Measuring Regional Economies: Visualising the data
Dev Virdee Head of Regional Economic Analysis DivisionOffice for National StatisticsUnited [email protected]
The Office for National Statistics – our role
• To improve understanding of life in the UK & enable informed decisions through trusted, relevant and independent statistics & analysis.
• Work with colleagues in policy departments to pull together data sources and statistical pictures of a wide range of areas, e.g. Labour market, Economy, Population, Health.
• Used by local and national government and others to guide policy and monitor impact.
• Make statistics widely accessible on paper and the internet to enable the public, communities, academia and other bodies to understand statistics about the UK.
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Deprivation and Ethnicity
Deprivation & Ethnicity: Introduction
• Data Sources:
– Population Census - Question on Ethnicity gives information on Ethnic Mix of an area.
– Indices of Multiple Deprivation
• Aim of Analysis: - To look at variations between regions of the spread of
ethnic groups across the different levels of deprivation
Deprivation & Ethnicity: Whole population
England: deciles (10 per cent groupings)
Relative Proportions compared with baseline
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
Mostdeprived
Leastdeprived
Level of Deprivation
Re
lati
ve
Pro
po
rtio
n (
ba
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e =
10
0)
England
Deprivation & Ethnicity: Indian Group
England: Tendency to live in more deprived areas
Relative Proportions compared with baseline
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100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
Mostdeprived
Leastdeprived
Level of Deprivation
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England
Deprivation & Ethnicity: Indian Group
• Largest proportions of Indians in London.• Contrasting with national pattern - more spread across deprivation scale, most
living in medium deprivation areas.
Relative Proportions compared with baseline
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
Mostdeprived
Leastdeprived
Level of Deprivation
Re
lati
ve
Pro
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n (
ba
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10
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England
London
Deprivation & Ethnicity: Indian Group
• West Midlands: Generally lower proportions than in London, although above national average overall.
• Highest proportions in more deprived areas.
Relative Proportions compared with baseline
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
Mostdeprived
Leastdeprived
Level of Deprivation
Re
lati
ve
Pro
po
rtio
n (
ba
se
lin
e =
10
0) England
West Midlands
London
Deprivation & Ethnicity: Indian Group
• Yorkshire & the Humber: Below national baseline in all areas, with higher concentrations in more deprived areas.
Relative Proportions compared with baseline
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
Mostdeprived
Leastdeprived
Level of Deprivation
Re
lati
ve
Pro
po
rtio
n (
ba
se
lin
e =
10
0) England
Yorkshire and Humber
West Midlands
London
Deprivation & Ethnicity: Indian Group
• South East – Below national average proportions, concentrated in medium deprivation areas.
Relative Proportions compared with baseline
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
Mostdeprived
Leastdeprived
Level of Deprivation
Re
lati
ve
Pro
po
rtio
n (
ba
se
lin
e =
10
0)
England
Yorkshire and Humber
West Midlands
London
South East
Deprivation & Ethnicity: Bangladeshi Group
Relative Proportions compared with baseline
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Mostdeprived
Leastdeprived
Level of Deprivation
Re
lati
ve
Pro
po
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n (
ba
se
lin
e =
10
0)
England
Yorkshire and Humber
West Midlands
London
South East
London over 17 times England
Deprivation & Ethnicity: Chinese Group
Relative Proportions compared with baseline
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
700.0
800.0
900.0
1000.0
Mostdeprived
Leastdeprived
Level of Deprivation
Re
lati
ve
Pro
po
rio
n (
ba
se
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e =
10
0)
England
Yorkshire and Humber
West Midlands
London
Summary
• Differences between and within regionsIndian Group in London and South East concentrated in middle of deprivation
scale
Chinese group represented evenly across all levels of deprivation
• Some Ethnic Groups more likely to live in deprived areas within all regions:
Proportion of Bangladeshis 17 times higher in most deprived areas of London, and 4 times across England as a whole
Black Africans & Black Caribbeans 2.5 times as likely to live in most deprived areas across England, much higher in some regions
Analysing differences in Regional Economic Performance
Drivers of Productivity
• Government has identified following drivers for Regional Productivity:
Innovation
Enterprise
Investment
Skills
Competition
• The challenge is – how do we measure them, particularly at regional level?
Regional Economic Indicators
• ONS – Regional Economic Indicators article in Economic & Labour Market Review
• Main Indicators (examples):Innovation
• Regional Research & Development
Enterprise• VAT registrations
Investment• Gross Fixed Capital Formation
Skills• Qualifications
Competition• Regional Trade Statistics
Regional Economic Indicators – some results
Innovation:
• Research & Development as percentage of GVA
• East of England highest at 3.5% of GVA
• London, North East, Yorkshire & the Humber below 0.5%
R&D expenditure as a percentage of headline workplace based GVA: NUTS1 Regions
0.00%
0.50%
1.00%
1.50%
2.00%
2.50%
3.00%
3.50%
4.00%
UK North East NorthWest
Yorkshireand theHumber
EastMidlands
WestMidlands
East London South East SouthWest
Wales Scotland NorthernIreland
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Competition:
• Regional Trade in Goods:
• Absolute (£ millions) distribution quite different from exports as percentage of Gross Value Added (GVA)
Regional Trade in Goods
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
Region
£ m
illi
on
EU25 2004
EU25 2005
EU25 2006
Non-EU25 2004
Non-EU25 2005
Non-EU25 2006
Total exports of goods as percentage of GVA
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Region
perc
en
tag
e
2004
2005
Regional Economic Indicators – some results
Analysis - Productivity or GVA(GDP) per capita?
