.78
V
eget
able
s Po
tato
61
.5
32.6
5 61
4.52
20
2.41
80
6.92
99
.41
17.5
1.
09
0.57
60
0.44
2,
437
Peas
24
4 71
13
1 74
0 50
2 14
7 35
20
22
31
8 2,
230
Tom
ato
123
110
86
52
35
55
35
15
32
97
640
Cab
bage
15
2 0.
00
20
30
445
12
6 35
1
15
716
Cau
liflo
wer
12
0 63
25
26
15
0 10
6
23
5 8
436
Bea
ns
47
32
35
11
5 15
63
16
7
12
243
Cap
sicu
m
76
35
13
9 60
7
4 18
10
10
24
2 B
hind
i 97
53
8
6 2
11
13
12
12
21
235
86
Bri
njal
23
23
15
4
2 3
8 5
5 9
97
Cuc
urbi
ts
75
37
29
11
5 7
31
45
10
25
275
Oni
on
95
30
13
7 2
18
25
12
10
63
275
Gar
lic
162
45
16
35
5 30
10
9
3 31
34
6 R
adis
h, T
urni
p,
Car
rot
93
35
5 7
3 12
35
49
7
52
298
Oth
er
vege
tabl
es
173
29
87
13
31
30
59
30
41
28
521
Tot
al
1,48
0 56
3 48
3 95
1 1,
247
357
330
289
165
689
6,55
4 F
ruit
pla
nts
App
le
3,39
1 31
89
2 2,
058
3,89
6 4,
663
0.00
0.
00
4 25
8 15
,193
Pl
um
1,00
4 42
8 22
8 41
8 85
10
3 14
9 10
6 10
5 16
8 2,
794
Peac
h 22
6 84
47
46
15
40
48
79
84
96
76
5 A
pric
ot
43
29
12
29
34
27
8 15
27
16
24
0 Pe
ar
310
196
154
225
134
208
216
174
88
102
1,80
7 C
herr
y 6
6
12
1
25
Kiw
i 3
6
6 4
10
3 1
33
Pom
ergr
anat
e 28
13
30
20
10
31
20
15
17
14
19
8 O
live
5 5
10
Pe
rsim
mon
45
13
10
28
18
16
6
6 19
15
17
6 A
lmon
d 29
7 11
6 10
0 62
96
50
8 60
57
97
11
6 1,
509
Wal
nut
293
52
51
43
113
99
48
36
149
132
1,01
6 Pe
can
nut
48
37
38
58
45
37
26
26
54
18
387
Man
go
702
468
511
20
3 68
41
8 74
4 32
8 54
5 3,
807
Litc
hi
43
16
61
3
35
26
39
34
25
7 G
uava
96
60
68
59
10
64
76
63
88
72
65
6 A
nole
15
10
1
3
9
29
16
6 89
Ja
ckfr
uit
4 10
2
21
28
14
5
84
Papa
ya
4 2
7
1
3 4
3 3
27
Gra
pes
1
1
1 1
4 O
rang
e 91
96
33
55
7 67
83
10
5 95
63
2 K
inno
w
1
34
1
3
1 54
6
100
Mal
ta
15
56
19
7
2 8
4 20
13
14
4 M
usam
bi
1 1
2 1
2 1
13
4 25
B
/Lim
e 41
0 1
63
2 92
1 47
0 21
39
6 1,
456
K/L
ime
6 37
2 20
5 20
259
368
14
105
16
1,36
5 G
al g
al
56
48
167
2 17
13
60
57
72
41
53
3 O
ther
s 3
5 4
1 3
2 2
1 1
5 27
T
otal
7,
146
2,15
6.0
2,73
8.00
3,
169.
00
4,58
1.0
6,17
0.00
1,
655.
00
2,04
0.0
1,52
6.00
2,
178.
0 33
,359
87
Spic
es
Gin
ger
163.
48
8.84
33
9.57
9.
25
- 12
2.00
31
0.37
-
- 0.
91
954.
42
Gar
lic
156.
16
37.2
3 -
81.7
7 15
2.55
29
4.02
15
2.93
-
0.53
10
4.00
97
9.19
T
urm
eric
21
15
17
9
- 7
16
17
15
13
130
Flow
er c
uts
- -
- 53
.65
- -
3.28
-
- -
56.9
3 T
ea
- -
- -
- -
- -
25
- 25
V
eget
able
N
urse
ry
1.63
-
- -
- -
- -
0.27
-
1.89
M
edic
inal
45
-
- -
75
- -
- -
120
240
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
88
Tab
le 4
.8 S
eed
Use
, Req
uire
men
t and
Gap
(kg/
ha)
Cro
p Sa
dar
Bal
h Su
nder
naga
r G
ohar
Se
raj
Kar
sog
U
sed
Req
u-ir
edG
ap
Use
d R
equ-
ired
Gap
U
sed
Req
u-ir
edG
ap
Use
d R
equ-
ired
Gap
U
sed
Req
u-ir
edG
ap
Use
d R
equ-
ired
Gap
Mai
ze
49
21
-28
38
22
-16
30
20
-10
57
20
-37
41
20
-21
50
21
-29
Padd
y 70
26
-4
4 12
0 97
-2
3 49
37
-1
2 42
38
-6
0
0 0
43
29
-16
Whe
at
122
111
-11
133
106
-27
125
125
0 14
4 10
0 -4
4 14
2 10
0 -4
2 12
3 11
7 -6
Bar
ley
89
111
22
125
100
-25
129
125
-4
137
100
-37
165
100
-65
124
124
0
Buc
kwhe
at
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
19
25
6 -
- -
Ron
gi
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 25
25
0
Mill
ets
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
6 13
7
- -
-
Ber
seem
-
- -
25
13
-12
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Mas
h 25
20
-5
30
20
-1
0 -
- -
25
20
-5
44
20
-24
23
20
-3
Raj
mas
h 12
9 10
0 -2
9 -
- -
125
75
-50
- -
- 77
10
6 29
70
75
5
Gra
m
- -
- 43
40
-3
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Len
til
- -
- 38
25
-1
3 40
38
-2
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
Kul
thi
- -
- 25
19
-6
-
- -
- -
- 56
20
-3
6 -
- -
Sesa
me
19
5 -1
4 -
- -
10
5 -5
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
Sars
on
19
6 -1
3 -
- -
- -
- 12
6
-6
6 6
0 5
5 0
Tor
ia
- -
- -
- -
13
6 -6
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
Sunf
low
er
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Lin
seed
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Gob
hi s
arso
n -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Pota
to
2,30
0 1,
925
-375
1,
061
1974
91
3 2,
131
1,87
5 -2
56
1,84
7 2,
500
653
2,10
3 2,
500
397
1,52
2 1,
875
353
Peas
10
5 75
-3
0 10
8 84
-2
4 13
7 87
-5
0 66
11
5 49
11
3 34
-7
9 78
75
-3
Tom
ato
0.48
0.
59
0.11
0.
50
0.27
-0
.23
1.14
0.
25
-0.8
9 -
- -
- -
- 0.
89
0.51
-0
.38
Cab
bage
0.
62
0.62
0.
00
0.73
0.
62
-0.1
1 0.
31
0.25
-0
.06
- -
- 0.
15
0.88
0.
73
0.75
0.
75
0
Cau
liflo
wer
0.
60
0.62
0.
02
0.74
0.
54
-0.2
0 0.
31
0.25
-0
.06
- -
- 0.
21
0.75
0.
54
0.75
0.
75
0
89
Bea
ns
- -
- -
- -
104
75
-29
- -
- 81
75
-6
75
75
0
Cap
sicu
m
- -
- -
- -
- 0
0 -
- -
- -
- 1
0 0
Bhi
ndi
- -
- 22
18
-4
31
13
-1
9 -
- -
- -
- 25
19
-6
Bri
njal
-
- -
0.50
0.
25
-0.2
5 1.
00
0.75
-0
.25
- -
- -
- -
0.50
0.
50
0.00
Cuc
urbi
ts
- -
- 5.
12
4.00
-1
.12
6.25
4.
00
-2.2
5 0.
00
- -
- -
- -
- -
Gin
ger
1,87
5 2,
000
125
2,50
0 2,
000
-500
3,
612
1,87
5 -1
,737
1,
563
2,00
0 43
7 -
- -
625
1,00
0 37
5
Gar
lic
539
613
74
234
188
-46
- -
0 48
8 62
5 13
7 66
0 60
0 -6
0 63
0 61
6 -1
4
Tur
mer
ic
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Oni
on
9 10
1
15
10
-5
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 8
8 0
Rad
ish
- -
- -
- -
6 8
1 -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
90
Tab
le 4
.8 C
ontd
…..
Cro
p G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Dis
tric
t
U
sed
Req
uire
dG
ap
Use
d R
equi
red
Gap
U
sed
Req
uir
edG
ap
Use
d R
equi
red
Gap
U
sed
Req
uire
d G
ap
Mai
ze
31
20
-11
36
20
-16
42
25
-17
36
22
-14
41
21
-20
Padd
y 12
5 10
0 -2
5 16
8 11
7 -5
1 12
8 10
0 -2
8 11
7 63
-5
4 96
67
-2
9
Whe
at
150
100
-50
179
120
-59
94
100
6 10
8 10
0 -8
13
2 10
8 -2
4
Bar
ley
150
100
-50
153
124
-29
110
88
-22
101
100
-1
128
107
-21
Buc
kwhe
at
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
19
25
6
Ron
gi
- -
- 38
19
-1
9 -
- -
- -
- 31
22
-9
Mill
et
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
6 13
7
Ber
seem
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 25
13
-1
2
Mas
h 25
20
-5
34
20
-1
4 -
- -
38
20
-18
30
20
-10
Moo
ng
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 0
0 0
0 0
0
Raj
mas
h -
- -
- -
- -
- -
50
38
-12
90
89
-1
Gra
m
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 0
0 0
43
40
-3
Len
til
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 0
0 0
39
31
-8
Kul
thi
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 0
0 0
41
19
-22
Sesa
me
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
14
3 -1
1
Sars
on
13
6 -7
-
- -
31
6 -2
5 4
2 -2
13
4
-9
Tor
ia
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
13
6 -7
Lin
seed
-
- -
- -
- 11
3 75
-3
8 50
40
-1
0 81
58
-2
3
Gob
hi s
arso
n -
- -
17
6 -1
1 -
- -
- -
- 17
6
-11
Pota
to
1,91
1 2,
500
589
1,54
3 1,
943
400
2,25
0 2,
000
-250
2,
893
2,17
5 -7
19
1,95
6 2,
127
171
Peas
70
78
8
125
81
-44
75
63
-12
73
69
-4
95
69
-26
Tom
ato
0.63
0.
50
-0.1
3 -
- -
- -
- -
- -
0.73
0.
42
-0.3
1
Cab
bage
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 0.
51
0.62
0.
11
Cau
liflo
wer
3.
18
2.61
-0
.57
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 0.
97
0.92
-0
.05
91
Bea
ns
38
31
-6
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 75
64
-1
1
Cap
sicu
m
- -
- -
- -
1 1
0 -
- -
1 0
0
Bhi
ndi
25
18
-7
0 0
0 28
19
-9
-
- -
26
17
-9
Bri
njal
0.
75
0.16
-0
.59
- -
- 1.
13
0.88
-0
.25
- -
- 0.
78
0.51
-0
.27
Cuc
urbi
ts
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
5.69
4.
63
-1.0
6
Gin
ger
1,64
7 2,
000
353
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 1,
970
1,81
3 -1
57
Gar
lic
591
586
-5
- -
- 68
8 60
0 -8
8 54
0 46
3 -7
7 54
6 53
6 -1
0
Tur
mer
ic
- -
- 2,
500
2,50
0 0
- -
- -
- -
2,50
0 2,
500
0
Oni
on
- -
- -
- -
13
9 -4
-
- -
11
9 -2
Spin
ach
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Rad
ish
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
6 8
2
Col
ocas
ia
- -
- 2,
596
2,00
0 -5
96
- -
- -
- -
2,59
6 2,
000
-596
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
92
Tab
le 4
.9 F
erti
lizer
Use
, Req
uire
men
t and
Gap
s, 2
007-
08 (t
onne
s)
Fer
tiliz
er
Sada
r B
alh
Sund
erna
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g
Use
d R
equ-
ired
Gap
U
sed
Req
u-ir
edG
ap
Use
d R
equ-
ired
Gap
U
sed
Req
u-ir
edG
ap
Use
dR
equ-
ired
Gap
U
sed
Req
u-ir
edG
ap
Ure
a 16
0 97
-6
3 71
10
6 35
14
4 15
6 12
95
10
7 12
14
412
5 -1
9 54
14
1 87
CA
N
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 36
66
30
IFFC
O
146
181
35
78
143
65
211
153
-58
133
150
17
67
100
33
48
157
109
MO
P -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
9 10
1
SSP
- -
- 67
80
13
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
19
65
46
Ver
mi-
co
mpo
st
4,17
6 7,
250
3,07
4 -
- -
- -
- 9,
211
25,0
69
15,8
58
- -
- 3,
386
5,28
01,
894
FYM
16
,783
24
,666
7,
883
5,31
5 8,
194
2,87
9 28
,903
26,1
03
-2,8
00
17,4
70
20,0
00
2,53
0 -
- -
11,2
0 810
,313
-895
B
io-
fert
ilize
r -
- -
- -
- 36
6 54
8 18
2 -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Con
td…
4.9
Fer
tiliz
er
Gop
alpu
r D
harm
pur
Cha
untr
a D
rang
D
istr
ict
Use
d R
equ-
ired
Gap
U
sed
Req
u-ir
edG
ap
Use
d R
equi
red
Gap
U
sed
Req
u-ir
edG
ap
Use
d R
equ-
ired
Gap
Ure
a 13
4 10
0 -3
4 -
- -
113
222
110
85
101
16
1,00
0 1,
156
156
CA
N
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 1.
44
- -
37
66
29
IFFC
O
75
125
50
- -
- 10
0 25
0 15
0 13
8 17
9 41
99
5 1,
438
443
MO
P -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 9
10
1 SS
P -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 86
14
5 59
V
erm
i-
com
post
1,
103
8,27
5 7,
172
- -
- 94
5 2,
000
1,05
5 -
- -
18,8
21
47,8
74
29,0
53
FYM
6,
006
2,06
,87.
3 14
,682
-
- -
5,50
9 10
,000
4,
491
11,9
84
23,0
43.8
11
,060
1,
03,1
78
1,43
,007
39
,829
B
io-
fert
ilize
rs
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
366
548
182
Not
e: O
n th
e ba
sis
of a
ctua
l use
and
req
uire
men
t of
Panc
haya
ts
So
urce
: Fie
ld S
urve
y, 2
007-
08
93
Tab
le 4
.10
Yie
ld G
aps
in I
mpo
rtan
t Cro
ps (q
/ha)
Cro
p Sa
dar
Bal
h Su
nder
naga
r G
ohar
Se
raj
Kar
sog
A
P
G
A
P
G
A
P
G
A
P
G
A
P
G
A
P
G
C
erea
l
M
aize
26
56
30
23
44
21
27
38
11
28
63
35
29
56
27
21
44
23
Pa
ddy
29
35
6 24
44
20
25
44
19
27
43
16
16
25
9
19
50
31
Whe
at
26
44
18
22
38
16
21
50
29
18
38
20
27
44
17
30
44
14
Bar
ley
13
20
7 14
25
11
18
22
4
14
32
18
21
31
10
9 19
10
B
uckw
heat
6
9 3
5.5
10
4.5
Mill
ets
4 6
2 5
7 2
5 7
2
4 6
2 4
6 2
Ber
seem
as
fodd
er
350
500
150
450
600
150
400
550
150
350
400
50
30
0 40
0 10
0
Pul
ses
Ron
gi
7 15
8
6 15
9
6.5
14
7.5
5 13
8
5 10
5
5 16
11
M
ash
7 11
4
8 10
2
9
12
3 8
13
5 14
19
5
6 15
9
Raj
mas
h 12
18
6
17
19
2
9 16
7
15
19
4 14
19
5
Gra
m
7 10
3
8 12
4
8 11
3
L
entil
7
13
6 9
15
6 9
14
5 0
0
Kul
thi
9 13
4
13
19
6 10
15
5
9 13
4
8 10
2
9 14
5
Oils
eeds
Se
sam
e 4
6 2
5 7
2 6
9 3
0
Sa
rson
6
8 2
7 9
2 6
8 2
7 10
3
6 11
5
6 19
13
T
oria
5
6 1
6 7
1 5
7 2
4 5
1 4
5 1
4 6
2 L
inse
ed
Gob
hi s
arso
n 6
9 3
7 10
3
6 8
2
5
7 2
Veg
etab
les
Pota
to
130
250
120
194
250
56
149
188
39
138
225
87
107
188
81
94
188
94
Peas
91
14
8 97
71
14
8 11
7 75
11
3 38
79
12
5 46
50
75
25
59
10
0 41
T
omat
o 20
7 35
0 14
3 26
5 43
8 17
3 27
6 41
3 13
7 24
3 37
5 13
2 26
5 35
0 85
12
6 25
0 12
4 C
abba
ge
156
250
94
189
225
36
225
250
25
189
245
56
105
250
145
176
245
69
Cau
liflo
wer
20
3 27
5 72
16
3 22
5 62
16
8 21
3 45
15
0 25
0 10
0 10
5 27
0 16
5 16
0 20
0 40
B
eans
62
10
0 38
81
98
17
75
11
3 38
69
89
20
90
12
5 35
10
3 12
4 21
94
Cap
sicu
m
118
125
7 12
5 13
5 10
75
11
0 35
11
8 12
9 11
90
12
5 35
11
3 13
2 19
O
kra
(Bhi
ndi)
98
11
5 17
11
7 13
2 15
11
3 12
5 12
10
1 12
5 24
88
11
5 27
10
6 12
5 19
B
rinj
al
200
235
35
196
243
47
188
250
62
179
205
26
210
220
10
180
225
45
Cuc
urbi
ts
240
350
110
262
400
138
225
438
213
250
376
126
228
240
12
200
239
39
Oni
on
125
200
75
125
150
25
145
205
60
179
220
41
132
213
81
138
210
72
Spic
es
Gin
ger
133
150
117
100
125
25
65
175
110
88
138
50
50
12
5 75
G
arlic
13
1 31
3 18
2 38
12
5 87
113
250
137
183
250
67
169
250
81
Tur
mer
ic
150
240
90
165
245
80
155
240
85
135
190
55
0 12
5 19
5 70
T
ea
Con
td...
4.1
0
Cro
p G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Dis
tric
t
A
P
G
A
P
G
A
P
G
A
P
G
A
P
G
Cer
eal
M
aize
22
25
3
14
31
17
19
38
19
18
38
20
22.7
43
.3
20.6
Pa
ddy
23
31
8 16
31
15
25
63
38
17
31
14
22
.1
39.7
17
.6
Whe
at
23
30
7 14
31
17
31
63
32
17
50
33
22
.9
43.2
20
.3
Bar
ley
12
13
1 12
19
7
13
30
17
14
33
19
14
24.4
10
.4
Buc
kwhe
at
5.75
9.
5 3.
75
Mill
et
8
11
3
5.
2 7.
4 2.
2 B
erse
em a
s fo
dder
35
0 37
5 25
30
0 35
0 50
35
0 40
0 50
35
0 40
0 50
35
5.56
44
1.67
86
.11
Pul
ses
R
ongi
7
15
8 4
10
6 5
13
8 4
9.5
5.5
5.45
13
.05
7.6
Mas
h 3
9 6
4 5
1 6
6 0
8 10
12
7.
8 12
.5
4.7
Raj
mas
h
17
19
2 14
.00
18.3
3 4.
33
Gra
m
8 12
4
8 12
4
7 10
3
7 11
4
7.57
11
.14
3.57
L
entil
8
13
5 5
9 4
7 10
3
6 9
3 7.
29
11.8
6 4.
57
Kul
thi
11
14
3 10
13
3
8 12
4
7 11
4
9.4
13.4
4
Oils
eeds
Se
sam
e 4
5 1
4 5
1 4
5 1
3 5
2 4.
29
6.00
1.
71
95
Sars
on
5 8
3 5
7 2
5 9
4 8
9 1
6.1
9.8
3.7
Tor
ia
4.67
6.
00
1.33
L
inse
ed
3 5
2 3
4 1
3.00
4.
50
1.50
G
obhi
sar
son
5 7
2 8
13
5 6
9 3
6 9
3 6.
125
9 2.
875
Veg
etab
les
Po
tato
15
4 18
8 34
76
16
7 91
10
0 15
0 50
11
0 18
8 78
12
5.2
198.
2 73
Pe
as
86
110
24
63
100
37
63
100
37
44
60
16
68.1
10
7.9
39.8
T
omat
o 21
2 32
5 11
3 18
6 26
5 79
22
5 34
6 12
1 19
8 30
0 10
2 22
0.3
341.
2 12
0.9
Cab
bage
22
3 14
3 -8
0 16
5 22
5 60
17
9 23
6 57
20
0 25
0 50
18
0.7
231.
9 51
.2
Cau
liflo
wer
15
9 22
5 66
14
5 23
5 90
20
0 26
5 65
18
5 23
9 54
16
3.8
239.
7 75
.9
Bea
ns
72
85
13
95
110
15
76
125
49
101
125
24
82.4
10
9.4
27
Cap
sicu
m
126
130
4 98
11
6 18
11
5 12
5 10
10
5 13
5 30
10
8.3
126.
2 17
.9
Bhi
ndi
130
140
10
110
135
25
81
113
32
97
129
32
104.
1 12
5.4
21.3
B
rinj
al
163
215
52
201
218
17
188
215
27
201
220
19
190.
6 22
4.6
34
Cuc
urbi
ts
159
200
41
189
210
21
162
209
47
197
227
30
211.
2 28
8.9
77.7
O
nion
11
0 19
5 85
12
4 23
0 10
6 20
5 23
5 30
15
7 22
6 69
14
4 20
8.4
64.4
Sp
ices
Gin
ger
66
100
34
83
.7
135.
5 51
.83
Gar
lic
198
260
62
0 0
0 16
0 25
0 90
11
6 20
5 89
11
0.8
190.
3 79
.5
Tur
mer
ic
145
200
55
145
195
50
115
175
60
120
175
55
139.
4 20
6.1
66.6
7 T
ea
0
0 50
75
25
0
50.0
75
.0
25
A-a
vera
ge, P
-Pro
gres
sive
, G-G
ap
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
96
Tab
le 4
.11
Far
m M
achi
nery
: Use
and
Gap
(No.
)
Mac
hine
ry
Sada
r B
alh
Sund
erna
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Dis
tric
t M
aize
she
ller
%
use
rs
62
93
75
49
7 32
24
9
26
14
39
Exi
stin
g 64
7 78
2 49
0 32
4 45
0 31
7 18
9 96
42
0 33
3 4,
048
Req
uire
d 4,
778
2,99
2 1,
307
173
563
1047
29
7 28
5,
200
1,57
3 17
,958
Gap
4,
131
2,21
0 81
7 -1
51
113
730
108
-68
4,78
0 1,
240
13,9
10
Thr
eshe
r
% u
sers
88
10
0 53
61
22
85
98
10
0 88
75
77
Exi
stin
g 85
4 95
2 64
7 26
8 69
0 1,
017
410
130
453
1,13
3 6,
554
Req
uire
d 93
5 1,
183
1,04
5 14
8 1,
260
1,32
2 36
9 27
38
0 20
0 6,
869
Gap
81
23
1 39
8 -1
20
570
305
-41
-103
-7
3 -9
33
315
Tra
ctor
%
use
rs
32
39
61
7 10
7
51
1 31
3
24
Exi
stin
g 32
9 31
6 78
4 62
75
92
36
9 8
280
80
2,39
5
Req
uire
d 53
9 29
3 29
4 56
24
8 45
8 16
4 16
20
0 80
2,
348
Gap
21
0 -2
3 -4
90
-6
173
366
-205
8
-80
0 -4
7
Iron
plo
ugh
%
use
rs
71
140
42
81
64
83
93
83
70
70
80
Exi
stin
g 16
,155
11
,008
18
,212
11
,664
14
,569
20
,232
12
,300
2,
312
13,3
67
11,3
71
1,31
,190
Req
uire
d 15
,911
9,
053
8,49
3 3,
848
20,8
13
23,4
85
9,22
5 1,
800
5,10
0 4,
667
1,02
,395
Gap
-2
44
-1,9
55
-9,7
19
-7,8
16
6,24
4 3,
253
-3,0
75
-512
-8
,267
-6
,704
-2
8,79
5
Spra
y pu
mp/
po
wer
spr
ayer
% u
sers
39
68
11
73
29
26
23
6
41
29
34
Exi
stin
g 1,
276
1,46
1 95
4,
125
465
2,75
5 20
0 41
22
7 17
9 10
,822
Req
uire
d 1,
570
1,19
8 2,
247
1,31
1 95
6 7,
428
348
102
510
270
15,9
40
Gap
29
5 -2
63
2,15
3 -2
,814
49
1 4,
672
149
61
283
92
5,11
8
97
Cha
ff c
utte
r
% u
sers
13
29
38
22
1
40
38
6 15
10
17
Exi
stin
g 1,
244
1,22
4 3,
932
629
90
407
2,15
3 12
8 35
2 28
0 10
,439
Req
uire
d 5,
002
3,44
3 5,
292
3,02
2 3,
656
14,5
18
3,77
2 87
2 2,
120
743
42,4
40
Gap
3,
758
2,21
9 1,
360
2,39
3 3,
566
14,1
11
1,61
9 74
4 1,
768
463
32,0
01
Pow
er ti
ller
%
use
rs
3 2
-2
3 -
- -
9 2
3
Exi
stin
g 61
12
8 -
37
90
- -
- 72
40
42
8
Req
uire
d 85
4 21
4 -
37
225
- -
- 21
3 17
0 1,
713
Gap
79
3 86
-
0 13
5 -
- -
141
130
1,28
5
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
98
Table 4.12 Existing Block Level Schemes for Agriculture Development
Block No. of schemes
Village covered
Beneficiary families
(No.)
Total budget (Rs Lakh)
Additional funds required
(Rs. Lakh) Centreshare
Stateshare
Water Harvesting Sadar 5 20 189 15 - -
Balh 444 125 1,225 10 - -
Sundernagar 14 65 275 10.0 - -
Gohar 2 1 15 - 0.2 -
Seraj 4 4 48 3.84 - -
Karsog 3 88 103 12 - -
Gopalpur 1 1 30 14.54 1.62 -
Dharmpur 477 1,503 1,684 175.8 19.2 75
Chauntra 10 60 2,430 352 721 -
Drang 7 - - - 11.53 -
Total 967 1,867 5,999 593.18 32.55 75 Soil/ Land Conservation
Sadar 13 25 417 11.81 - -
Balh 5 5 25 05 - -
Sundernagar 12 18 356 11.31 - 50
Gohar - - - - - -
Seraj 19 22 198 - 13.5 -
Karsog 3 57 450 06 - -
Gopalpur 40 40 800 - 40 20
Dharmpur 212 - 843 175.8 19.2 -
Chauntra - - - - - -
Drang 5 5 35 - 3 -
Total 309 172 3,124 209.92 75.7 70 Other Agricultural Schemes (TASP)
Sadar - - - - - -
Balh 8 180 8,000 11 - -
Sundernagar - - - - - -
Gohar - - - - - -
Seraj 18 388 17,423 40.5 4.5 -
Karsog 7 - 1,500 06 -
Gopalpur 1 - - 200 - -
Dharmpur 3 - 0.1 10.64 3.55 -
Chauntra - - - - - -
Drang - - - - - -
Total 37 568 26,923.1 262.14 8.05 -
Source: Field Survey, 2007-08
99
Tab
le 4
.13
a St
atus
of C
ompl
eted
Irr
igat
ion
Sche
mes
Par
ticu
lar
Sada
r B
alh
Sund
erna
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Dis
tric
t
Lif
t Irr
igat
ion
Num
ber
6 16
7
10
2 1
6 2
2 5
57
Am
ount
spe
nt (
Rs.
Lak
h)
12,0
00
245
114
80
52.5
40
0 12
9 0
30
11.8
13
,063
Vill
ages
cov
ered
75
27
40
8
27
3 10
8
2 10
21
0
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) 10
,000
1,
644
120
22
135
60
- 25
0 65
0 35
0 13
,231
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
442
1,04
4 52
2 96
23
5
513
465
325
189
3,62
3
Act
ual i
rrig
ated
are
a (h
a)
430
628.
45
254
80
19
5 45
0 19
0 17
5 18
9 2,
420
Tub
e W
ells
Num
ber
- -
20
- -
- -
- 1
3 24
Am
ount
spe
nt (
Rs.
Lak
h)
- -
390.
7 -
- -
- -
- 25
41
6
Vill
ages
cov
ered
-
- 12
-
- -
- -
- 17
29
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) -
- 90
-
- -
- -
- 3,
000
3,09
0
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
- -
490.
86
- -
- -
- -
- 49
1
Act
ual i
rrig
ated
are
a (h
a)
- -
356.
75
- -
- -
- -
- 35
7
Kuh
l
Num
ber
16
22
19
70
9 20
51
32
37
26
30
2
Am
ount
spe
nt (
Rs.
Lak
h)
5,00
0 13
4 12
3 14
4 14
3 18
16
0 80
.5
- 25
5,
827
Vill
ages
cov
ered
28
39
60
40
13
6 12
5 60
36
-
26
597
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) 2,
300
831
228
1,44
0 67
6 2,
500
704
540
- 1,
135
10,8
54
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
380
570
723
521
459
500
785
465
- 59
5 4,
999
Act
ual i
rrig
ated
are
a (h
a)
350
324
- 33
2 29
1 40
0 70
0 20
8 -
595
3,20
0
Can
al I
rrig
atio
n
Num
ber
- 1
- -
- -
- -
1 -
2
Am
ount
spe
nt (
Rs.
Lak
h)
- 1,
200
- -
- -
- -
- -
1,20
0
Vill
ages
cov
ered
-
29
- -
- -
- -
- -
29
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
10
0
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
- 2,
410
- -
- -
- -
- -
2,41
0
Act
ual i
rrig
ated
are
a (h
a)
- 2,
410
- -
- -
- -
70
- 2,
480
Tan
k Ir
riga
tion
Num
ber
25
60
18
17
6 20
-
90
2,43
0 -
2,66
6
Am
ount
spe
nt (
Rs.
Lak
h)
100
4.8
1 5.
5 3.
95
20
- 41
33
2 -
508.
25
Vill
ages
cov
ered
45
60
32
20
6
20
- 16
60
-
259
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) -
75
- 25
0 69
75
-
104
2,43
0 -
3,00
3
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
- 5
- 40
19
20
-
530
2,85
0 -
3,46
4
Act
ual i
rrig
ated
are
a (h
a)
- 5
- 40
-
20
- 53
0 1,
500
- 2,
095
Oth
ers
Num
ber
- 40
-
- -
- -
60
- -
100
Am
ount
spe
nt (
Rs.
Lak
h)
- 8
- -
- -
- -
- -
8
Vill
ages
cov
ered
-
40
- -
- -
- -
- -
40
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) -
40
- -
- -
- -
- -
40
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
- 1.
5 -
- -
- -
- -
- 1.
5
Act
ual i
rrig
ated
are
a (h
a)
- 1.
5 -
- -
- -
- -
- 1.
5
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
10
1
Tab
le 4
.13
b St
atus
of F
unct
iona
l Irr
igat
ion
Sche
mes
Par
ticu
lar
Sada
r B
alh
S.na
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Dis
tric
t
Lif
t Irr
igat
ion
Num
ber
6 13
5
10
2 1
6 1
1 5
50
Am
ount
spe
nt (
Rs.
Lak
h)
20,0
00
200.
76
81.6
9 78
.79
52.5
40
0 -
- -
- 20
,813
.74
Vill
ages
cov
ered
75
23
-
7 27
3
- -
- -
135
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) 10
,000
13
24
- 21
6 13
5 60
-
- -
- 11
,735
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
441.
