AMDG
World History 1
Mr. Maguire
Sumerian City-States (4000-23oo BCE)1st advanced civilization of area, independent, constant war
Akkadian Empire (2330-21oo BCE)Sargon creates 1st empire, unites city-states thru conquest
Babylonian Empire (1800-1500 BCE)Hammurabi (6th king), Babylon important trade center
Assyrian Empire (1100-612 BCE)Organized government and terror, leveled cities/enslaved
Chaldean Empire (612-539 BCE)AKA Babylonia, King Nebuchadnezzar, enslaved Israelites
Persian Empire (550-333 BCE)Cyrus the Great, tolerant rulers, provinces, road system
1792 BC, Hammurabi 6th king of Ammorite dynasty, king of Babylon
Ruled for 43 years N./S. MesopotamiaCode of Hammurabi- 282 laws, 8 ft. stelaeReceived laws from Shamash (Sun-God)Property rights, trade, family, professional Commit act = corresponding punishmentLocal judges assigned to towns throughout
Babylonian Empire
Litigants appear before judges, state case, call witnesses
Assembly- 1st jury of ancient worldLaws reflect values of Babylonian society“Eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth”Different punishments for same crime (class,
gender)Individuals second to good of the state
Small nomadic tribe settled in CanaanIsraelites AKA HebrewsFounders of Judaism (monotheism)Believed their God to be all powerfulHebrew Bible AKA Old TestamentTorah- 1st five books of the Hebrew BibleFact or Fiction? Little proof exists, but some
exists, EX: Ramses II of Egypt
The Bible, fact or fiction?Foundation of Christianity/IslamAbolitionist, anti-war, prison-reform, labor,
civil rights, antiapartheid, free-speech, and democracy
Individuals w/ a personal relationshipProcessive worldview- beginning and end,
NOT cyclical
Jahilyyah- “Time of Ignorance” darkness of idolatry before Muhammad brings the light
Allah- “The God”Early influence by Jews, shared beliefs,
practices, and society (jobs, fashion, art)Arabs considered themselves descendents of
AbrahamIshmael/Hajra banished from Abram’s tribeNomadic, polytheistic, tribal organization
Tribal ethic- everyone has a function, strong as its weakest member
Shaykh- figurehead of the tribe “1st am. =‘s”Muruwah- code of tribal conductHakam- arbiter, settled disputesLaw of Retribution- “eye for an eye”
Ka’ba- roofless edifice, housed 360 idolsMecca- important religious centerPilgrim season- Last 2, 1st months of yearQuraysh- Arabic clan “Keeper of the Keys”Protect idols, caravans, trade for $$$Monopoly on buy/sell of goods to pilgrimsSocial inequalities exist, personal wealth
Muhammad born the “Year of the Elephant” 570 CE to family Hashim of the Quraysh tribe
Father dies when M was born, mother @ 6, grandfather at 8
Uncle Abu Talib, adopts MuhammadWorks for uncle’s caravans, meets KhadijaMarries Khadija at 25 (she was 40)4 kids, 3 boys (pass) and Fatima
“Recite- in the name of thy Lord! Who created man from blood coagulated Recite! Thy Lord is wondrous kind Who by the pen has taught mankind Things they knew not (being blind).
Ammer Ali, The Spirit of Islam, 52.
Muhammad terrified, wants to kill himself Khadija consols, Ali, Zayd, Abu Bakr join,
form the CompanionsAttacks the demise of tribal ethic in MeccaThere is no god but God, and Muhammad is
God’s Messenger. Verbally attacks Quraysh and Ka’baQuraysh boycotts Muhammad’s entire clan
Deaths of Abu Talib and KhadijaQuraysh offered HUGE bounty Muhammad and Abu Bakr creep out in the
middle of the nightYathrib a loose group of villages, far from
trading city of MeccaHijrah- Companions’ migration Mecca to
Medina
Muhammad’s home- 1st mosque622 CE = Year 1 AH in Islamic CalendarMedina- model of Islamic perfectionEvery member is equalMedina = anti-MeccaBestows rights/privileges to womenFundamentalists reform AFTER, Hadith
Jihad “a struggle” or an exertion against oppression and tyranny
The Quraysh are coming to end threatCompanion followers raid caravansBattle of Badr 624 CE M-1 Q-0Battle of Uhud 625 CE M-1 Q-1Battle of the Trench 627 M-2 Q-1628 CE Muhammad announced his journey to
Mecca to perform a pilgrimage
+1K followers, unarmed, dressed as pilgrimsTreaty of Hudaybiyyah 628 CE
Immediate withdrawl, stop caravan raids Muhammad allowed to return following season
Muhammad accepts, shows non-threatReturns w/ 10K men, city surrendersDestroys idols in the Ka’ba
Koran- compiled revelations of God to Muhammad
Sunna- personal words of Muhammad5 Pillars of Faith
Profession of faithDaily worship (5X daily)Almsgiving Fasting during RamadanPilgrimage to Mecca
Muhammad dies 2 yrs. after Abu Bakr- caliph, Companion, 2 problems
(false prophets/tax refusal), expands Islam to Byzantine and Persian Empires
Umar- expands Islam, Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Africa, Jihad, tax system
Uthman- merchant, terrible caliph, compiled Koran, assassinated
Ali- Companion, 1st Civil War, Mu’awiya vs. Ali, Umayyad vs. Hashim clan
Muslim leadership passes to caliphs elected from Muslim families
Support rule of 1st 3 caliphs
Individual has direct relationship w/ Allah
Supporters of Mu’awiya and Yezid
Muslim leadership is limited to descendants of Muhammad
Reject rule of 1st 3 caliphs
Only Islamic leaders can interpret Koran
Supporters of Ali and Hussain (martyr, Muhammad’s g.s.)
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