Mathworks AeroDef'08 - MBD within Airbus-UK Fuel Systems
April 2008
MBD within Airbus-UK Fuel SystemsOpportunities and Experiences
Presented by
Christopher SlackFuel Modelling SpecialistAirbus UK
April 2008Mathworks AeroDef'08 - MBD within Airbus-UK Fuel Systems Page 3©A
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Systems Engineering V-Cycle
Automated
Validation
SystemRequirements
SystemRequirements
Automated
Verification
System Test(SIB)
System Test(SIB)
Unit TestUnit Test
System
Design
& Integration
Equipm
ent Design
& Im
plementation
AirbusResponsibility
Supplier’sResponsibility
Top Level Aircraft
Requirements
Top Level Aircraft
Requirements
ImplementationImplementation
Autom
ated
Testing
VALIDATION TEST
DEVELOPMENT
SystemSimulation(A/C –1)
SystemSimulation(A/C –1)
SystemSpecification
SystemSpecification
Detail DesignDetail Design
Integration Test(A/C 0)
Integration Test(A/C 0)
Aircraft Test(A/C 1,2,…)
Aircraft Test(A/C 1,2,…)
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Equipment Design
Component Development
Model Based Design – Supplier Involvement
CONTROLMODEL
CONTROLMODEL
AIRBUS SUPPLIER
Environment Model
VENDORMODEL
VENDORMODEL
Environment Model
Design ValidationDesktop Simulator
“Spec In the Loop”Integrated Simulator
“H/W in the Loop”Avionics Rig
VENDORCODE
VENDORCODE
Environment Model
“S/W In the Loop”Desktop Rig
TextualRequirements
Sub-SystemRequirements
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Model Based Design - In Practice
• Rapid Prototyping of Control System Requirements.�Normal and Failure Operating Modes
• Simulink/Stateflow Application�Platform Independent
�Exploits DCT
• Control Logic separated from Aircraft Environment�System Designers focus on
– Control Functions– HMI– Robustness & Validation
�Specialist Modellers focus on:– Aircraft & Environ Simulation– GUI/Panels– Auto-Test Capabilities
Environment Developed by
Modellers
Control Logic Developed by
System Designers
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AFSMEAirbus Fuel System Modelling Environment
10
Flow Rates
9
Temp
8Tot Weight
7Mom Y
6Mom X
5
Mass
4Targ Cg
3XCg
2Altitude
1Jettison
Density
Vol 2 Mass
Engine Burn
APU Burn
Recirc Rate
Valve States
Transfer Mode
Tank Empty
Flow Rates
Valves_2_Flowrates
Mass
Temperature
Flow
Valves
Modes
Flight Profile
CG
Aux
Time Plotting
Volumes
Mach
Air Temp
Temperature
Temperature
Flow Rate
Leak Rate
Volume
Tank Empty
Tanks
Program AFSME 3.2 STR 465Date: Fri Jan 18 11:24:10 2002Ref: SCF/SYS/GEN/61/2623 Iss. 6
User Guide: SCF/SYS/GEN/61/2909
Leak
Leaks
[M]
[V]
[F]
[M]
[V]
[F]
Mass
Recirc_Inhibit
Engine Burn
APU Burn
Recirc Flow
Jettison
Altitude
Pitch
Roll
Mach
Air Temp
FP MuxFlight_Profile
Simulation.Temperature
Enable Temperature
Simulation.CGEnable CG Calc
Pitch
Roll
Mass
XCg
Targ_Cg
Mom X
Mom Y
Tot Weight
CG MuxCg_Calc
4Recirc Inhibit
3Auxiliary Plot
2Modes
1Valves
AFSMEAirbus Fuel System Modelling Environment
10
Flow Rates
9
Temp
8Tot Weight
7Mom Y
6Mom X
5
Mass
4Targ Cg
3XCg
2Altitude
1Jettison
Density
Vol 2 Mass
Engine Burn
APU Burn
Recirc Rate
Valve States
Transfer Mode
Tank Empty
Flow Rates
Valves_2_Flowrates
Mass