76
874.
42
255.
8 93
.22
22.5
5
- -
- -
1,69
2.7
Act
ual i
rrig
ated
are
a (h
a)
430
628.
45
- 79
.7
19.1
2 5
- -
- -
1,16
2.27
Tub
e W
ells
Num
ber
- -
19
- -
- -
- -
3 22
Am
ount
spe
nt (
Rs.
Lak
h)
- -
371.
17
- -
- -
- -
- 37
1.17
Vill
ages
cov
ered
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
- -
479.
53
- -
- -
- -
- 47
9.53
Act
ual i
rrig
ated
are
a (h
a)
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Kuh
l N
umbe
r 2
21
19
12
8 20
17
31
37
19
18
6
Am
ount
spe
nt (
Rs.
Lak
h)
500
133.
89
122.
67
139.
79
115
18
- -
- -
1,02
9.35
Vill
ages
cov
ered
28
38
-
38
75
125
- -
- -
304
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) 2,
300
696
- 1,
440
336
2,50
0 -
- -
- 7,
272
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
380
548
722.
97
503.
79
211.
92
500
- -
- -
2,86
6.68
Act
ual i
rrig
ated
are
a (h
a)
- 32
4.3
- 33
1.89
18
8 40
0 -
- 15
00
- 2,
744.
19
Can
al I
rrig
atio
n N
umbe
r -
1 -
- -
- -
- 1
- 2
Am
ount
spe
nt (
Rs.
Lak
h)
- 1,
200
- -
- -
- -
- -
1,20
0
Vill
ages
cov
ered
-
29
- -
- -
- -
- -
29
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Tab
le 4
.13
b C
ontd
…..
10
2
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
- 2,
410
- -
- -
- -
- -
2,41
0
Act
ual i
rrig
ated
are
a (h
a)
- 2,
410
- -
- -
- -
70
- 2,
480
Tan
k Ir
riga
tion
Num
ber
25
60
18
14
- 20
-
90
1500
-
1,72
7
Am
ount
spe
nt (
Rs.
Lak
h)
100
4.8
1 5.
5 -
20
- 41
-
- 17
2.3
Vill
ages
cov
ered
45
60
-
20
- 20
-
- -
- 14
5
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) -
75
- 25
0 -
75
- -
- -
400
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
- 5
- 40
-
20
- 30
5 -
- 37
0
Act
ual i
rrig
ated
are
a (h
a)
- 5
- 40
-
20
- 30
5 -
- 37
0
Oth
er
Num
ber
- 40
-
5 -
- -
- -
- 45
Am
ount
spe
nt (
Rs.
Lak
h)
- 8
- 3
- -
- -
- -
11
Vill
ages
cov
ered
-
40
- 5
- -
- -
- -
45
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) -
40
- 10
-
- -
- -
- 50
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
- 1.
5 -
15
- -
- -
- -
16.5
Act
ual i
rrig
ated
are
a (h
a)
- 1.
5 -
15
- -
- -
- -
16.5
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
10
3
Tab
le 4
.13
c St
atus
of N
on-F
unct
iona
l Irr
igat
ion
Sche
mes
Par
ticu
lar
Sada
r B
alh
Sund
erna
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Dis
tric
t
Lif
t Irr
igat
ion
Num
ber
- 3
2 1
- -
- 1
1 -
8
Am
ount
spe
nt (
Rs.
Lak
h)
- 44
.65
32.6
8 1.
5 -
- -
- -
- 78
.83
Vill
ages
cov
ered
-
4 -
1 -
- -
1 -
- 6
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) -
320
- 6
- -
- -
- -
326
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
- 17
0 26
6.57
2.
45
- -
- 21
2 -
- 65
1.02
Tub
e W
ells
Num
ber
- -
7 -
- -
- -
1 -
8
Am
ount
spe
nt (
Rs.
Lak
h)
- -
19.5
3 -
- -
- -
- -
19.5
3
Vill
ages
cov
ered
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
- -
11.3
3 -
- -
- -
- -
11.3
3
Kuh
l
Num
ber
3 1
- 1
3 -
34
6 -
- 48
Am
ount
spe
nt (
Rs.
Lak
h)
60
- -
3.85
47
-
- 12
0 -
- 23
0.85
Vill
ages
cov
ered
6
1 -
2 41
-
- 1
- -
51
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) 50
0 -
- -
290
- -
330
- -
1120
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
80
22
- 17
.75
110.
7 -
- 22
-
- 25
2.45
Act
ual i
rrig
ated
are
a (h
a)
80
- -
- 95
.3
- -
0 -
- 17
5.3
Tan
k Ir
riga
tion
Num
ber
- -
- 10
-
- -
30
930
- 97
0
Am
ount
spe
nt (
Rs.
Lak
h)
- -
- 1.
5 -
- -
15
- -
16.5
Vill
ages
cov
ered
-
- -
10
- -
- 30
-
- 40
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) -
- -
21
- -
- 15
0 -
- 17
1
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
- -
- 30
-
- -
- -
- 30
Act
ual i
rrig
ated
are
a (h
a)
- -
- 30
-
- -
- -
- 30
10
4
Oth
er
Num
ber
- -
- 2
- -
- -
- -
2
Am
ount
spe
nt (
Rs.
Lak
h)
- -
- 4
- -
- -
- -
4
Vill
ages
cov
ered
-
- -
5 -
- -
- -
- 5
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) -
- -
15
- -
- -
- -
15
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
- -
- 10
-
- -
- -
- 10
Act
ual i
rrig
ated
are
a (h
a)
- -
- 10
-
- -
- -
- 10
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
Tab
le 4
.13
d St
atus
of O
ngoi
ng I
rrig
atio
n Sc
hem
es
Par
ticu
lar
Sada
r B
alh
Sund
erna
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Dis
tric
t
Lif
t Irr
igat
ion
Num
ber
- -
16
1 1
- -
1 -
- 19
Am
ount
spe
nt (
Rs.
Lak
h)
- -
- 23
.43
25
- -
- -
- 48
.43
Vill
ages
cov
ered
-
- -
1 15
-
- 2
- -
18
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) -
- -
36
75
- -
150
- -
261
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
- -
328.
94
14.4
8 14
-
- 40
0 -
- 75
7.42
Act
ual i
rrig
ated
are
a (h
a)
- -
- 14
.48
11.1
9 -
- -
- -
25.6
7
Tub
e W
ells
Num
ber
- -
3 -
- -
- -
- -
3
Am
ount
spe
nt (
Rs.
Lak
h)
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Vill
ages
cov
ered
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Act
ual i
rrig
ated
are
a (h
a)
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Kuh
l
Num
ber
- -
8 1
- 8
- -
- -
17
10
5
Am
ount
spe
nt (
Rs.
Lak
h)
- -
- 12
.2
- 8
- -
- -
20.2
Vill
ages
cov
ered
-
- -
2 -
8 -
- -
- 10
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) -
- -
33
- 8
- -
- -
41
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
- -
- 50
.33
- 10
-
- -
- 60
.33
Act
ual i
rrig
ated
are
a (h
a)
- -
- 50
.33
- 8
- -
- -
58.3
3
Can
al I
rrig
atio
n
Num
ber
- 1
- -
- -
- -
- -
1
Am
ount
spe
nt (
Rs.
Lak
h)
- 6,
500
- -
- -
- -
- -
6,50
0
Vill
ages
cov
ered
-
67
- -
- -
- -
- -
67
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
- 2,
780
- -
- -
- -
- -
2,78
0
Act
ual i
rrig
ated
are
a (h
a)
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Tan
k Ir
riga
tion
Num
ber
- -
- 7
- 40
-
1 -
- 48
Am
ount
spe
nt (
Rs.
Lak
h)
- -
- 5.
5 -
35
- 19
.99
- -
60.4
9
Vill
ages
cov
ered
-
- -
20
- 40
-
1 -
- 61
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) -
- -
250
- 40
-
- -
- 29
0
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
- -
- 40
-
30
- 15
-
- 85
Act
ual i
rrig
ated
are
a (h
a)
- -
- 40
-
30
- -
- -
70
Oth
er
Num
ber
- -
- 5
- -
- 3
- -
8
Am
ount
spe
nt (
Rs.
Lak
h)
- -
- 5
- -
- 2
- -
7
Vill
ages
cov
ered
-
- -
5 -
- -
3 -
- 8
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) -
- -
10
- -
- 17
-
- 27
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
- -
- 15
-
- -
4 -
- 19
Act
ual i
rrig
ated
are
a (h
a)
- -
- 15
-
- -
4 -
- 19
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
10
6
Tab
le 4
.14
Irri
gati
on S
chem
es:
Fun
ds fo
r R
epai
r an
d M
aint
enan
ce (R
s. L
akh)
Par
ticu
lars
Sa
dar
Bal
h Su
nder
naga
r G
ohar
Se
raj
Kar
sog
Gop
alpu
r D
harm
pur
Cha
untr
a D
rang
D
istr
ict
Fun
ctio
nal
Lif
t Irr
igat
ion
Num
ber
4 16
7
4 -
1 6
1 -
5 44
Ann
ual f
unds
req
uire
d 20
0 50
78
.5
12
- 25
20
10
-
35
430.
5
Fund
s re
quir
ed i
n 10
yrs
10
,000
20
0 78
1 35
-
500
150
200
- -
11,8
66
Tub
e W
ells
Num
ber
- 7
20
- -
- -
- -
3 30
Ann
ual f
unds
req
uire
d -
10.5
73
-
- -
- -
- 10
93
.5
Fund
s re
quir
ed 1
0 yr
s -
30
730
- -
- -
- -
- 76
0 K
uhl
Num
ber
10
23
24
12
2 28
17
7
15
23
161
Ann
ual f
unds
req
uire
d 50
20
10
8.5
42
8.8
20
24
7.5
7.5
27.6
31
5.9
Fund
s re
quir
ed i
n 10
yrs
40
0 50
1,
081
120
104
200
124.
5 35
0 14
-
2,44
3
Can
al I
rrig
atio
n
Num
ber
- 1
- -
- -
- -
- -
1
Ann
ual f
unds
req
uire
d -
25
- -
- -
- -
- -
25
Fund
s re
quir
ed i
n 10
yrs
-
500
- -
- -
- -
- -
500
Tan
k Ir
riga
tion
Num
ber
- -
- 5
- 60
-
- 53
0 -
595
Ann
ual f
unds
req
uire
d -
- -
50
- 6
- -
2.5
- 58
.5
Fund
s re
quir
ed i
n 10
yrs
-
- -
50
- 60
-
- 50
-
160
Non
-fun
ctio
nal
Lif
t Irr
igat
ion
Num
ber
- 2
2 2
- -
- 1
- -
7
Ann
ual f
unds
req
uire
d -
- 35
-
- -
- 80
-
- 11
5
Fund
s re
quir
ed i
n 10
yrs
-
50
20
- -
- -
200
- -
270
10
7
Tub
e W
ells
Num
ber
-
1 -
- -
- -
- -
1
Ann
ual f
unds
req
uire
d
- 20
-
- -
- -
- -
20
Fund
s re
quir
ed i
n 10
yrs
- 35
-
- -
- -
- -
35
Kuh
l
Num
ber
-
50
1 2
- 34
-
- -
87
Ann
ual f
unds
req
uire
d
- 50
-
8.8
- -
- -
- 58
.8
Fund
s re
quir
ed i
n 10
yrs
- 50
0 10
10
4 -
296
- -
- 91
0
Can
al I
rrig
atio
n
Num
ber
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Ann
ual f
unds
req
uire
d
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Fund
s re
quir
ed i
n 10
yrs
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Tan
k Ir
riga
tion
Num
ber
- -
7 5
- -
- -
- -
12
Ann
ual f
unds
req
uire
d -
- 1.
75
0.5
- -
- -
- -
2.25
Fund
s re
quir
ed i
n 10
yrs
-
- 17
.5
0.5
- -
- -
- -
18
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
10
8
Tab
le 4
.15
a V
arie
tal a
nd T
echn
olog
ical
Pro
blem
s of
Cer
eal,
Pul
se a
nd O
ilsee
d C
rops
(Per
Cen
t of P
anch
ayat
s)
Cro
p/pr
oble
m
Sada
r B
alh
S.na
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Cer
eals
Mai
ze
Low
yie
ld d
ue to
wee
ds
50
33.3
3 -
- -
- 80
80
-
28.5
7 L
oggi
ng, i
rrig
atio
n 50
33
.33
-10
0 20
-
40
80
- -
Dis
ease
s an
d in
sect
s 33
.33
16.6
7 60
-
100
16.6
7 -
60
-14
.28
Impr
oper
pla
nt s
tand
-
16.6
7 -
- -
- 20
20
-
- U
se o
wn
seed
>50%
-
- -
100
- -
- 20
-
- H
igh
dens
ity
- -
- 10
0 -
- -
20
-28
.57
Wild
and
str
ay a
nim
als
- 33
.33
40
-60
16
.67
- -
100
28.5
7 L
odgi
ng
- -
20
- -
- -
- -
- Im
bala
nced
use
of
fert
ilize
rs
-33
.33
- -
20
33.3
3 60
-
- -
Lac
k of
rec
omm
ende
d va
riet
ies
50
66.6
7 -
- 10
0 66
.67
- -
66.6
7 42
.85
Pad
dy
Low
yie
ld d
ue t
o lo
cal
vari
etie
s -
33.3
3 20
75
-
50
-60
66
.67
14.2
8
Dis
ease
s 33
.33
50
40
75
16
.67
100
60
14
.28
Hea
vy in
fest
atio
n of
in
sect
-pes
ts
-16
.67
20
75
- -
60
60
33.3
3 14
.28
Wee
d in
fest
atio
n -
-
- -
- -
60
14
.28
Rai
nfed
-
33.3
3 -
- -
33.3
3 -
20
16.6
7 14
.28
Low
yie
ld in
upl
and
-
- -
-
-20
St
ray
anim
als
-16
.67
20
- -
- -
- 33
.33
14.2
8 L
ack
of h
ybri
ds
-16
.67
- -
- 16
.67
- -
16.6
7 -
Imba
lanc
ed u
se o
f fe
rtili
zers
-
- -
- -
16.6
7 -
- -
-
Zin
c de
fici
ency
16
.67
-
-
- -
- -
- W
heat
Low
yie
ld d
ue to
loca
l va
riet
ies
83.3
3 33
.33
20
100
100
16.6
7 20
40
50
57
.14
10
9
Wee
ds
- -
- 10
0 -
- -
60
28
.57
Low
yie
ld d
ue to
dr
ough
t
16.6
7 20
-
- -
- 20
33
.33
-
Dis
ease
s 10
0 50
20
-
100
16.6
7 60
20
-
42.8
5 L
ow y
ield
due
to r
ain
fed
- -
- -
- 16
.67
-20
-
-
Stra
y an
imal
s -
- 20
-
- -
- -
- -
Rus
t -
16.6
7 -
- -
33.3
3 20
-
- -
Fert
ilize
r no
t ava
ilabl
e at
tim
e -
16.6
7 -
- -
33.3
3 -
- 50
14
.28
Lac
k of
com
poun
d fe
rtili
zers
-
- -
- 60
16
.17
- -
16.6
7 14
.28
Rai
nfed
-
- -
-
50
- -
- -
Bar
ley
- -
- -
- -
- -
Loc
al v
arie
ties
and
low
yi
eld
-50
20
10
0 80
33
.33
-10
0 66
.67
42.8
5
Stra
y an
imal
s -
16.6
7 20
-
80
-
- -
14.2
8
Lac
k of
impr
oved
va
riet
ies
-16
.67
- -
100
16.6
7 -
- 33
.33
14.2
8
Dis
ease
s -
- -
- 80
16
.67
- -
- 14
.28
Rai
nfed
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Pul
ses
Low
yie
ld
-16
.67
-75
-
33.3
3 60
60
28.5
7
Blis
ter
beet
le
- -
20
75
- -
- 20
Lac
k of
sui
tabl
e va
riet
ies
33.3
3 50
-
75
100
50
-40
66
.67
28.5
7
Dis
ease
and
inse
ct-p
est
inci
denc
e -
33.3
3 20
-
80
-40
60
-
42.8
5
Loc
al v
arie
ties
-16
.67
- -
- -
- 40
16
.67
42.8
5
Stra
y an
imal
s -
20
-
- -
- -
- -
Gro
wn
in n
egle
cted
fi
elds
-
33.3
3 -
- -
- 40
-
- -
Non
ado
ptio
n of
pa
ckag
e of
pra
ctic
es
-66
.67
- -
80
-40
-
33.3
3 28
.57
11
0
Wee
ds
-16
.67
- -
- 16
.67
-
50
14.2
8
Prop
er v
arie
ties
- -
- -
- -
20
-16
.67
-
Irri
gatio
n -
- -
- -
-
- -
-
Raj
mas
h
Low
yie
ld d
ue to
loca
l va
riet
ies
100
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Oils
eeds
Low
yie
ld d
ue to
loca
l va
riet
ies
33.3
3 -
20
100
-50
-
80
33.3
3 42
.85
Inse
ct a
nd p
est a
ttack
-
- 20
10
0 80
-
40
80
-42
.85
Stra
y an
imal
s -
- -
100
- -
- -
16.6
7
Imba
lanc
e us
e of
fe
rtili
zer
- -
- -
- -
20
- -
-
Impr
oper
agr
o-te
chni
ques
-
- -
- -
- -
- 83
.33
-
Lac
k of
irri
gatio
n fa
cilit
y -
- -
- -
- -
- 16
.67
-
Subs
iste
ce f
arm
ing
- -
- -
80
- -
- -
14.2
8
Sars
on
Dis
ease
and
pes
t -
- -
- -
- 75
-
- -
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
11
1
Tab
le 4
.15
b T
echn
olog
ical
Int
erve
ntio
ns o
f Cer
eals
, Pul
ses
and
Oils
eed
Cro
ps
Cro
p/in
terv
enti
on
Sada
r B
alh
Sund
erna
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Cer
eals
M
aize
D
war
f va
riet
ies
-
- -
100
- -
20
40
- -
Aw
aren
ess
and
trai
ning
66
.67
66.6
7 40
10
0 10
0 66
.67
80
100
- 42
.85
Use
lodg
ing
resi
stan
t pl
ant v
arie
ties
66.6
7 -
- 10
0 60
-
- 40
-
14.2
8
Wee
dici
de a
nd f
ertil
izer
s -
- -
- 20
-
- 20
-
- D
emon
stra
tion
66
.67
- -
80
60
40
33
.33
57.1
4 H
YV
's
66.6
7 50
20
-
100
50
- 20
33
.33
71.4
2 M
onke
ys a
nd s
tray
an
imal
s ar
e m
ajor
m
enac
e
16.6
7 20
-
- -
- -
33.3
3 14
.28
Irri
gatio
n 33
.33
50
20
-
16.6
7 -
- 33
.33
- U
se o
f bl
each
ing
pow
der
- -
20
- -
- -
- -
-
Pad
dy
Aw
aren
ess
and
dem
onst
ratio
n 33
.33
83.3
3 40
-
- 66
.67
100
80
66.6
7 14
.28
Seed
of
reco
mm
ende
d va
riet
ies
16.6
7 50
-
75
- 50
20
40
33
.33
14.2
8
Pest
icid
e us
e -
16.6
7 -
- -
16.6
7 -
20
33.3
3 14
.28
Irri
gatio
n -
66.6
7 20
75
-
16.6
7 -
- 66
.67
14.2
8 D
roug
ht r
esis
tant
va
riet
ies
- 16
.67
- 75
-
- -
- 33
.33
14.2
8
Whe
at
A
war
enes
s ca
mps
10
0 10
0 40
-
100
66.6
7 80
80
83
.33
71.4
3 Pe
stic
ide
83.3
3 50
-
100
100
-
20
33.3
3 42
.86
Dem
onst
ratio
n -
100
- -
100
50
80
20
50
42.8
5 Su
itabl
e va
riet
ies
16.6
7 50
-
- 10
0 33
.33
20
20
50
42.8
5 Ir
riga
tion
- -
- -
- 33
.33
- -
- -
11
2
Bar
ley
Dem
onst
ratio
n an
d aw
aren
ess
- 33
.33
- 10
0 10
0 33
.33
- 80
83
.33
42.8
5
Seed
of
reco
mm
ende
d va
riet
ies
- 50
-
- 10
0 33
.33
- 20
83
.33
28.5
7
Irri
gatio
n -
33.3
3 -
100
100
33.3
3 -
- 33
.33
14.2
8 D
roug
ht r
esis
tant
va
riet
ies
- 16
.67
- -
80
- -
- 33
.33
28.5
7
Pul
ses
Aw
aren
ess
33.3
3 66
.67
60
75
100
50
60
80
83.3
3 57
.14
Dem
onst
ratio
n an
d ex
posu
re v
isit
- 10
0 40
75
10
0 66
.67
80
60
83.3
3 71
.43
Seed
, wee
dici
de a
nd
inse
ctic
ide
- 50
-
- 80
50
-
40
50
57.1
4
Raj
mas
h -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- A
war
enes
s 16
.67
- -
- -
- 60
-
- -
Oils
eeds
Dem
onst
ratio
n an
d ex
posu
re v
isit
33.3
3 -
40
- 10
0 33
.33
40
60
83.3
3 57
.14
Aw
aren
ess
for
IPM
16
.67
- 20
-
100
40
60
16
.67
42.8
5 Q
ualit
y se
ed
- -
- -
100
33.3
3 -
40
33.3
3 42
.85
Lif
t irr
igat
ion
- -
- -
80
- -
- 33
.33
42.8
5
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
11
3
Tab
le 4
.16
a V
arie
tals
and
Tec
hnol
ogic
al P
robl
ems
of V
eget
able
and
Spi
ce C
rops
(Per
Cen
t of P
anch
yats
)
Cro
p/pr
oble
m
Sada
r B
alh
S.na
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Veg
etab
les
Pot
ato
Inse
ct p
est a
ttack
16
.67
50
80
50
100
- -
60
-28
.57
Dis
ease
s 16
.67
33.3
80
50
80
-
- 20
16
.67
14.2
8 L
ow y
ield
due
to
imba
lanc
e fe
rtili
zer
-33
.3
-50
80
-
- 20
-
14.2
8
Qua
lity
seed
-
50
20
50
100
50
- -
16.6
7 42
.85
Wild
ani
mal
m
enac
e -
- -
- -
- 10
0 -
83.3
3 28
.57
Lat
e bl
ight
16
.67
16.7
-
- 60
16
.67
40
-50
71
.43
Irri
gatio
n -
- -
-
16.6
7 -
- 16
.67
28.5
7 L
ack
of a
war
enes
s -
- -
- 20
-
- -
16.6
7 14
.28
Scat
tere
d ar
ea
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 14
.28
Una
vaila
bilit
y of
se
ed a
t pro
per
time
-16
.7
- -
- -
- -
- -
Una
vaila
bilit
y of
qu
ality
see
d -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Tom
ato
Inse
ct p
est a
nd
dise
ases
66
.67
50
40
100
20
100
20
-16
.67
14.2
8
Bac
teri
al w
ilt
16.6
7 66
.7
-10
0 10
0 33
.33
100
-33
.33
14.2
8 U
naw
aren
ess
66.6
7 33
.3
- -
80
-40
-
- 14
.28
Rip
enin
g pr
oble
m
-16
.7
- -
-
- -
50
28.5
7 L
ack
of ir
riga
tion
-50
-
100
60
- -
- 16
.67
28.5
7 L
ack
of H
YV
's -
- -
- -
- -
- 16
.67
-D
omes
tic
cons
umpt
ion
16.6
7 -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Pea
s
In
sect
pes
t and
di
seas
es
-83
.3
80
-40
16
.67
20
-16
.67
14.2
8
Pow
dery
mild
ew
50
33.3
75
40
-60
-
- -
11
4
Lea
f m
iner
-
- -
- -
- -
- 16
.67
-L
ack
of ir
riga
tion
- -
- -
- -
- -
33.3
3 14
.28
Lac
k of
HY
V's
- -
- -
- 16
.67
- -
33.3
3 -
Lac
k of
aw
aren
ess
33.3
3 -
- -
- 16
.67
- -
16.6
7 -
Roo
t rot
-
- -
- -
83.3
3 -
- -
14.2
8 C
abba
ge
In
sect
pes
t and
di
seas
es
33.3
3 50
20
60
16.6
7 60
-
- -
Una
war
enes
s an
d ig
nora
nce
- -
- -
- -
- -
33.3
3 14
.28
Lac
k of
irri
gatio
n -
16.7
-
- -
16.6
7 -
- 66
.67
42.8
5 N
on a
vaila
bilit
y of
im
prov
ed v
arie
ties
seed
33
.33
50
-75
60
16
.67
20
-16
.67
42.8
5
Dom
estic
co
nsum
ptio
n -
- -
- -
- -
- -
14.2
8
Mar
ketin
g -
- -
- 40
-
- -
- 14
.28
Dam
ping
off
of
seed
lings
-
- -
- -
16.6
7 -
- -
-
Lac
k of
IFF
CO
-
- -
- -
16.6
7 -
- -
- C
aulif
low
er
Inse
ct p
est a
nd
dise
ases
16
.67
50
20
50
80
20
-
- 42
.85
Bla
ck r
ot a
nd D
BM
33
.33
33.3
-
- -
- 40
-
- -
Lac
k of
irri
gatio
n
- -
- -
- 16
.67
- -
66.6
7 14
.28
Non
ava
ilabi
lity
of
impr
oved
var
ietie
s se
ed
33.3
3 66
.7
-50
60
16
.67
20
-
28.5
7
Dom
estic
co
nsum
ptio
n -
- -
- -
- -
- -
14.2
8
Mar
ketin
g -
- -
- 40
-
- -
- 14
.28
Dam
ping
off
of
seed
lings
16
.67
- -
- -
16.6
7 -
- -
-
Lac
k of
IFF
CO
-
- -
- -
16.6
7 -
- -
- B
liste
r be
etle
atta
ck
-66
.7
- -
- -
- -
- -
11
5
Okr
a (B
hind
i)
Bl
iste
r bee
tle a
ttack
-
16.7
-
- -
- -
- -
- C
oloc
asia
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
- B
light
-
- -
- -
- 20
10
0 -
- T
erm
ite
- -
- -
- -
- 20
-
- Sp
ices
G
inge
r
Dis
ease
s 33
.33
-80
-
- -
20
-16
.67
-T
hrip
s -
- -
- -
-
-
-R
hizo
me
rot
33.3
3 50
-
50
33
.33
60
-16
.67
14.2
7 L
ack
of ir
riga
tion
- -
- -
- -
- -
50
14.2
7 U
naw
aren
ess
- -
- -
- -
- -
33.3
3 -
Smal
l lan
d ho
ldin
gs
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 14
.27
Gar
lic
D
isea
ses
and
inse
ct-
pest
s 83
.33
50
40
25
60
16.6
7 40
-
25
-
Purp
le b
lotc
h 50
-
- -
- -
40
-33
.33
-L
ack
of ir
riga
tion
50
- -
- -
- -
- 50
-
Rai
nfed
-
- -
- -
- -
- 16
.67
14.2
8 U
naw
aren
ess
- -
- -
- -
- -
16.6
7 14
.28
Lac
k of
impr
oved
va
riet
ies
-33
.3
- -
20
66.6
7 -
- -
-
Mar
ketin
g fa
cilit
y no
t ava
ilabl
e -
- -
- 20
-
- -
- -
Seed
is c
ostly
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
14.2
8 T
urm
eric
L
ow y
ield
due
to
loca
l var
ietie
s -
- -
- -
- -
40
- -
Lea
f sp
ot
- -
- -
- -
- 20
-
- L
ow y
ield
due
to n
on
adop
tion
of p
acka
ge
of p
ract
ices
-
- -
- -
- -
20
- -
Una
war
enes
s -
- -
- -
- -
16
.67
-
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
11
6
Tab
le 4
.16
b T
echn
olog
ical
Int
erve
ntio
ns o
f Veg
etab
le a
nd S
pice
Cro
ps (P
er C
ent o
f Pan
chay
ats)
Cro
p/in
terv
enti
on
Sada
r B
alh
Sund
erna
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Veg
etab
les
Pot
ato
Dem
onst
ratio
n an
d aw
aren
ess
33.3
3 66
.67
100
50
100
66.6
7 20
60
66
.67
71.4
3 H
IV’s
16
.67
66.6
7 20
50
10
0 10
0 -
20
33.3
3 71
.43
Spec
ial a
ttent
ion
by
gove
rnm
ent
- 33
.33
- 50
10
0 -
60
- 16
.67
28.5
7 L
ift i
rrig
atio
n -
33.3
3 -
50
80
- -
- 33
.33
57.1
4 W
ater
har
vest
ing
sche
me
- -
- -
- -
- -
33.3
3 28
.57
Tom
ato
Aw
aren
ess
and
dem
onst
ratio
n 10
0 10
0 40
10
0 10
0 83
.33
100
- 10
0 71
.43
Wat
er h
arve
stin
g 66
.67
83.3
3 20
10
0 10
0 66
.67
40
- 50
57
.14
Pea
s
A
war
enes
s an
d de
mon
stra
tion
83.3
3 83
.33
80
75
40
100
60
- 83
.33
42.8
5 D
isea
se r
esis
tant
var
ietie
s -
33.3
3 -
- 40
33
.33
- -
50
14.2
8 C
abba
ge
Aw
aren
ess
and
dem
onst
ratio
n 33
.33
83.3
3 20
75
10
0 50
60
100
71.4
8 L
ift i
rrig
atio
n
16.2
7 -
- -
- -
- 16
.67
28.5
7 Ir
riga
tion
33.3
3 -
- -
- 16
.67
- -
16.6
7 14
.28
Cau
liflo
wer
A
war
enes
s an
d de
mon
stra
tion
50
100
20
50
100
16.6
7 60
-
83.3
3 57
.14
Lif
t irr
igat
ion
-
- -
- -
- -
50
14.2
8 Ir
riga
tion
33.3
3 -
- -
- 16
.67
- -
- -
Okr
a (B
hind
i)
Tec
hnic
al k
now
-how
is
requ
ired
-
50
- -
- -
- -
- 14
.28
Aw
aren
ess
and
trai
ning
-
50
- -
- -
- -
- -
11
7
Cuc
urbi
ts
Tec
hnic
al k
now
how
re
quir
ed
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 14
.28
Col
ocas
ia
Dem
onst
ratio
n an
d ex
posu
re v
isit
- -
- -
- -
20
60
- -
Aw
aren
ess
and
inpu
ts
- -
- -
- -
20
60
- -
Spic
es
Gin
ger
Aw
aren
ess
33.3
3 16
.7
80
50
- 16
.67
60
- 66
.67
28.5
7 Se
ed tr
eatm
ent
33.3
3 33
.33
- 50
-
33.3
3 60
-
33.3
3 14
.27
Tra
inin
g an
d de
mon
stra
tion
33.3
3 50
-
50
- 16
.67
20
- 33
.33
28.5
7 C
ampa
igns
and
irri
gatio
n fa
cilit
ies
- -
- -
- -
- -
33.3
3 -
Gar
lic
Aw
aren
ess
83.3
3 33
.33
40
25
80
50
80
- 83
.33
28.5
7 T
rain
ing
and
dem
onst
ratio
n 83
.33
66.6
7 -
25
80
33.3
3 20
-
33.3
3 14
.29
Irri
gatio
n fa
cilit
y -
- -
25
- -
- -
16.6
7 14
.29
Subs
idy
- -
- -
- -
33.3
3 -
- 14
.29
Tur
mer
ic
Tra
inin
g an
d ex
posu
re
visi
t -
- -
- -
- -
40
16.6
7 -
Aw
aren
ess
- -
- -
- -
- 40
16
.67
-
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
11
8
Tab
le 4
.17
a V
arie
tal a
nd T
echn
olog
ical
Pro
blem
s of
oth
er C
rops
(Per
Cen
t of P
anch
ayat
s)
Cro
p/P
robl
em
Sada
r B
alh
Sund
erna
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Tea
Proc
essi
ng a
nd
mar
ketin
g -
- -
- -
- -
- 50
-
Lab
our
- -
- -
- -
- -
33.3
3 -
Cos
t of
culti
vatio
n -
- -
- -
- -
- 16
.67
-
Flo
ricu
ltur
e
L
ess
high
tech
pol
y ho
use
- -
- 50
20
20
-
83.3
3 -
Una
war
enes
s an
d m
arke
ting
- -
- -
- 16
.67
- -
66.6
7 -
Cos
t of
culti
vatio
n -
- -
- -
- -
- 16
.67
-
Rai
nfed
-
- -
- -
- -
- 16
.67
-L
ack
of im
prov
ed
vari
etie
s -
- -
25
20
- -
- -
- So
urce
: Fie
ld S
urve
y, 2
007-
08
Tab
le 4
.17
b T
echn
olog
ical
Int
erve
ntio
ns o
f ohe
r C
rops
(Per
Cen
t of P
anch
yats
)
Cro
p/in
terv
enti
on
Sada
r B
alh
Sund
erna
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Tea
Aw
aren
ess
and
prop
er
man
agem
ent
- -
- -
- -
- -
50
-
Flo
ricu
ltur
e
M
obile
fac
ility
for
ev
olut
ion
of n
utri
ent
stat
us o
f so
il -
- -
- -
- 20
-
83.3
3 -
Supp
lies
of g
ood
plan
ting
mat
eria
l nee
ded
- -
- 25
20
16
.67
-
- -
Aw
aren
ess,
trai
ning
and
aw
aren
ess
- -
- 25
-
- -
- -
-
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
11
9
Tab
le 4
.18
Est
imat
ed Y
ield
s an
d Y
ield
Gap
s in
Cro
ps (q
/ha)
Cro
p Sa
dar
Bal
h S.
