Mine Warfare Trends
10 May 2011
SUMMARY OF MINING EVENTS (1980 – PRESENT)
• 50-60 VESSELS SUNK OR DAMAGED
– MAJORITY IN SRI LANKA
• MANY ARMED CONTACT MINES ADRIFT
– PERSIAN GULF
• > 20 LIVES LOST AT-SEA & ASHORE
• COSTLY SHIP REPAIRS/REPLACEMENTS
• EXPENSIVE MULTI-NATIONAL MCM OPERATIONS
• EXTENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE
60+ COUNTRIES WITH MINING CAPABILITIES
MINING OF MISRATAH
• MINED BY LIBYAN GOVERNMENT FORCES (29 Apr 11) – ATTEMPT TO CLOSE PORT
• MINES DEPLOYED OUTSIDE HARBOR ENTRANCE
– 2 “QUICKLY CLEARED” – 1 “DRIFTED AWAY”
• “ANTI-SHIPPING” MINES – MOORED CONTACT MINES
• LIBYA PROVEN MINER – 1984 RED SEA MINING
(Reuters) - NATO minesweepers searched the approaches of Misratah harbor Monday for a drifting mine that has blocked aid supplies to the besieged Libyan city and halted evacuation of foreigners and wounded Libyans.
LIBYAN MOORED CONTACT MINE
NAVAL MINE TRENDS
• Increasing Lethality Ranges and Minable Waters – Torpedo-mines – Deeper anchor depths
• Emerging Anti-Helo and ACV Capabilities • Mine Employment More Difficult to Detect
– Denial & Deception improving – Standoff employment
• Improved Target Discrimination/CCM Features – Microprocessor controlled triple influence TDDs/upgrade kits – Target libraries improving
• Minehunting Increasingly Difficult – Stealth technology application growing
• Security and Flexibility of Minefield Control Improving – Wireless Remote Control (Acoustic, EM, RF)
CONVERGENCE OF WEAPONS, DELIVERY SYSTEMS AND WIDE AREA SENSORS NETWORKS
Straight Rising Propelled Warhead Mines
• PROPELLED-WARHEAD MINE
– STRAIGHT-RISING
– ROCKET PROPELLED
• PASSIVE ACOUSTIC
• 130 kg WARHEAD
• CASE DEPTH: 50-150 m
• ANCHOR DEPTH: 55 – 200 m
• SUBMARINE, SHIP-LAID
• ASUW
EM55
Aimed Propelled Warhead Mine
• PMK-1 PROPELLED-WARHEAD MINE – AIMED ENCAPSULATED – ROCKET
• PASSIVE / ACTIVE ACOUSTIC • 350 KG TNT EQUIV. WARHEAD • CASE DEPTH: 400 m (MAX) • ANCHOR DEPTH: 1000 m (MAX) • SHIP, SUB DEPLOYED • ASW / ASUW
Encapsulated Torpedo Mines
• PMK-2 • PASSIVE / ACTIVE ACOUSTIC • MPT-1M THERMAL TORPEDO • CASE/ANCHOR: 400/1000 m • WIDE AREA COVERAGE
TERI MINE
• PROPELLED WARHEAD ● CONTAINS SIX MINI TORPEDOES
● POSSIBLE RECO
• ANTI-SHIP/ANTI-SUB VARIANT
• SHAPED CHARGE WARHEAD
• ANTI-MCMV / HELO VARIANT • FRAGMENTATION WARHEAD
• CASE DEPTH: 100 m MAX
• SHIP, SUB, AIR DEPLOYED
• OFFERED FOR SALE
TERI
9
GS112
• VSW BOTTOM PROPELLED-WARHEAD MINE • MULTIPLE INFLUENCE MINE
– ACOUSTIC, MAGNETIC • 10 KG WARHEAD
– TNT/RDX/ALUMINUM – PROPELLED BY ROCKET MOTOR – EXPLODES 1.5 - 3.5 M FROM SURFACE
• 3-12 M CASE DEPTH • 1 - 9 DAY ARMING DELAY • 10-60 DAY IN WATER LIFE • SURFACE LAID • ADVERTISED FOR SALE
– NORINCO
VSW MINES
MSD ENFETAR
• EXERCISE MINES LOADED ON SMALL BOATS
Agile Minelayers
ROCKET LAUNCHER WATER IMPACT
DRIFTING MINES?