Temperature
Flow
Valves
Modes
Flight Profile
CG
Aux
Time Plotting
Volumes
Mach
Air Temp
Temperature
Temperature
Flow Rate
Leak Rate
Volume
Tank Empty
Tanks
Program AFSME 3.2 STR 465Date: Fri Jan 18 11:24:10 2002Ref: SCF/SYS/GEN/61/2623 Iss. 6
User Guide: SCF/SYS/GEN/61/2909
Leak
Leaks
[M]
[V]
[F]
[M]
[V]
[F]
Mass
Recirc_Inhibit
Engine Burn
APU Burn
Recirc Flow
Jettison
Altitude
Pitch
Roll
Mach
Air Temp
FP MuxFlight_Profile
Simulation.Temperature
Enable Temperature
Simulation.CGEnable CG Calc
Pitch
Roll
Mass
XCg
Targ_Cg
Mom X
Mom Y
Tot Weight
CG MuxCg_Calc
4Recirc Inhibit
3Auxiliary Plot
2Modes
1Valves
Model Based Design - In Practice
• Statecharts control behaviour�Easier than Enabled/Triggered Subsystems
• Enhanced Validation�Statechart representation can be clearer and less ambiguous�Increases validation confidence
IRP_MODE_SELECTION
5.1.7(1)
GROUND_OPS/ 1
SURGE2
5.1.(1)
AUTO_REFUEL TRANSFER5.1.4.(1)5.1.3.(1) 5.1.2.(1)
MANUAL_REFUEL
AR_CONF
5.1.1.(1)
OFF_CONF
DF_CONF
DEFUEL SOT OFF5.1.5.(1) 5.1.6.(1)
GO_D = DELAY(d_t)function
TR_CONF
MR_CONF
[XFER&...DELAY(D_GOS)]
[~XFER ...| SOT_INITIATED]
[AR &...DELAY(D_GOS)] [(~GND_SURGE_RELIEF_ACTIVE &...
~AR) | SOT_INITIATED][DELAY(D_GOS)][((AR | XFER |...
DF | IDLE) &...~GND_SURGE_RELIEF_ACTIVE) |...
SOT_INITIATED]
[MR | FAULT]/d_i=0; [AR]/d_i=0; [~AR][~MR] [~XFER] [XFER]/d_i=0;
[DF]/d_i=0; [IDLE]/d_i=0;[~IDLE][~DF]
[~IDLE ...| FAULT | SOT_INITIATED ][~DF | SOT_INITIATED]
[SOT_INITIATED]
[Mode_Status[TR_SOT_EXIT] &...~GND_SURGE_RELIEF_ACTIVE]
[IDLE &...DELAY(D_GOS)]
[DF &...DELAY(D_GOS)]
evaluate_conditions()function 5.1.(2)
{
AR= ...IRP_MODE[IRP_AUTO_REFUEL] & ...~IRP_MODE[IRP_MANUAL_REFUEL] & ...~IRP_MODE[IRP_TRANSFER] & ...~IRP_MODE[IRP_DEFUEL] & ...~IRP_MODE[IRP_OFF] &...~SOT_INITIATED;
XFER= ...IRP_MODE[IRP_TRANSFER] & ...~IRP_MODE[IRP_MANUAL_REFUEL] & ...~IRP_MODE[IRP_AUTO_REFUEL] & ...~IRP_MODE[IRP_DEFUEL] & ...~IRP_MODE[IRP_OFF] &...~SOT_INITIATED &...~GND_SURGE_RELIEF_ACTIVE;
DF= ...IRP_MODE[IRP_DEFUEL] & ...~IRP_MODE[IRP_MANUAL_REFUEL] & ...~IRP_MODE[IRP_AUTO_REFUEL] & ...~IRP_MODE[IRP_TRANSFER] & ...~IRP_MODE[IRP_OFF] &...~SOT_INITIATED &...~GND_SURGE_RELIEF_ACTIVE;
IDLE= ...IRP_MODE[IRP_OFF] & ...~IRP_MODE[IRP_MANUAL_REFUEL] & ...~IRP_MODE[IRP_AUTO_REFUEL] & ...~IRP_MODE[IRP_TRANSFER] & ...~IRP_MODE[IRP_DEFUEL] &...~SOT_INITIATED &...~GND_SURGE_RELIEF_ACTIVE;
MR= ...IRP_MODE[IRP_MANUAL_REFUEL] & ...~IRP_MODE[IRP_DEFUEL] & ...~IRP_MODE[IRP_AUTO_REFUEL] & ...~IRP_MODE[IRP_TRANSFER] & ...~IRP_MODE[IRP_OFF] &...~SOT_INITIATED;
FAULT= ...~AR & ~XFER & ~DF & ~IDLE & ~MR;}
entry:evaluate_conditions();during:evaluate_conditions();
Fuel System Modelling EnvironmentControl Function Design
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Model Development Process
When the model is the requirements, the distinction between “Model Verification” and “Requirements Validation” is somewhat blurred
Requirements MODEL
TestObjectives
TestScripts
ModelValidation
ModelVerification
Test ScriptValidation
RequirementValidation
ModelSpecification
Results &Problems
Test ObjectiveValidation
If a test fails –is model, the requirement or the test at fault?