naga
r G
ohar
Se
raj
Kar
sog
Gop
alpu
rD
harm
pur
Cha
untr
aD
rang
D
istr
ict
Mai
ze
Exp
erim
ent
stat
ion
yiel
d 57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
57
Prog
ress
ive
farm
er's
yie
ld
56
44
38
63
56
44
25
31
38
38
43
Act
ual/a
vera
ge
yiel
d 26
23
27
28
29
21
22
14
19
18
23
Yie
ld g
aps
Yie
ld
gaps
I
(1-3
) 31
34
30
29
28
36
35
43
38
39
34
Yie
ld
gaps
II
(2
-3)
30
21
11
35
27
23
3 17
19
20
21
Pad
dy
Exp
erim
ent
stat
ion
yiel
d 40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
Pr
ogre
ssiv
e fa
rmer
's y
ield
35
44
44
43
25
50
31
31
63
31
40
Act
ual/a
vera
ge
yiel
d 29
24
25
27
16
19
23
16
25
17
22
Yie
ld g
aps
Yie
ld
gaps
I
(1-3
) 11
16
15
13
24
21
17
24
15
23
18
Yie
ld
gaps
II
(2
-3)
6 20
19
16
9
31
8 15
38
14
18
Whe
atE
xper
imen
t st
atio
n yi
eld
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
Prog
ress
ive
farm
er's
yie
ld
44
38
50
38
44
44
30
31
63
50
43
Act
ual/a
vera
ge
yiel
d 26
22
21
18
27
30
23
14
31
17
23
Yie
ld g
aps
12
0
Yie
ld
gaps
I
(1-3
) 9
13
14
17
8 5
12
21
4 18
12
Yie
ld
gaps
II
(2
-3)
18
16
29
20
17
14
7 17
32
33
20
Bar
ley
Exp
erim
ent
stat
ion
yiel
d 25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
Prog
ress
ive
farm
er's
yie
ld
20
25
22
32
31
19
13
19
30
33
24
Act
ual/a
vera
ge
yiel
d 13
14
18
14
21
9
12
12
13
14
14
Yie
ld g
aps
Yie
ld
gaps
I
(1-3
) 12
11
7
11
4 16
13
13
12
11
11
Y
ield
ga
ps
II
(2-3
) 7
11
4 18
10
10
1
7 17
19
10
Mas
h E
xper
imen
t st
atio
n yi
eld
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
Prog
ress
ive
farm
er's
yie
ld
11
10
12
13
19
15
9 5
6 10
11
Act
ual/a
vera
ge
yiel
d 7
8 9
8 14
6
3 4
6 8
7
Yie
ld g
aps
Yie
ld
gaps
I
(1-3
) 5
4 3
4 -2
6
9 8
6 4
5
Yie
ld
gaps
II
(2
-3)
4 2
3 5
5 9
6 1
0 2
4
Gra
m
E
xper
imen
t st
atio
n yi
eld
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Prog
ress
ive
farm
er's
yiel
d 10
12
11
-
-
-
12
12
10
11
11
Act
ual/a
vera
ge
yiel
d 7
8 8
- -
- 8
8 7
7 8
12
1
Yie
ld g
aps
Y
ield
ga
ps
I (1
-3)
3 2
2 10
10
10
2
2 3
3 2
Yie
ld
gaps
II
(2
-3)
3 4
3 0
0 0
4 4
3 4
4
Raj
mas
h E
xper
imen
t st
atio
n yi
eld
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
Prog
ress
ive
farm
er's
yiel
d 18
19
16
19
19
-
-
-
19
18
Act
ual/a
vera
ge
yiel
d 12
17
9 15
14
-
-
-
17
14
Yie
ld g
aps
Y
ield
ga
ps
I (1
-3)
7 19
2
10
4 5
- -
- 2
5
Yie
ld
gaps
II
(2
-3)
6 0
2 7
4 5
- -
- 2
4
Len
til
Exp
erim
ent
stat
ion
yiel
d 14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
Prog
ress
ive
farm
er's
yiel
d 13
15
14
-
-
-
13
9
10
9 12
Act
ual/a
vera
ge
yiel
d 7
9 9
-
-
-
8 5
7 6
7
Yie
ld g
aps
Yie
ld
gaps
I
(1-3
) 7
5 5
- -
- 6
9 7
8 7
Yie
ld
gaps
II
(2
-3)
6 6
5 -
- -
5 4
3 3
5
Sesa
me
Exp
erim
ent
stat
ion
yiel
d 8
8 8
8
8 8
8 8
Prog
ress
ive
farm
er's
yiel
d 6
7 9
-
-
-
5 5
5 5
6
12
2
Act
ual/a
vera
ge
yiel
d 4
5 6
-
-
-
4 4
4 3
4
Yie
ld g
aps
Yie
ld
gaps
I
(1-3
) 4
3 2
- -
- 4
4 4
5 4
Yie
ld
gaps
II
(2
-3)
2 2
3 -
- -
1 1
1 2
2
Sars
on
Exp
erim
ent
stat
ion
yiel
d 10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Prog
ress
ive
farm
er's
yie
ld
8 9
8 10
11
19
8
7 9
9 10
Act
ual/a
vera
ge
yiel
d 6
7 6
7 6
6 5
5 5
8 6
Yie
ld g
aps
Yie
ld
gaps
I
(1-3
) 4
3 4
3 4
4 5
5 5
2 4
Yie
ld
gaps
II
(2
-3)
2 2
2 3
5 13
3
2 4
1 4
Tor
ia
E
xper
imen
t st
atio
n yi
eld
8 8
8 8
8 8
8
Prog
ress
ive
farm
er's
yiel
d 6
7 7
5 5
6 -
-
-
-
6
Act
ual/a
vera
ge
yiel
d 5
6 5
4 4
4 -
-
-
-
5
Yie
ld g
aps
Y
ield
ga
ps
I (1
-3)
3 2
3 4
4 4
- -
- -
3 Y
ield
ga
ps
II
(2-3
) 1
1 2
1 1
2 -
- -
- 1
Lin
seed
Exp
erim
ent
stat
ion
yiel
d 10
10
10
12
3
Prog
ress
ive
farm
er's
yiel
d 5
4 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
5
Act
ual/a
vera
ge
yiel
d 3
3 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
Yie
ld g
aps
Yie
ld
gaps
I
(1-3
) 7
7 -
- -
- -
- -
- 7
Yie
ld
gaps
II
(2
-3)
2 1
- -
- -
- -
- -
2
Cob
hi s
arso
n E
xper
imen
t st
atio
n yi
eld
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
Prog
ress
ive
farm
er's
yie
ld
9 10
8
-
-
7 7
13
9 9
9 A
ctua
l/ave
rage
yi
eld
6 7
6 -
-
5
5 8
6 6
6
Yie
ld g
aps
Y
ield
ga
ps
I (1
-3)
9 8
9 -
- 10
10
7
9 9
9
Yie
ld
gaps
II
(2
-3)
3 3
2 -
- 2
2 5
3 3
3
Pot
ato
Exp
erim
ent
stat
ion
yiel
d 20
0 20
0 20
0 20
0 20
0 20
0 20
0 20
0 20
0 20
0 20
0
Prog
ress
ive
farm
er's
yiel
d 25
0 25
0 18
8 22
5 18
8 18
8 18
8 16
7 15
0 18
8 19
8
Act
ual/a
vera
ge
yiel
d 13
0 19
4 14
9 13
8 10
7 94
15
4 76
10
0 11
0 12
5
Yie
ld g
aps
Yie
ld
gaps
I
(1-3
) 70
6
51
62
93
106
46
124
100
90
75
Yie
ld
gaps
II
(2
-3)
120
56
39
87
81
94
34
91
50
78
73
12
4
Pea
s E
xper
imen
t st
atio
n yi
eld
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
125
Prog
ress
ive
farm
er's
yiel
d 14
8 14
8 11
3 12
5 75
10
0 11
0 10
0 10
0 60
10
8
Act
ual/a
vera
ge
yiel
d 91
71
75
79
50
59
86
63
63
44
68
Yie
ld g
aps
Yie
ld
gaps
I
(1-3
) 34
54
50
46
75
66
39
62
62
81
57
Yie
ld
gaps
II
(2
-3)
57
77
38
46
25
41
24
37
37
16
40
Tom
ato
Exp
erim
ent
stat
ion
yiel
d 50
0 50
0 50
0 50
0 50
0 50
0 50
0 50
0 50
0 50
0 50
0 Pr
ogre
ssiv
e fa
rmer
's yi
eld
350
438
413
375
350
250
325
265
346
300
341
Act
ual/a
vera
ge
yiel
d 20
7 26
5 27
6 24
3 26
5 12
6 21
2 18
6 22
5 19
8 22
0
Yie
ld g
aps
Yie
ld
gaps
I
(1-3
) 29
3 23
5 22
4 25
7 23
5 37
4 28
8 31
4 27
5 30
2 28
0
Yie
ld
gaps
II
(2
-3)
143
173
137
132
85
124
113
79
121
102
121
Cab
bage
E
xper
imen
t st
atio
n yi
eld
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
Prog
ress
ive
farm
er's
yiel
d 25
0 22
5 25
0 24
5 25
0 24
5 22
3 22
5 23
6 25
0 24
0
Act
ual/a
vera
ge
yiel
d 15
6 18
9 22
5 18
9 10
5 17
6 14
3 16
5 17
9 20
0 17
3
Yie
ld g
aps
Y
ield
ga
ps
I (1
-3)
94
61
25
61
145
74
107
85
71
50
77
12
5
Yie
ld
gaps
II
(2
-3)
94
36
25
56
145
69
80
60
57
50
67
Cau
li fl
ower
E
xper
imen
t st
atio
n yi
eld
275
275
275
275
275
275
275
275
275
275
275
Prog
ress
ive
farm
er's
yiel
d 27
5 22
5 21
3 25
0 27
0 20
0 22
5 23
5 26
5 23
9 24
0
Act
ual/a
vera
ge
yiel
d 20
3 16
3 16
8 15
0 10
5 16
0 15
9 14
5 20
0 18
5 16
4
Yie
ld g
aps
Yie
ld
gaps
I
(1-3
) 72
11
2 10
7 12
5 17
0 11
5 11
6 13
0 75
90
11
1
Yie
ld
gaps
II
(2
-3)
72
62
45
100
165
40
66
90
65
54
76
Bea
ns
Exp
erim
ent
stat
ion
yiel
d 12
5 12
5 12
5 12
5 12
5 12
5 12
5 12
5 12
5 12
5 12
5 Pr
ogre
ssiv
e fa
rmer
's yi
eld
100
98
113
89
125
124
85
110
125
125
109
Act
ual/a
vera
ge
yiel
d 62
81
75
69
90
10
3 72
95
76
10
1 82
Yie
ld g
aps
Yie
ld
gaps
I
(1-3
) 63
44
50
56
35
22
53
30
49
24
43
Yie
ld
gaps
II
(2
-3)
38
17
38
20
35
21
13
15
49
24
27
Cap
sicu
m
Exp
erim
ent
stat
ion
yiel
d 13
5 13
5 13
5 13
5 13
5 13
5 13
5 13
5 13
5 13
5 13
5
Prog
ress
ive
farm
er's
yiel
d 12
5 13
5 11
0 12
9 12
5 13
2 13
0 11
6 12
5 13
5 12
6
Act
ual/a
vera
ge
yiel
d 11
8 12
5 75
11
8 90
11
3 12
6 98
11
5 10
5 10
8 Y
ield
gap
s
12
6
Yie
ld
gaps
I
(1-3
) 17
10
60
17
45
22
9
37
20
30
27
Yie
ld
gaps
II
(2
-3)
7 10
35
11
35
19
4
18
10
30
18
Bhi
ndi
Exp
erim
ent
stat
ion
yiel
d 14
0 14
0 14
0 14
0 14
0 14
0 14
0 14
0 14
0 14
0 14
0
Prog
ress
ive
farm
er's
yiel
d 11
5 13
2 12
5 12
5 11
5 12
5 14
0 13
5 11
3 12
9 12
5
Act
ual/a
vera
ge
yiel
d 98
11
7 11
3 10
1 88
10
6 13
0 11
0 81
97
10
4
Yie
ld g
aps
Yie
ld
gaps
I
(1-3
) 42
23
27
39
52
34
10
30
59
43
36
Y
ield
ga
ps
II
(2-3
) 17
15
12
24
27
19
10
25
32
32
21
Bri
njal
E
xper
imen
t st
atio
n yi
eld
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
250
Prog
ress
ive
farm
er's
yiel
d 23
5 24
3 25
0 20
5 22
0 22
5 21
5 21
8 21
5 22
0 22
5
Act
ual/a
vera
ge
yiel
d 20
0 19
6 18
8 17
9 21
0 18
0 16
3 20
1 18
8 20
1 19
1
Yie
ld g
aps
Yie
ld
gaps
I
(1-3
) 50
54
62
71
40
70
87
49
62
49
59
Yie
ld
gaps
II
(2
-3)
35
47
62
26
10
45
52
17
27
19
34
Cuc
urbi
ts
Exp
erim
ent
stat
ion
yiel
d 30
0 30
0 30
0 30
0 30
0 30
0 30
0 30
0 30
0 30
0 30
0
Prog
ress
ive
farm
er's
yiel
d 35
0 40
0 43
8 37
6 24
0 23
9 20
0 21
0 20
9 22
7 28
9
12
7
Act
ual/a
vera
ge
yiel
d 24
0 26
2 22
5 25
0 22
8 20
0 15
9 18
9 16
2 19
7 21
1
Yie
ld g
aps
Yie
ld
gaps
I
(1-3
) 60
38
75
50
72
10
0 14
1 11
1 13
8 10
3 89
Yie
ld
gaps
II
(2
-3)
110
138
213
126
12
39
41
21
47
30
78
Oni
on
Exp
erim
ent
stat
ion
yiel
d 25
0 25
0 25
0 25
0 25
0 25
0 25
0 25
0 25
0 25
0 25
0
Prog
ress
ive
farm
er's
yiel
d 20
0 15
0 20
5 22
0 21
3 21
0 19
5 23
0 23
5 22
6 20
8
Act
ual/a
vera
ge
yiel
d 12
5 12
5 14
5 17
9 13
2 13
8 11
0 12
4 20
5 15
7 14
4
Yie
ld g
aps
Y
ield
ga
ps
I (1
-3)
125
125
105
71
118
112
140
126
45
93
106
Yie
ld
gaps
II
(2
-3)
75
25
60
41
81
72
85
106
30
69
64
Gin
ger
E
xper
imen
t st
atio
n yi
eld
150
150
150
150
15
0 15
0
150
Prog
ress
ive
farm
er's
yiel
d 15
0 12
5 17
5 13
8
125
100
- -
- 13
6
Act
ual/a
vera
ge
yiel
d 13
3 10
0 65
88
50
66
- -
- 84
Yie
ld g
aps
Y
ield
ga
ps
I (1
-3)
17
50
85
62
0 10
0 84
-
- -
66
Yie
ld
gaps
II
(2
-3)
17
25
110
50
0 75
34
-
- -
52
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
128
129
Chapter V
ALLIED AGRICULTURAL SECTORS
5.1 Horticulture
The agro-climatic conditions prevailing in Mandi district are quite suitable for propagating the temperate and sub-tropical fruit. In the last forty years, the district has made rapid strides in the field of horticulture. The apple orchards are located predominantly in Karsog and Chachyot tehsils while plum and apricot orchards have come up in Mandi and Sundernagar tehsils. The total area under apple crop in the district has increased from 75 ha in 1962 to 15,193 ha in 2006-07. The area and production of fruit show positive growth rate. The information on existing schemes of horticulture for rural development is given in Table 5.1. The introduction of intensive horticulture development and the on - going schemes under Horticulture Technology Mission (HTM) have proved to be the best way to generate more farm income and employment. Through the implementation of agriculture plan under Rastriya Krishi Vikash Yojana (RKVY), an additional area of around 2,794 ha can be put under apple plantation and considering its existing productivity level, the additional production in the district will be around 70,863 tonnes. Next to apple, there is ample potential of enhancing area under citrus and harvesting 8 per cent additional production over and above the existing production. Similarly, other fruit like mango and dry fruit have vast potentials for expansion of their area and production (Table 5.2.).
5.2 Animal Husbandry
Livestock is another indispensable asset to the farming as well as non-farming community of the district as it provides nutrition and livelihood also. The information on existing schemes of livestock and fisheries for rural development has been presented in Table 5.3. It may also be seen from the Table 5.4 that the livestock wealth of Mandi includes mainly sheep & goats together accounting for about 25 per cent of the total livestock population which are reared for wool, meat and milk purposes. The crossbred cows constitute about 22 per cent of the total livestock and local cows share is only 12.9 per cent. This means the milk production of the district is more due to more number of high yielding crossbred cows which is almost double the local cows. The buffaloes reared by the people are low milk yielders but high fat producers and they account for about 4.1 per cent of the livestock population due to people’s preference for their milk and milk products.
5.3 Poultry
Poultry was another important enterprise of Mandi district which accounted for about 5 per cent of the total livestock population. It was an important enterprise in all of the blocks except in Karsog and Dharmpur (Table 5.4).
130
5.4 Rabbitary
Rabbitory did not find significant place in the district. It was only found in Sardar and Balh blocks of the district with population of about 1,525 and 61,200, respectively (Table 5.4).
5.5 Fisheries
The district is extensively cris –crossed by perennial streams and rivers which provide congenial conditions for development of fisheries. Exotic trout fish was introduced in the district from Kullu probably in the thirties. This species is found in Uhl, Lambadag and Tirthan. Barot Trout farm is situated on the left banks of Uhl and Lambadag rivers near the barrage of Shanan Hydro-electric power project at Barot in Jogindernagar tehsil and Carp farms (Indian major carps- Rohu & Mrigal, Grass carp) is situated at Alsu village of Sundernagar tehsil of Mandi district. The block wise status and potential of cultured fisheries in the district is presented in Table 5.5. As per the proposed plan, the potential of fish production in the district is expected to be 201 tonnes against the present fish production of 95 metric tonnes.
5.6 Sericulture & Floriculture
Floriculture and sericulture have recently started spreading roots in the district. Both these enterprises are very crucial in terms of employment and income generation avenues and offer opportunities to raise the economic status of rural masses. These commodities are playing vital role for the upliftment of women and will provide exposure to the community to stand in the world market. Unfortunately, some basic information about area and production for district is not available and needs further inquiry. However, the sericulture activity is going on in some blocks in the district at low level.
5.7 Mushroom
The district is suitable for mushroom cultivation. The farmers are taking up this activity of their own. But there is huge potential of this enterprise in the district. The government is coming forward to attract mushroom growers by providing various facilities. To improve the level of mushroom growing, the training will be given to farmers on various aspect of mushroom industry.
5.8 Medicinal Plants
The area is rich in medicinal and aromatic plants available in the natural conditions; however, their cultivation on farmer’s fields was almost negligible. The local people harvest these plants from the public forests and common lands both by legal and illegal ways. Table 5.6 presents scientific and common names of the medicinal plants which are commonly found in the district. The existence of medicinal plants under natural conditions/environment thus offers scope for their cultivation on commercial lines.
131
Table 5.6 Medicinal Plants Found in the Mandi District
Sr.No Scientific Name Common Name 1 Abies spectabilis CD. Don.
Spach
Himalayan high level Silver-fir, Kolroi, Tosh, Talispatra
2 Abrus precatorius Linn Ratti, Gunja, Chuntli, Indian liquorice, Crabs-eye, Red
bead vine, Prayer beads
3 Acacia catechu Wild Khair, Khadir, Katha tree, Catechu, Black cutch
4 Achyranthes aspera Linn. Puthkanda, Latjira, Chirchita, Apamarga
5 Acorus calomus Linn Bare, Baryon, Boiye, Boi, Shalbou Vacha, Bach,
Sweetflag, Camlaamus root
6 Aegle marmelas (L.) corr. Bel, Bael fruit, Mahaphala, Bilpatri
7 Ajuga bracteosa Wall. Ex Benth Neelkanthi, Leelkounthe, Ratpacho, Lilkounthe
8 Albizia lebbek Benth Shirish, Kala sirish, Siris, Sirinh, Indian Walnut
9 Allium sativum Linn. Lahsun, Garlic, Lasona, Lasun
10 Asparagus abscendens Roxb Shatawari, Shatamuli, Shatavar, Sahasrapal, Saisarbuti
11 Atrpa acuminate Royle Jharka, Indian belladonna, Jalgi, Deadly night shade
12 Bauhinia variegata Linn. Kachnar, Kovidara, Karala, Karale, Kanchnar
13 Berberis aristata DC. Kashmal, Kushmol, Chothar, Daru-haldi, Daru-haridra,
Rasanjan, Rasont
14 Bergenia ciliata (How.) Sternb Pashanbheda, Pakhanbed, Dhoklambu, Patharchat
15 Bombax ceiba L. Simul, Semul, Salmali, Semulmusli, Silk-cotton
tree/Indian kapok tree
16 Butea monosperma (Lamk.)
Taub
Dhak, Palas, Palash, Tesu, Palah, Flame of the forest
17 Calotropis gigantea (Linn.) Ait f Aak, Mudar, Akanda, Arka, Calotropis
18 Cannabis sativa Linn. Bhang, Charas, Ganja, Hashis, Vijaya, Hemp. Bhangolu
19 Capsicum annuum Linn. Lalmirch, Lanka mirch, Red chillies
20 Cassia fistula Linn. Amaltas, Aragwadha, Indian Laburmum, Purging cassia,
Cassia pod, Aali-ra-tat.
21 Cassia occidentalis Linn. Chakunda, Ckakra mard, Bara clwan
22 Cassia tora Linn. Pawarh, Chakunda, Chakramard, Reli elwan, Ring worm
plant
23 Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban Brahmi, Brahmanaduki, Budhbrahmani Mandukparni
24 Cinnamomum tamala Wces &
Ebesm
Tajpat (leaf), Gurpatraj, Tejpatta, Tamalpatra, Patraj,
Mithpatra.
25 Cynodon dactylon (Linn.) Doorva, Doob, Drub, Doob-grass
26 Cyperus rotundus Linn. Nagarmotha, Motha, Mustak, Nut grass
27 Datura stramonium Linn. Dhatura, Safed dhatura, Dhouturo, Thron apple
132
28 Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. Ex
Kunth
Singli-mingli, Dioscorea, Kins, Ganj
29 Dolichos uniflorus lank Kulthi, Kulath, Horsegram
30 Eclipta prostrate Roxb Bhringraja, Kesaraja, Bhangra, Bhangru
31 Emblica officinallis Gaertn. Amla, Dhatriphala, Amalaki, Aonla, Emblica, Emblic
Myrobalan
32 Fumaria parviffora Lam. Pitpapra, Papra, Shantera, Bansulpha, Shanteraj, Baklat-
el-malik, Parpat, Fumitory
33 Geranium nepalense sweet Laljari, Ratanjot, Laldori
34 Holarrhena antidysenterica
Wall. Ex DC.
Kurchi, Kura, Kutaja, Tiptaka, Indrajau
35 Justica adhatoda Linn. Vaso, Adusa, Vasaka, Basuti, Vasika, Bansgte Basti
36 Mallotus philippinensis Muell.
Arg.
Kamala, Sindur, Rohini, Kampillak, Kamila
37 Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds Podina, Jungli, Pudina, Horsemint, Safed-pudina, Chachri
38 Morchella esculenta (L.) Pers Guchhi, Chiayun, Honey combed mushroom.
39 Moringa oleifera Lamk. Sajana, Sahinjan, Soanjana, Drum stick tree, Horse radish
tree.
40 Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Kiwanch, Kaunch, Goncha, Draougalbel, Atmagupta,
Cowhage
41 Murraya koenigii spreng Kathnim, Miyha neem, Curry patta, Basanga, Curry leaf
42 Myrica esculenta Buch Ham. Kaiphal, Kahi, Katphal, Box-myrtle
43 Myrsine africana Linn. Kakhum, Shamshad, Berang, Bidang, Bai-bidang
44 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Linn. Harsinghar, Kuri, Shephali, Shephalika, Regmalpatta,
Parijata
45 Ocimum sanctum Linn. Ajaka, Tulsai, Tulsi, Baranda, Sacred Basil, Holy basil
46 Origanum vulgare Linn. Sathra,Bantulsi, Wild marjornum, Jakhm-buti, Basloghas
47 Oroxylum indicum Vent. Ullu, Arlu, Saona, Shyonaka, Sonapatta, Tatpalanga,
Kinnauri phool (seeds)
48 Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. Jharka, Jalga, Sweet belladonna, Matazor
49 Pistacia khinjuk Stew.ex
Brandis
Karsingi, Karkatsringi, Kakar, Kakru
50 Plumbago zeylanica Linn. CHITA, Chitrak, Chitra, Chitrakmula, leadwort.
51 Prinsepia utilis Royle Bhekhal, Bhekhla, Bhenkal
52 Prunella vulgaris Linn. Austakhaddus, Ustakhadus, All-heal, Self-heal
53 Pueraria tuberose DC. Sural, Saral, Sarur, Bidarikanda, Bidari, Bharda, Tirra,
Bankumra
54 Punica granatum Linn. Daru, Darmu, Daran, Dadim, Darim, Pomegranate.
55 Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Putranjiva, Poutujia, Juti, Jiaputa
133
56 Rauvolfia serpentine Benth. Ex
Kutz.
Sarpgandha, Chotachand, Chandrika
57 Rhododendron arboretum Sm. Bruans, Bras, Buras, Barah-ke-phool, Rhodo flowers
58 Rhododendron campanulatum
D.Don.
Cherailu, Shargar, Simrung, Gaggar, Simrath, Kashmiri-
patha
59 Spindus mukorossi Gaertn Ritha, Reetha, Aristha, Phenita, Soapnut
60 Sesame indicum Linn. Til, Sesame, Sinsim, Gingilly
61 Sida rhombifolia Linn. Svetbarela, Mahabala, Pitakharenti, Pit-barela
62 Solanum nigrum Linn. Makoi, Kakamachi, Bandakh
63 Swertia chirayita Karst. Chirayita, Kirata-tikta, Bhunimba, Chirata
64 Symplocos paniculata Wall. Lodh, Lodar, Lodhra, Lojh
65 Taxus Wallichiana Zucc. Thuno, Thuner, Birmi, Rakhyala, Rakhala, Thangi,
Himalan Yew, Stoneyyak, Thoon
66 Terminalia bellirica Roxb. Bahera, Bahira, Vibhitaki, Bibhitak
67 Terminalia chebula Retz. Her, Harad, Haritaki, Harde, Chebulic myrobalan
68 Thalictrum foliolosum DC. Mamira, Pilijari, Chaitra, Sarphar, Bishkaral
69 Thevetia neriifolia Juss. Pila-kaner, Ashvaha, Ashvaghna, Pit-kaner, Yellow
oleander
70 Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)
Miers.
Gulancha, Giloe, Guduchi, Amrita, Gulje
71 Urginea indica (Roxb.) Kunth Jangli-piyaz, Ban-piyazi, Ban-palandu, Indian squill,
white squill, Sea-onion
72 Valeriana jatamansi Jones. Tagar, Sughandhbala, Mushkbala, Naknihani, Nihani,
Indian Valerian
73 Vanda tessellata Lodd. Ex Loud Rasna, Atirasa, Vanda
74 Veivaria zizanioides (Linn.)
Nash.
Khas, Ushir, Vettiver, Khus-khus grass
75 Viola serpens Wall Banfshah, Banaksha,Gule-banaksha, Violet
76 Vitex negundo Linn. Nirgandi, Niragundi, Sura, Bana, Sanbhalu, Sambhalu beg
77 Withania somnifera Dunal Ashvagandha, Asgandh, Indian ginseng.
78 Woodfordia fruticosa Kurtz. Dhao, Dhataki, Dhai-ki-phool, Dhataki-puspha,
Woodfordia
79 Xanthium strumarium Linn. Adhasisi, Banokra, Chhota dhatura, Musha-ro-khor,
Cocklebur, Burweed
80 Zanthoxylum armatum DC Tumbru, Tejphal, Tirmir, Tejbal, Timbri
Source: Chauhan, N.S. (1999), Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Himachal Pradesh, Indus Publishing Company,
New Delhi.
134
5.9 Beekeeping
Honey bees were reared by few households in some villages. These were reared in wood log hives and mud hives placed in their houses. Honey was extracted from these colonies once in a year. Sundernagar and Chauntra are famous for beekeeping. There are 62 colonies in Sundernagr and 25 in Chauntra block. The annual honey production was approximately 2,610 kg.
5.10 Tea
Tea is traditionally grown in Kangra and Mandi district at an altitude of 1,000 to 1,500 metres. Chauntra block of Mandi district was a famous tea growing area (25 ha) but due to lack of new plantation over the last many years, the old tea plantations have gone uneconomical and as such, tea bushes are being uprooted and resultantly area under tea plantation in this block has considerably decreased.
5.11 Agricultural Marketing
Estimates of production and disposal of agricultural produce, fruit, vegetables, animal products and live animal stock are given in Tables 5.7 and 5.8. The marketed surplus of cereals was up to 90,600 tonnes, 676 tonnes in case of pulses, 82,463 tonnes in case of vegetables and 55,488 tonnes in case of apples in the district. Generally, the marketed surplus of most of the agriculture commodities was sold, within and outside the state. Among livestock products, milk, wool, meat were the animal products. Milk was sold within the villages; however, wool was sold to wool federation as well as to private traders. The animals like sheep and goats reared for meat purposes were generally sold to the private traders and sometimes directly to the meat shops.
5.12 Agricultural Infrastructure
5.12.1 Physical
As far as marketing infrastructure in the district is concerned, there are 81 existing market sub-yards/ market information centres as against the requirement of 114. Further, there are 30 Hi-tech storage godowns in the district against the required of 39. The important existing and required marketing infrastructure and financial estimates for these have been shown in Tables 5.9 and 5.10.
5.12.2 Institutional
The important institutions for carrying out research, extension and delopmental activities in the district are Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK, Mandi) of CSK HPKV, Palampur, the office of DY. Director, Agriculture, Mandi; Farmers’ Training Centre at Sundernagar, office of DY. Director, Horticulture and sale centre of IFFCO. These institutions are extending all sorts of training and assistance to the farmers in various activities. Both the Agricultural and Horticultural universities
135
and State Agricultural Management and Extension Training Institute (SAMETI), Masobra also provide multifarious trainings to farmers.
