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1MasterGardenerVolunteersCoreCompetencies

RevisedDecember6,2016

MasterGardenerVolunteer

CoreCompetenciesforClassworkandSelfStudybyLynneHolland,HorticultureCommunityEducationAssistant,and

CathrynKloetzli,AgricultureandFoodSystemsProfessionalThesecompetenciesarepresentedbythesubjectareastypicallycoveredinthebasicMasterGardenerVolunteer(MGV)trainingand/orinreadingswithinthemanual.ThecompetenciescanbeusedbycoordinatorsastheydesigntheirrespectivetrainingforMGVcandidates,byinstructorstomakesuretheirlessoncoversthetopicslistedandbytheMGVcandidatetoview,ataglance,allthattheywillorhavelearned.Eachsubjectareaincludesalistofitemsaboutwhichthestudenthasgainedknowledge.Thesubjectareasalsohighlightpracticalskillsthatwillhelpstudentsbecomemoreconfidentinassumingtheirrolestoassistclients.Theseskillsofferasetoftangible,specificservicesthatMGVscanuseimmediatelyinservicetotheircommunity.BEINGANEFFECTIVEMASTERGARDENERVOLUNTEERAttheendofthissessionyouwillbeabletoarticulateandexplain:● Themission,programbreadthandfundingsourcesoftheUniversityofMaine

CooperativeExtension● HowandwheretheMasterGardenerVolunteersprogramoriginated● MaineMasterGardenerVolunteersProgrampolicies● The“hows”and“whys”ofreportingvolunteerhoursandactivities● Theprocessandrequirementsofannualre-enrollment● Tipsforeffectivecommunicationwithfellowvolunteers,clients,andExtensionoffice

staff● Howtominimizeriskwhenworkingwithyouth,elderlyandothervulnerable

populations(VOLTtrainingprinciples)● PotentialMasterGardenerVolunteerprojectsinyourarea

Practicalskillsgainedandstrengthened:● Beabletoidentifyrelevanttechnicalandadministrativeresourcesthatsupportyouin

servicetoyourcommunity.Theseresourcesincludefaculty,officestaff,labs,UMaineandnationwideExtensionwebsitesaka.edusites,etc.

● Beabletobetternetworkandreachouttoallcommunitymembers

SOILSANDFERTILIZERSAttheendofthissessionyouwillbeabletoarticulateandexplain:● Thecompositionofsoil



● Thedifferencebetweensoiltextureandsoilstructure(effectsofexcessivetillage),theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofeachsoiltexture(clay,silt,sand),theimportanceoforganicmatterinthesoil.

● SoilfertilityandpH● TheroleandimportanceofsoilpH

o ThepHscale(acidictobasic,logarithmic)o HowpHadjustmentsaremadeinthesoilo CationExchangeCapacity(CEC)anditsrelationtofertility

● Essentialmacronutrientsandmicronutrientsneededforplantgrowth● Soiltestingandinterpretation

o Don’tGuess,SoilTest!-Theimportanceofsoiltesting.o Howtosamplesoilandcompletethesoiltestingformproperlyo Howtointerpretasoiltestanditsrecommendations

● Howtocomparefertilizerso Typesoffertilizersandtheirrelativeattributes(synthetic&organic)o Howtointerpretafertilizerlabelo Howtoselecttheappropriatefertilizerforaspecificuseo Howtoselectasubstitutefertilizer,whenthefertilizerrecommendedinyour

soiltestresultsisnotavailableatthestoreo Howandwhentoapplyfertilizerstominimizeenvironmentalimpact

● Homecompostingo Keyfactorsineffectivecomposting(microorganisms,organicmaterials(C:N

ratio,particlesize,air,moisture,andpilevolume)o Howtotroubleshootandcorrecthomecompostingproblemso Thecharacteristicsofandusesoffinishedcompost

● Covercroppingandorganicsoilamendmentso Reasonstousecovercropso Appropriatecovercropforeachreasono CovercropsandwhentheyareplantedinMaineo Organicamendmentsandhowtheyaffectsoil

Practicalskillsgainedandstrengthened:• Howtosamplesoilandcompletethesoiltestingformproperly• Howtointerpretasoiltestanditsrecommendations• Howtointerpretafertilizerlabel• Howtoselecttheappropriatefertilizerforaspecificuse• Howtoselectasubstitutefertilizer• Howandwhentoapplyfertilizerstominimizeenvironmentalimpact• Howtotroubleshootandcorrecthomecompostingproblems