Environment
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Model & Requirement Validation
• Typical Model Development Cycle�As model matures, tends towards Requirements Validation
Statistics of Model/Requirement Validation
Time (Months)
Num
ber
of O
bser
vatio
ns
Problems Attributed to ModelProblems Attributed to Requirement
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“The complexity of specification written with forma lised language raises the need for higher level specifica tion
description containing all the requirements impleme nted in the formalised specification”
Aviation Authorities View of MBD
• We need a model and textual requirements in order to sufficiently define and validate a system in compliance with ARP4754�Non-Functional Requirements difficult to model
– Performance / Integrity / Reliability
� Effectively states that a model is only an implementation of unwritten requirements.
Interpretation of ARP4754…
April 2008Mathworks AeroDef'08 - MBD within Airbus-UK Fuel Systems Page 12©A
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AFSMEAirbus Fuel System Modelling Environment
10
Flow Rates
9
Temp
8Tot Weight
7Mom Y
6Mom X
5
Mass
4Targ Cg
3XCg
2Altitude
1Jettison
Density
Vol 2 Mass
Engine Burn
APU Burn
Recirc Rate
Valve States
Transfer Mode
Tank Empty
Flow Rates
Valves_2_Flowrates
Mass
Temperature
Flow
Valves
Modes
Flight Profile
CG
Aux
Time Plotting
Volumes
Mach
Air Temp
Temperature
Temperature
Flow Rate
Leak Rate
Volume
Tank Empty
Tanks
Program AFSME 3.2 STR 465Date: Fri Jan 18 11:24:10 2002Ref: SCF/SYS/GEN/61/2623 Iss. 6User Guide: SCF/SYS/GEN/61/2909
Leak
Leaks
[M]
[V]
[F]
[M]
[V]
[F]
Mass
Recirc_Inhibit
Engine Burn
APU Burn
Recirc Flow
Jettison
Altitude
Pitch
Roll
Mach
Air Temp
FP MuxFlight_Profile
Simulation.Temperature
Enable Temperature
Simulation.CG
Enable CG Calc
Pitch
Roll
Mass
XCg
Targ_Cg
Mom X
Mom Y
Tot Weight
CG MuxCg_Calc
4Recirc Inhibit
3Auxiliary Plot
2Modes
1Valves
AFSMEAirbus Fuel System Modelling Environment
10
Flow Rates
9
Temp
8Tot Weight
7Mom Y
6Mom X
5
Mass
4Targ Cg
3XCg
2Altitude
1Jettison
Density
Vol 2 Mass
Engine Burn
APU Burn
Recirc Rate
Valve States
Transfer Mode
Tank Empty
Flow Rates
Valves_2_Flowrates
Mass
Temperature
Flow
Valves
Modes
Flight Profile
CG
Aux
Time Plotting
Volumes
Mach
Air Temp
Temperature
Temperature
Flow Rate
Leak Rate
Volume
Tank Empty
Tanks
Program AFSME 3.2 STR 465Date: Fri Jan 18 11:24:10 2002Ref: SCF/SYS/GEN/61/2623 Iss. 6User Guide: SCF/SYS/GEN/61/2909