5.12.3 Human Resource
Existing human resource for agriculture has been depicted in Table 5.11. The physical and financial estimates for human resource required for the development of agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry and fishery have been given in Table 5.12.
5.13 Rural Enterprises
As per Table 5.13, there were 42,471 youth unemployed in the district of various categories (technically trained and untrained but educated from matric to post graduate level). The existing status of enterprises (agriculture and non-agriculture based) is depicted in Table 5.14. The different enterprises like dairy, agriculture, mushroom cultivation, floriculture, food processing unit, bee keeping, agro-processing unit, poultry, potato processing, fisheries, vegetable cultivation, animal husbandry, rabbitory, polyhouse vegetables, nursery raising, cottage industries, herbs, apiary, piggery, organic farming, floriculture in polyhouse, input deals, pickle making, sericulture etc. were important enterprises which could be taken up by the unemployed youth in the Mandi district (Table 5.15).
5.14 Agro-Processing
Among agro-processing units, atta chakkies and oil seed processing units known as Kohlus were important in the area. The number of atta chakkies and agro-processing units is decreasing due to lesser cultivation of cereals and commercialization of agriculture in favour of fruit and vegetables. The wheat flour is easily available in the areas through PDS; however, atta chakkies are used for processing maize into maize flour and feed ingredients for the animals. The existing number, requirement and gaps of agri business establishments have been presented in Table 5.16.
5.15 Drudgery of Women
Women play an important role in any economy and Mandi district is no exception. It was found that majority of cultural operations in the fields and orchards were performed by women besides tending animals and other household activities at home. The tools and techniques being followed by women were of traditional nature (Table 5.17) and hence the drudgery was on higher side. However, the efforts are being made to reduce drudgery of women by introducing mechanization of operations where ever possible.
5.16 Input Use and Gaps
Among inputs, fertilizers and chemicals were applied in apple orchards. The use of green fodder and dry fodder to milch animals was common in all the blocks of the district. The livestock in
136
general was maintained on grazing and stall feeding both. In the higher hills of the district, the animals are let loose in the morning to nearby pastures and collected in the evening. The concentrates were fed only to milch animals and application was on the lower sides than the recommended (Table 5.18).
5.17 Yield Gap Analysis
The yield gaps in fruit crops and livestock products have been given in Tables 5.19 and 5.20. It can be seen from the table that there was a huge gap between the actual and progressive farmers’ yield of fruit grown commercially in the area. The gap in the yield of apple was around 18 quintals /ha. The yield gap of citrus fruit like oranges, kinnow, lime and galgal was around 0.88, 20.36, 3.25 and 24.58 quintals/ha, respectively. A yield gap of 4.43 quintals /ha was observed in mango, while yield gap of dry fruit like walnut and pecunnut was 1.86 and 2.36 quintals /ha, respectively. Further, the yield gap of plum was estimated as 4.41 quintals/ha. The yield gap in milk of crossbred cow was around 6.81 litres /animal / day in the district as a whole. In case of local cow, the yield gap was 1.68 litres/animal/ day. However, the yield gap of crossbred and local cows varied from 5.40 to 10.45 and 1.18 to 2.05 litres / animal / day, respectively. It was also observed from the table that the yield gaps of buffalo and goat milk at the district level were 5.41 and 1.21 litres / animal / day, respectively. The yield gap in wool yield was found to the extent of 1 kg per sheep /year.
5.18 Reasons for Yield Gap
The reasons for gaps in fruit crops were improper spacing between plant to plant and row to row. Secondly, the orchardists lacked knowledge of proper techniques and suitable timings of pruning/cutting. There was shortage of professional manpower for pruning, cutting and spraying. The difference in livestock product yields (milk) was mainly due to non availability of adequate fodders and lack of technical know how. The wool yields were low due to poor breed and reduced grazing lands for the nomadic shepherds.
5.19 Interventions Needed
Development of apple and other fruit varieties suitable for higher hills, following recommended spacing in the orchards, supply of micro-nutrients, promotion of fruit plantation in potential area, timely supply of pesticides, demonstration on plant protection, training and pruning of fruit plants, introduction of spur type varieties, adoption of improved package of practices through awareness camps, etc are the required interventions for horticulture sector (Tables 5.21). The extent of animal diseases has been shown in Table 5.22. Preventive vaccination against foot and mouth diseases of livestock, deworming, dusting and dipping against endoparasites and ectoparasites, livestock health awareness programmes against tympani, pneumonia and repeat breeding, improvement in AI services, regulation of feed supply, fodder production and grassland improvement through the introduction of suitable grasses and legumes, conservation of
137
fodder to meet winter scarcity and provision of minerals on low cost to livestock rearers are the important interventions in livestock sector (Tables 5.23a and 5.23b). Regular supply of fish fingerlings, training to fisherman and introduction of packages of fish farming, etc have been identified interventions for fishery (Table 5.24). The financial estimates for horticulture development, livestock improvement and fisheries have been presented in district agriculture plan.
5.20 Research/Extension Gaps
As far as livestock sector is concerned, experimental farms under the supervision of scientists and on farm trials were not conducted in the state. However, few organized dairy, sheep and horse breeding farms were maintained under the supervision of dairy farm managers. Similarly, horticultural orchards were maintained under the government sector in some areas. Since, no systematic data on livestock products were available, research gaps in case of livestock could not be worked out. The other reasons for the same are that the livestock sector comprises of indigenous stock and indigenously bred animals were not maintained on the organized farms to know the gaps in their output. Therefore, to examine the gaps only the differences in outputs of average farmers were compared with the progressive farmers in the area. The gaps between the average yields from the progressive farmers’ yields can be reduced through the improvement of support lands (private lands) by applying different techniques of invasion for obnoxious shrubs and weeds and protection of forest grazing rights of shepherd community.
5.21 Researchable Issues
Livestock Improvement
� Identification of constraints thwarting the adoption of improved practices / technologies of dairy & animal husbandry.
� Study on perceptions of various stake-holders i.e. livestock-keepers, veterinarians, paravets and development agencies/ NGOs
� Documentation and scientific validation of the livestock husbandry-related indigenous technical knowledge (ITK) / practices among farmers.
� Development of an integrated livestock (cattle, fish and poultry) production model (ILPM)
� Identification of training needs of women livestock keepers.
� Identification and nutritional evaluation of the high nutrition fodder grasses
Improvement of Fruit Plants
� Evaluation of commercially important apple and apricot varieties in high altitude areas and low to moderate chilling plum and peach varieties at lower altitudes.
138
� Identification of niche areas and remapping of different fruit growing belts
� Development of technologies for frost management
� Diversification of fruit with high yielding varieties
� Development of agro-techniques for improvement of nut quality in pecan
� Development of techniques for replant problem in stone fruit, especially in plum.
� Development of technology for integrated nutrient management in fruit.
� Development of technology for improving water use efficiency and fertigation in different fruit crops.
� Development of management strategies for mango malformation
� Management of irregular bearing in pomegranate.
Improvement of Flower Plantation
� Delineation of areas/locations suitable for different flower crops.
� Availability of authentic and quality germplasm/planting material of various flower crops to the growers at the affordable prices.
� Standardization of location specific production technology for different flower crops, relating to varieties, planting time, nutrients.
� Integrated nutrient management (INM) and pest management and irrigation management
� Flower regulation as per the market demands
� Post harvest management and maintaining the cool chain.
� Refinement of infrastructure (greenhouse technology) as per the location specificity.
� Development of disease management strategies of ornamental crops like gladiolus, carnation, lilium, etc.
Development of Honey Bee Industry
� Awareness of pollinator conservation and use of honey bees in managed crop pollination for increased crop productivity.
� Identification of different bee keeping belts
Improvement of Infrastructure
� Development of protected cultivation technology and monitoring of soil health in poly houses.
� Development of infrastructure for assessment of soil health and amelioration of nutrient deficiencies.
139
� Standardization of agro-forestry models for different agro-ecological situation.
� Safe waiting periods of pesticides on horticultural crops.
� Constraint identification in different horticulture crops.
� Strengthening farmers’ training facilities and TOT.
� Impact assessment and policy evaluation in horticulture sector.
� Irrigation water requirement & scheduling under conventional and high tech systems.
� Development of suitable horticultural varieties keeping in view the climatic changes in the region.
� Generation of data base of pollinator diversity in different horticultural crops.
14
0
Tab
le 5
.1 E
xist
ing
Blo
ck L
evel
Sch
emes
for
Hor
ticu
ltur
e D
evel
opm
ent
Blo
ck
No.
of
sche
mes
V
illag
e co
vere
d (N
o.)
Pop
ulat
ion
cove
red
(No.
)
Are
aco
vere
d (h
a)
Ben
efic
iary
fa
mili
es (N
o.)
Stat
us
Tot
al b
udge
t (R
s.
Lak
h)
Add
itio
nal
fund
s re
quir
ed(R
s. L
akh)
C
ompl
ete
(No.
) In
com
plet
e (N
o.)
Cen
tre
shar
e St
ate
shar
e
Hor
ticu
ltur
e
Sada
r 12
59
-
- 1,
451
3 9
133.
47
10
-
Bal
h 17
-
- -
397
7 10
-
- 50
Sund
erna
gar
10
52
- -
300
2 8
47.6
-
-
Goh
ar
13
- -
- 25
2 1
138
12.4
-
-
Sera
j39
12
7 -
- 38
7 -
9 7.
25
- -
Kar
sog
5 51
8 -
- 1,
547
2 3
1,10
0 15
0 -
Gop
alpu
r 1
307
- -
- -
1 90
-
-
Dha
rmpu
r 1
200
- -
357
- 1
31.4
8 -
-
Cha
untr
a 1
278
- -
401
1 -
32
- -
Dra
ng
60
50
- -
170
- 60
-
- -
Tot
al
159
1,59
1 -
- 5,
262
16
238
1,45
4.21
16
0 50
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
14
1
Tab
le 5
.2 E
xist
ing
Stat
us a
nd P
oten
tial
for
Hor
ticu
ltur
e D
evel
opm
ent (
Are
a in
ha;
Pro
d in
tonn
es)
Cro
p St
atus
P
aram
eter
Sa
dar
Bal
h Su
nde
rnag
arG
ohar
Se
raj
Kar
sog
Gop
alpu
r D
harm
pur
Cha
untr
a D
rang
D
istr
ict
App
le
Exi
stin
g
A
rea
3,39
1 31
89
2 2,
058
3,89
6 4,
663
- -
4 25
8 15
,193
P
rodu
ctio
n 7,
501
45
750
7,69
9 20
,999
27
,498
-
- 8
700
65,2
00
H
ouse
hold
s 11
,082
2,
346
14,7
003,
947
8,51
6 12
,276
-
- 64
10
0 53
,031
Pot
enti
al
A
rea
1,00
4 42
8 22
8 41
8 85
10
3 14
9 10
6 10
5 16
8 2,
794
P
rodu
ctio
n 2,
221
621
192
1,56
4 45
8 60
7 -
- -
- 5,
663
N
ew H
ouse
hold
s 12
,708
1,
020
9,80
0 5,
920
1,67
6 8,
189
287
- -
- 39
,600
Ston
efr
uit
Exi
stin
g
A
rea
345
153
138
120
141
545
86
83
151
134
1,89
6
P
rodu
ctio
n 15
2 44
10
8 28
31
11
0 18
23
10
10
53
5
H
ouse
hold
s 2,
989
- 4,
900
204
900
3,25
3 -
- 1,
840
- 14
,086
Pot
enti
al
A
rea
80
- 74
96
90
42
-
- 47
-
429
P
rodu
ctio
n 35
-
58
22
20
8 -
- 3
- 14
7
N
ew H
ouse
hold
s 7,
625
- 2,
450
1,94
3 22
5 10
,370
-
- 1,
400
- 24
,013
Cit
rus
frui
t
Exi
stin
g
A
rea
578
518
502
80
109
279
499
625
357
554
4,10
1
P
rodu
ctio
n 66
1 53
8 62
0 14
9 -
307
584
687
71
- 3,
617
H
ouse
hold
s 3,
813
391
- -
- 73
2 -
472
364
- 5,
772
Pot
enti
al
A
rea
98
39
- -
- 35
26
30
46
-
274
P
rodu
ctio
n 11
2 41
-
-
-
36
27
31
48
-
295
N
ew H
ouse
hold
s 4,
529
571
-
-
-
13,7
25
1,00
929
4 2,
033
- 22
,161
14
2
Man
go
Exi
stin
g
A
rea
702
468
511
20
3 68
41
8 74
4 32
8 54
5 3,
807
P
rodu
ctio
n 27
0 21
0 24
4 8
1 33
23
0 27
5 14
0 16
0 1,
571
H
ouse
hold
s 3,
985
153
1,71
5 -
-
1,
220
92
181
2,42
0 1,
200
10,9
66
Pot
enti
al
Are
a 54
85
86
-
-
20
40
24
1
- 31
1
P
rodu
ctio
n 21
38
41
-
-
10
22
9
- -
141
N
ew H
ouse
hold
s 3,
813
485
6,12
5 -
-
10,6
75
6,06
839
6 1,
550
- 29
,112
Lit
chi
Exi
stin
g
A
rea
43
16
61
3 -
-
35
26
39
34
25
7
P
rodu
ctio
n 43
20
46
-
-
-
20
15
40
35
21
9
H
ouse
hold
s -
-
-
-
-
-
82
-
1,22
7 -
1,30
9
Pot
enti
al
A
rea
-
-
-
-
-
-
85
- 67
-
152
P
rodu
ctio
n -
-
-
-
-
-
49
-
69
- 11
7
N
ew H
ouse
hold
s -
-
-
-
-
-
61
5 -
733
- 1,
348
Gua
va
Exi
stin
g
A
rea
96
60
68
59
10
64
76
63
88
72
656
P
rodu
ctio
n 14
0 13
0 16
5 50
10
10
2 75
85
60
95
91
2
H
ouse
hold
s 1,
220
-
-
-
-
-
- -
2,07
0 -
3,29
0
Pot
enti
al
A
rea
30
-
-
-
31
61
-
70
- 19
2
P
rodu
ctio
n 44
-
-
-
48
60
- 48
-
200
N
ew H
ouse
hold
s 6,
100
-
-
-
-
3,05
0 1,
025
-
1,75
0 -
11
,925
14
3
Pap
aya
Exi
stin
g
A
rea
4 2
7 -
-
1
3 4
3 3
27
P
rodu
ctio
n 5
6 15
2
7 8
5 5
53
H
ouse
hold
s -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2,
400
-
2,40
0
Pot
enti
al
A
rea
-
-
-
-
-
-
9 3
2 -
14
P
rodu
ctio
n -
-
-
-
-
-
21
6 3
-
30
N
ew H
ouse
hold
s -
-
-
-
-
-
57
432
0 1,
800
-
2,69
4
Wal
nut
Exi
stin
g
A
rea
293
52
51
43
113
99
4836
14
9 13
2 1,
016
P
rodu
ctio
n 60
15
40
10
25
20
10
10
10
10
210
H
ouse
hold
s -
-
24
,500
-
-
-
-
-
1,
600
-
26,1
00
Pot
enti
al
A
rea
-
-
90
74
-
-
91-
60
-
31
5
P
rodu
ctio
n -
-
71
17
-
-
19
-
4 -
11
1
N
ew H
ouse
hold
s -
-
1,
225
222
-
-
711
-
1,10
0 -
3,
258
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
14
4
Tab
le 5
.3 E
xist
ing
Blo
ck L
evel
Sch
emes
for
Liv
esto
ck a
nd F
ishe
ries
Dev
elop
men
t
Blo
ck
No.
of
sche
mes
V
illag
e co
vere
d P
opul
atio
n co
vere
d A
rea
cove
red
Ben
efic
iary
fa
mili
es (N
o.)
Stat
us
Tot
al b
udge
t (R
s L
akh)
A
ddit
iona
l fu
nds
requ
ired
(Rs.
Lak
h)
Com
plet
e (N
o.)
Inco
mpl
ete
(No.
) C
entr
esh
are
Stat
esh
are
Fis
heri
es
Sada
r 10
20
30
,000
5
200
10
- 20
20
-
Bal
h 20
12
14
,000
5
17
20
- -
- -
Sund
erna
gar
4 15
30
,000
0.
8 10
0 2
2 -
5 -
Goh
ar
12
10
12,0
00
2 10
12
-
0.88
0.
22
-
Sera
j8
18
18,0
00
1.5
16
8 -
- 0.
09
- K
arso
g 3
10
16,0
00
1 2
2 1
1.25
-
- G
opal
pur
4 3
3,80
0 0.
2 4
4 -
- -
-
Dha
rmpu
r 3
3 4,
000
0.3
3 3
- -
- -
Cha
untr
a 12
15
30
,000
0.
9 45
12
-
- -
- D
rang
50
20
38
,000
0.
1 50
10
40
-
1.6
- T
otal
12
6 12
6 1,
95,8
00
16.8
44
7 83
43
22
.13
26.9
1 -
Liv
esto
ck I
mpr
ovem
ent S
chem
es
Sa
dar
4 90
-
- 40
8 -
4 -
50
- B
alh
7 19
3 -
- 5,
000
7 -
- -
-
Sund
erna
gar
3 12
0 -
- 30
0 3
- -
- -
Goh
ar
15
- 2,
800
- 2,
500
15
- -
- -
Sera
j4
255
- -
728
- 4
9 -
-
Kar
sog
17
200
- -
1,80
0 -
17
83.6
-
- G
opal
pur
1 -
- -
- -
1 0.
5 -
- D
harm
pur
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Cha
untr
a 2
- -
- 71
5 2
- -
- -
Dra
ng
5 32
0 -
- -
- 5
27
20
-
Tot
al
58
1,17
8 2,
800
- 11
,451
27
31
12
0.1
70
-
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
14
5
Tab
le 5
.4 L
ives
tock
Pop
ulat
ion
(No.
)
Typ
e of
ani
mal
Sa
dar
Bal
h Su
nder
naga
r G
ohar
Se
raj
Kar
sog
Gop
alpu
r D
harm
pur
Cha
untr
a D
rang
D
istr
ict
Pro
duct
ive
Cro
ssbr
ed c
ows
20,6
18
24,7
86
18,3
26
28,6
01
10,7
10
2,40
,,096
1,
435
464
16,9
60
8,28
0 3,
70,2
76
Loc
al c
ow
16,0
43
8,72
1 3,
920
10,4
34
24,8
85
1,38
,104
2,
829
720
4,52
0 10
,840
2,
21,0
16
Buf
falo
es
6,03
9 3,
315
12,7
40
481
- 5,
246
27,2
24
3,44
0 7,
600
4,08
0 70
,165
G
oats
46
,543
9,
996
31,2
13
21,6
82
20,8
35
67,7
10
10,0
86
10,2
56
14,1
20
30,3
20
2,62
,761
Sh
eep
18,9
10
14,3
82
2,84
2 20
,868
25
,425
51
,057
6,
396
760
4,92
0 22
,360
1,
67,9
20
Poul
try
25,6
81
20,6
04
610
3,58
9 65
7 -
17,7
94
- 4,
640
13,8
80
87,4
55
Bro
ilers
43
,432
18
,666
90
,000
4,
625
- -
10,8
65
6,80
0 4,
440
13,2
40
1,92
,068
Y
oung
sto
ck
18,3
00
3,67
2 12
,250
20
,794
6,
030
- 3,
567
800
3,04
0 10
,440
78
,893
B
ullo
cks
18,1
78
3,92
7 8,
085
10,3
60
13,6
35
35,1
36
16,1
54
2,98
4 9,
360
12,2
80
1,30
,099
E
quin
es
1,52
5 86
7 63
7 2,
516
1,44
0 2,
440
1,14
8 24
0 80
0 2,
800
14,4
13
Rab
bits
1,
525
61,2
00
- -
- -
- -
- -
62,7
25
Unp
rodu
ctiv
e*
28,3
65
663
1,91
1 3,
404
3,82
5 6,
100
1,68
1 36
8 40
0 8,
680
55,3
97
Not
e: S
tray
/old
/dis
ease
d/de
form
ed/in
fert
ile
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
14
6
Tab
le 5
.5 S
tatu
s an
d P
oten
tial
for
Cul
ture
d F
ishe
ries
Par
ticu
lar
Hou
se
hold
sen
gage
d (N
o.)
Fis
hP
rodu
ct
ion
(mt.)
Pon
ds
(No.
)
Pon
ds
area
(ha)
Exi
stin
g Sp
ecie
s D
isea
se
Com
mon
C
arp
Schi
zoth
orax
G
id
Roh
u G
olde
n ca
rpM
riga
l Si
lver
carp
Mah
seer
Dat
es
beta
racu
s
Vir
al(3
) B
acte
rial
(1)
Fun
gal
dise
ase
(2)
Sada
rE
xist
ing
15
20
20
5 �
- -
� �
� -
- -
- -
- Po
tent
ial
30
40
35
7 -
- -
- -
- �
� �
� -
� G
ap
15
20
15
2
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- B
alh
Exi
stin
g 35
7
20
4 �
- -
� �
� �
- -
� -
� Po
tent
ial
100
10
40
8 -
- -
- -
- �
- -
- -
- G
ap
65
3 20
4
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Sund
erna
gar
Exi
stin
g 5
15
8 0.
5 �
- �
� �
� -
- -
- -
� Po
tent
ial
20
25
20
2 -
- -
-
-
- -
- -
- G
ap
15
10
12
1.5
- -
-
-
- -
- -
Goh
ar
Exi
stin
g 11
15
13
0.
3 �
- -
� �
� -
-
- -
� Po
tent
ial
20
50
20
1 -
� -
- -
- �
� �
� -
- G
ap
9 35
7
0.7
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Sera
j E
xist
ing
16
16
16
0.05
-
� -
- -
� -
- -
- -
� Po
tent
ial
38
37
37
1.12
-
- -
- -
- �
� -
-
G
ap
22
21
21
1.07
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
K
arso
g
Exi
stin
g 6
15
7 1,
200
msq
�
- �
� �
� -
- -
- -
-
Pote
ntia
l 20
30
20
15
,000
msq
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Gap
14
15
13
13
,800
msq
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
14
7
Gop
alpu
r E
xist
ing
6 0.
1 8
0.04
�
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Pote
ntia
l 10
0.
40
20
0.10
-
- �
� -
� �
- -
- -
�
Gap
4
0.30
12
0.
6 -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- D
harm
pur
Exi
stin
g 2
0.04
2
2 -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
� Po
tent
ial
4 0.
08
20
4.5
- -
� �
- �
- -
- -
- -
Gap
2
0.04
18
2.
5 -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Cha
untr
a E
xist
ing
20
3 28
2
� �
- -
- �
- -
- -
� -
Po
tent
ial
50
5 10
0 4.
5 -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Gap
30
2
72
2.5
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
D
rang
E
xist
ing
20
3 11
2
� -
- -
� -
� �
- -
- �
Pote
ntia
l 40
4
50
4 -
- -
- -
- -
� -
- -
-
Gap
20
1
39
2 -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Dis
tric
t E
xist
ing
136
95
125
16.0
1 �
� -
- �
� �
- -
� -
� Po
tent
ial
331
201
36
37.7
-
- �
- -
- �
� �
� -
� G
ap
125
106.
12
232
21.7
1 -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
14
8
Tab
le 5
.7 P
rodu
ctio
n an
d D
ispo
sal o
f Agr
icul
tura
l Pro
duct
s (t
onne
s)
Com
mod
itie
s Sa
dar
Bal
h S.
naga
r G
ohar
Se
raj
Kar
sog
Gop
alpu
r D
harm
pur
Cha
untr
a D
rang
D
istr
ict
Cer
eal
T
otal
pro
duct
ion
21
,871
33
,729
40
,601
20
,007
27
,090
34
,198
16
,843
3,
064
10,6
93
14,5
97
2,22
,653
C
onsu
mpt
ion
10
,370
16
,659
25
,568
14
,745
7,
173
24,8
98
12,1
52
2,02
8 5,
177
13,2
83
1,32
,053
M
arke
ted
surp
lus
11
,501
17
,070
15
,033
5,
262
19,9
17
9,29
9 4,
690
1,03
6 5,
517
1,31
4 90
,600
L
ocal
(w
ithin
are
a)
� �
� �
� �
� �
� �
� D
ista
nt (
with
in s
tate
) �
� �
� �
� �
� �
� �
Dis
tant
(ou
tsid
e st
ate)
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Post
har
vest
loss
es
14
0 32
57
0
0 26
3.
3 5
5 14
2 P
ulse
s
Tot
al p
rodu
ctio
n
227
143
196
350
152
267
157
53
273
729
2,54
7 C
onsu
mpt
ion
12
7 79
19
6 22
5 54
21
2 15
7 47
23
0 54
4 1,
871
Mar
kete
d su
rplu
s
100
64
0 12
5 98
55
0
5 43
18
5 67
6 N
ame
of th
e m
arke
t whe
re s
old
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- L
ocal
(w
ithin
are
a)
� �
- �
� �
- -
� �
� D
ista
nt (
with
in s
tate
) �
� -
� �
� -
- �
� �
Dis
tant
(O
ut s
ide
the
stat
e)
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- Po
st h
arve
st lo
sses
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Oil
seed
s
Tot
al p
rodu
ctio
n
67
30
- 10
3 6
92
10
3 37
20
3 55
1 C
onsu
mpt
ion
66
30
-
103
6 92
12
3
42
203
557
Mar
kete
d su
rplu
s
1 0
- 0
0 0
-2
0 -5
- 0
-6
Nam
e of
the
mar
ket w
here
sol
d -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Loc
al (
with
in a
rea)
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Dis
tant
(w
ithin
sta
te)
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- D
ista
nt (
out s
ide
the
stat
e)
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- Po
st h
arve
st lo
sses
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Veg
etab
les
T
otal
pro
duct
ion
8,
215
17,4
38
8,88
5 21
,586
13
,211
19
,272
4,
512
4,22
8 2,
412
6,26
3 1,
06,0
21
Con
sum
ptio
n
2,99
9 5,
248
1,18
1 1,
499
1,78
2 4,
981
2,75
5 1,
836
800
657
23,7
38
Mar
kete
d su
rplu
s
4,52
4 11
,498
7,
012
19,3
95
10,7
37
13,5
99
1,06
5 1,
700
920
4,91
4 82
,463
14
9
Nam
e of
the
mar
ket w
here
sol
d -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Loc
al (
with
in a
rea)
�
� �
� �
� �
� �
� �
Dis
tant
(w
ithin
sta
te)
� �
� �
� �
- -
� �
� D
ista
nt (
out s
ide
the
stat
e)
- -
� �
� �
- -
- �
� Po
st h
arve
st lo
sses
12
1 -
27
1,42
2 -
51
- -
- 31
1,
652
Fru
it
Tot
al p
rodu
ctio
n 2,
394
3,44
5 39
7 4,
237
13,0
95
34,7
57
1,19
7 1,
386
6,06
0 -
66,9
68
Con
sum
ptio
n
625
876
71
222
1,69
2 3,
170
1,10
7 25
0 3,
467
- 11
,480
M
arke
ted
surp
lus
1,
768
2,56
9 32
6 4,
015
11,4
03
31,5
87
90
1,13
6 2,
593
- 55
,488
N
ame
of th
e m
arke
t whe
re s
old
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- L
ocal
(w
ithin
are
a)
� �
� �
� �
� �
� -
� D
ista
nt (
with
in s
tate
) �
� �
� �
� -
- -
- �
Dis
tant
(ou
t sid
e th
e st
ate)
-
� �
� �
� -
- -
- �
Post
har
vest
loss
es
67.5
-
201
192.
4 0
0 -
- -
- 46
0.9
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
15
0
Tab
le 5
.8 P
rodu
ctio
n an
d D
ispo
sal o
f Liv
esto
ck a
nd T
heir
Pro
duct
s
Par
ticu
lar
Sada
r B
alh
S.na
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Dis
tric
t M
ilk (l
/day
) ‘ 0
00
T
otal
pro
duct
ion
71.7
1 62
.8
66.3
0 90
.37
68.0
.8
60.8
1 45
.25
52.6
6 80
.60
83.5
2 68
2.10
C
onsu
mpt
ion
57
.08
58.7
5 51
.50
69.7
5 52
.29
48.8
1 42
.97
48.0
0 65
.51
67.5
7 56
2.23
M
arke
ted
surp
lus
14.6
3 4.
05
14.8
20
.62
15.7
9 12
-0
.72
4.66
15
.09
15.9
5 11
9.87
Woo
l(q/
yr)
T
otal
pro
duct
ion
24
4 31
5 27
4 10
1 42
3 46
4 42
1 29
5 41
7 28
6 3,
240
Con
sum
ptio
n
244
511
274
99
144
464
421
295
417
57
2,92
6 M
arke
ted
Surp
lus
0
-196
0
2 27
9 0
0 0
0 22
9 31
5
Pou
ltry
bi
rd
sold
(N
o./y
r)
79,3
00
25,5
00
49,4
50
24,4
50
56,3
00
39,2
00
24,6
00
6,04
0 5,
080
29,6
50
3,39
,570
Shee
p/
goat
sold
(N
o./y
r)
6,50
6 6,
120
1,83
8 7,
800
6,98
0 7,
880
11,4
80
8,86
1 9,
700
6,92
0 74
,085
Equ
ines
so
ld
(No.
/yr)
1,
800
1,27
5 62
1 18
0 1,
160
1,59
0 1,
920
1,12
0 99
0 1,
180
11,8
36
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
15
1
Tab
le 5
.9 M
arke
ting
Inf
rast
ruct
ure
(No.
)
Par
ticu
lar
Sa
dar
Bal
h Su
nder
naga
r G
ohar
Se
raj
Kar
sog
Gop
alpu
r D
harm
pur
Cha
untr
a D
rang
D
istr
ict
Agr
icul
tura
l pr
oduc
e (f
ruit
& v
eget
able
s)
colle
ctio
n ce
ntre
s
E27
19
0
58
30
9 15
0
0 0
158
R
49
33
28
72
36
51
0 42
38
16
36
5
Mar
ket
sub-
yard
&
m
arke
t in
form
atio
n ce
ntre
E9
0 0
7 0
48
5 0
5 8
81
R
12
4 3
9 2
63
0 10
12
0
114
Stor
age/
go
dow
n (H
i-te
ch)
Con
trol
A
tmos
pher
e St
ore
(CA
S)
E0
0 13
0
17
0 0
0 0
0 30
R
1 1
14
1 18
1
1 1
1 0
39
Milk
co
llect
ion
cent
re
E0
0 33
0
0 0
12
0 0
0 45
R
20
25
52
11
5 18
0
8 34
3
176
Co-
oper
ativ
e m
arke
ting
soci
ety
E15
0
40
17
0 69
10
0
36
13
200
R20
6
48
20
2 84
0
10
40
17
247
Co-
oper
ativ
e in
put s
ocie
ty
E34
23
0
42
59
56
32
7 36
94
38
2
R39
31
6
45
61
70
0 19
45
0
316
Ban
king
an
d in
sura
nce
faci
lity
E41
8
73
50
39
0 47
3
29
104
394
R45
62
9
31
69
75
25
5 25
16
36
2
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
15
2
Tab
le 5
.10
Fin
anci
al E
stim
ate
for
Mar
keti
ng I
nfra
stru
ctur
e (R
s. L
akh)
Par
ticu
lar
Sada
r B
alh
Sund
erna
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Dis
tric
t A
gric
ultu
ral
prod
uce
(fru
its
&
vege
tabl
es)
colle
ctio
n ce
ntre
s
Gap
22
14
28
14
6
42
0 42
38
16
22
2
Fun
d 11
7
14
7 3
21
0 21
19
8
111
Mar
ket
sub-
yard
& m
arke
t in
form
atio
n ce
ntre
Gap
3
4 3
2 2
15
0 10
7
0 46
F
und
9 12
9
6 6
45
0 30
21
0
138
Stor
age/
go
dow
n (h
i-te
ch)
Con
trol
A
tmos
pher
e St
ore
(CA
S)
Gap
1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
0 9
Fun
d 42
42
32
42
57
42
42
42
42
0
383
Milk
Col
lect
ion
Cen
tre
Gap
20
25
19
11
5
18
0 8
34
3 14
4 F
und
100
125
96
55
25
90
0 40
17
2 15
71
8
Co-
oper
ativ
e m
arke
ting
soci
ety
Gap
5
6 8
3 2
15
0 10
4
4 57
Fun
d 21
24
31
10
8
60
0 40
18
17
23
0
Co-
oper
ativ
e in
put s
ocie
ty
Gap
5
8 6
3 2
14
0 12
9
0 60
F
und
16
24
18
10
6 42
0
35
28
0 17
9
Ban
king
an
d in
sura
nce
faci
lity
Gap
4
54
0 0
30
75
0 2
0 0
164
Fun
d
Tot
al
Fun
d 20
0 23
4 20
0 13
0 10
5 30
0 42
20
8 30
0 40
1,
759
Not
e: G
ap m
eans
the
diff
eren
ce b
etw
een
the
exis
ting
and
requ
ired
num
ber.