BOTANYAttheendofthissessionyouwillbeabletoarticulateandexplain:● Thebinomialsystem(Genusspecificepithet)ofplantnomenclature● Meaningofthetermshybrid,open-pollinated,varietyandcultivar



● Plantparts(roots,stems,buds,leaves,flowersandfruits)andtheirfunctions● Beawareofhowaplantisidentified-ie.usingadichotomouskey● Plantgrowth,developmentanddifferentiation● Theprocessesofphotosynthesis,respirationandtranspirationinplants● Majorenvironmentalfactorsthatinfluenceplantgrowth,developmentandphenology

(spacing,nutrients,light,daylength,water,temperature)

Practicalskillsgainedandstrengthened:• Howtoidentifyaplantusingvarioustools-dichotomouskey,on-linesearch,

referencebooks• Howtoprovidetheproperenvironmentalconditionsforoptimalplantgrowth

andproduction.PLANTPROPAGATIONAttheendofthissessionyouwillbeabletoarticulateandexplain:● Thebasictechniquesandreasonsforvegetative(asexual)propagationofplants

includingdivision,layering,cuttingsandgrafting● Thebasictechniquesandreasonsforseedage(sexual)propagationofplants● Thepartsofaseedandtheenvironmentalfactorsnecessaryforgerminationand

growingon ● Potentialseedlingdiseases● Anunderstandingoftherolethatcontainers,growingmediumandfertilizationplayin

plantpropagation● Theprocessesofhardeningoffandtransplantingseedlings● Thebasicsofseedsavingandstorage

Practicalskillsgainedandstrengthened:• Howtosuccessfullyperform(andgrowon)atleastonevegetativepropagation

technique. • Howtosuccessfullyperformproperseedingtechnique• Howtohardenofftransplantseedlings

PLANTPATHOLOGYAttheendofthissessionyouwillbeabletoarticulateandexplain:● Thedifferencebetweenbioticandabioticdiseases● Thethreemaintypesofbioticdiseases(fungal,bacterial,viral)● Thefactorsnecessaryforplantdiseasetooccur(the“diseasetriangle”and/or“disease

pyramid”)● Howtousethe‘IPMTriangle’toidentifypreventativemeasuresandcontrolsforplant

diseases● Theimportanceofproperlyidentifyingthedisease,assessingseverityofdamageand

notingtimeofyearbeforeconsideringcontrol



● Thesignsandsymptomsofatleastonecommondiseaseofornamentals,vegetablesandfruits;(powderymildew,downymildew,Pythiumrootrot,rust,applescabandothers)

● HowtopackagesamplesforshipmenttothePestManagementLabfordiagnosis;andarticulateandexplainwhatinformationisneededforplantdiseasediagnostics

● WhyMasterGardenerVolunteersdonotofferadviceontheuseofpesticides

Practicalskillsgainedandstrengthened:• Howtopreventandcontrolplantdiseases(IPMTriangle)• Beabletolocatediseaseresistantvarietiesinaseedcatalog• IdentifycommonplantdiseasesfoundinMainegardensandlandscapes• HowtocollectandpackagesamplesforshipmenttothePestManagementLabfor

diagnosis• HowtogatherthenecessaryinformationforplantdiseasediagnosticsENTOMOLOGYAttheendofthissessionyouwillbeabletoarticulateandexplain:● Keymorphologicalcharacteristicsofinsects;

o Threemajorbodyparts:head,thorax,abdomeno Sixlegso Exoskeletono Antennae

● Thetwocommonlifecycletypesofinsects-gradualandcompletemetamorphosis● Thecharacteristicsoffiveordersofcommongardeninsects:

o Coleoptera(beetles)o Diptera(trueflies)o Lepidoptera(butterfliesandmoths)o Hymenoptera(bees,waspsandants)o Hemiptera(truebugs,hoppers,aphids)

● ThefundamentalcomponentsofIntegratedPestManagement(IPM);o Knowledgeofcrop,Knowledgeofpest,Monitoring,Thresholds,Actionsteps