Leak
Leaks
[M]
[V]
[F]
[M]
[V]
[F]
Mass
Recirc_Inhibit
Engine Burn
APU Burn
Recirc Flow
Jettison
Altitude
Pitch
Roll
Mach
Air Temp
FP MuxFlight_Profile
Simulation.Temperature
Enable Temperature
Simulation.CG
Enable CG Calc
Pitch
Roll
Mass
XCg
Targ_Cg
Mom X
Mom Y
Tot Weight
CG MuxCg_Calc
4Recirc Inhibit
3Auxiliary Plot
2Modes
1Valves
SIMULATION & TEST
Integrated Sim (A/C0 & FFS)
System Sim (DTS & A/C-1)
SIMULATION & TEST
System Sim (DTS & A/C-1)
Integrated Sim (A/C0 & FFS)
Model Re-Use – Interface Simulation
• Simulation Platforms have different interfaces�Pre-Formatted or Formatted ARINC429/AFDX/CANBUS�Includes data for simulation (e.g. Fault Injection)
• Provide Common “Core Model” with specific interfaces
GROUND_OPS/ 1
AUTO_REFUEL TRANSFER5.1.4.(1)5.1.3.(1) 5.1.2.(1)
MANUAL_REFUEL
AR_CONF
5.1.1.(1)
OFF_CONF
DF_CONF
DEFUEL SOT OFF5.1.5.(1) 5.1.6.(1)
GO_D = DELAY(d_t)function
TR_CONF
MR_CONF
[XFER&...DELAY(D_GOS)]
[~XFER ...| SOT_INITIATED]
[AR &...DELAY(D_GOS)] [(~GND_SURGE_RELIEF_ACTIVE &...
~AR) | SOT_INITIATED][DELAY(D_GOS)][((AR | XFER |...
DF | IDLE) &...~GND_SURGE_RELIEF_ACTIVE) |...
SOT_INITIATED]
[MR | FAULT]/d_i=0; [AR]/d_i=0; [~AR][~MR] [~XFER] [XFER]/d_i=0;
[DF]/d_i=0; [IDLE]/d_i=0;[~IDLE][~DF]
[~IDLE ...| FAULT | SOT_INITIATED ][~DF | SOT_INITIATED]
[SOT_INITIATED]
[Mode_Status[TR_SOT_EXIT] &...~GND_SURGE_RELIEF_ACTIVE]
[IDLE &...DELAY(D_GOS)]
[DF &...DELAY(D_GOS)]
GROUND_OPS/ 1
AUTO_REFUEL TRANSFER5.1.4.(1)5.1.3.(1) 5.1.2.(1)
MANUAL_REFUEL
AR_CONF
5.1.1.(1)
OFF_CONF
DF_CONF
DEFUEL SOT OFF5.1.5.(1) 5.1.6.(1)
GO_D = DELAY(d_t)function
TR_CONF
MR_CONF
[XFER&...DELAY(D_GOS)]
[~XFER ...| SOT_INITIATED]
[AR &...DELAY(D_GOS)] [(~GND_SURGE_RELIEF_ACTIVE &...
~AR) | SOT_INITIATED][DELAY(D_GOS)][((AR | XFER |...
DF | IDLE) &...~GND_SURGE_RELIEF_ACTIVE) |...
SOT_INITIATED]
[MR | FAULT]/d_i=0; [AR]/d_i=0; [~AR][~MR] [~XFER] [XFER]/d_i=0;
[DF]/d_i=0; [IDLE]/d_i=0;[~IDLE][~DF]
[~IDLE ...| FAULT | SOT_INITIATED ][~DF | SOT_INITIATED]
[SOT_INITIATED]
[Mode_Status[TR_SOT_EXIT] &...~GND_SURGE_RELIEF_ACTIVE]
[IDLE &...DELAY(D_GOS)]
[DF &...DELAY(D_GOS)]
GROUND_OPS/ 1
AUTO_REFUEL TRANSFER5.1.4.(1)5.1.3.(1) 5.1.2.(1)
MANUAL_REFUEL
AR_CONF
5.1.1.(1)
OFF_CONF
DF_CONF
DEFUEL SOT OFF5.1.5.(1) 5.1.6.(1)
GO_D = DELAY(d_t)function
TR_CONF
MR_CONF
[XFER&...DELAY(D_GOS)]
[~XFER ...| SOT_INITIATED]
[AR &...DELAY(D_GOS)] [(~GND_SURGE_RELIEF_ACTIVE &...