So
urce
: Fie
ld S
urve
y, 2
007-
08
15
3
Tab
le 5
.11
Exi
stin
g H
uman
Res
ourc
e fo
r A
gric
ultu
ral D
evel
opm
ent (
No.
)
Pos
itio
n Sa
dar
Bal
h Su
nder
naga
r G
ohar
Se
raj
Kar
sog
Gop
alpu
r D
harm
pur
Cha
untr
a D
rang
D
istr
ict
S P
R
S
P
R
S P
R
S
P
R
S P
R
S
P
R
S P
R
S
P
R
S P
R
S
P
R
S P
R
SMS
(Agr
i)
1 1
1 1
1 0
1 1
0 1
1 0
1 1
0 1
0 1
1 1
0 1
1 0
1 1
0 1
1 0
10
9 2
AD
Os
2 2
2 2
2 0
2 2
2 2
2 0
2 2
0 4
4 5
2 2
0 2
2 1
2 2
0 3
2 2
23
22
12
AE
Os
10
5 5
8 7
1 8
6 2
12
7 5
9 3
6 13
4
11
10
4 6
10
8 4
8 3
5 11
3
8 99
50
53
SMS
(Hor
ti)
0 0
0 0
0 1
0 0
1 1
1 0
0 0
1 1
1 0
0 0
1 0
0 1
0 0
1 0
0 1
2 2
7
HD
Os
3 1
1 1
1 0
3 2
1 2
1 0
2 1
0 3
2 5
2 1
2 1
1 1
1 1
0 1
0 2
18
11
12
HE
Os
8 8
5 3
3 1
5 5
0 5
50
6 5
1 0
0 0
4 4
8 4
3 3
4 4
2 4
4 0
43
41
20
Sr.
Vet
erin
ary
of
fice
rs
1 1
0 1
1 0
1 1
1 1
1 0
0 0
1 1
1 0
1 1
0 1
1 0
0 0
1 1
1 0
8 8
3
Vet
erin
ary
do
ctor
s8
8 2
3 3
0 5
5 2
0 0
1 3
3 0
3 3
5 5
4 1
3 2
1 3
3 5
2 2
0 35
33
17
Vet
erin
ary
ph
arm
acis
t 62
59
3
38
38
0 35
33
2
21
19
3 21
18
3
37
32
5 28
28
0
32
29
3 21
21
0
30
27
3 32
5 30
4 22
Oth
ers
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
3 3
0 0
0 0
28
24
4 38
35
3
3 3
2 3
3 0
75
68
9
Ext
ensi
onsp
ecia
lists
fo
r
Bee
kee
ping
0
0 1
0 0
1 1
1 0
0 0
2 0
0 1
0 0
2 0
0 2
0 0
1 0
0 2
0 0
1 1
1 13
Mus
hroo
ms
0 0
1 0
0 1
0 0
1 0
0 2
0 0
1 0
0 5
0 0
2 0
0 1
0 0
1 0
0 2
0 0
17
Flo
ricu
ltur
e 0
0 1
0 0
1 0
0 1
0 0
1 0
0 1
0 0
1 0
0 1
0 0
1 0
0 1
0 0
2 0
0 14
Fis
heri
es
4 2
2 0
0 2
1 1
1 1
1 3
1 1
1 1
1 3
0 0
0 2
2 4
0 0
0 0
0 2
10
8 18
Seri
cult
ure
4 2
2 2
2 0
0 0
1 0
0 0
0 0
1 3
2 5
14
11
3 6
6 6
1 1
0 0
0 1
30
24
19
prot
ecte
d
cult
ivat
ion
Tot
al10
3 89
26
59
58
8
62
57
15
46
38
17
48
37
17
67
50
48
95
80
30
100
90
30
44
39
20
56
43
24
679
581
238
Not
e: S
– S
anct
ione
d, P
– I
n po
sitio
n, R
– A
dditi
onal
Req
uire
men
t (ov
er a
nd a
bove
the
sanc
tione
d po
st)
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
15
4
Tab
le 5
.12
Fin
anci
al E
stim
ates
for
Req
uire
d H
uman
Res
ourc
es (R
s. L
akh)
Pos
itio
nSa
dar
Bal
h Su
nder
naga
r G
ohar
Se
raj
Kar
sog
Gop
alpu
r D
harm
pur
Cha
untr
a D
rang
D
istr
ict
R
Fun
ds
R
Fun
ds
R
Fun
ds
R
Fun
ds
R
Fun
ds
R
Fun
ds
R
Fun
ds
R
Fun
ds
R
Fun
ds
R
Fun
ds
R
Fun
ds
SMS
(A
gri)
1
18
- -
- -
- -
- -
1 18
-
- -
- -
- -
- 2
36
AD
Os
2 30
-
- 2
30
- -
- -
5 75
-
- 1
15
- -
2 30
12
18
0
AE
Os
5 45
1
9 2
18
5 45
6
54
11
99
6 54
4
36
5 45
8
72
53
477
SMS
(H
orti
) -
- 1
18
1 18
-
- 1
18
- -
1 18
1
18
1 18
1
18
7 12
6
HD
Os
1 15
-
- 1
15
- -
- -
5 75
2
30
1 15
-
- 2
30
12
180
HE
Os
5 45
1
9 -
- -
- 1
9 -
- 8
72
3 27
2
18
- -
20
180
Sr. V
eter
inar
y
offi
cers
-
- -
- 1
27
- -
1 27
-
- -
- -
- 1
27
- -
3 81
Vet
erin
ary
do
ctor
s 2
16.8
-
- 2
16.8
1
8.4
- -
5 42
1
8.4
1 8.
4 5
42
- -
17
143
Vet
erin
ary
ph
arm
acis
t 3
21.6
-
- 2
14.4
3
21.6
3
21.6
5
36
- -
3 21
.6
- -
3 21
.6
22
158
Oth
ers
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
4 24
3
18
2 12
-
- 9
54
Ext
ensi
on
spec
ialis
ts fo
r
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
- -
- -
-
Bee
kee
ping
1
18
1 18
-
- 2
36
1 18
2
36
2 36
1
18
2 36
1
18
13
234
Mus
hroo
ms
1 18
1
18
1 18
2
36
1 18
5
90
2 36
1
18
1 18
2
36
17
306
Flo
ricu
ltur
e1
12
1 12
1
12
1 12
1
12
1 12
1
12
1 12
1
12
2 24
14
16
8
Fis
heri
es
2 24
2
24
1 12
3
36
1 12
3
36
- -
4 48
-
- 2
24
18
216
Seri
cult
ure
2 24
-
- 1
12
- -
1 12
5
60
3 36
6
72
- -
1 12
19
22
8
prot
ecte
d
cult
ivat
ion
Tot
al26
28
7 8
108
15
193
17
195
17
202
48
579
30
326
30
327
20
228
24
286
238
2,76
7
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
15
5
Tab
le 5
.13
Une
mpl
oym
ent S
tatu
s (N
o.)
Edu
cati
on
Sada
r B
alh
Sund
erna
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Dis
tric
t M
atri
cula
te
M
1,74
8.7
1,20
8.1
1,69
1.5
1,22
8.4
979.
2 2,
765.
3 22
9.6
53.2
2,
064
420
12,3
88
F 1,
226.
1 1,
044.
7 1,
406.
3 65
3.1
774
1,40
3 20
5 28
.5
1,50
5.3
265.
3 8,
511.
3 T
2,
974.
8 2,
252.
8 3,
097.
8 1,
881.
5 1,
753.
2 4,
168.
3 43
4.6
81.7
3,
569.
3 68
5.3
20,8
99.3
P
lus
two
M
701.
5 49
6.4
1,50
1.3
531.
9 64
7.1
1,11
3.3
192.
7 46
.1
948
247.
3 6,
425.
6 F
723.
9 72
3.9
723.
9 72
3.9
723.
9 72
3.9
723.
9 72
3.9
723.
9 72
3.9
7,23
9 T
1,
425.
4 1,
220.
3 2,
225.
2 1,
255.
8 1,
371
1,83
7.2
916.
6 77
0 1,
671.
9 97
1.2
13,6
64.6
G
radu
ate
M
363
297.
5 78
1.1
87.9
12
0.6
600.
9 25
5.8
21.9
30
2.7
118.
3 2,
949.
7 F
287.
7 18
1.1
553.
7 45
.3
63.9
20
8.6
197.
6 34
.1
168.
7 69
.3
1,81
0 T
65
0.7
478.
6 1,
334.
8 13
3.2
184.
5 80
9.5
453.
4 56
47
1.4
187.
6 4,
759.
7 P
ost g
radu
ate
M
142.
3 87
.5
104.
7 38
.8
36.9
15
5.6
102.
5 53
.8
90
33.1
84
5.2
F 96
.5
77.4
43
.1
23.1
16
.9
37.6
50
.8
33.6
39
.3
32.8
45
1.1
T
238.
8 16
4.9
147.
8 61
.9
53.8
19
3.2
153.
3 87
.4
129.
3 65
.9
1,29
6.3
Tec
h. tr
aine
d M
18
5.4
238
131.
3 59
.2
18.9
61
69
.7
28.5
26
0 70
.7
1,12
2.7
F 14
6.4
130
76.8
12
4 11
.3
30.5
72
.4
22.7
92
22
.7
728.
8 T
33
1.8
368
208.
1 18
3.2
30.2
91
.5
142.
1 51
.2
352
93.4
1,
851.
5 O
vera
ll
M
3,14
0.9
2,32
7.5
4,20
9.9
1,94
6.2
1,80
2.7
4,69
6.1
850.
3 20
3.5
3,66
4.7
889.
4 23
,731
.2
F
2,48
0.6
2,15
7.1
2,80
3.8
1,56
9.4
1,59
0 2,
403.
6 1,
249.
7 84
2.8
2,52
9.2
1,11
4 18
,740
.2
T
5,62
1.5
4,48
4.6
7,01
3.7
3,51
5.6
3,39
2.7
7,09
9.7
2,10
0 1,
046.
3 6,
193.
9 2,
003.
4 42
,471
.4
Not
e: M
– M
ale,
F –
Fem
ale,
T –
Tot
al
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
15
6
Tab
le 5
.14
Stat
us o
f Ent
erpr
ises
Blo
ck
Exi
stin
g P
oten
tial
In
vest
men
t (R
s. L
akh)
N
o of
uni
ts
Per
son
empl
oyed
(No.
)
Inve
stm
ent
(Rs.
Lak
h)
Pro
duct
ion/
day
seas
/yr
Per
son
empl
oyed
(No.
) E
mpl
oym
ent
Att
a C
hakk
i
Sada
r 13
0 42
5 36
.4
80
20
26
10
Bal
h 87
11
5 25
51
.44
87
115
25.1
Su
nder
naga
r 18
0 36
0 63
99
10
30
4.
5
Goh
ar
73
146
- -
2 4
2.5
Sera
j3
13
1.35
1
5 10
2.
4 K
arso
g 65
0 1,
000
1,30
0 81
2.5
700
1,40
0 21
Gop
alpu
r 42
6 42
6 21
3 53
2.5
50
50
25
Dha
rmpu
r 52
8 52
8 73
.92
924
30
30
4.5
Cha
untr
a 77
77
38
.5
- 12
5 12
5 62
.5
Dra
ng
303
303
45.4
5 45
4.5
- -
- T
otal
2,
457
3,39
3 1,
797
295.
49
1,02
9 1,
790
157.
5
Oil
Exp
elle
r Sa
dar
20
60
14
100
- -
-
Bal
h 40
40
10
.05
153
34
34
4.3
Sund
erna
gar
15
60
10.5
10
0 -
- -
Goh
ar
26
52
- -
- -
-
Sera
j-
- -
- -
- -
Kar
sog
100
100
50
275
250
300
250
Gop
alpu
r 4
5 2
- -
- -
Dha
rmpu
r 5
5 1
12.5
3
3 0.
66
Cha
untr
a 10
10
4.
5 -
45
45
20.2
5 D
rang
11
11
2.
2 33
-
- -
Tot
al
231
343
94.2
5 67
.35
332
382
275.
2
Ric
e Sh
elle
r Sa
dar
10
30
2.5
20
- -
-
Bal
h 60
60
5.
4 10
0 4
15
5.4
15
7
Sund
erna
gar
14
50
5.6
28
- -
-
Goh
ar
- -
- -
- -
- Se
raj
- -
- -
- -
- K
arso
g 12
5 12
5 43
.75
250
250
250
125
Gop
alpu
r -
- -
- -
- -
Dha
rmpu
r 31
5 31
5 40
1,
575
10
10
1.5
Cha
untr
a 26
26
3.
9 -
- -
-
Dra
ng
123
123
14.7
6 5
- -
- T
otal
67
3 72
9 11
5.9
197.
8 26
4 27
5 13
1.9
B
aker
y Sa
dar
20
275
14
10
- -
- B
alh
4 15
2.
18
8.4
- -
- Su
nder
naga
r 15
20
0 7.
5 50
-
- -
Goh
ar
- -
- -
- -
-
Sera
j1
10
0.5
2 1
4 1.
5 K
arso
g 3
15
0.45
15
0 25
10
0 25
G
opal
pur
8 20
1.
44
- 25
-
-
Dha
rmpu
r 6
15
3 -
5 5
3.75
C
haun
tra
4 8
2 -
- -
- D
rang
2
6 1
3 2
10
1.2
Tot
al
63
564
32.0
7 23
.09
58
119
31.4
5
Mai
ze S
helle
r Sa
dar
422
530
5,06
4 25
,320
-
- -
Bal
h -
- -
- -
- -
Sund
erna
gar
400
500
10,0
00
20,0
00
- -
- G
ohar
50
50
-
- -
- -
Sera
j-
- -
- -
- -
Kar
sog
450
450
90
11,2
50
550
550
137.
5 G
opal
pur
75
80
13.5
-
- -
-
Dha
rmpu
r 78
78
10
.92
1,36
5 10
0 10
0 18
C
haun
tra
- -
- -
40
40
5,00
0 D
rang
10
0 20
0 10
2,
000
100
200
10
Tot
al
1,57
5 1,
888
15,1
88
59,9
35
790
890
5,16
6
15
8
V
erm
i -C
ompo
st
Sada
r 40
0 1,
500
40
400
600
1,23
0 6
Bal
h -
- -
- -
- -
Sund
erna
gar
400
1,00
0 40
20
40
0 1,
000
4
Goh
ar
1 10
1
- -
- -
Sera
j53
25
5 6.
8 2
25
30
2.5
Kar
sog
50
50
5 -
150
150
15
Gop
alpu
r 13
9 50
0 14
-
200
100
20
Dha
rmpu
r 35
0 85
0 27
-
- -
- C
haun
tra
80
120
7 -
300
- -
Dra
ng
182
700
20
- -
- -
Tot
al
1,65
5 4,
985
160.
8 42
0.2
1,67
5 2,
510
47.5
Mus
hroo
m C
ompo
st
Sada
r -
- -
- -
- -
Bal
h -
- -
- -
- -
Sund
erna
gar
4 50
2
640
5 60
3
Goh
ar
1 1
0.5
- -
- -
Sera
j-
- -
- 2
5 2.
5 K
arso
g -
- -
- 5
10
2.5
Gop
alpu
r -
- -
- -
- -
Dha
rmpu
r -
- -
- 1
10
1.75
C
haun
tra
2 2
1 -
- -
- D
rang
-
- -
- 1
10
12
Tot
al
7 53
2
640
14
95
21.7
5
Rur
al C
raft
Sa
dar
35
150
3.5
35,0
00
10
30
1.8
Bal
h 28
45
-
- -
- -
Sund
erna
gar
20
100
2 2,
00,0
00
- -
- G
ohar
45
0 45
0 -
- -
- -
Sera
j-
- -
- 5
10
2.5
Kar
sog
150
350
7.5
- 20
0 50
0 60
G
opal
pur
126
- 6.
3 -
- -
- D
harm
pur
320
320
- -
50
50
-
15
9
Cha
untr
a 4
4 0.
4 -
- -
-
Dra
ng
310
310
- -
- -
- T
otal
1,
443
1,72
9 19
.7
2,35
,000
26
5 59
0 64
.3
N
urse
ry R
aisi
ng
Sada
r 10
10
0 10
0 2,
00,0
00
20
200
30
Bal
h 12
25
3
2,50
,000
12
25
-
Sund
erna
gar
15
100
0.6
3,50
,000
15
10
0 0.
6
Goh
ar
5 50
5
1,00
,000
10
10
0 15
.0
Sera
j17
80
14
.45
85,0
00
25
50
1.5
Kar
sog
34
34
34
50,0
00/y
r 10
0 10
0 20
Gop
alpu
r 5
50
5 1,
00,0
00
10
100
15
Dha
rmpu
r 2
20
2 40
,000
4
40
2.0
Cha
untr
a 2
20
2.0
40,0
00
4 40
2.
0 D
rang
2
20
2.0
40,0
00
4 40
2.
0
Tot
al
104
499
168.
05
12,5
5,00
0 20
4 79
5 88
.1
F
low
er N
urse
ry
Sada
r 5
10
12.5
50
,000
5
15
0.5
Bal
h -
- -
- -
- -
Sund
erna
gar
5 15
0.
5 50
,000
5
15
5 G
ohar
-
- -
- -
- -
Sera
j2
5 1
20,0
00
5 10
2.
5 K
arso
g -
- -
- -
- -
Gop
alpu
r 12
30
6
60,0
00
25
25
2.5
Dha
rmpu
r -
- -
- -
- -
Cha
untr
a 1
2 0.
5 5,
000
4 8
0.2
Dra
ng
- -
- -
- -
-
Tot
al
25
32
14
1,85
,000
44
73
33
.2
Se
ed P
rodu
ctio
n Sa
dar
115
585
17.2
5 38
-
- -
Bal
h -
- -
- -
- -
Sund
erna
gar
100
500
10
350
- -
- G
ohar
-
- -
- -
- -
Sera
j15
45
11
.25
412.
5 35
70
5
16
0
Kar
sog
- -
- -
50
50
10
Gop
alpu
r 12
0 -
- -
- -
- D
harm
pur
- -
- -
3 30
1.
5 C
haun
tra
- -
- -
1 -
-
Dra
ng
- -
- -
3 30
1.
35
Tot
al
350
1,13
0 38
.5
80.0
5 92
18
0 17
.85
P
otte
ry
Sada
r 15
30
1.
5 -
- -
- B
alh
- -
- -
- -
- Su
nder
naga
r 10
20
0.
5 -
- -
-
Goh
ar
- -
- -
- -
- Se
raj
- -
- -
- -
- K
arso
g 20
20
0.
4 -
100
200
25
Gop
alpu
r 70
-
- -
- -
-
Dha
rmpu
r 25
25
-
- 25
25
6.
25
Cha
untr
a 5
5 1.
25
- -
- -
Dra
ng
5 5
- -
- -
-
Tot
al
150
105
- -
- 22
5 31
.25
F
eed
Mill
Sa
dar
- -
- -
- -
-
Bal
h -
- -
- -
- -
Sund
erna
gar
2 50
0.
5 -
2 50
2.
5 G
ohar
1
7 -
- -
- -
Sera
j-
- -
- -
- -
Kar
sog
100
100
- 12
5 25
0 25
0 6.
25
Gop
alpu
r -
- -
- -
- -
Dha
rmpu
r -
- -
- -
- -
Cha
untr
a -
- -
- 2
10
- D
rang
-
- -
- 1
5 -
Tot
al
103
157
0.5
12.5
25
5 31
5 -
F
ruit
& V
eget
able
Pro
cess
ing
Sada
r 3
225
- -
- -
- B
alh
3 21
22
.39
39.0
8 3
21
22.3
9
16
1
Sund
erna
gar
2 15
0 -
- -
- -
Goh
ar
1 4
- -
- -
- Se
raj
- -
- -
2 8
10
Kar
sog
- -
- -
25
50
12.5
Gop
alpu
r -
- -
- -
- -
Dha
rmpu
r -
- -
- 3
- -
Cha
untr
a -
- -
- 1
25
-
Dra
ng
- -
- -
1 -
- T
otal
9
400
22.3
9 3.
908
35
104
44.8
9
Pic
kles
/Squ
ashe
s Sa
dar
5 20
0 -
125
- -
- B
alh
3 16
2.
4 10
.12
3 16
2.
4 Su
nder
naga
r 2
150
- 10
-
- -
Goh
ar
1 5
- -
- -
-
Sera
j-
- -
- 5
200
5 K
arso
g 1
15
0.25
25
0 10
0 20
0 25
G
opal
pur
- -
- -
0 -
-
Dha
rmpu
r -
- -
- 3
- -
Cha
untr
a -
- -
- 10
-
- D
rang
-
- -
- 10
10
0 1
Tot
al
12
386
2.65
39
.51
131
516
33.4
Pul
se P
roce
ssin
g Sa
dar
20
223
2 -
- -
-
Bal
h 2
8 2.
1 6.
6 2
8 2.
1 Su
nder
naga
r 10
10
0 0.
5 -
- -
- G
ohar
-
- -
- -
- -
Sera
j-
- -
- 3
75
3
Kar
sog
5 5
0.1
25
25
25
2.5
Gop
alpu
r 10
-
- -
- -
- D
harm
pur
- -
- -
3 -
- C
haun
tra
- -
- -
- -
-
Dra
ng
- -
- -
20
200
- T
otal
47
33
6 4.
7 3.
16
53
308
7.6
16
2
B
eeke
epin
g E
quip
men
ts
Sada
r 3
70
3 -
- -
- B
alh
- -
- -
- -
- Su
nder
naga
r 4
85
4 -
- -
-
Goh
ar
- -
- -
- -
- Se
raj
10
10
5 20
0 25
25
2.
5 K
arso
g -
- -
- 25
25
5
Gop
alpu
r -
- -
- -
- -
Dha
rmpu
r -
- -
- -
- -
Cha
untr
a -
- -
- 1
- -
Dra
ng
- -
- -
- -
- T
otal
17
16
5 12
20
0 51
50
7.
5
Hon
ey P
roce
ssin
g Sa
dar
10
50
5 5,
000
- -
-
Bal
h -
- -
- -
- -
Sund
erna
gar
10
50
5 5,
000
- -
- G
ohar
-
- -
- -
- -
Sera
j-
- -
- -
25
0.5
Kar
sog
- -
- -
- 25
5
Gop
alpu
r -
- -
- -
- -
Dha
rmpu
r -
- -
- -
- -
Cha
untr
a -
- -
- 1
- -
Dra
ng
- -
- -
0 -
-
Tot
al
20
100
10
10,0
00
51
50
5.5
W
ool C
ardi
ng
Sada
r 25
11
5 -
- -
- -
Bal
h 8
16
8.04
1.
4 8
16
8.04
Su
nder
naga
r 15
50
-
- -
- -
Goh
ar
26
26
- -
- -
-
Sera
j5
15
0.5
- 2
10
10
Kar
sog
- -
- -
25
25
5 G
opal
pur
- -
- -
- -
- D
harm
pur
- -
- -
1 -
-
16
3
Cha
untr
a -
- -
- 1
- -
Dra
ng
2 -
- -
- -
- T
otal
81
22
6 8.
54
1.4
37
51
23.0
4
Cot
ton
Car
ding
Sa
dar
- -
- -
- -
- B
alh
1 4
1.8
4.1
1 4
1.8
Sund
erna
gar
- -
- -
- -
-
Goh
ar
- -
- -
- -
- Se
raj
- -
- -
2 4
1 K
arso
g -
- -
- -
- -
Gop
alpu
r -
- -
- -
- -
Dha
rmpu
r 3
3 0.
75
- -
- -
Cha
untr
a 10
10
5
- -
- -
Dra
ng
4 8
- -
- -
- T
otal
18
25
7.
55
0.41
3
8 2.
8
Shaw
l, W
oole
n G
arm
ents
Sa
dar
20
200
12
30
- -
- B
alh
19
87
6.5
23.6
9 19
87
6.
54
Sund
erna
gar
10
100
5 15
-
- -
Goh
ar
47
47
- -
- -
- Se
raj
3 10
1.
04
10
5 15
5
Kar
sog
150
150
22.5
62
.25
250
250
50
Gop
alpu
r 1
- -
- -
- -
Dha
rmpu
r 6
6 0.
75
2 -
- -
Cha
untr
a 9
45
- -
- -
- D
rang
18
18
-
- -
- -
Tot
al
283
663
47.7
9 14
.29
274
352
61.5
4
Silk
Ree
ling
Sada
r -
- -
- -
- -
Bal
h 1
4 4
16
1 4
4 Su
nder
naga
r 2
25
- -
- -
- G
ohar
-
- -
- -
- -
Sera
j1
5 0.
1 1
3 15
0.
75
16
4
Kar
sog
20
20
1 10
0 30
0 30
0 45
Gop
alpu
r -
- -
- -
- -
Dha
rmpu
r -
- -
- 1
- 36
C
haun
tra
- -
- -
- -
-
Dra
ng
- -
- -
- -
- T
otal
24
54
5.
1 11
.7
305
319
85.7
5
Coc
oon
Dry
ing
Cha
mbe
r Sa
dar
- -
- -
- -
- B
alh
- -
- -
- -
- Su
nder
naga
r -
- -
- -
- -
Goh
ar
- -
- -
- -
- Se
raj
- -
- -
- -
- K
arso
g -
- -
- -
- -
Gop
alpu
r -
- -
- -
- -
Dha
rmpu
r -
- -
- 3
- 4.
5 C
haun
tra
- -
- -
- -
- D
rang
-
- -
- -
- -
Tot
al
- -
- -
3 -
4.5
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
16
5
Tab
le 5
.15
Pot
enti
al E
nter
pris
es fo
r U
nem
ploy
ed a
nd A
ssis
tanc
e R
equi
red
Ent
erpr
ise
Gen
erat
ion
of m
an
days
Ass
ista
nce
requ
ired
Sada
r B
alh
Sund
erna
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Dai
ry
365
1.T
echn
olog
y �
� -
-
-
�
� �
� �
2.C
redi
t �
� -
-
-
�
� �
� �
3. M
arke
ting
� �
-
-
-
� �
� �
� A
gric
ultu
re
365
1.T
echn
olog
y �
-
� -
�
� �
� �
-
2.C
redi
t �
-
� -
�
� �
� �
-
3. M
arke
ting
� -
�
�
� �
� �
-
Mus
hroo
m
culti
vatio
n
200
1.T
echn
olog
y �
� -
�
� �
� -
� �
2.C
redi
t �
� -
�
� �
� -
�
� 3.
Mar
ketin
g �
� -
�
� �
� -
�
� Fl
oric
ultu
re
365
1.T
echn
olog
y �
� -
�
� �
-
� �
-
2.C
redi
t �
� -
�
� �
-
� �
-
3. M
arke
ting
� �
-
� �
� -
�
� -
Fo
od
proc
essi
ng
unit
120
1.T
echn
olog
y -
-
-
�
-
-
-
-
-
-
2.C
redi
t -
-
-
�
-
-
-
-
-
-
3. M
arke
ting
-
-
-
� -
-
-
-
-
-
B
ee k
eepi
ng
365
1.T
echn
olog
y �
� -
�
� �
-
-
-
-
2.C
redi
t �
� -
�
� �
-
-
-
-
3. M
arke
ting
� �
-
� �
� -
-
-
-
A
gro-
proc
essi
ng
unit
120
1.T
echn
olog
y -
-
-
-
-
�
-
-
-
-
2.C
redi
t -
-
-
-
-
�
-
-
-
-
3. M
arke
ting
-
-
-
-
-
� -
-
-
-
Po
ultr
y
365
1.T
echn
olog
y -
-
-
-
-
� -
�
� 2.
Cre
dit
-
-
-
-
-
-
� -
�
�
3. M
arke
ting
-
-
-
-
-
-
� -
�
� Po
tato
pr
oces
sing
250
1.T
echn
olog
y -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
�
2.C
redi
t -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
�
3. M
arke
ting
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
�
16
6
Fish
erie
s
365
1.T
echn
olog
y -
-
-
-
-
�
-
-
-
� 2.
Cre
dit
-
-
-
-
-
� -
-
-
�
3. M
arke
ting
-
-
-
-
-
� -
-
-
�
Veg
etab
le
culti
vatio
n
200
1.T
echn
olog
y �
� -
-
-
�
� �
� �
2.C
redi
t �
� -
-
-
�
� �
� �
3. M
arke
ting
� �
-
-
-
� �
� �
�
Ani
mal
hu
sban
dry
365
1.T
echn
olog
y -
-
-
-
�
-
-
-
-
-
2.C
redi
t -
-
-
-
�
-
-
-
-
-
3. M
arke
ting
-
-
-
-
� -
-
-
-
-
Rab
bit
365
1.T
echn
olog
y -
�
-
-
-
-
-
-
�
2.C
redi
t -
�
-
-
-
-
-
-
�
3. M
arke
ting
-
� -
-
-
-
-
-
�
Poly
ho
use
vege
tabl
es
180
1.T
echn
olog
y �
� -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2.
Cre
dit
� �
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3. M
arke
ting
� �
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Nur
sery
ra
isin
g 15
0
1.T
echn
olog
y -
-
-
-
�
-
-
-
-
-
2.C
redi
t -
-
-
-
�
-
-
-
-
-
3. M
arke
ting
-
-
-
-
� -
-
-
-
-
Cot
tage
in
dust
ries
36
5
1.T
echn
olog
y -
-
-
-
-
� -
-
-
2.
Cre
dit
-
-
-
-
-
�
-
-
-
3. M
arke
ting
-
-
-
-
-
�
-
-
-
Her
bs
365
1.T
echn
olog
y -
- -
- -
- -
� -
- 2.
Cre
dit
- -
- -
- -
- �
- -
3. M
arke
ting
- -
- -
- -
- �
- -
Api
ary
365
1.T
echn
olog
y -
- -
- -
- -
- �
- 2.
Cre
dit
- -
- -
- -
- -
� -
3. M
arke
ting
- -
- -
- -
- -
� -
Pigg
ery
365
1.T
echn
olog
y -
- -
- -
- -
- �
� 2.
Cre
dit
- -
- -
- -
- -
� �
3. M
arke
ting
- -
- -
- -
- -
� �
Org
anic
fa
rmin
g 20
0
1.T
echn
olog
y �
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 2.
Cre
dit
� -
- -
- -
- -
- -
3. M
arke
ting
� -
- -
- -
- -
- -
16
7
Flor
icul
ture
in
poly
hous
e 18
0
1.T
echn
olog
y -
� -
- -
- -
- -
- 2.
Cre
dit
- �
- -
- -
- -
- -
3. M
arke
ting
- �
- -
- -
- -
- -
Inpu
ts d
eal
365
1.T
echn
olog
y -
- -
- �
- -
- -
- 2.
Cre
dit
- -
- -
� -
- -
- -
3. M
arke
ting
- -
- -
� -
- -
- -
Pick
le m
akin
g 36
5
1.T
echn
olog
y �
� �
� �
� �
� �
� 2.