(actualmanagementmethods)andEvaluation● Howtousethe‘IPMTriangle’toidentifypreventativemeasuresandcontrolsforplant

pests● Commonarthropodpestsoffruitandvegetablecropsandornamentals/turf;

o Fruitcrops:e.g.tarnishedplantbug,strawberryweevil,blueberrymaggot,raspberrycaneborer,applemaggot

o Vegetablecrops:e.g.stripedcucumberbeetle,asparagusbeetle,squashbug,cutworms,hornworm,

o Coloradopotatobeetle,importedcabbagewormo Ornamentals/turf:e.g.Japanesebeetle,lilyleafbeetle,viburnumleafbeetle,

mites,easterntentcaterpillar● Beneficialorganisms(predatoryorparasitic)andhowtoattractthemtothegarden;

o Examples:braconidwasps,ichneumonidwasps,nematodes,ladybeetles,spiders,greenlacewings



● ThethreatthatinvasiveinsectspeciesposeinMaine● WhyMasterGardenerVolunteersdonotgiveadviceontheuseofpesticides

Practicalskillsgainedandstrengthened:• Howtopreventandcontrolpests(IPMTriangle)• Becomefamiliarwiththelatestsourcesforcultural/mechanicalpestcontrol

techniquesgearedtoaspecificpest• IdentifycommonpestspeciesfoundinMainegardensandlandscapes• IdentifycommonbeneficialorganismsfoundinMainelandscapes

PESTSandPESTICIDESAFETYAttheendofthissessionyouwillbeabletoarticulateandexplain:● Thedifferenttypesofpesticidesandhowtheywork;

o Insecticides,fungicides,herbicides,rodenticides,etc.● Theterms“natural”,“organic”,“biological”,“synthetic”donotimplyhowsafeortoxica

productis.● Thedifferentpesticideformulations,andwhichformulationsposetheleastriskof

exposuretotheuser;o Readytouse(RTU)solutions,granules,baits,o Emulsifiableconcentrates,o Wettablepowders,aerosols,dusts,etc.

● Howtoread,understandandfollowapesticidelabel;o Activeingredient,o Leveloftoxicity(LD50,signalword),o TypeofPPEtouseo Howtomixandapplyo Siteandpestonwhichitcanbeused,o Reentryinterval/daystoharvest,o Environmentalhazards,emergencyprocedures,etc.o LABELISTHELAWo Applicationisrestrictedtoonlycropslistedonlabel

● Howtoassesstherisksvs.thebenefitsofpesticideuse;o Potentialrisks:non-targetspeciesaffected,off-siteexposure,accumulationin

theenvironment,reductioninnaturalpredators,etc.o Potentialbenefits:betteryield,reducednaturaltoxinsincrops,lesscrop

damage,aesthetic,publichealthimprovements,etc.● PrinciplesofIntegratedPestManagement(IPM);

o Identifytheproblem-Istheproblemcausedbyapest?o Assessthelevelofdamageo Determineifacontrolisneeded(threshold)o Applyacontrol:useleasttoxicoptionfirst,correcttiming/susceptiblestageof

pest,applyonlywhereneeded,etc.o Monitorandassesstheresult:keeprecordsofpestdamage,controlsusedand

results



● Howtoreducepesticideexposuretotheenvironment;o Alternativepestmanagementstrategies:culturalcontrols,mechanicalcontrols,

biologicalcontrols,tolerancefordamage,etc.o Spottreatmentsinsteadofbroadcasttreatmentso Principlesofresistanceandresistancemanagemento Reducepesticidedrift:timing,weathero Protectwaterbodies(25footbufferzonerequiredforallbroadcast

applications)o Keepproductsoffimpervioussurfaces,don’tapplyjustbeforerain.

● Howtominimizepesticideexposuretohumans;o Identifyindividualsensitivitieso Selectionanduseofproperpersonalprotectiveequipment(PPE)o Keepinoriginalcontainerso Followpropermixingandapplicationprocedureso Understanddose:exposure&toxicity

● Howtoproperlystore,secureanddisposeofpesticides.o Keepinalocationawayfromchildreno Purchasethesmallestquantityforyourneedso Understandthestorageneedsofdifferentformulationsofpesticide:(powder,

liquid,EC,etc.)● BecomefamiliarwithMaineBoardofPesticidesControl(BPC)

o Questionso Complaintso PesticidePick-Upsforold,outofdate,expired

● WhyMasterGardenerVolunteersdonotgiveadviceontheuseofpesticides

Practicalskillsgainedandstrengthened:• Howtoread,understandandfollowapesticidelabel;• AcquireandkeepdedicatedPPEonhandtousewhenneeded.Knowhowto

launderandre-use,ifapplicable.• Howtoaccesscredibleinformationonpesticides.