~AR) | SOT_INITIATED][DELAY(D_GOS)][((AR | XFER |...
DF | IDLE) &...~GND_SURGE_RELIEF_ACTIVE) |...
SOT_INITIATED]
[MR | FAULT]/d_i=0; [AR]/d_i=0; [~AR][~MR] [~XFER] [XFER]/d_i=0;
[DF]/d_i=0; [IDLE]/d_i=0;[~IDLE][~DF]
[~IDLE ...| FAULT | SOT_INITIATED ][~DF | SOT_INITIATED]
[SOT_INITIATED]
[Mode_Status[TR_SOT_EXIT] &...~GND_SURGE_RELIEF_ACTIVE]
[IDLE &...DELAY(D_GOS)]
[DF &...DELAY(D_GOS)]
(Control & Indication
Model
Simplified AFSME
FORMATTING
DEFORMATTING
I/F Wrapper I/F Wrapper
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Model Re-Use - Simulation Platforms
• Desktop Simulator�Requirements & Environment Model�Integrated with Flight Warning & Cockpit Display Models�AutoCode using SF Coder & RTW
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• Aircraft -1�Realistic Cockpit Mock-Up�Simulated Avionics�Interfaces Identical to Full Flight Simulator
Model Re-Use - Simulation Platforms
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Model Re-Use - Simulation Platforms
• Aircraft Zero (Iron Bird)�Cockpit Avionics & Displays�Real or Simulated Avionics Equipment (Interchangeable)�Simulated Environment
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Model Re-Use - Simulation Platforms
• Full Flight Simulator�Fully Simulated Systems and Environment�Single model for all platforms
– Interfaces pre-configured for each platform
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Simulator Model
SimulatorCode
To IntegratorsSimulator
ModelSimulator
Code
Design Teams
Multi Team Model Design Process
Engine Feed
Ground Ops
Transfer
Indication
Fuel SSRDFuel
SSRD
Fuel System C&I Model(Baseline)
Config Controller
Changed
Items
To Supplier
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New Developments - Formal Methods
• MBD is not “Formal” in the mathematical sense �Once created possible to apply formal methods
• Proof Technology – Design Verifier�Mathematical analysis of the Model
– without traversing all possible scenarios
– complete in a mathematical sense• correct and desired behaviour• wrong and not desired behaviour
• Some restrictions may hinder progress�E.g. Non-Virtual Buses, Stateflow Structures
�Model may need changing to make it Validatable– May alter the intent of the requirement
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New Developments - Static Analysis
• Static Code Analysis�Ability to “prove” correctness of code
- Out of bound values - Overflow/Underflow- Divide by zero - Unreachable code/modules- Infinite Loops - Square Root negative numbers
• Polyspace Model-Link�Auto Generate Code to Analyse Model
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Lessons Learnt - Model Based Design
• Model build process can reveal anomalies/ambiguities�Validation for free
– Identify Assumptions separately from requirements– Identify Executable Implementation from Requirements
• Validation Testing�A test that is more complex than that being tested is probably wrong
�Easy to be caught in the trap of “Test for Success”– Testing for intentional, but not unintentional behaviour– Project managers demand simple progress metrics
• Model Architecture�Separate Requirements Model from Environment Model
�Separate real interfaces from simulator
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Lessons Learnt – System Design
• System Designers focus on Designing the System�The System Model is the System Requirements
– Extra functionality required to exercise the model are not requirements
• Discontinuity between Design and Implementation�Detailed Models required for Integration Simulators
– Required before availability of equipment– Need to create models of potential implementation
• Easy for Designers can be Difficult for Simulators�Matlab Function Blocks
�M-File S-Functions�Test Harnesses
– Can break the automatic code generators
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• Aircraft Life Cycle w.r.t. COTS�A/C measured in Decades – COTs measured in Months.
– Tool versions will become obsolete – so must plan it in from start• Cost of upgrading
�Installation, Training, Hardware�Rework obsolete features, Model regression testing & re-validation
• Benefit (Cost of not upgrading)�Bugs�Utilization of new features
Lessons Learnt - Migration
“Per
ceiv
ed”
Cos
t
TimeR12
R13
R14SP0
R14SP3R2006Cost
Benefit
R2007
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Any Questions?
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