• The perception of relative regional performance can change depending on the measure of regional performance that is chosen
• Differences within regions can be as important as differences between regions
• Several factors explain the gap between regions
UK regional disparities in economic performance are significant…
-30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
North East
North West
Yorkshire and The Humber
East M idlands
West M idlands
East of England
London
South East
South West
Wales
Scotland
Northern Ireland
GVA per head
UK average
GVA – Gross Value Added – measure of economic activity
.. but how different depends on the criteria we use to measure “performance”…..
-30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
North East
North West
Yorkshire and The Humber
East M idlands
West Midlands
East of England
London
South East
South West
Wales
Scotland
Northern Ireland
GVA per head GVA per job
(UK average)
GVA per hour worked, the preferred measure of productivity, shows smaller gap between regions
-30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
North East
North West
Yorkshire and The Humber
East M idlands
West Midlands
East of England
London
South East
South West
Wales
Scotland
Northern Ireland
GVA per head GVA per job GVA per hour w orked
(UK average)
Explaining the differences:
UK average-30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
North East
North West
Yorkshire and The Humber
East Midlands
West Midlands
East of England
London
South East
South West
Wales
Scotland
Northern Ireland
GVA per hour w orked
(UK average)
Explanatory factors: Hours worked per job
-30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
North East
North West
Yorkshire and The Humber
East Midlands
West Midlands
East of England
London
South East
South West
Wales
Scotland
Northern Ireland
GVA per hour w orked hours w orked per job
(UK average)
Hours worked per job
Explanatory factors: Employment/Labour Force
-30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
North East
North West
Yorkshire and The Humber
East Midlands
West Midlands
East of England
London
South East
South West
Wales
Scotland
Northern Ireland
GVA per hour w orked Hours w orked per job employment rate
(UK average)
Employment rate
Explanatory factors: Commuting
-30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
North East
North West
Yorkshire and The Humber
East Midlands
West Midlands
East of England
London
South East
South West
Wales
Scotland
Northern Ireland
GVA per hour w orked hours w orked per job employment rate commuting rate
(UK average)
Commuting rate
Explanatory factors: Labour Force/Population
-30% -20% -10% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
North East
North West
Yorkshire and The Humber
East Midlands
West Midlands
East of England
London
South East
South West
Wales
Scotland
Northern Ireland
GVA per hour w orked hours w orked per job employment rate commuting rate activity rate
(UK average)
Activity rate
Main findings
• The perception of relative regional performance can change depending on the measure of productivity that is chosen
• Differences within regions can be as important as differences between regions
• Several factors explain the gap between regions: in the North East, all working in one direction
• East of England and South East - good exploitation of geographical location, skills, innovation, transport and infrastructure
Key differences in regional economic performances – GVA per head, per filled job and per hour worked
Key differences in regional economic performances – GVA per hour worked
Key differences in regional economic performances – Gross Disposable Household Income (GDHI) per head
Differences within/between regions
• Sub-regions (NUTS2, NUTS3 areas)• City regions • Labour Market Areas/Travel to Work Areas• Urban-rural divide• Other geographical areas
GVA, productivity, GDHI, labour market indicators show
variation within the overall regional picture
Differences within/between regions – NUTS2 GVA per head
Differences within/between regions – NUTS3 GVA per head
Differences in GVA per head from the UK average in the bottom ten peforming NUTS3 areas
-50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0
Isle of Anglesey
Gw ent Valleys
Wirral
South West Wales
Isle of Wight
Torbay
Lochaber, Skye & Lochalsh and Argyll and the Islands
East Dunbartonshire, West Dunbartonshire and
Caithness & Sutherland and Ross & Cromarty
North of Northern Ireland
percentage difference from the UK average
GVA per head
Differences in GVA per head from the UK average in the bottom ten peforming NUTS3 areas
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10
Isle of Anglesey
Gw ent Valleys
Wirral
South West Wales
Isle of Wight
Torbay
Lochaber, Skye & Lochalsh and Argyll and theIslands
East Dunbartonshire, West Dunbartonshireand Helensburgh & Lomond
Caithness & Sutherland and Ross & Cromarty
North of Northern Ireland
percentage difference from the UK average
Productivity (*100) Employment Rate (*100) Commuting Rate (*100) Activity Rate (*100)
GVA per head …. … vs Productivity
Commuter Viewer
Wirral
Statistical visualisation examples:Urban Audit
Statistical visualisation examples:2001 Census Key Statistics
Statistical visualisation examples:Local Units by Industry
Statistical visualisation examples:Personal Inflation Calculator
Statistical visualisation examples:Urban Audit
Statistical visualisation examples:Urban Audit
Statistical visualisation examples:Urban Audit
Statistical visualisation examples:Urban Audit
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