FOODSECURITYAttheendofthissessionyouwillbeabletoarticulateandexplain:● ThelateststatisticsandimpactsoffoodinsecurityinMaine● Thechallengesofprovidingfreshproducetohungryresidentsviafoodpantries-

o Clientsmaynotwantito Littleornorefrigerationo Infrequentlyopen-somepantriesonlyopenonceamontho Limitedspaceorfacilitieso Expandingneedfornutritioneducationandcookingdemosthatoutstrips

currentstaffing● HowtobecomemoreinvolvedintheMaineHarvestforHungerProgramoranother

localfoodsecurityprogram



Practicalskillsgainedandstrengthened:

• HowtobecomemoreinvolvedintheMaineHarvestforHungerProgramoranotherlocalfoodsecurityprogram

FOODSYSTEMSAttheendofthesesessionsyouwillbeabletoarticulateandexplain:● Thecomponentsofafoodsystemandeachperson’sroleinitasaconsumerand

perhapsalsoasproducer,processorand/ordistributor● HowtheUniversityofMaineCooperativeExtensionsupportsandispartoftheMaine

FoodSystem● Thecurrentstatisticsregardingfoodwasteandstepsthatcanbetakenindividuallyand

state-widetominimizethefoodwastestreamPracticalskillsgainedandstrengthened:

• Activelyinvolveyourselfinthefoodsystem-ie.supportinglocalfarms,minimizingwaste,becominganinformedconsumer

GROWINGVEGETABLESANDHERBSAttheendofthesesessionsyouwillbeabletoarticulateandexplain:● Factorstoconsiderwhenselectingagardensite● Factorstoconsiderwhenplanningavegetablegarden

o Varietyselectiontomatchconditionso Comparisonofraisedbeds,ingroundbedsandconventionalrowso Reasonsforcroprotationandhowtodevelopasimplerotationplano Conceptsandpracticesforintensivevegetableproductiono Basicgardenrecordkeeping

● Keyaspectsofvegetablegardenmaintenanceo Wateringo Weedmanagemento Fertilization

● Techniquesforextendingthegardenseason● Howandwhentoharvestandproperlystorecommonvegetablecrops● FoodsafetyandGoodAgriculturalPractices(GAP)forasafeharvestPracticalskillsgainedandstrengthened:

• Identify,prevent,andmanagecommonweeds• Howtoplan,plant,andmaintainavegetableand/orherbgarden• Howtoimplementsuccessionplanting• Howandwhentoharvestandproperlystorecommonvegetablecrops



• Foodsafetypracticesusedinpreparingfreshfoodsforconsumption

GROWINGSMALLFRUITSAttheendofthesesessionsyouwillbeabletoarticulateandexplain:● Thecriticalcomponentsofasuitablesiteforgrowingsmallfruits● Fundamentalsofgrowingstrawberries;properplanting,earlycare,winterproduction

andrenovationstrawberrybeds;characteristicsofrecommendedvarieties● Fundamentalsofgrowingraspberriesandblackberries;properplanting,earlycare,

trellisingandpruningofbrambles;characteristicsofrecommendedvarieties● Fundamentalsofgrowinghighbushblueberries;specialsoilneeds,properplanting,

earlycareandpruning;characteristicsofrecommendedvarieties● Typesofpruningcuts(headingandthinning)andhowplantsrespond● Whycurrantsandgooseberries(Ribesfamily)areillegaltoimportandgrowinpartsof

MainePracticalskillsgainedandstrengthened:

• Howtoselectandprepareapropersiteforspecificsmallfruitspecies • Howandwhentorenovateastrawberrybed • Howtotrellisandprunebrambles • Howandwhentoprunehighbushblueberries• Selecting,usingandcaringforappropriatetoolsforpruningsmallfruit