Cre
dit
� �
� �
� �
� �
� �
3. M
arke
ting
� �
� �
� �
� �
� �
Seri
cultu
re
365
1.T
echn
olog
y -
- -
- -
- -
� -
- 2.
Cre
dit
- -
- -
- -
- �
- -
3. M
arke
ting
- -
- -
- -
- �
- -
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
16
8
Tab
le 5
.16
Agr
ibus
ines
s E
stab
lishm
ents
(No.
)
Blo
ck
Stat
us
Agr
o sa
le c
entr
es
PA
CS
Rur
al h
andi
craf
t C
oope
rati
ves
F
arm
ers
co-o
pts
Oth
ers
P
ublic
P
riva
te
Pub
lic
Pri
vate
Sa
dar
E28
40
13
7
2 8
1 -
R60
61
40
21
10
20
5
- G
32
21
27
14
8 12
4
- B
alh
E7
54
- -
- -
- -
R2
8 -
- -
- -
- G
- -
- -
- -
- -
Sund
erna
gar
E20
30
-
- 1
- -
- R
20
19
1 -
1 -
10
- G
- -
1 -
- -
10
- G
ohar
E
18
32
74
- 20
-
6 -
R8
6 13
-
6 -
2 -
G-
- -
- -
- -
- Se
raj
E34
63
-
- -
- -
- R
90
90
5 7
7 5
15
- G
56
27
5 7
7 5
15
- K
arso
g E
15
45
- 15
0 -
1 5
- R
180
80
- 22
5 -
60
20
- G
165
35
- 75
-
59
15
- G
opal
pur
E-
- -
- -
- -
- R
- -
- -
- -
- -
G-
- -
- -
- -
- D
harm
pur
E7
12
- -
- -
- -
R5
5 3
- -
- 3
1 G
- -
3 -
- -
3 1
Cha
untr
a E
- 17
-
- -
- -
- R
10
- 2
- 2
2 -
- G
10
- 2
- 2
2 -
- D
rang
E
10
42
- -
- -
2 -
R20
-
1 -
1 -
2 -
G10
-
1 -
1 -
- -
Dis
tric
tE
139
335
87
447
23
9 14
-
R39
5 26
9 65
25
3 27
87
57
1
G25
6 -
- -
4 78
43
1
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
16
9
Tab
le 5
.17
Dru
dger
y of
Wom
en (P
er C
ent R
espo
nse)
Par
ticu
lars
M
ode
of
oper
atio
n Sa
dar
Bal
h Su
nder
naga
r G
ohar
Se
raj
Kar
sog
Gop
alpu
r D
harm
pur
Cha
untr
a D
rang
D
istr
ict
Agr
icul
tura
l ope
rati
ons
Clo
d br
eaki
ng
Man
ually
69
.67
100
50.3
84
.37
58.4
7 66
.45
65.5
3 91
.61
100
84.5
9 77
.09
Usi
ng
digg
ing
hoe
- -
17.2
3 -
22
.77
34
.47
- -
2.21
19
.17
Padd
y tr
ansp
lant
ing
Man
ually
50
.3
100
51.9
2 73
.02
-
44.7
8 10
0 82
.71
100
54.6
7 73
.04
Man
urin
g &
fe
rtili
zatio
n M
anua
lly
75.5
2 10
0 10
0 56
.54
65.7
36
.88
91.9
77
.03
100
62.4
8 76
.61
Pow
er
mac
hine
ry
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Inte
rcul
tura
l op
erat
ions
M
anua
lly
80.8
4 10
0 10
0 61
.73
73.6
90
.93
95.1
4 88
.19
100
79.8
4 87
.03
Pow
er
mac
hine
ry
2.75
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
2.75
Thr
eshi
ng
&
win
now
ing
Man
ually
14
.11
4.24
30
.68
55.3
2 72
.75
47.6
8 18
.62
81.2
7 39
.33
44.8
5 40
.89
Pow
er
mac
hine
ry
85.8
9 95
.76
67.8
2 8.
18
4 15
.75
71.6
6 8.
64
79.6
3 18
.99
45.6
3
Liv
esto
ck r
eari
ng o
pera
tion
s Fo
dder
re
sour
ces
Cul
tivat
ed
7.96
22
.91
48.5
5 89
.07
11.0
4 82
.35
14.2
2 1.
12
18.6
3 33
.41
32.9
3 G
hasn
i 73
.45
77.2
3 63
.87
89.0
7 71
.72
84.1
8 85
.78
68.2
5 36
.05
65.4
5 71
.51
Bot
h 18
.58
1.58
21
.13
89.0
7 15
.61
40.9
5 10
0 29
.5
45.0
6
40.1
6 Fo
dder
cu
tting
T
radi
tiona
l to
ols
85.1
5 10
0 10
0 90
.04
56.2
10
0 10
0 72
.42
99.0
3 85
.47
88.8
3
Impr
oved
T
ools
4.
03
- -
21
.04
- -
- 0.
47
-
8.51
Fodd
er
tran
spor
tatio
n O
n he
ad/B
ackl
oad
84.1
6 10
0 87
.29
86
86.7
2 82
.74
88.5
1 91
.61
99.0
2 69
.73
87.5
8
Tra
ctor
-tro
lley
5.76
34.5
2 -
- -
11.4
9 -
0.
39
13
.04
Fodd
er
chaf
fing
C
haff
cut
ter
14.8
21
.81
38.9
4 6.
54
5.52
2.
39
13.0
4 5.
45
28.3
1 16
.83
15.3
6 W
ithou
t ch
aff-
cutte
r 84
.12
78.1
9 39
.5
88.2
2 53
.17
38.6
2 86
.96
88.4
1 71
.69
66.5
5 69
.54
Feed
ing
syst
em
Insi
de M
ange
r 11
.75
32.4
6 17
.59
1.78
2.
76
43.3
5 32
.11
4.29
4.
46
3.32
15
.39
On
floo
r 88
.25
67.5
4 25
.91
91.8
2 84
.61
53.8
6 67
.89
95.7
1 69
.83
95.4
7 74
.09
17
0
Feed
ing
prac
tices
St
all f
eedi
ng
68.2
2 98
.17
39.0
6 23
.43
8.19
68
.67
95.2
4 86
.25
57.7
3 71
.63
61.6
6 G
razi
ng
13.4
6 39
.59
6.26
68
.48
65.4
8 42
.99
4.76
-
14
.61
21.7
4 30
.82
Bot
h 18
.31
54
.69
5.41
7.
77
8.83
37
.24
1.54
22
.57
17
.37
Ani
mal
was
te
disp
osal
B
io-g
as p
lant
0.87
5.
57
- -
- 3.
83
-
0.61
1.
99
2.57
H
ead/
Bac
k-lo
ad to
fie
ld
30.9
4 12
.72
36.8
2 75
.87
75.6
2 51
.69
3.24
87
.36
69.6
4 49
.39
49.3
3
FYM
72
.34
86.4
96
.19
1.82
15
.26
42.5
58
.46
12.6
4 4.
04
55.6
8 44
.53
Cle
anin
g of
an
imal
s &
sh
eds
Man
ually
10
0 10
0 10
0 14
.21
82.8
6 94
.77
100
100
99.7
8 64
.71
85.6
3 W
ater
Pr
essu
re J
et
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Milk
ing
oper
atio
n H
and
milk
ing
100
79.3
9 89
.1
94.4
4 91
.29
100
100
100
100
98.6
7 95
.29
Mac
hine
M
ilkin
g -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Selli
ng
of
milk
W
ithin
Vill
age
40.6
9 52
.1
55.7
2 9.
1 69
.23
95
.55
61.3
4 93
.94
26.2
1 55
.98
Dis
tant
M
arke
t -
47
.9
15.1
59
.44
23.5
7
4.45
-
4.
33
2.41
22
.46
Chu
rnin
g of
m
ilk
Man
ually
34
.5
2.06
20
.02
96.4
69
.03
23.2
8 6.
55
8.18
2.
36
46.6
5 30
.9
Usi
ng
Mac
hine
65
.5
97.9
4 74
.75
81.8
5 -
-
93
.45
91.8
2 97
.55
52.1
4 81
.88
Ani
mal
she
d K
achh
a 86
.26
86
91.7
9 88
.27
92.7
8 95
.06
57.9
6 87
.99
83.8
3 94
.25
86.4
2 Pu
cca
13.7
4 14
11
.57
5.33
1.
7 4.
94
42.0
4 12
.01
13.6
3 6.
85
12.5
8 A
nim
al
shed
fl
oor
Kac
hha
88.4
8 93
.06
80.2
2 95
.02
100
86.9
54
.51
84.0
6 84
.71
97.7
9 86
.48
Pucc
a 11
.52
6.94
3.
57
1.78
1.86
45
.49
15.9
4 14
.38
2.21
10
.37
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
17
1
Tab
le 5
.18
Liv
esto
ck F
eedi
ng P
ract
ices
(kg/
anim
al/d
ay)
Fod
der
/f
eed
Sada
r B
alh
Sund
erna
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Dis
tric
t C
ross
bred
cow
s G
reen
fod
der
12.5
20
.0
15.0
10
.0
8.0
9.5
8.0
8.0
5.0
14.0
12
.0
Dry
fod
der
6.0
5.0
4.5
6.5
5.0
6.5
4.75
6.
5 5.
0 6.
0 5.
58
Con
cent
rate
2.
0 2.
5 2.
5 1.
5 1.
5 2.
2 1.
0 1.
5 2.
5 2.
0 1.
9
Loc
al c
ows
Gre
en f
odde
r 8.
0 10
.0
8.0
8.5
7.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
8.5
8.0
8.2
Dry
fod
der
4.0
4.5
4.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.5
5.0
5.0
5.0
4.8
Con
cent
rate
0.
6 1.
75
0.85
1.
0 0.
80
1.5
1.45
1.
2 1.
5 1.
2 1.
19
Buf
falo
es
Gre
en f
odde
r 13
..0
15
14
12.0
-
13
.0
18
13.0
14
.0
13.0
13
.89
Dry
fod
der
6.0
7 6.
5 6.
5 -
7.
0 6.
5 7.
0 6.
5 6.
5 6.
61
Con
cent
rate
2.
0 3.
0 2.
0 2.
0 -
2.
5 2.
5 2.
8 2.
5 2.
5 2.
42
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
17
2
Tab
le 5
.19
Yie
ld G
aps
in F
ruit
Cro
ps (q
/ha)
Cro
p
Sada
r B
alh
S.na
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Dis
tric
t
App
le
A
22.1
2 14
.52
8.41
37
.41
53.9
0 58
.97
-
-
20.0
0 27
.13
30.3
1
P 39
.81
29.0
3 25
.22
56.1
2 67
.38
73.7
2 -
-
40
.00
54.2
6 48
.19
G
17.6
9 14
.52
16.8
2 18
.71
13.4
8 14
.74
-
-
20.0
0 27
.13
17.8
9
Plum
A
6.47
6.
66
1.54
4.
31
3.53
2.
43
3.02
4.
72
5.24
3.
57
4.15
P 11
.59
11.2
5 3.
84
6.46
7.
06
7.28
7.
55
9.43
10
.00
11.1
1 8.
56
G
5.11
4.
59
2.30
2.
15
3.53
4.
85
4.53
4.
72
4.77
7.
54
4.41
Peac
h
A
7.08
14
.88
6.38
2.
17
13.3
3 3.
75
9.38
7.
59
4.76
4.
17
7.35
P 15
.65
18.7
5 14
.11
7.61
19
.07
9.71
18
.63
15.1
1 11
.81
13.5
4 14
.40
G
8.57
3.
87
7.72
5.
43
5.73
5.
96
9.25
7.
52
7.05
9.
38
7.05
Apr
icot
A
17.4
4 5.
17
- 5.
17
7.35
8.
15
- -
8.15
7.
50
8.42
P 22
.66
9.77
-
12
.56
22.9
4 15
.20
-
-
14.5
8 17
.63
16.4
8
G
5.22
4.
60
- 7.
39
15.5
9 7.
05
- -
6.43
10
.13
8.06
Pear
A
8.39
18
.37
7.79
19
.11
14.9
3 7.
21
6.48
14
.08
18.1
8 11
.76
12.6
3
P 27
.26
24.5
9 20
.18
31.5
3 18
.81
20.5
6 15
.99
25.2
0 24
.87
27.1
8 23
.62
G
18.8
7 6.
23
12.3
9 12
.42
3.88
13
.35
9.51
11
.12
6.69
15
.41
10.9
9
Kiw
i
A
8.33
10
.00
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
9.17
P 24
.92
23.6
0 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
24
.26
G
16.5
8 13
.60
- -
- -
- -
- -
15.0
9
Pom
ergr
anat
e
A
8.93
6.
15
5.00
3.
00
9.00
3.
23
3.50
4.
00
4.71
5.
71
5.32
P 13
.57
13.1
1 14
.45
10.5
0 13
.77
7.81
8.
98
9.44
11
.20
11.4
2 11
.42
G
4.64
6.
95
9.45
7.
50
4.77
4.
58
5.48
5.
44
6.49
5.
70
6.10
Oliv
e
A
20.0
0 -
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
20.0
0
P 35
.60
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
35.6
0
G
15.6
0 -
- -
- -
- -
- -
15.6
0
17
3
Pers
imm
on
A
6.67
19
.23
17.5
0 3.
57
5.56
6.
25
16.6
7 16
.67
7.89
16
.67
11.6
7
P 17
.27
23.6
5 21
.35
12.2
5 14
.94
13.4
4 22
.50
20.5
0 18
.86
24.8
3 18
.96
G
10.6
0 4.
42
3.85
8.
68
9.39
7.
19
5.83
3.
83
10.9
7 8.
17
7.29
Alm
ond
A
6.73
-
- -
3.13
7.
68
- -
5.15
4.
31
5.40
P 12
.12
-
-
-
7.31
11
.98
-
-
11.9
1 12
.33
11.1
3
G
5.39
-
- -
4.19
4.
30
- -
6.75
8.
02
5.73
Wal
nut
A
2.05
2.
88
7.84
2.
33
2.21
2.
02
2.08
2.
78
0.67
0.
76
2.56
P 4.
42
5.45
9.
88
5.40
5.
73
5.03
5.
43
5.17
1.
55
1.61
4.
42
G
2.38
2.
57
2.04
3.
07
3.52
3.
01
3..3
5 2.
39
0.88
0.
86
1.86
Peca
n nu
t
A
2.08
-
- -
- -
- -
- 2.
78
2.43
P 4.
65
-
-
- -
- -
-
-
4.94
4.
80
G
2.56
-
- -
- -
- -
- 2.
17
2.36
Man
go
A
3.85
4.
49
4.78
-
- -
5.50
3.
70
4.27
2.
94
4.22
P 6.
85
9.11
8.
41
-
- -
11
.61
8.69
8.
45
7.43
8.
65
G
3.00
4.
62
3.63
-
- -
6.11
4.
99
4.18
4.
49
4.43
Litc
hi
A
10.0
0 12
.50
7.54
-
- -
5.71
5.
77
10.2
6 10
.29
8.87
P 18
.90
23.6
3 20
.29
-
-
-
13.2
0 14
.48
18.9
7 19
.46
18.4
2
G
8.90
11
.13
12.7
4 -
- -
7.49
8.
71
8.72
9.
16
9.55
Gua
va
A
14.5
8 21
.67
24.2
6 8.
48
- 15
.89
9.87
13
.49
6.82
13
.19
14.2
5
P 28
.88
31.6
3 35
.18
20.7
7 -
28
.44
22.0
1 26
.71
15.7
5 24
.54
25.9
9
G
14.2
9 9.
97
10.9
2 12
.29
- 12
.55
12.1
4 13
.22
8.93
11
.35
11.7
4
Ano
le
A
20.0
0 20
.00
50.0
0 -
0.00
0.
00
22.2
2 12
.07
12.5
0 41
.67
25.4
9
P 37
.20
45.0
0 72
.50
-
-
-
45.5
6 28
.24
32.6
3 64
.17
46.4
7
G
17.2
0 25
.00
22.5
0 -
- -
23.3
3 16
.17
20.1
3 22
.50
20.9
8
Jack
frui
t
A
- -
- -
- -
1.43
1.
07
- -
1.25
P -
-
-
-
-
-
3.
36
2.88
-
-
3.
12
G
- -
- -
- -
1.93
1.
81
- -
1.87
17
4
Papa
ya
A
12.5
0 30
.00
21.4
3 -
- -
23.3
3 20
.00
16.6
7 16
.67
20.0
9
P 30
.38
49.5
0 51
.64
-
-
-
49.4
7 37
.80
38.5
0 39
.33
42.3
7
G
17.8
8 19
.50
30.2
1 -
- -
26.1
3 17
.80
21.8
3 22
.67
22.2
9
Gra
pes
A
40.0
0 -
60.0
0 -
- -
40.0
0 -
- -
46.6
7
P 86
.00
-
70.8
0 -
-
-
74
.00
-
-
-
76.9
3
G
46.0
0 -
10.8
0 -
- -
34.0
0 -
- -
30.2
7
Ora
nge
A
0.66
0.
63
3.03
-
- -
1.04
1.
81
0.95
1.
58
1.39
P 1.
27
1.20
4.
00
-
-
-
1.95
3.
16
1.67
2.
61
2.26
G
0.61
0.
58
0.97
-
- -
0.91
1.
36
0.71
1.
03
0.88
Kin
now
A
- -
32.3
5 -
- -
33.3
3 20
.00
46.3
0 50
.00
36.4
0
P -
-
57
.59
-
-
-
67.0
0 35
.20
62.5
0 61
.50
56.7
6
G
- -
25.2
4 -
- -
33.6
7 15
.20
16.2
0 11
.50
20.3
6
Mal
ta
A
10.0
0 -
- -
- -
- -
5.00
7.
69
7.56
P 17
.50
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
10.9
5 15
.15
14.5
3
G
7.50
-
- -
- -
- -
5.95
7.
46
6.97
B/L
ime
A
2.40
2.
41
4.10
2.
27
- -
2.41
1.
14
1.98
2.
73
2.43
P 6.
11
5.33
7.
59
5.57
-
-
6.
38
3.35
5.
04
6.08
5.
68
G
3.70
2.
92
3.49
3.
30
- -
3.97
2.
22
3.06
3.
36
3.25
Gal
gal
A
31.2
5 28
.13
9.88
35
.00
- -
10.0
0 21
.05
15.2
8 36
.59
23.4
0
P 51
.88
64.9
7 29
.74
65.4
5 -
-
24
.30
50.7
4 37
.13
59.6
3 47
.98
G
20.6
3 36
.84
19.8
6 30
.45
- -
14.3
0 29
.68
21.8
5 23
.05
24.5
8
Oth
ers
A
26.6
7 16
.00
37.5
0 -
- -
30.0
0 60
.00
50.0
0 12
.00
33.1
7
P 49
.60
32.1
6 66
.94
-
-
-
60.0
3 93
.60
98.5
0 29
.88
61.5
3
G
22.9
3 16
.16
29.4
4 -
- -
30.0
3 33
.60
48.5
0 17
.88
28.3
6
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
17
5
Tab
le 5
.20
Liv
esto
ck P
rodu
ctio
n E
stim
ates
(Uni
ts/a
nim
al/d
ay)
Typ
e of
ani
mal
Sa
dar
Bal
h S.
naga
r G
ohar
Se
raj
Kar
sog
Gop
alpu
r D
harm
pur
Cha
untr
a D
rang
D
istr
ict
Cro
ssbr
ed c
ows
(l/d
ay)
A4.
55
6.56
5.
50
4.23
4.
7 5.
14
5.26
4.
60
5..3
5 5.
98
5.19
P15
.00
12.0
0 12
.00
11.0
13
.0
12.0
0 11
.00
10.0
0 12
.00
12.0
0 12
.00
G10
.45
5.44
6.
50
6.77
8.
3 6.
86
5.74
5.
40
6.65
6.
02
6.81
Loc
al c
ows
(l/d
ay)
A1.
17
1.45
1.
69
0.93
2.
58
2.04
2.
82
1.47
1.
65
1.45
1.
72
P3.
00
3.50
3.
00
2.00
4.
00
4.00
4.
00
3.00
3.
50
4.00
3.
40
G1.
83
2.05
1.
31
1.07
1.
42
1.96
1.
18
1.53
1.
85
2.55
1.
68
Buf
falo
es (
l/day
)
A4.
03
4.50
4.
88
3.64
-
4.93
5.
50
4.76
3.
30
5.30
4.
54
P10
.00
8.00
10
.50
8.00
-
10.0
0 12
.00
11.0
0 8.
00
12.0
0 9.
95
G5.
97
3.50
5.
62
4.36
-
5.07
6.
50
6.24
4.
70
6.70
5.
41
Goa
ts (
l/day
) A
0.50
0.
50
0.61
0.
50
0.18
0.
30
0.50
0.
60
0.50
0.
50
0.47
P1.
50
2.0
1.75
1.
50
1.50
1.
20
2.00
1.
80
2.00
1.
50
1.68
G1.
00
1.50
1.
14
1.00
1.
32
0.90
1.
50
1.20
1.
50
1.00
1.
21
Goa
t mea
t (k
g/go
at)
A13
.50
11.0
0 11
.50
15.0
0 15
.00
14.0
0 15
.70
15.2
0 13
.50
13.5
0 13
.79
P20
.00
17.0
0 20
.00
22.0
0 22
.00
22.5
0 24
.00
24.0
0 23
.00
21.0
0 21
.60
G6.
50
6.00
8.
50
7.00
7.
00
8.50
8.
30
8.80
9.
50
7.50
7.
81
Shee
p w
ool (
kg/y
ear)
A0.
90
1.00
0.
79
0.90
0.
80
1.00
0.
73
0.85
0.
90
0.95
0.
88
P1.
60
2.00
1.
30
2.00
2.
00
2.20
1.
83
1.80
2.
10
2.00
1.
88
G0.
70
1.00
0.
51
1.10
1.
20
1.20
1.
10
0.95
1.
20
1.05
1.
00
Not
e: A
=A
ctua
l, P=
Pote
ntia
l yie
ld, G
= G
ap
So
urce
: Fie
ld S
urve
y, 2
007-
08
Tab
le 5
.20
Con
td…
..
17
6
Tab
le 5
.21
a V
arie
tal a
nd T
echn
olog
ical
Pro
blem
s fo
r F
ruit
Cro
ps (P
er C
ent o
f Pan
chay
ats)
Cro
ps/P
robl
em
Sada
r B
alh
Sund
erna
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
App
le
Flow
er d
rop
and
dise
ases
16
.67
-40
-
20
- -
- -
-
Not
pru
ned
prop
erly
-
- -
- -
- 20
-
- -
Impr
oper
fe
rtili
zatio
n
- -
- -
- -
20
- -
-
New
pla
ntat
ion
star
ted
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 28
.6
Dis
ease
s an
d in
sect
-pe
sts
16.6
7 -
- 50
80
16
.67
- -
- -
Tra
inin
g-pr
unin
g no
t don
e -
- -
25
40
- -
- -
-
Lac
k of
impr
oved
va
riet
ies
-16
.67
-25
-
- -
- -
-
Irri
gatio
n -
16.6
7 -
-
- -
- -
- L
ow y
ield
due
to
old
plan
ts
- -
- 25
-
- -
- -
-
Can
ker
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
App
le s
cab
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Sanj
ose
scal
e -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- C
itru
s
C
itrus
dec
line
and
cank
er
16.6
7 50
40
-
- 33
.33
40
80
16.6
7 14
.3
Poor
man
agem
ent
of f
ertil
izer
and
w
ater
con
sum
ptio
n 16
.67
- -
- -
- -
60
- -
Uno
rgan
ised
pl
anta
tion
- -
- -
- -
- 20
-
-
Mar
ketin
g -
- -
- -
- -
- 50
-
Dis
ease
and
inse
ct-
pest
s at
tack
-
16.6
7 -
- -
- -
- 16
.67
-
17
7
Lac
k of
pro
cess
ing
plan
t -
- -
- -
- -
- 16
.67
14.3
Lac
kof
impr
oved
va
riet
ies
- -
- -
- -
- -
16.7
Man
go
-
- -
Man
go
mal
form
atio
n 16
.67
50
40
- -
16.6
7 40
10
0 -
Inse
cts
- -
40
- -
- -
80
- -
Dis
ease
s -
16.6
7 -
- -
- 20
80
16
.7
- St
ray
anim
als
- -
- -
- -
-
- -
Hig
h m
orta
lity
rate
-
- -
- -
- 40
-
- -
Fros
t -
- -
- -
- 40
-
- 14
.3
Lac
k of
res
ista
nt
root
sto
ck
- -
- -
- -
- -
16.7
-
Lit
chi
- -
- -
- Fr
ost
- -
- -
- -
20
- -
- Ir
riga
tion
-
- -
- -
- -
- 50
-
Mar
ketin
g
- -
- -
- -
- -
16.7
-
Pea
ch
Loc
al r
oots
tock
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
14.3
A
pric
ot
-
- -
- L
ocal
var
ietie
s -
- -
- -
- -
- -
14.3
Sm
all s
cale
-
- -
25
- -
- -
- 14
.3
Low
yie
ld d
ue to
ol
d pl
ants
-
- -
25
- -
- -
- -
Pom
egra
nate
-
Inse
ct p
est a
nd
dise
ases
-
- 20
-
- -
- -
- -
New
pla
ntat
ion
- -
- 75
-
- 40
-
- -
Wild
type
-
- -
75
- -
20
- -
- pa
paya
--
- -
- -
Fros
t inj
ury
- -
- -
- -
20
- -
-
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
17
8
Tab
le 5
.21
b V
arie
tal a
nd T
echn
olog
ical
Int
erve
ntio
ns fo
r F
ruit
Cro
ps (P
er C
ent o
f Pan
chay
ats)
Cro
p/in
terv
enti
on
Sada
r B
alh
Sund
erna
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
App
le
Aw
aren
ess,
trai
ning
and
de
mon
stra
tion
50
16.6
7 40
75
10
0 50
20
-
- 28
.6
Cit
rus
Exp
osur
e vi
sit a
nd
trai
ning
16
.67
66.6
7 40
-
- 33
.33
20
100
50
14.4
3
Aw
aren
ess
16.6
7 50
20
-
- 16
.67
40
80
50
14.4
3
Wat
er h
arve
stin
g st
ruct
ure
- -
- -
- -
- 20
16
.67
14.4
3
Subs
idiz
ed o
rcha
rd
esta
blis
hmen
t -
- -
- -
- -
- 16
.67
-
Man
go
Aw
aren
ess
and
expo
sure
vi
sit
16.6
7 50
40
-
- 33
.33
80
100
50
14.3
Proc
essi
ng p
lant
-
- -
- -
- -
16
.67
Su
bsid
ized
orc
hard
es
tabl
ishm
ent
- -
- -
- -
- -
16.6
7 -
Lit
chi
Aw
aren
ess
and
expo
sure
vi
sit
- -
- -
- -
- -
50
-
Pea
ch
Aw
aren
ess
16.6
7 50
40
-
- 33
.33
80
100
50
14.3
A
pric
ot
A
war
enes
s -
- -
50
- -
- -
- 28
.6
Dry
frui
ts
Aw
aren
ess
and
dem
onst
ratio
n 16
.67
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Pom
egra
nate
A
war
enes
s an
d de
mon
stra
tion
- -
20
50
- -
40
- -
-
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
17
9
Tab
le 5
.22
Inci
denc
e of
Liv
esto
ck D
isea
ses
(Per
Cen
t)
Typ
e of
an
imal
dise
ase
Sada
r
Bal
h
Sund
erna
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j
Kar
sog
Gop
alpu
r D
harm
pur
Cha
untr
a D
rang
Dis
tric
t
Infe
-ct
ed
Mor
ta-
lity
Infe
-ct
ed
Mor
ta-
lity
Infe
-ct
ed
Mor
ta-
lity
Infe
-ct
edM
orta
-lit
y In
fe-
cted
M
orta
-lit
y In
fe-
cted
Mor
ta-
lity
Infe
-ct
ed
Mor
ta-
lity
Infe
-ct
ed
Mor
ta-
lity
Infe
-ct
edM
orta
-lit
y In
fe-
cted
M
orta
-lit
y In
fe-
cted
M
orta
-lit
y C
attl
e an
d B
uffa
loes
a. F
MD
10
10
5
- 2
- -
5 15
5
0 2.
5 -
- 1
- -
- -
- 38
.531
.5
b.
Hem
orrh
agic
Se
ptic
emia
2.5
80
0.5
3 -
- 10
2
- -
1 95
-
- -
- -
- -
- 11
0 18
0
c. T
ympa
ny
10
10
2 0.
5 1
0.5
25
5 5
2 10
-
2 0.
1 1
0.1
17.5
0.35
3.
5 0.
2 45
.75
18.7
5
d. P
neum
onia
2.
5 50
1
- 2
- 20
5
5 3
5 10
2
0.2
2 0.
5 2
- 5.
5 0.
01
44.2
168
.71
e. D
iarr
hoea
/ 10
-
4 -
10
1 20
4
10
5 10
-
5 0.
1 5
0.1
8.5
0.25
0.
5 -
53.4
510
.45
f. C
alf
scou
r 2.
5 80
4
- 5
1 5
1 15
3
5 20
1
0.1
2 1
- -
0.75
0.
25
41.8
510
6.35
g.
End
opar
asite
s 20
22
.5
70
- 20
-
40
2 25
-
5 10
15
0.
2 20
1
16
- 25
-
163.
235
.7
h.
Ect
opar
asite
s
15
- 80
-
25
- 50
1
29
- 20
-
15
- 30
-
22.5
- 55
-
171
1
i. R
epea
t B
reed
ing
25
- 7.
5 -
10
- 20
-
25
- 30
-
2 -
10
- 21
-
3 -
62.5
-
i. H
aem
atur
ia
- -
- -
- -
25
15
- -
5 95
-
- -
- -
- 6
12.5
14
7.5
122.
5
Shee
p &
G
oats
a. P
PR/C
CPP
1
- 15
5
5 1
20
5 -
- -
95
2 0.
1 -
- -
- 0
- 14
1.1
106.
1
b. M
ange
20
-
5 -
- -
40
3 4
- 1
- 1
- 2
- -
- 4
- 68
3
c.
Lic
e an
d tic
ks
30
- 60
-
50
- 50
5
20
- 10
-
15
- 20
-
22.5
- 23
.5
- 19
5 5
d.
End
opar
asite
s 20
-
60
- 30
-
40
2 25
-
10
- 15
0.
2 15
1
7.5
- 27
.5
- 15
3.2
3.2
e. D
iarr
hoea
/ 15
-
2 -
25
2 20
5
15
4 5
- 5
0.1
5 0.
1 -
- 2.
5 -
71.2
11.2
f.
Def
fien
cy
dise
ase
10
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 60
-
- -
- -
- -
- -
10
Pou
ltry
a. C
occi
dios
is
10
80
5 2
25
10
- -
- -
- -
2 0.
1 5
0.5
22.5
2 -
- 42
.694
.6
18
0
b.
Ran
ikhe
t di
seas
e -
- -
- 1
1 -
- -
- -
- 1
100
- 10
0 -
- -
- 20
0 20
0
c. F
owlp
ox
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
1 0.
2 1
0.1
- -
- -
0.3
0.3
d.
Mer
ek's
di
seas
e -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 1
100
1 10
0 -
- -
- 20
0 20
0
Oth
er
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Equ
ine
a. R
espi
rato
ry
dist
ress
20
-
2 -
- -
15
5 -
- 2.
5 -
5 0.
1 2
0.1
- -
2 0.
25
42.4
55.
45
b. C
olic
20
-
3 1
10
- 20
5
2 1
20
- 1
0.1
1 1
12.5
1 2
0.3
61.4
9.4
c.
Inte
rnal
pa
rasi
tes
30
- 50
-
- -
40
2 -
- 5
- 0.
5 0.
1 15
1
- -
13.5
-
123.
13.
