Gender Politics in 18th Century English Novels
â¢\Pamela and Anti-Pamelistsâ¢\
Mari Suzuki
Tokyo Polytechnic University
The image of women in English literature changed dramatically in mid 18th century England.
Christian tradition had long regarded women as 'Eve's daughters', which meant that women were
invariably evil and harmful. By the end of the 18th century, however, women described in novels
generally became good, modest, innocent, and vulnerable. The new trend in this image of the woman
was initiated by Samuel Richardson's Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded (1740), often described as 'the firstnovel' in English literature. Its morality and didacticism established the respectability of the form. Its
popularity transcended the boundaries of class, gender, and educational differences. It had such a great
an impact on society that it brought about a shift in the dominant expectations for female characters
in subsequent novels throughout the century; young, beautiful, good, chaste, submissive, and vulnerable.It also represented gender positions and politics in modern indUstrialized patriarchal society; men
provided with wealth, being superior, and women deprived and dependent, being inferior. It highlyappraised woman's chastity of the kind which enabled a servant girl to become a lady, opening theway for heroines to engage in hypergamy. Consequently, the novel inspired considerable controversyover femininity and inter-class marriage. Two major novelists separately expressed an antagonistic view
in the form of fiction. One is Henry Fielding, who published An Apology for the Life of Mrs. Shamela
Andrews (1741); the other is Eliza Haywood, who wrote Anti-Pamela; or, Feign 'd Innocence Detected
(1741). Both of them criticized Pamela and her 'virtue', although they focused on comparatively
different aspects of the novel. The former held a conservative point of view, in which Pamela wasthought of as a potential threat to the stability of society. The latter held a feminist point of view; her
heroine tries to undermine the male-dominant society in which the relationship between man and
woman is based on exchange. It delineates the material realities of women's lives as well as their
difficulties in pursuing financial security. The dispute caused by Pamela tells us that a new ideology
of femininity was being constructed in the middle of the century. This article will shed light on this
process as well as its social background and the changing values it epitomised.
17
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䞻婊å¿åã匷ãŸã£ãŠãããšèšãããã19)çµå©ã«ãã£ãŠãçµæžä¿é ãšå®å® ããå± å Žæãç¢ºä¿ ããã
ãšããæèã¯ããžã§ã³ããŒæ Œå·®ã®å€§ããªç€ŸäŒã«èŠãããç¹åŸŽ ãšèŠãªãããšãã§ããã
1) ㎠㣠㯠ã 㪠㢠æ ã«è³ çŸ ã ã ã è¯ åŠ» è³¢ æ¯ å ã® ç æ³ ç 㪠女 æ§ å ã Coventry Patmore (1823-96) ã® è©©
ã« ç± æ¥ ã ã ã âThe Angel in the House',in The Poems of Coventry Patmore. ed. Frederick Page,
Oxford University Press, London 1949. Quoted in Carol Christ. Victorian Masculinity and the
Angel in the House. Martha Vicinus ed., A Widening Sphere: Changing Roles of Victorian
Women. Indiana University Press, Bloomington 1977, p.148.
2) Haywood, Eliza. Love in Excess, or The fatal enquiry. Ed. by David Oakleaf, second edition,
Broadview Press, Toronto 2000, p.185.
3) Armstrong, Nancy. Desire and Domestic Fiction: A Political History of the Novel. Oxford
University Press, New York, 1987, p.18.
4) Fletcher, Anthony. Gender, Sex & Subordination in England 1500-1800. Yale University Press,
New Haven and London, 1995, p.375.
25
5) The Oxford University Dictionary. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1978. 㧠ã¯ã2.cãš ã ㊠次 ã® ã ã ã«
å® çŸ© ã ã ㊠ã ã ã
Chastity, sexual purity, esp. on the part of women.
6) The Oxford University Dictionary. èª æº ã¯ ã© ã ã³ èª âvirtus'ã§ãmanliness, valour, worth, etc.
7) Ingrassia, Catherine. ed. Anti-Pamela and Shamela, Broadview Press, Toronto 2004, p.215.
8) Ibid., p.66.
9) Ibid., p.227.
10) Armstrong, Nancy. op.cit., p.4.
11) Shoemaker, Robert. Gender in English Society, 1650-1850: The Emergence of Separate Spheres?
Longman, London 1998, p.40.
12) Perry, Ruth. "Women in families" in Jones, Vivien (ed.) Women and Literature in Britain 1700-
1800. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2000, p.119.
13) Conduct Booksã« é¢ ã㊠ã¯ãShoemaker, Robert. op.cit., pp21-36ã å ç § ã 18äž çŽ ã« ã¯å¥³ æ§ ã察
象 ãš ãã ãã³ ã³ã 㯠ã ã»ã ã㯠ã¹ã ã 倧 æµ è¡ ãã1693幎 ã ã1760幎 ãŸã§ ã«å° 㪠ããš ã500çš®
é¡ ã åºç ã ãã1770幎 代 ã ã1830幎 ã« ã ã ㊠ãç ã ã«èª ãŸã ã ãšã ãã
14) å ãè¡ äœ¿ ããã ãè£ çŠ ãªå¥³ äž» 人 å ¬ ãã 〠ããçµ éš ã® åŸ ã«æ¹ å¿ ããŠåŸ é ãªåŠ» 㚠㪠ã The History
of Miss Betsy Thoughtless (1751) 㧠ã ãã
15) Burke, Edmund. A Philosophical Enquiry into the Orlgin of Our ldeas of the Sublime and
Beautiful. Oxfbrd University Press, The World Classics, Oxfbrd 1990,p.106.
16) æ°Ž ç° ç æ ã女 æ§ è§£ æŸ æ æ³ å² ã ç æ© æž æ¿ã1979幎ã ã¡ ã ãŸæ èž æ 庫 çãpp.141-217.
17) Kirkham, Margaret. Jane Austen, Feminism and Fictlon. Athlone Press, London and Atlantic
Highlands, pp.48-50. ã ã ã³ãBarker-Benfield, G. J. The Culture of Sensibility: Sex and Society
in Eighteenth-Centuryã8ritain. University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London 1992, pp.368-
382.
18) ãã 㪠ã³ã 㯠㬠㢠ã ã㡠㢠㪠ã»ãŠ ã« ã¹ ã㳠㯠㩠ã ãã® ç ãš æ» ã äž äž å·»ã å° æ± å å èš³ã å è æž æ¿ ã
1989幎ã äž å·»pp.138-178.
19) ã女 å 倧 ç äž å¿ ã« åŒ· 㟠ã å° æ¥ äž» å©Š é¡ æ ã ãæ¥æ¬ çµ æž æ° è ã 2005幎5æ10æ¥ å€ å ã
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