WILDLIFEAttheendofthissessionyouwillbeabletoarticulateandexplain:● Commonproblemscausedbywildlifeinthegardenandlandscapeandfirstlineof

defensemeasures.o http://www.maine.gov/ifw/wildlife/human/living.htmlo http://npic.orst.edu/pest/wildyard.html

● TheUniversityofMaineCooperativeExtensionnolongerrespondstowildlifedamagecontrolcalls.TheUSDAWildlifeServiceshouldaddressallwildlifecallsandsituations.

o http://www.maine.gov/ifw/wildlife/pdfs/adc09112016.pdfPracticalskillsgainedandstrengthened:

• Identifyinglocalresourcestoassistclientswithwildlifeissuesinthehomegardenandlandscape

GROWINGFRUITTREESAttheendofthistraining,youwillbeabletoarticulateandexplain:● Thecriticalcomponentsofasuitablesiteforgrowingfruittreesinthehomelandscape



● ThedifferentspeciesoffruittreescommonlygrowninMaineandamajorweaknessforeach

● Theselectionprocessforappropriatevarietiesoffruittrees● Whyandwhenfruittreesarecommonlygrafted● Thedifferencebetweendwarf,semi-dwarfandstandardsizedfruittrees● Reasonswhyrootstocksareusedintreefruitproduction● Basicprinciplesandpurposesforpruningdifferentkindsoffruittrees

o Typesofpruningcuts(headingandthinning)andhowplantsrespond● Disease,insectandwildlifepreventionandcontrolmethods

● http://extension.psu.edu/plants/gardening/fphg/wildlife-damagePracticalskillsgainedandstrengthened:

• Howtoselectappropriaterootstocksandvarietiesoffruittreesforspecificlocationsandgrowingconditions

• Howtoplant,prune,andcareforfruittrees• Selecting,using,andcaringforappropriatetoolsforpruningfruittrees• Identifyresourcestohelpwithwildlifecontrolinorchards

SELECTIONANDCAREOFHERBACEOUSLANDSCAPEPLANTSIfthissectionisaddressedintraining,youwillbeabletoarticulateandexplain:● Thelifecyclesoffloweringannuals,biennialsandperennials● Thecriteriaforappropriateherbaceousplantselectionforaestheticorutilitarian

purposes:o Fordifferentsiteconditions(sun,shade,wet,dry,etc)o Toaddresslandscapeconditionsorproblems(screening,wetswale,heavy

trafficetc.)● Explainthemostcommonwaysinwhichherbaceousplantsarepropagated● Groupplantswithsimilarneeds(water,fertilizer,sun)foreasiermaintenance● Generalflowergardencareduringtheseason.

o Siteselectiono Soilpreparationo Transplantingo Managingweedso Fertilizing o Effectiveirrigation

● GiveexamplesofplantsandplantcombinationsthataresuitableforMainegardensandrelativelynewinthetrade.


• RIGHTPLANT,RIGHTPLACE:GiveexamplesofplantsandplantcombinationsthataresuitableforMainegardens

• Howtoselecthealthyplantsfromaretailer



SELECTIONANDCAREOFWOODYLANDSCAPEPLANTSIfthissectionisaddressedintraining,youwillbeabletoarticulateandexplain:● Thethreeformsinwhichtreesandshrubscanbepurchasedandtheadvantage

disadvantagesofeachformo Balledandburlapped(B&B)o Containerizedo Bare-root

● Thebasicstepsandconsiderationsforplantingatreeorshrubo Selectingthepropertreeforthesiteo Timingo Holesize(depthandwidth)o Prosandconsofamendingbackfillo Wateringo Stakingo Mulching

● Howandwhentoproperlytransplantdifferentlandscapetreeso Timingo Rootpruning

● Thebasicsoflandscapetreeorshrubcareo Establishmentperiodandwaterneedso Fertilizationo Pruning

● Thebasicsofpruninglandscapetreesandshrubso Reasonsforpruning(safety,planthealth,controlsize,directgrowth,promote

floweringorfruiting)o Necessarytools,toolcareandsafety(polepruners,loppers,pruningsawsand

handshears)o Appropriatetiming(timeofyear,ageofplant)o Typesofpruningcuts(headingandthinning)andhowplantsrespond

● Non-native,invasivewoodyplantsinMaineandwhytheyareaprobleminmanagedlandscapes.(NorwayMaple,wingedeuonymus,orientalbittersweet,Japanesebarberry,shrubbyhoneysuckle,etc.)