1
d. G
land
ers
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 10
0 -
100
- -
- -
200
200
Oth
er
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
50
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Rab
bits
a. P
ncum
onia
10
-
- -
- -
15
5 -
- -
- 5
0.1
- -
- -
- -
30.1
5.1
b. D
iarr
hoea
20
-
- -
- -
20
5 -
- -
- 2
0.1
- -
- -
- -
45.1
5.1
c.
Ear
ca
ncke
r 2.
5 -
- -
- -
5 -
- -
- -
0.1
- -
- -
- -
- 7.
5 -
d. M
ange
50
-
- -
- -
20
2 -
- -
- 1
- -
- -
- -
- 72
2
Oth
er
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
18
1
Tab
le 5
.23
a In
terv
enti
on fo
r L
ives
tock
Dis
ease
s (P
er C
ent o
f Pan
chay
ats)
Dis
ease
In
terv
enti
on
Sada
r B
alh
Sund
erna
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Cat
tle
and
Buf
falo
es
FMD
C
are,
is
olat
ion
and
vacc
inat
ion
100
67
80
100
80
67
40
20
33
-
V
acci
natio
n -
33
- -
80
- 40
20
-
86
Pr
even
tion
isol
atio
n an
d aw
aren
ess
- -
- -
80
- -
20
- -
V
et. h
ospi
tal
for
prop
er
man
agem
ent
- -
- -
- 17
-
- -
-
Hem
orrh
agic
Se
ptic
emia
Pr
even
tion
83
100
20
- 80
50
-
20
33
-
V
acci
natio
n -
- -
- 80
17
-
- -
86
Tym
pani
B
ette
r m
anag
emen
t 10
0 67
80
10
0 10
0 10
0 60
60
10
0 86
A
war
enes
s 17
67
20
10
0 10
0 -
60
20
83
0
Tre
atm
ent
17
17
- -
100
- -
- -
14
Pneu
mon
ia
Tim
ely
care
10
0 50
80
10
0 10
0 83
40
60
50
43
A
war
enes
s an
d tr
aini
ng
- 17
20
10
0 10
0 -
- -
- 29
T
reat
men
t -
17
- -
100
- -
- -
14
Dia
rrhe
a/D
ysen
tery
Pr
even
tion
and
care
10
0 83
10
0 10
0 10
0 83
40
40
83
86
V
acci
natio
n 50
33
-
- 10
0 -
- -
- -
T
imel
y tr
eatm
ent
- -
- 10
0 10
0 17
-
60
17
14
B
ette
r m
anag
emen
t -
- -
- -
- -
40
17
0
Cal
f sc
our
Car
e 67
50
80
10
0 10
0 50
10
0 60
67
86
Tre
atm
ent
17
17
- -
100
- -
- -
14
V
et. d
octo
r ar
e re
quir
ed
- -
- -
- 17
-
- -
-
18
2
End
opar
asite
s
Vac
cina
tion
100
83
80
100
80
33
- 40
83
71
C
lean
lyne
ss
and
trea
tmen
t 67
83
-
100
40
- -
20
50
29
B
ette
r m
anag
emen
t -
17
- 10
0 80
-
40
20
- -
D
ewor
min
g -
- -
- 60
-
- -
- -
Pr
even
tion
and
care
-
- 20
-
- -
- -
- -
T
rain
ing
cam
ps
- -
- -
- 17
-
- -
-
Ect
opar
asite
s
Prev
entio
n 83
10
0 10
0 10
0 80
33
-
40
50
71
A
war
enes
s an
d m
anag
emen
t 17
10
0 20
10
0 80
-
- 20
50
-
C
are
- 17
-
100
40
- -
- 33
14
B
alan
ce d
iet
and
man
agem
ent
- -
- -
60
- 40
20
33
-
D
ippi
ng a
nd
spra
y -
- -
- -
- -
- 33
-
T
reat
men
t -
- -
- -
- -
- -
14
Rep
eat B
reed
ing
Tim
ely
AI
and
bette
r m
anag
emen
t 33
10
0 10
0 10
0 10
0 33
40
60
33
86
B
alan
ced
nutr
ition
17
10
0 60
10
0 10
0 -
60
40
17
-
T
reat
men
t -
33
- -
80
- -
- -
14
T
rain
ing
cam
ps
- 33
-
- -
17
- -
- 0
Hae
mat
uria
T
reat
men
t -
- -
- -
17
- -
- 29
T
rain
ing
cam
ps
- -
- -
- 17
-
- -
-
Ret
aine
d pl
acen
ta
Aw
aren
ess
and
man
agem
ent
- -
- 10
0 -
- -
- -
-
18
3
Shee
p &
Goa
ts
PPR
/CC
PP
Aw
aren
ess
and
vacc
inat
ion
33
67
- 10
0 -
17
- -
- -
T
rain
ing
cam
ps
- 17
-
- -
- -
- -
-
Man
ge
Car
e an
d is
olat
ion
83
50
80
100
100
50
- 60
33
57
T
imel
y tr
eatm
ent
- -
40
100
100
33
40
40
83
43
Lic
e an
d tic
ks
Prop
er c
are
67
33
80
100
100
33
80
80
67
86
T
imel
y tr
eatm
ent
- -
- 10
0 10
0 17
-
- -
29
End
opar
asite
s C
lean
lines
s an
d tr
eatm
ent
100
67
80
100
100
50
60
20
50
100
D
ewor
min
g an
d be
tter
man
agem
ent
- 67
-
100
100
17
- 40
-
-
T
rain
ing
cam
ps
- -
- -
- 17
-
- -
-
Dia
rrhe
a/D
ysen
tery
T
imel
y ca
re
100
67
100
100
100
- 60
60
33
57
T
reat
men
t -
50
- 10
0 10
0 -
- -
- 43
T
rain
ing
cam
ps
- -
- -
- 17
-
- -
-
Poul
try
-
Coc
cidi
osis
B
ette
r m
anag
emen
t an
d ca
re
- -
20
50
- -
- 40
17
-
Ran
ikhe
t dis
ease
B
ette
r m
anag
emen
t an
d ca
re
- -
20
- -
- -
40
- -
Fow
lpox
B
ette
r m
anag
emen
t an
d ca
re
- -
- -
- -
- 40
-
-
18
4
Mer
ek's
dise
ase
Bet
ter
man
agem
ent
and
care
-
- -
- -
- -
40
- -
Equ
ine
Res
pira
tory
dis
tres
s B
ette
r m
anag
emen
t an
d ca
re
17
67
- 10
0 20
-
40
60
17
29
V
acci
natio
n -
- -
- 20
-
- 20
-
14
T
reat
men
t -
- -
100
20
17
- -
- 14
Col
ic
Bet
ter
man
agem
ent
and
care
17
50
60
10
0 10
0 33
40
40
50
43
T
reat
men
t -
17
- 10
0 10
0 17
-
- -
14
Inte
rnal
par
asite
s C
are
17
67
60
100
40
33
- 20
-
-
Vac
cina
tion
- -
20
100
40
17
- 20
-
-
B
ette
r m
anag
emen
t an
d ca
re
- 17
-
- 40
-
40
40
- -
Gla
nder
s V
acci
natio
n -
- -
- -
- -
20
- -
C
are
- -
- -
- -
- 20
-
-
Pr
oppe
r er
adic
atio
n -
- -
- -
- -
20
- -
Rab
bits
D
iarr
hoea
V
acci
natio
n -
17
- -
- -
- -
- -
Man
ge
Vac
cina
tion
- 17
-
- -
- -
- -
-
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
18
5
Tab
le 5
.23
b In
terv
enti
on fo
r F
eed
and
Fod
der
Dev
elop
men
t (P
er C
ent o
f Pan
chay
ats)
Inte
rven
tion
Sa
dar
Bal
h S.
naga
r G
ohar
Se
raj
Kar
sog
Gop
alpu
r D
harm
pur
Cha
untr
a D
rang
F
odde
r Su
mm
erG
reen
Irri
gatio
n fo
r fo
dder
cro
ps
100
100
40
- 10
0 16
.67
20
80
100
57.1
4 C
hari
+lo
bia
- 83
.33
- -
80
20
83.3
3 71
.43
Impr
oved
gra
sses
-
50
40
100
60
16.6
7 60
20
-
28.5
7 A
war
enes
s th
roug
h tr
aini
ng
- 33
.33
60
100
100
16.6
7 -
- -
- Su
ffic
ient
sup
ply
- -
- -
- -
20
- -
- C
onso
lidat
ion
of h
oldi
ngs
- -
- -
- -
- -
- 14
.28
Bet
ter
man
agem
ent
- -
- -
- 50
-
- -
- D
ry
Hay
and
sila
ge
33.3
3 10
0 40
10
0 10
0 -
60
40
100
57.1
4 Im
port
ance
for
im
prov
emen
t of
ghas
ni
- 10
0 -
100
100
- -
20
50
57.1
4
Prod
uctio
n of
impr
oved
gr
asse
s an
d fo
dder
-
16.6
7 -
100
100
- 20
20
-
28.5
7 A
war
enes
s th
roug
h tr
aini
ng
- 16
.67
60
- -
16.6
7 -
- -
- B
ette
r m
anag
emen
t -
- -
- -
50
- -
- -
Rai
ny
Gre
en
W
ith d
ry f
odde
r 10
0 10
0 40
10
0 10
0 -
60
20
83.3
3 57
.14
Aw
aren
ess
thro
ugh
trai
ning
33
.33
100
60
100
100
16.6
7 -
- 33
.33
- Si
lage
mak
ing
- 33
.33
- 10
0 10
0 -
- -
50
14.2
8 Ir
riga
tion
and
HY
V
fodd
er c
rops
-
- -
- -
16.6
7 -
- -
57.1
4 B
ette
r m
anag
emen
t -
- -
- -
50
- -
- -
Dry
H
ay/s
ilage
16
.67
83.3
3 40
10
0 10
0
80
40
33.3
3 10
0
18
6
Aw
aren
ess
thro
ugh
trai
ning
16
.67
83.3
3 60
10
0 10
0 33
.33
- -
- -
Irri
gatio
n an
d H
YV
fo
dder
cro
ps
- -
- -
- 16
.67
- -
- -
Bet
ter
man
agem
ent
- -
- -
- 33
.33
- -
- 71
.49
Win
ter
Gre
en
Ir
riga
tion-
bers
eem
/oat
66
.67
100
20
100
100
80
40
83
.33
85.7
1 A
war
enes
s th
roug
h tr
aini
ng c
amp
66.6
7 10
0 80
10
0 10
0 16
.67
20
- -
14.2
8 Ir
riga
tion
and
HY
V
fodd
er c
rops
-
- -
- -
16.6
7 -
- -
- B
ette
r m
anag
emen
t -
- -
- -
33.3
3 -
- -
-
Dry
Im
prov
emen
t of
gras
slan
d an
d pa
steu
rs
- 10
0 20
10
0 10
0 -
60
60
50
100
Hay
mak
ing
10
0
100
10
20
40
33
.33
14.2
8 A
war
enes
s th
roug
h tr
aini
ng c
amp
- 16
.7
80
100
100
- -
- -
- Ir
riga
tion
and
HY
V
fodd
er c
rops
-
- -
- -
16.6
7 -
- -
- B
ette
r m
anag
emen
t -
- -
- -
33.3
3 -
- -
-
Fee
dC
once
ntra
tes
Aw
aren
ess
- 83
.33
10
0 60
-
100
40
33.3
3 57
.14
Hom
e pr
epar
atio
n -
- -
100
40
- 60
20
16
.67
57.1
4 A
war
enes
s th
roug
h tr
aini
ng c
amp
- -
60
100
60
- -
- 33
.33
14.2
8 Su
bsid
y -
- -
- 60
16
.67
- -
66.6
7 57
.14
Min
eral
s
A
war
enes
s -
- 20
10
0 60
-
80
40
66.6
7 -
Subs
idy
- -
- 10
0 60
-
- 20
66
.67
- A
war
enes
s th
roug
h tr
aini
ng
- -
40
100
60
- -
- -
14.2
8 B
ette
r m
anag
emen
t -
- -
- -
16.6
7 -
- -
-
18
7
Vet
erin
ary
serv
ices
A
I
R
equi
red
subs
idy
for
inpu
t -
- 20
10
0 10
0 -
- 20
50
-
Aw
aren
ess
and
expo
sure
vi
sit
100
- 80
10
0 10
0 66
.67
80
60
50
14.2
8 C
onvi
ctio
n -
- 40
-
- -
- 20
B
ette
r m
anag
emen
t pr
actic
es r
equi
red
16.6
7 -
- -
- 16
.67
- -
- -
De-
wor
min
g
A
war
enes
s th
roug
h tr
aini
ng
50
- 60
10
0 10
0 50
-
- 16
.67
14.2
8 Su
bsid
y 16
.67
- -
- 10
0 -
- -
50
B
ette
r m
anag
emen
t pr
actic
es r
equi
red
33.3
3 -
- -
- -
- -
- -
Dis
ease
con
trol
aw
aren
ess
thro
ugh
trai
ning
50
-
60
100
80
66.6
7 -
- 16
.67
- su
bsid
y
-
100
80
-
- 50
-
Bet
ter
man
agem
ent
prac
tices
req
uire
d 50
-
- -
- 33
.33
- -
- -
Pes
t con
trol
-
- -
- A
war
enes
s th
roug
h tr
aini
ng
50
- 60
10
0 80
50
-
- 16
.67
- Su
bsid
y -
- -
100
80
- -
- 50
Bet
ter
man
agem
ent
prac
tices
req
uire
d 50
-
- -
- 50
-
- -
-
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
18
8
Tab
le 5
.24
Pro
blem
s an
d In
terv
enti
ons
for
Cul
ture
d F
ishe
ries
Con
stra
int
Inte
rven
tion
Sa
dar
Bal
hS.
Nag
arG
ohar
Sera
jK
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
rC
haun
tra
Dra
ngD
istr
ict
Qua
lity/
qu
antit
y of
fi
nger
lings
Supp
ly o
f qu
ality
fi
nger
lings
�
� �
- -
� -
- -
�
Fish
fee
d R
egul
ar s
uppl
y of
fis
h fe
ed
� -
� �
- -
� -
- -
�
Subs
idy
on th
e fi
sh f
eed
� -
� �
-
� -
- -
�
Qua
lity/
qu
antit
y of
w
ater
sup
ply
Iden
tific
atio
n o
f ap
prop
riat
e sp
ecie
s B
reed
ing
of n
iche
bas
ed
spec
ies
- -
- -
- �
- -
- -
�
Tra
inin
g fa
cilit
ies
Tra
inin
g at
loca
l lev
el
� �
� �
� �
� -
- -
�
Dem
onst
ratio
n at
pr
oduc
er's
leve
l �
� �
� �
� �
- -
- �
Tec
hnic
al
know
how
Lea
rnin
g by
doi
ng
- �
- �
� -
- -
- -
�
Supp
ly o
f lit
erat
ure
- �
- �
� -
- -
- -
�
Dev
elop
men
t of
pack
age
of p
ract
ices
-
� -
� �
- -
- -
- �
Pond
st
ruct
ure
Prov
isio
n of
sub
sidy
�
� -
� �
- �
- -
- �
Peri
shab
ility
Pr
ovid
e co
ld s
tora
ge
faci
lity
- �
- �
� -
� -
- -
�
Rem
uner
ativ
e pr
ice
Exp
lore
goo
d m
arke
t �
� -
� �
- -
- -
- �
Mar
ket
Exp
lore
the
mar
ket
outs
ide
the
dist
rict
�
� -
� �
� -
- -
- �
Cas
t net
s,
med
icin
es
etc.
Prov
isio
n of
ade
quat
e av
aila
bilit
y of
cas
t, ne
ts,
med
icin
e, e
tc.
� �
- �
� -
- -
- -
�
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
189
Chapter VI
DISTRICT PLAN
6.1 Plan Estimates
Budget outlay has been proposed for eight different sectors viz; interventions to improve and enhance sustainability of crop production system, need based infrastructure development, natural resource conservation and management, niche based enterprises for rural entrepreneurs, fruit production, livestock, poultry & fisheries, human resources and research & extension activities. Within the sub-sectors and main sectors as a whole, the budget provision for five years and its yearly allocation have been shown in Table 6.1. The total budget for plan has been proposed at Rs. 1,272.51 cores. A major component of the proposed budget is infrastructure development (48.24 per cent of total budget) like irrigation, rural markets and rural roads. The next important item of the budget is natural resource conservation and management and the proportion of allocation is around 41.25 per cent of the total budget. The remaining budget has been mainly allocated to the improvement and enhancement of crop production (3.37 per cent), human resource development (2.24 per cent), fruit production (1.87 per cent) and livestock, poultry and fisheries (1.70 per cent).
6.2 New/ Innovative Schemes
The innovative schemes have been identified for achieving the growth and development of agriculture, rural sectors and district economy as a whole. These schemes are related to agriculture, infrastructure and irrigation and details of theses schemes along with their estimates have been presented in Tables 6.2 and 6.3. The innovative schemes include:
� Creation of water harvesting structures like ponds, check dams, etc.
� Provision of irrigation through the development of major and minor Kuhls from the potential sources and incentives for the development of micro irrigation structures at individual farmer level, namely, sprinkler, drip and tank structures.
� Natural resource (soil, land, water) conservation and resource use efficiencies.
� Protection of crops against biotic and abiotic stresses.
� Horticulture (Development of hill specific resistance cultivars, zero energy cool storage structures and installation of modern scientific equipment- anti gun, etc)
� Trout fish farming through pond construction and distribution of fingerlings.
� Livestock development (management/improvement and fodder development, supply of feed kits, mobile veterinary services, etc)
� Organic farming of apple and production of vermi-compost.
190
� Diversified farming through protected cultivation
� Expansion of agro-tourism in the surrounding villages of Prashar Lake (Sadar block) and Rewalsar lake (Balh block), Chuhar valley in Drang, Nainidhar and Chattarbhuja areas of Chauntra, Kamlah Fort in Dharmpur, Janjehali and Gada Gusain areas of Seraj block. Similarly, the agro-tourism can also be developed at places of interest like temples, sanctuaries, hill tops, etc
� Development of rural infrastructure (rural markets, rural roads, bridges and rope ways, etc)
� Agriculture mechanization (incentives on improved tools and hill specific machinery like power tillers, tractors, crop planters/harvesters, sprayers, clod breakers, chaff cutters, milk churners etc) to reduce drudgery of women.
6.3 Prioritisation of Different Schemes
The prioritisation of schemes that came into light during the course of data collection through PRA technique has been shown in Table 6.4. It can be observed from the table that strengthening and provision of irrigation facilities was accorded the first priority in eight blocks leaving Sundernagar and Gohar. In case of Sundernagar, the first priority was control of stray and wild animals’ menace. However, that was the second priority of the majority of the farmers in most of other blocks. Soil and water conservation was given third priority in Sadar, Seraj, Gopalpur, Dharmpur and Drang, whereas incase of Gohar, it was ranked first priority. The other priority areas of most of the blocks in order of ranking were improvement of culturable waste, diversification towards vegetables and fruit and transfer of technology and adoption of package of practices.
Under the horticulture sector, first priority given by majority of the farmers in the district was construction of water harvesting structures. Farmers in Seraj, Gopalpur, Dharmpur and Drang ranked intensification as second priority for them. As far as animal husbandry is concerned, livestock improvement was accorded top priority in all most all the blocks, except Sundernagar and Karsog. Farmers in Sundernagar and Karsog ranked skill upgradation as the first priority for them whereas farmers in other blocks gave second priority to it. Production of quality fodder and marketing of animal products were the third and fourth priorities for the majority of farmers in the district. Awareness and training on fisheries was also given top priority by the farmers in Sundernagar, Seraj and Karsog blocks.
6.4 Projected Outcomes, Growth Rates and Input Requirement
Exploitation of irrigation potential (lift and ground water) will provide irrigation to an area of 29,344 hectares in the district. Available water potential shall be exploited and thereby 29,344 hectares of land shall be brought under protective and assured irrigation. With the
191
implementation of plan, the farmers will have adequate/assured irrigation facilities compared to existing situation. For example, the cultivated land and productive support land would increase by 62.86 and 63.14 per cent, respectively (Table 6.5).
The projected outcomes and growth rates in respect of crop production have been worked out by presuming enhancement of land with irrigated area and crop improvement programmes like management of weed infested lands, etc (Scenario I) and diversion of 20 per cent irrigated area to vegetables crops (Scenario II) and the same have been presented in Tables 6.6. Briefly, the tables indicate that foodgrain production is expected to increase from 2, 93,309 metric tonnes to 3, 76, 020 metric tonnes after the implementation of the plan recording a growth rate of 5.68 per cent per annum in scenario I. Even in Scenario II when 20 per cent of irrigated land is shifted to high value cash crop production, the growth rate of foodgrains production shall be fairly high at 4.44 per cent per annum.
Similarly, the production of vegetables is expected to accelerate from 1, 06,021 metric tonnes to 1, 43,578 metric tonnes in scenario I, recording a growth rate of 7.08 per cent per annum when proportion of area under these crops remains same and to 3, 14,419 metric tonnes recording a growth rate of 39.31 per cent per annum in scenario II, if 20 per cent of the irrigated area will be brought under these crops. This may generate a marketable surplus of 2, 90,861 metric tonnes and create additional employment opportunities to the unemployed youth in the district through forward and backward linkages.
The projected output growth rates based on actual and potential yield presented in Table 6.7 revealed that the annual growth rates of cereals, pulses, oil seeds and vegetables were 16.23, 12.43, 10.11 and 11.14 per cent, respectively.
The projected output growth in horticulture crops has been presented in Table 6.8 and it can be observed from the table that with the implementation of plan, the apple yield in Mandi district will increase from 30.31 to 48.19 quintals/ha, showing an annual growth rate of 7.35 per cent. The production of other important fruit in the district will also increase. For example, the production of stone fruit will increase from 742 to 1,211 metric tonnes, citrus from 6,523 to 12,324 metric tonnes and mango from 1,605 to 3,562 metric tonnes. Resultantly, the annual growth rate of these fruit will also increase at the rate of 17.61, 7.41 and 10.16 per cent, respectively.
The projections for animal products and live animals have been given in Table 6.9. It can be seen from the table that the milk production from crossbred cow will increase at the rate of 26.24 per cent per annum. With the implementation of plan, the milk production from indigenous cows will increase from 382 to 751 metric tonnes, at the growth rate of 19.31 per cent / annum. The annual growth rate of buffalo and goat milk production would be 23.83 and 51.49 per cent, respectively. The wool production in the district is expected to increase from 148 to 316 metric
192
tonnes, indicating 22.70 per cent annual growth rate. The number of sheep/goats and poultry live animals reared for meat purpose will also increase by 14.49 and 1.96 per cent per annum, respectively.
Agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry sectors are projected to grow at 15.91 , 13.67 and 25.82 per cent per annum, respectively. The fish production has been projected to grow at 22.32 per cent/ annum. The overall growth rate of agricultural economy of the district due to agriculture and its allied sectors has been projected to grow at 23.44 per cent per annum (Table 6.10).
The demand for different types of fertilizers like UREA, 12:32:16 and MOP has been projected to increase to 7,664.38, 3,121.94 and 545.29 metric tonnes, respectively by the year 2012-13 under scenario I. Under scenario II, the demand for these fertilizers has been projected to increase at 8,447.19, 3,444.19 and 599.08 metric tonnes, respectively. And in scenario III, it has been projected to increase to 9,292.7, 3,792.52 and 657.03 metric tonnes, respectively (Table 6.11).
The demand for seed materials like maize, wheat, paddy, barseem, pulses, vegetables, seed potato and ginger has been projected to increase to 709.14, 3,352.63, 388.11, 49.98, 611.41, 111.65, 120.66 and 425.30 metric tonnes, respectively. Under scenario II, the demand for seeds has been projected to increase at 774.66, 3,642.53, 424.28, 54.54, 656.45, 123.11, 133.17 and 455.50 metric tonnes, respectively (Table 6.12).
6.5 Growth Drivers
The availability of suitable agro-climatic conditions to grow high value cash crops (fruit, off-season vegetables, mushroom, medicinal & aromatic plants), rising demand for these crops coupled with huge markets for them in the neighbouring states including Azadpur market New Delhi are the most important growth drivers of the crop sector particularly, the cultivation of high value cash crops. Likewise, emerging huge local demand for milk and milk products in the district because of increasing urbanization, coming up of new educational institutions, rising population and their income level and hydro-electric projects work, are important potential growth drivers of animal husbandry sector. The availability of basic infrastructural facilities like assured irrigation, rural roads, rope ways, the Control Atmosphere Storage (CAS), extension facilities, etc are the important growth drivers for different sectors. The development and diffusion of new agricultural technologies to increase yield levels, eradicate and control of weeds to improve the productivity of support and pasture lands and reduce the cost of cultivation is sine qua non for realizing the rich potential available in the district.
193
6.6 Vision of the Plan
The implementation of the proposed plan shall accelerate the on going process of crop diversification which includes not only the cultivation of vegetables and fruit but also other high value cash crops like medicinal and aromatic plants, off-season vegetables and mushrooms. This shall make the district as one of the leading producers of off - season vegetables and fruit. The harnessing of irrigation potential both through irrigation schemes like flow irrigation and watershed development shall go a long way in reducing risks and stabilizing the production of different crops. Likewise, improving rural connectivity and marketing infrastructures shall further accelerate the process of crop diversification towards fruit, vegetables, etc. As mentioned above, the district has a potential to switch over to organic cultivation of different crops like apple, medicinal and aromatic plants, off season vegetables which can be sold at premium price both in domestic and international markets. As a result of all these, there will be a significant increase in the income and employment of the farmers. This whole process is expected to give rise to number of rural non-farm activities encouraging the process of transfer of workers from agriculture to non-agricultural sector.
The climatic change may invite the introduction of new crops and threaten the economic viability and ecological sustainability of existing crops. Many more new challenges are expected to emerge like the emergence of new diseases and insect-pests. Certain valuable fauna and flora may disappear. There might be shortage of water due to less rainfall, snow fall and its early melting. Besides, climatic changes several second generation problems may also emerge like newer and more efficient technologies which may endanger the economic viability of existing crops and cropping systems. All these emerging challenges call for concerted efforts to understand full implications of such changes and devise effective strategies to cope up with such challenges.
194
Table 6.1 District Agricultural Plan: Sectoral Outlays and Yearly Allocation (Rs. Lakh)
Sr.No.
Schemes Total Plan Yearly Allocation
Outlay I II III IV V
I Interventions to Improve and Enhance Sustainability of Crop Production System
4,285 642.75 857 857 857 1,071.25
1 Improvement of productivity of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables and spices crops through promotion of HYV seeds including hybrids
650 97.5 130 130 130 162.5
2 Improvement of soil health through vermi-composting, bio-fertilizers, micro nutrients, soil testing etc.
450 67.5 90 90 90 112.5
3 Protection of crops against biotic stresses (diseases, pests, weeds) and abiotic stresses (hailstorms, drought, flash floods, etc) and other risk factors
250 37.5 50 50 50 62.5
4 Water use efficiency through micro irrigation
700 105 140 140 140 175
(i) Sprinkler 600 90 120 120 120 150
(ii) Drip 100 15 20 20 20 25
5 Agricultural mechanization through popularization of improved tools and hill specific machinery like power tillers, tractors, crop planters/ harvesters, sprayers, clod breakers and gender friendly post harvesting equipments to remove women drudgery
260 39 52 52 52 65
6 Protected (poly house) cultivation to minimize risk factors and enhance quality and productivity
1,900 285 380 380 380 475
7 Strengthening and improvement of quality control infrastructure (seed, pesticides and fertilizer testing laboratories)
35 5.25 7 7 7 8.75
8 Strengthening of seed production farms and promotion of infrastructure to improve seed production and replacement
40 6 8 8 8 10
II Need Based Infrastructure Development
61,391 9,208.65 12,278.2 12,278.2 12,278.2 15,347.75
1 Irrigation 17,345 2,601.75 3,469 3,469 2,286.8 4,336.25
195
2 Improvement of on-farm water delivery and efficiency of existing irrigation systems
18,081 2,712.15 3,616.2 3,616.2 3,616.2 4,520.25
3 Rural markets 1,759 263.85 351.8 351.8 351.8 439.75
4 Rural roads for connectivity 24,206 3,630.9 4,841.2 ,4841.2 4,841.2 6,051.5
III Natural Resource Conservation and Management
52,496 7,874.4 10,499.2 10,499.2 10,499.2 13,124
1. Soil conservation of arable and non-arable land through engineering measures
2,488 373.2 497.6 497.6 497.6 622
2. Water harvesting check dams, ponds, tanks, etc
43,875 6,581.25 8,775 8,775 8,775 10,968.75
3. Land improvement 6,133 919.95 1,226.6 1,226.6 1,226.6 1,533.25
IV Niche Based Enterprises for Rural Entrepreneurs
160 24 32 32 32 40
(i) Organic farming 48 7.2 9.6 9.6 9.6 12
(ii) Mushroom 22 3.3 4.4 4.4 4.4 5.5
(iii) Sericulture 90 13.5 18 18 18 22.5
V Fruit Production 2,380 357 476 476 476 595
VI Livestock, Poultry & Fisheries 2,166 324.9 433.2 433.2 433.2 541.5
1 Livestock improvement 1,145 171.75 229 229 229 286.25
2 Fisheries 1,021 153.15 204.2 204.2 204.2 255.25
VII Human Resources 2,850 427.5 570 570 570 712.5
1 Additional man power requirement
2,767 415.05 553.4 553.4 553.4 691.75
2 Capacity building of extension personnel
83 12.45 16.6 16.6 16.6 20.75
VIII Research & Extension 1,523 228.45 304.6 304.6 304.6 380.75
IX All Sectors & Schemes 1,27,251 19,087.65 25,450.2 25,450.2 25,450.2 31,812.75
Source: Field Survey, 2007-08
196
Table 6.2 New Schemes for Agriculture and Rural Development
Block No. of schemes
Village (No.)
Beneficiary families (No.)