● Familiaritywithsomeofthetypicalnativetreesandshrubsappropriatefordifferentlandscapeconditions.Groupplantswithsimilarneeds(water,fertilizer,sun)foreasiermaintenance.

o Sunny,welldrainedlandscapeo Shady,woodlandlandscapeo Seasonallyfloodedlandscapeo Coastal,lakesideoralpinelandscape(Choosewhatismostappropriateforyour

regionofthestatePracticalskillsgainedandstrengthened:



• Howtoplantandcareforwoodylandscapeplants • Properuseofdifferentpruningcuts(headingandthinning),takingintoaccount

howtheplantswillrespond • Beabletorecommendtypicalnativetreesandshrubsappropriateforthese

differentlandscapeconditions- o Sunny,welldrainedlandscapeo Shady,woodlandlandscapeo Seasonallyfloodedlandscapeo Coastal,lakesideoralpinelandscape

SUSTAINABLELAWNSANDGROUNDCOVERSIfthissectionisaddressedintraining,youwillbeabletoarticulateandexplain:● Sustainablelawnestablishmentpractices

o Theadvantagesanddisadvantagesofusingseedorsodo Propersitepreparationo Selectionofappropriategrassvarietieso Howandwhentoseedalawn

● Low-inputlawnmaintenanceo De-thatchingo Aerationprocedureandtimingo Propermowingtechniqueso Waterandfertilizingo Over-seedingo Managingweed,insectsanddiseaseso CommonseasonalpracticesinMaine

● AlternativestoTurfo Advantagesanddisadvantagesofreducingturf-grasso Methodsforremovingturfo Alternativestoturfwithafocusongroundcoversandnativespecies


• HowtoselectappropriategrassvarietiesforaMainelawn• Howtoeffectivelymaintainahealthylawnthroughpropermowing,fertilization

andwatering

SUSTAINABLELANDSCAPEDESIGNIfthissectionisaddressedintraining,youwillbeabletoarticulateandexplain:• Theelementsoftheartoflandscapedesign

o Color,texture,form,line,space,pattern,andlight• Basicstepsoflandscapedesignbasedonbiology,siteanalysis,engineeringandproject

management



o Assessthesiteinrelationtothegoalsoftheproject▪ Definetheenvironmentbothaboveandbelowtheground▪ Considerthefunctionofthespace-functionbeforeform▪ Makealistofthethingsyouwouldliketoincludeinthefinalplan

o Developatheme/themesforthelandscapeforfilteringdecisions▪ Designforbeautyusingtheelementsofartinthelandscape▪ Determinewhichfunctionswouldbebestservedbyhardscapeand

whichbyplants▪ Designthestructureandlayoutofthelandscape

o Assessthefactorsinfluencingthedesign▪ Assesswhatisgoodintheexistinglandscapeandwhatneedstobe

eliminated▪ Developabudget(laborandmaterials)fortheentireprojectandsub-

projects▪ Considerlaborandfinancialcostsoflong-termmaintenance▪ Createaninstallationtimelinewherehardscapeprecedesplanting

o Installation:Selectplantsanduseproperplantingpractices• Filterplantchoicesbytheme• Chooseplantsbyfunctionandsuitabilitytosite• Considerhardiness,size,color,texture,andseasonality• Developeffective,scaled,sustainableplantcombinations• Followgoodplantingandestablishmentpractices• Applyinglandscapedesignprinciplestoprojects

o Balance/Style o Dominance,focalpoint,

focalizationo Scaleandproportion

Rhythmandrepetition

o Transition/Tension o Contrasto Unity o Simplicity

• Evolutionoflandscapedesigninreactiontoenvironmentalstewardshipo Sustainabilityo Appropriateuseofnativeandnon-invasiveexoticplantso Waterqualityandconservationo Energyconservationo Developingsustainablelandscapesthathavelongterm,lowcarbonfootprint.o Awarenessofwhatpracticeswillhelpmeetthegoalsofthespaceand

sustainability Practicalskillsgainedandstrengthened:• Beabletoassessalandscapedesign-highlightingstrengthsandofferingareasfor

improvement• Beabletodrawabubblediagramofahomelandscapedesign.