Potential area(ha)
Funds required (Rs. Lakh)
Watershed Development including Tanks, Ponds, Check Dams, etc. Sadar 15 212 340 2,500 6,250 Balh 51 51 315 2,500 6,250 Sundernagar 10 100 200 1,500 3,750
Gohar 2 9 150 1,700 4,250 Seraj - - - 1,500 3,750 Karsog 3 80 480 1,500 3,750
Gopalpur 1 - 30 2,000 5,000 Dharmpur 425 75 5,000 2,000 5,000 Chauntra 825 126 3,200 820 2,050 Drang 4 - - 1,500 3,750
Total 1,336 653 9,715 17,520 43,800 Soil/Land Conservation Schemes
Sadar 5 28 451 575 60
Balh 140 140 300 600 40 Sundernagar 4 20 300 450 50 Gohar 54 9 100 117 70.78
Seraj 36 36 233 83 50 Karsog 8 35 350 100 800 Gopalpur 350 55 1,550 516 455
Dharmpur 850 75 5,000 2,000 400 Chauntra 1,280 112 1,850 6,500 512 Drang 3 4 40 60 47
Total 2,730 514 10,174 11,001 2,417.78 Fruit Production
Sadar 4 168 600 1,123 99
Balh 6 35 3,000 1,000 80 Sundernagar 4 150 500 1,000 95 Gohar - 75 175 150 94.46 Seraj 11 183 517 200 18
Karsog 3 500 5,000 10,000 1,500 Gopalpur - - - 3,000 200 Dharmpur 1 262 10,000 1,000 72
Chauntra 3 278 1,271 500 150 Drang 188 104 433 187.93 22 Total 220 1,755 21,496 18,160.93 2,330.46
FisheriesSadar 50 100 200 - 50 Balh 20 12 17 4 3.2
Sundernagar 50 150 700 100 50
Gohar 9 4 9 0.27 1.8
197
Seraj 37 20 37 0.12 -
Karsog 500 125 500 10 750
Gopalpur - - - - -
Dharmpur 50 50 50 2.5 50
Chauntra 45 15 45 - 112
Drang 11 7 7 0.6 4
Total 772 483 1,565 117.49 1,021
Livestock Improvement Schemes
Sadar 8 150 - - 30
Balh 8 193 8,000 1,000 500
Sundernagar 4 150 750 - 50
Gohar 1 7 1,200 - 2
Seraj 6 255 1,235 240 18
Karsog 3 300 2,800 - 250
Gopalpur - - - - 5
Dharmpur 1 262 9,000 - 30
Chauntra - - - - -
Drang 5 320 18,804 - 260
Total 36 1,637 41,789 1,240 1,145 Rural Roads (km)
Sadar 23 651 2,125 2,125 150
Balh 9 40 4,000 1,000 800
Sundernagar 20 500 2,000 2,000 150
Gohar 279 84 - - 2,786
Seraj 250 130 455 - 25
Karsog 947 518 17,883 - 750
Gopalpur 21 - - - 500
Dharmpur 200 80 - - 300
Chauntra 18 108 2,800 306 270
Drang 294 124 - - 5,880
Total 2,061 2,235 29,263 5,431 11,611
Bridges
Sadar 10 62 1,035 1,035 500
Balh 6 50 3,600 2,000 800
Sundernagar 10 50 1,,000 1,000 400
Gohar 5 - - - 325
Seraj 7 35 210 - 11
Karsog - - - - -
Gopalpur 3 - - - 200
Dharmpur 5 20 - - -
198
Chauntra 240 180 4,700 336 160
Drang - - - - -
Total 486 397 10,545 6,871 2,395
Rural Markets
Sadar 12 108 3,138 3,138 200
Balh 5 193 4,000 3,000 234.2
Sundernagar 10 100 3,000 5,000 200
Gohar 1 20 500 1,500 130
Seraj 21 200 1,000 - 105
Karsog 60 518 17,883 - 300
Gopalpur - - - 5,000 42
Dharmpur 10 72 2,780 - 208.4
Chauntra 15 130 4,500 - 300
Drang 2 - - - 40
Total 136 1,341 36,801 17,638 1,759.6
Protected Cultivation
Sadar 2 15 150 6 281.48
Balh 2 14 138 5.5 258.02
Sundernagar 1 15 151 6 281.48
Gohar 1 5 50 2 93.83
Seraj 2 15 152 5 234.57
Karsog 1 5 50 2 93.83
Gopalpur 2 15 153 5 234.57
Dharmpur 1 5 50 2 93.83
Chauntra 2 16 154 5 234.57
Drang 1 5 50 2 93.83
Total 15 110 1,098 40.5 1900
Organic Farming
Sadar - - - 40 4.0
Balh - - - 40 4.0
Sundernagar - - - 40 4.0
Gohar - - - 60 10.0
Seraj - - - 60 10.0
Karsog - - - 60 10.0
Gopalpur - - - 50 6.0
Total - - - 350 48.0
Source: Field Survey, 2007-08
19
9
Tab
le 6
.3 N
ew I
rrig
atio
n Sc
hem
es
Par
ticu
lar
Sada
r B
alh
S.na
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ngD
istr
ict
Lif
t Irr
igat
ion
Num
ber
6 5
10
7 2
10
- 10
4
- 47
Am
ount
req
uire
d (
Rs.
Lak
h)
1,36
5 16
5 60
0 60
0 51
4,
500
3,
300
1,20
0
11,7
81
Vill
ages
to b
e co
vere
d 15
0 5
- -
27
135
- 6.
5 -
- 32
4
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) -
250
- -
83
1,50
0 -
450
- -
2,28
3
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
909.
97
110
400
400
34
3,00
0 -
2,20
0 80
0 -
7,85
3.97
Use
of g
roun
d w
ater
Num
ber
- -
25
- -
40
- -
- -
65
Am
ount
req
uire
d (R
s.
Lak
h)
- -
800
- -
800
1,60
0
Vill
ages
to b
e co
vere
d -
- -
- -
40
- -
- -
40
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) -
- -
- -
400
- -
- -
400
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
- -
400
- -
400
- -
- -
800
Kuh
l
Num
ber
10
10
30
12
4 65
42
11
30
8
222
Am
ount
req
uire
d (R
s. L
akh)
51
0 11
2.5
25
0 97
.5
562.
5 87
5 55
0 88
1.25
12
5 3,
963.
75
Vill
ages
to b
e co
vere
d 70
10
-
4 25
65
70
11
-
8 26
3
Ben
efic
iari
es (
No.
) -
160
- 50
14
2 65
0 -
220
- 10
5 1,
327
Com
man
d ar
ea (
ha)
408
90
- 20
0 78
45
0 70
0 44
0 70
5 10
0 3,
171
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
20
0
Tab
le 6
.4 P
rior
itiz
atio
n of
Dif
fere
nt S
chem
es (R
ank)
Sect
or
Sche
me
Sada
r B
alh
Sund
erna
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Agr
icul
ture
Stre
ngth
enin
g an
d pr
ovis
ion
of I
rrig
atio
n fa
cilit
ies
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
Stra
y an
d w
ild a
nim
als
2
1
2
2 2
2 2
Soil
and
wat
er c
onse
rvat
ion
3
2 1
3
3 3
3
Impr
ovem
ent o
f cu
ltura
ble
was
te la
nds
4
4 4
4
Div
ersi
fica
tion
tow
ards
ve
geta
bles
and
fru
its
4 2
5
5 5
5
Tra
nsfe
r of
tech
nolo
gy a
nd
adop
tion
of p
acka
ge
prac
tices
3 3
2 6
6
6 3
6
Res
earc
h fo
r H
YV
's
4
4
7
7
7
Prod
uctio
n an
d pr
otec
tion
tech
nolo
gy
5 5
8
7
4
Mar
ketin
g fa
cilit
y
6
9
5
Subs
idy
on s
eed,
fer
tiliz
er,
impl
emen
ts a
nd p
oly-
hous
es
7
Up
grad
atio
n of
irri
gatio
n fa
cilit
y in
the
bloc
k
Lan
d co
nsol
idat
ion
2
Che
ck d
am
3
Inte
nsif
icat
ion
of a
gric
aw
aren
ess
activ
ity
4
Fill
the
post
of
AD
O,
AE
O's
etc.
5
20
1
Hor
ticu
ltur
e
Wat
er h
arve
stin
g st
ruct
ure
1 1
1
1
1 1
1
Inte
nsif
icat
ion
1
2
2 2
2
Aw
aren
ess
and
trai
ning
2
3
1 3
3
3
Div
ersi
fica
tion
2 2
2
4 2
4 4
4
Intr
oduc
tion
of n
ew f
ruit
plan
ts a
nd n
ew v
arie
ties
3
3 3
5
5 5
1 5
Exo
tic a
nd o
ff-s
easo
n ve
geta
bles
, med
icin
al-
arom
atic
pla
nts
4 3
4
6
6
Poly
-hou
se c
ultiv
atio
n 5
4 5
7
7
2
Bal
ance
d fe
rtili
zatio
n
5
8
8
Frui
t pro
cess
ing
plan
t, co
ld
stor
age
6
9
9
3
App
le s
pur
vari
etie
s ad
optio
n, m
ushr
oom
cu
ltiva
tion
7
10
Inte
nsif
icat
ion
of d
isea
se
man
agem
ent p
rogr
amm
e
3
Ava
ilabi
lity
of f
ungi
cide
, pe
stic
ide
4
Ani
mal
H
usba
ndry
Liv
esto
ck im
prov
emen
t 1
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
skill
up
grad
atio
n 2
2 1
2
1 2
2 2
2
Prod
uctio
n of
qua
lity
fodd
er
3
2
3
3
3 3
Mar
ketin
g
3 4
4
4
Man
agem
ent o
f w
ild
anim
al
2
5
3
Dis
ease
man
agem
ent a
nd
A.I
. fac
ility
4 3
4 6
4
Tra
inin
g fa
cilit
ies
5
4
7 2
5
Coo
pera
tive
dair
y so
ciet
y 3
5
5 8
Org
aniz
ed p
oultr
y fa
rmin
g 4
6
9
20
2
Feed
mill
10
4
Prop
er m
anag
emen
t 5
3
Oth
ers
Irri
gatio
n
1
1
Ani
mal
s 1
2
2
Wee
ds a
nd b
ushe
s
1
3
3
Mul
tipur
pose
tree
s
2
4
4
Fish
erie
s: a
war
enes
s an
d tr
aini
ng
2
1
1 1
Impr
oved
gra
sses
3
2
3
Ver
mic
ultu
re
4
3
1
Bio
- fe
rtili
zer
5
4
2
Api
ary,
ser
icul
ture
, m
ushr
oom
5
5 3
Wat
er h
arve
stin
g st
ruct
ures
1
The
re s
houl
d be
one
st
atis
tical
win
g in
BD
O
offi
ce
2
Mac
ro m
anag
emen
t sch
eme
at b
lock
leve
l
3
Agr
o-ec
otou
rism
6
1 6
6 4
5
Fiel
d st
aff
4
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
203
Table 6.5 Augmentation of Land and Water Resources: Physical Targets (ha)
Blocks Cultivated land
Potential cultivable
land
Productive support
land
Potential support
land
Existing irrigated
area
Potential irrigated
land
Irrigation potential through water
harvesting
Sadar 12,062 5,086 13,091 2,874 780 1,318 2,500
Balh 10,416 4,974 3,182 897 3,369 200 2,500
S Nagar 8,730 7,382 10,760 2,204 611 800 1,500
Gohar 6,838 5,348 5,601 2,516 452 600 1,700
Seraj 10,613 1,400 6,724 2,882 310 111 1,500
Karsog 11,756 773 12,200 4,745 425 3,850 1,500
Gopalpur 9,043 271 4,406 1,714 1,150 700 2,000
Dharmpur 8,963 204 8,292 4,271 928 2,640 2,000
Chauntra 7,018 6,417 4,143 1,692 1,745 1,505 820
Drang 7,486 2,649 5,791 3,550 784 100 1,500
District 92,925 34,504 74,191 27,344 10,554 11,824 17,520
Source: Field Survey, 2007-08
Table 6.6 Projected Output Growth of Foodgrains and Vegetables
Crop Existing Potential production (mt)
Growth (% p. a)
Area(ha)
Production (mt)
Yield(q/ha)
Scenario I
Scenario II
Scenario I
Scenario II
Maize 48,681 1,37,282 28.20 1,68,652 1,60,130 4.57 3.33
Paddy 20,942 26,344 12.58 37,776 36,140 8.68 7.44
Wheat 66,373 1,21,193 18.26 1,56,003 1,48,479 5.74 4.50
Barley 3,839 7,002 18.24 8,632 8,198 4.66 3.42
Pulses 3,280 1,489 4.54 1,813 1,721 4.35 3.11
Foodgrains 1,44,798 2,93,309 20.23 3,76,020 3,57,841 5.68 4.44
Vegetables 5,762 1,06,021 184.00 1,43,578 3,14,419 7.08 39.31
Note: Scenario I is output growth with increased irrigated area and crop improvement programmes Scenario II is output growth with diversion of 20% irrigated area to vegetables crops Source: Field Survey, 2007-08
204
Table 6.7 Projected Output and Growth in Production of Different Agricultural Crops
Crop Current production (mt)
Projected production (mt)
Growth rate in production (% p.a.)
Cereals
Maize 1,10,506 2,10,789 18.15
Paddy 46,282 83,140 15.93
Wheat 1,51,994 2,86,731 17.73
Barley 5,375 9,367 14.86
Buckwheat 53 88 13.04
Millets 51 76.59 6.65
Total 2,15,173 3,90,817 16.33 Pulses Rongi 14 33.36 27.89
Mash 946 1,516.38 12.05
Moong 6 8.36 7.83
Rajmash 2,691 4,677.26 14.76
Gram 140 205.88 9.43
Lentil 139 225.64 12.55
Kulthi 44 62.18 8.51
Total 2,912 4,721.87 12.43 OilseedsSesame 20 27.36 8.00
Sarson 132 211.63 12.13
Toria 37 47.40 5.71
Linseed 163 244.90 10.00
Gobhi sarson 20 28.80 9.39
Total 372 560.09 10.11 Vegetables Potato 3,05,112 4,83,013 11.66 Peas 15,543 25,489 12.80
Tomato 14,099 21,837 10.98
Beans 2,039 2,440 3.93
Onion 3,960 5,731 8.94
Cabbage 12,938 16,604 5.67
Cauliflower 7,142 10,451 9.27
Okra (Bhindi) 2,446 2,947 4.09
Cucurbits 5,808 7,945 7.36
Capsicum 2,621 3,054 3.31
Brinjal 1,849 2,179 3.57
Total 3,73,557 5,81,690 11.14 Green Fodder (Barseem) 41,422 51,454 4.84
Note: Growth rate based on gaps between yields of average farmers and progressive farmers
205
Table 6.8 Projected Output Growth in Fruit Production
Particular Existing Potential Growth rate in
production (% p.a)
Area(ha)
Production (mt)
Yield(q/ha)
Area(ha)
Production (mt)
Yield(q/ha)
Apple 15,193 46,050 30.31 17,987 86,679 48.19 7.35 Stone fruit 1,896 742 3.92 2,325 2,311 9.94 17.61 Citrus fruit 4,101 6,523 15.91 4,375 12,324 28.17 7.41 Mango 3,807 1,605 4.22 4,118 3,562 8.65 10.16 Litchi 257 228 8.87 409 753 18.42 19.21 Guava 656 935 14.25 848 2,204 25.99 11.31 Papaya 27 54 20.09 41 174 42.37 18.35 Walnut 1,016 260 2.56 1,331 588 4.42 10.52
Source: Field Survey, 2007-08
Table 6.9 Projected Output Growth in Livestock Products and Live Animals for Sale
Particular Existing Potential Growth rate in
production (% p.a)
No. Production (mt)
Milkyield
(l/kg/day)
No. Production (mt)
Milkyield
(l/kg/day) Milk (Crossbred cows) 3,70,276 1,922 5.19 3,70,276 4,443 12 26.24 Milk (Indigenous cows) 2,21,016 382 1.73 2,21,016 751 3.4 19.31 Buffaloes 70,165 319 4.54 70,165 698 9.95 23.83 Goat 2,62,761 123 0.47 2,62,761 441 1.68 51.49 Wool/sheep (per yr) 1,67,920 148 0.88 1,67,920 316 1.88 22.70 Wool/rabbitary 10,000 1 0.095 10,000 2 0.15 11.58 Sheep/ goat for meat 74,085 1,022 13.79 81,568 1,762 21.6 14.49 Poultry bird sold 3,39,570 - - 3,72,848 - - 1.96
Source: Field Survey, 2007-08
6.10. Projected Value of Output and Growth of Agriculture and Allied Sectors
Sector Current value productivity (Rs. Lakh)
Projected value productivity (Rs. Lakh)
Growth rate (% p.a)
Agriculture 36,462.87 65,461.50 15.91 Horticulture 9,152.53 15,407.70 13.67 Animal husbandry 1,53,251.63 3,51,103.60 25.82 Fisheries 47.50 100.50 22.32 Overall 1,98,914.53 4,32,073.30 23.44
Source: Field Survey, 2007-08
20
6
Tab
le 6
.11
Fer
tilis
er D
eman
d, A
ctua
l Sup
ply
and
Pro
ject
ions
for
2012
-13
(mt)
Yea
r C
AN
U
RE
A
12:3
2:16
SS
P
MO
P
Dem
and
Supp
ly
Dem
and
Supp
ly
Dem
and
Supp
ly
Dem
and
Supp
ly
Dem
and
Supp
ly
2003
-04
1,89
0 1,
504
6,39
1.5
6,30
5.53
2,
871.
88
2,71
8.33
39
9.7
375.
5 32
5 30
9.15
2004
-05
1,00
0 96
3 6,
200
6,10
6.8
2,90
0 2,
896.
85
140
138.
55
245
242
2005
-06
300
292.
7 6,
000
5,80
0 3,
000
2,69
9 30
5 25
9 33
0 30
2.9
2006
-07
300
277.
55
9,05
0 9,
015
4,00
0 3,
952.
35
300
293
330
308
2007
-08
300
252.
85
7,00
0 6,
801.
04
3,00
0 1,
236.
6 30
0 25
4.8
421
374.
25
Gro
wth
rat
e (%
p.a
.)
-30.
79
-30
1.83
1.
52
0.8
-14.
57
-5.5
6 -7
.46
5.31
3.
89
Proj
ectio
n fo
r 20
12-1
3 -
- 7,
664.
38
- 3,
121.
94
- -
- 54
5.29
-
Proj
ectio
n m
akin
g al
low
ance
for
cro
p di
vers
ific
atio
n @
2%
-
- 8,
447.
19
- 3,
444.
19
- -
- 59
9.08
-
Proj
ectio
n m
akin
g al
low
ance
for
irri
gatio
n @
2%
ove
r d
iver
sifi
catio
n -
- 9,
292.
7 -
3,79
2.52
-
- -
657.
03
-
Sour
ce: (
i) D
ata
on D
eman
d an
d Su
pply
, Dep
uty
Dir
ecto
r O
ffic
e, M
andi
(i
i) P
roje
cted
by
the
cons
ulta
nt f
ollo
win
g m
etho
dolo
gy a
dopt
ed b
y Fe
rtili
ser
Ass
ocia
tion
of I
ndia
, New
Del
hi
Tab
le 6
.12
Seed
Dem
and
and
Pro
ject
ions
for
2012
-13
(mt)
Yea
r M
aize
W
heat
P
addy
B
arse
em
Pul
ses
Veg
etab
les
Seed
pot
ato
Oil
seed
s G
inge
r T
urm
eric
2005
-06
283.
20
801.
80
165.
70
18.0
0 42
.13
100.
50
117.
70
2.55
22
.00
0.10
2006
-07
391.
80
1,41
5.30
21
4.00
18
.00
141.
78
93.7
1 11
.45
0.89
36
.60
0.10
2007
-08
399.
56
1,37
1.07
22
8.00
26
.40
114.
88
104.
54
118.
80
2.52
66
.80
0.10
Gro
wth
rat
e (%
p.a
.)
12.1
6 19
.58
11.2
3 13
.62
39.7
1 1.
32
0.31
-0
.39
44.8
1 0.
00
Proj
ectio
n fo
r 20
12 -
13
709.
14
3,35
2.63
38
8.11
49
.98
611.
41
111.
65
120.
66
- 42
5.30
-
Proj
ectio
n m
akin
g al
low
ance
fo
r ir
riga
tion
@ 2
%
774.
66
3,64
2.53
42
4.28
54
.54
656.
45
123.
11
133.
17
- 45
5.50
-
Not
e: P
roje
cted
by
the
cons
ulta
nt
Sour
ce: D
Y D
irec
tor
of A
gric
ultu
re, M
andi
Dis
tric
t
20
7
AP
PE
ND
IX T
AB
LE
S
App
endi
x T
able
1 D
emog
raph
ic a
nd I
nsti
tuti
onal
Fea
ture
s (N
os.)
P
arti
cula
r Sa
dar
Bal
h G
ohar
Sund
erna
gar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
rC
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Dis
tric
t
1 G
ram
pan
chay
ats
61
51
37
49
45
60
41
49
40
40
473
2 V
illag
es
246
188
334
256
388
599
307
258
278
320
3,17
4
3 H
ouse
hold
s -
23,8
55
14,2
89
23,0
72
14,7
9617
,883
2,
614
26,2
50
18,9
30
18,8
04
1,60
,493
4 T
otal
pop
ulat
ion
Mal
e 67
,278
50,2
43
34,6
98
55,4
53
39,4
2846
,770
42
,785
59
,841
31
,088
36
,341
4,
63,9
25
Fem
ale
64,2
5849
,908
33
,945
53
,344
34
,441
46,3
74
46,1
64
58,4
87
35,7
63
37,2
42
4,59
,926
Sche
dule
cas
te
36,8
1443
,101
23
,860
37
,974
20
,942
29,0
75
22,8
78
26,8
30
16,4
61
14,3
54
2,72
,289
Sche
dule
trib
e 1,
760
1,54
4 20
3 1,
811
43
389
1,39
1 -
1,00
1 3,
079
11,2
21
Rur
al
78,9
211,
00,1
51
68,9
95
80,6
58
77,7
6993
,144
85
,243
1,
18,3
28
66,8
51
- 7,
70,0
60
Urb
an
52,6
14-
- 25
,942
-
- 3,
706
- -
- 82
,262
Sex
ratio
98
4 99
3 99
8 98
1 97
6 99
2 1,
079
977
1,15
0 1,
020
1,01
5
5 L
iter
acy
rate
Mal
e 75
85
74
85
76
68
73
.23
- 80
.25
82.9
4 77
.78
Fem
ale
66
69
62
78
49
56
61.5
1 -
24.9
2 55
.86
58
Sche
dule
cas
te
69.3
4 25
-
68
25
53
- -
22.9
2 -
44
Sche
dule
trib
e 76
.5
85
- 73
.75
- 75
-
- 7
- 76
6 H
ouse
hold
s ec
onom
ic s
tatu
s
Ant
oday
a ho
useh
olds
3,
361
3,00
3 -
3,56
4 2,
667
7,43
2 2,
361
3,24
2 1,
876
2,34
2 29
,848
BPL
hou
seho
lds
5,32
3 1,
535
2,87
1 4,
418
4,68
2 4,
792
3,56
4 4,
894
2,84
2 3,
540
38,4
61
APL
1 ho
useh
olds
11
,681
18,3
17
- 15
,090
11
,375
8,91
7 -
- -
- 65
,380
APL
2 ho
useh
olds
-
- -
- -
19,6
32
- -
- -
19,6
32
20
8
7 V
illag
e am
enit
ies
Con
nect
ed w
ith p
ucca
roa
ds
116
94
7 15
6 36
20
0 40
75
24
-
741
Con
nect
ed w
ith k
uchh
a ro
ads
87
43
4 83
67
20
0 50
51
16
-
597
Con
nect
ed w
ith n
o ro
ads
162
51
- 17
28
5 10
8 10
13
2 1
- 76
6
Dri
nkin
g w
ater
sup
ply
211
- -
200
255
500
80
258
- -
1,50
4
Vill
ages
ele
ctri
fied
24
6 -
- 25
6 25
5 51
8 30
7 25
8 -
- 1,
840
Tel
con
nect
ion
to p
anch
ayat
s 61
-
- 49
49
60
-
7,90
0 5,
622
- 13
,741
Post
off
ice
49
6 -
38
30
33
41
41
13
17
268
Fair
pri
ce s
hops
Co-
op d
epot
s 54
38
-
50
63
45
47
38
42
42
419
Priv
ate
deal
ers
54
31
- 64
13
1 50
0 5
25
3 -
813
8 E
duca
tion
al a
nd h
ealt
h in
stit
utio
ns
Prim
ary
scho
ols
250
127
131
178
173
248
151
152
120
209
1,73
9
Mid
dle
scho
ols
57
31
23
44
38
65
31
34
28
48
399
Hig
h sc
hool
s 20
21
13
11
31
35
-
28
15
34
208
Tec
hnic
al in
stitu
tions
Poly
tech
/Eng
g -
- 1
2 -
- 19
-
- -
22
ITI
2 4
2 1
1 1
1 1
- 2
15
Nur
shin
g T
I 1
1 -
1 -
1 -
- -
- 4
Col
lege
of
Edu
catio
n
2 5
- 4
1 1
- 2
- 1
16
PHC
-
4 4
10
6 4
8 7
4 8
55
Dis
pens
arie
s 22
17
12
-
17
- 13
-
1 -
82
Sub-
heal
th c
entr
es
42
43
19
44
25
32
33
33
27
30
328
Com
mun
ity H
Cs
1 1
2 -
1 -
2 1
1 1
10
Hos
pita
ls
1 1
- 1
- 1
1 1
- -
6
Med
l col
lege
cum
hos
pita
ls
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
-
Vet
erin
ary
hosp
itals
7
4 1
6 3
4 5
4 3
3 40
20
9
Vet
erin
ary
disp
ensa
ries
40
28
3
29
18
37
22
32
21
27
257
Gos
adan
1
1 -
1 -
- 1
- -
- 4
Oth
er h
ealth
inst
itutio
ns
- 2
- 8
1 17
-
- -
- 28
Ang
anw
arie
s/ba
lwar
ies
305
296
225
33
220
298
406
253
205
67
2,30
8
9 V
illag
e/co
mm
unit
y or
gani
zatio
ns
Mah
ila m
anda
ls
158
103
115
116
92
250
279
273
250
136
1,77
2
Self
hel
p gr
oups
11
6 12
2 11
9 12
8 34
2 35
0 68
10
1 78
79
1,
503
You
th c
lubs
13
0 53
63
56
-
120
97
100
97
137
853
NG
Os
7 1
- 2
1 5
1 1
- -
18
Farm
ers
co-o
pera
tives
36
-
- 30
63
5
30
- -
1 16
5
Any
oth
er
1
25
- -
- 33
10
Ban
king
inst
itut
ions
Com
mer
cial
ban
ks
13
5 2
7 2
5 3
3 4
2 46
RR
Bs
9 2
- 1
4 4
15
7 -
3 48
Cen
tral
co-
oper
ativ
e ba
nks
- 38
-
- 4
3 -
5 3
1 18
Co-
oper
ativ
e cr
edit
soci
etie
s -
- 4
30
10
45
30
19
17
- 19
3
A
ny o
ther
-
- 3
- -
160
25
- -
- 18
8
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
21
0
21
1
App
endi
x T
able
2 D
istr
ibut
ion
of W
orke
rs a
nd C
ateg
orie
s of
Hou
seho
lds
Par
ticu
lar
Sada
r B
alh
Sund
erna
gar
Goh
ar
Sera
j K
arso
g G
opal
pur
Dha
rmpu
r C
haun
tra
Dra
ng
Dis
tric
t
Wor
kers
Agr
i. la
bour
72
,850
84
7 85
,280
25
5 37
12
,750
-
255
36,0
00
35,4
05
2,43
,679
Hou
seho
ld in
dust
ry
850
790
250
285
269
1,85
7 50
5
80
386
4,82
2
Oth
ers
39
,088
14
,667
-
5,20
1 3,
304
8,55
3 5,
514
2,52
,812
1,
920
7,70
6 3,
38,7
65
Tot
al
24,8
79
47,7
64
21,2
40
34,0
38
44,6
24
58,9
26
26,1
47
30,5
04
56,0
00
18,3
40
36,2
46
Mai
n w
orke
rs
20,9
58
26,3
75
21,0
40
22,0
75
35,7
15
21,2
93
5,56
4 10
,676
40
,000
18
,031
2,
21,7
27
Mar
gina
l wor
kers
3,
921
21,3
89
200
11,9
63
8,90
9 37
,633
20
,583
19
,828
16
,000
30
9 1,
40,7
35
Hou
seho
lds
Lan
dles
s 33
0 60
50
0 -
7,25
0 50
1,
200
26
- -
9,41
6
Mar
gina
l 98
,226
16
,748
22
,422
-
2,50
1 14
,306
13
,110
9,
550
17,8
90
- 1,
94,7
53
Smal
l 1,
085
4,71
3 93
-
1,06
6 3,
004
7,47
3 2,
700
840
- 20
,974
Lar
ge
240
2,33
4 54
-
5 52
3 4,
364
1,60
9 20
0 -
9,32
9
Tot
al
99,8
81
23,8
55
23,0
69
28,2
97
10,8
22
17,8
83
26,1
47
13,8
85
18,9
30
29,7
77
2,92
,546
Sour
ce: F
ield
Sur
vey,
200
7-08
21
2
21
3
App
endi
x T
able
3 D
emog
raph
ic I
nfor
mat
ion
for
the
Dis
tric
t Man
di
Sr. N
o.
Blo
ck
Wor
kers
(No.
) C
ateg
orie
s (N
o.)
Agr
i. N
on-a
gri.
Mal
e F
emal
e M
ale
Fem
ale
SC
ST
OB
C
Gen
.
1.
Sada
r 1,
256
438
40,7
30
17,4
55
32,7
20
1,46
0 2,
206
78,4
05
2.
Bal
h 60
7 24
0 37
,770
14
,617
43
,101
1,
544
4,11
8 51
,388
3.
Sund
erna
gar
205
104
23,7
83
11,6
22
33,5
98
900
3,40
6 52
,741
4.
Goh
ar
275
183
24,5
44
9,23
4 21
,103
14
1 1,
203
47,9
27
5.
Sera
j 48
6 21
0 29
,652
11
,280
20
,316
42
58
0 63
,100
6.
Kar
sog
622
236
31,4
60
12,3
40
29,0
75
389
1,88
6 59
,777
7.
Gop
alpu
r 37
2 21
6 29
,211
11
,111
22
,009
1,
571
36
62,7
31
8.
Dha
rmpu
r 15
0 10
5 19
,620
7,
092
16,4
02
22
169
39,3
37
9.
Cha
untr
a 50
29
22
,053
9,
451
16,4
61
1,00
1 40
6 53
,123
10
Dra
ng
403
230
31,4
26
12,2
83
14,3
57
3,07
9 1,
518
56,9
14
D
istr
ict
4,42
6 1,
991
2,90
,249
1,
16,4
85
2,49
,142
10
,149
15
,528
5,
65,4
43
Sour
ce: S
trat
egic
Res
earc
h an
d E
xten
sion
Pla
n of
Dis
tric
t Man
di H
imac
hal P
rade
sh, A
TM
A, 2
005.
21
4
21
5
App
endi
x T
able
4 F
arm
Gat
e P
rice
s of
Dif
fere
nt C
rops
and
Liv
esto
ck P
rodu
cts
Sr.N
o.
Cro
ps
Pri
ce (R
s./q
)
Cer
eal
1 M
aize
65
0
2 Pa
ddy
850
3 W
heat
1,
000
4 B
arle
y 1,
500
5 B
uckw
heat
3,
000
6 M
illet
1,
500
Pul
ses
7 R
ongi
2,
500
8 M
ash
3,50
0
9 M
oong
2,
500
10
Raj
mas
h 3,
500
11
Gra
m
3,00
0
12
Len
til
3,00
0
13
Kul
thi
3,50
0
14
Mill
et
1,50
0
Oils
eeds
15
Sesa
me
4,50
0
16
Sars
on
3,00
0
17
Tor
ia
3,00
0
18
Lin
seed
3,
500
19
Gob
hi s
arso
n 3,
000
Veg
etab
les
21
6
20
Pota
to
400
21
Peas
1,
500
22
Tom
ato
700
23
Bea
ns
800
24
Oni
on
500
25
Gar
lic
2,50
0
26
Cab
bage
40
0
27
Cau
liflo
wer
60
0
28
Rad
ish
400
29
Okr
a (B
hind
i)
800
30
Cuc
urbi
ts
700
31
Cap
sicu
m
1,80
0
32
Bri
njal
50
0
Fru
it P
lant
s
33
App
le
1,50
0
34
Citr
us
2,00
0
35
Man
go
1,20
0
36
Dry
fru
it 6,
000
37
Litc
hi
2,50
0
38
Plum
80
0
39
Pom
egra
nate
1,
200
40
Peac
h 1,
000
41
Apr
icot
1,
000
42
Peer
1,
200
43
Kiw
i 2,
000
21
7
Spi
ces
& O
ther
Cro
ps
44
Gin
ger
2,00
0
45
Tea
50
0
46
Tur
mer
ic
800
47
Ber
seem
(G
reen
fod
der)
70
Liv
esto
ck P
rodu
cts
and
Liv
e A
nim
als
for
Sale
48
Milk
(cr
ossb
red
cow
s)
1,50
0
49
Milk
(in
dige
nous
cow
s)
1,50
0
50
Milk
(B
uffa
loes
) 1,
700
51
Milk
(G
oat)
1,
300
52
Woo
l/she
ep (
per
yr)
4,50
0
53
Woo
l/rab
bita
ry
4,50
0
54
Shee
p/ g
oat f
or m
eat
11,0
00
55
Poul
try
bird
sol
d (p
er b
ird)
50
56
Egg
s pr
oduc
tion
(per
egg
) 2.
50
57
Fish
5,
000
58
Flow
er C
uttin
g(pe
r cu
tting
) 3.
00
218