ROCKET LAUNCHED MINES
DRIFTING MINES
• OSCILLATING / DRIFTING MINES
• INFLUENCE OR INFLUENCE/ CONTACT
• ACOUSTIC, CONTACT
• 130 kg WARHEAD
• CASE DEPTH: 2 - 7 m (+/- 1m)
• LIMITED MAXIMUM IN-WATER LIFE
• SUB, SHIP-LAID
• ASUW
P-3 P-2
MOBILE MINES
EM56 MOBILE MINE • MULTIPLE INFLUENCE
– ACOUSTIC, SEISMIC, PRESSURE
• 380 kg WARHEAD • CASE DEPTH: 45 m (MAX) • SUBMARINE- LAID • COVERT DEPLOYMENT
– 13 km STAND-OFF CAPABILITY – POSSIBLE SHORE-BASED LAUNCH – FLOATING LAUNCH OPTION
• ASUW
13 KM
FLOATING LAUNCHER
AUV EMPLOYMENT
• Advertised capability to employ mines/ torpedoes from an AUV
• Research in AUV enabling technology
SAAB concept for AUV equipped with mines/torpedoes
APM UPGRADE KIT
• FOR BOTTOM INFLUENCE MINES
– MAGNETIC, ACOUSTIC, PRESSURE
• UP TO TWO YEAR IN-WATER LIFE
• MAX CASE DEPTH 150 m
• UPGRADES OLDER MINES
• ENHANCED CAPABILITY
• ADVERTISED FOR EXPORT
• THREE VERSIONS
– SHIP LAID, SUB-LAID, AIR-LAID
APM UPGRADE KIT
GALVANIC POTENTIAL OF METALS IN SEA WATER
CORROSION PROTECTION SYSTEM
PASSIVE ACTIVE
ELECTRIC CURRENTS IN SEA WATER
STATIC ELECTRIC SIGNATURE
ALTERNATING ELECTRIC FIELD (ELFE)
AC/DC ELECTRIC FIELD (UEP)
ASTERIA
IRREGULAR SHAPES NON-MAGNETIC CASES
CASE BURIAL
CLOSE-TETHER MOORINGS
MINE STEALTH
ACTIVE CASE BURIAL
STEALTH R&D
• RESEARCH INTO MINE CASE/EXPLOSIVES
• DESIGNED TO INCREASE RESISTANCE TO MINE HUNTING
• NON-MAGNETIC CASES
• CEMENT
• NON-METALS
• RUBBER
• DESIGNED TO HINDER OPTICAL IDENTIFICATION
• SHAPE CONFORMS TO BOTTOM ENVIRONMENT
• LIQUID EXPLOSIVE MATERIAL
• DESIGNED TO DEFEAT MINE HUNTING SONARS
MINCOA
• FAMILY OF OPERATIONAL MINES
– MANUFACTURED BY SAES
– BASED ON MINEA EXERCISE MINES
• MULITPLE INFLUENCE
– MAGNETIC, ACOUSTIC, SEISMIC, PRESSURE, ELECTRIC (UEP AND ELFE)
– SONAR DETECTOR ALSO INCLUDED
• MICROPROCESSOR CONTROL
– IDENTIFIES MINESWEEPING EFFORTS
– ALLOWS SPECIFIC TARGET SELECTION
• WARHEADS:
– SHALLOW WATER: 170 KG
– DEEP WATER: 600 KG (MAX)
– MOORED: 230 KG
• ANECHOIC COATINGS AVAILABLE
GROWING WIRELESS REMOTE-CONTROL CAPABILITIES
• TACTICAL ADVANTAGE FOR MINER
• IDENTIFY FRIEND OR FOE (IFF) FEATURES
• CONTROL INDIVIDUAL OR GROUPS OF MINES
• VERSATILE CONTROL OF MINES
Remote Controlled Mine
• BOTTOM INFLUENCE MINE – 1000 AND 500 kg VARIATIONS
• MULTIPLE INFLUENCE – ACOUSTIC, MAGNETIC
• 700/300 kg WARHEADS
• CASE DEPTH: 6-100 m
• REMOTE-CONTROLLED – ADVERTISED >30 km RANGE
• AIR, SHIP - LAID
• ASW / ASUW
EM57
NETWORKED MINE SYSTEMS
TMS SEAFLOOR LAUNCHER CONCEPT
• WIDE AREA CONTROL – MORE SUITED FOR LITTORAL AREAS
• SEWN INTO MINEFIELD – WEAPONIZED BOTTOMED / ROVING UUVs
• REMOTE CONTROLLED – COMPLETELY AUTONOMOUS
• NETWORKED SENSORS – LONG ARRAYS OF SENSORS SPREAD OUT OVER SEAFLOOR
NAVAL MCM TRENDS
• Remote Systems – Man-Out-Of-The-Loop Systems
• Covert Deployment – UUVs Launched From Submarines
• Autonomous Operations – Ahead-Of-Ship Operations – Potential For Long Deployment Time
• Expendable Systems – Saves Operational Time
• Integrated MCM Systems – Tied In With CIC And Navigation Systems
• West Leaning Toward Mine Hunting Vice Mine Sweeping – Driven By Onset Of Computer Programmed Mine Systems
Time Is The Primary Currency Of Mine Warfare
• VITSE-ADMIRAL ZAKHARIN – NATYA III CLASS MHS/MSF – Commissioned 2008
• Integrated Bridge/Command Post • Automated Minesweeping Control Post
– Potential For Long Deployment Time
• Equipped With Modern MCM Systems – Minehunting – Minesweeping
• Ahead-Of-Ship Minehunting – Livadia-ME Minehunting System
• Minesweeping – Mechanical – Influence (Acoustic, Magnetic)
NEW MCM VESSELS
• Ahead-Of-Ship Minehunting System • Integrated MCM System
– Search – Automatic Detection – Computer-Aided Classification
• Multiple Components – Hull Mounted LF & HF Pull-Out Sonars – ROV
• 300 m Operational Depth – 500 m Max Distance From Ship
• Max Detection Range – 800 m For Moored Mines – 600 m For Bottom Mines
• Speed 6-8 kts
LIVADIA-ME
INVESTMENT IN MCM
WOCHI CLASS MHS
MAGNETIC INFLUENCE SWEEP
MINE NEUTRALIZATION VEHICLE
ACOUSTIC INFLUENCE SWEEP
• Mine Hunting AUV – Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance
• Covert Deployment – UUVs Launched From Submarines – Also Can Be Launched From Surface Ships Or Shore
• Multiple Sonars For Mine Detection And Classification – Flank Array Sonar – High Resolution Gap Filler Sonar
• 500 m Max Depth • Less Than 20 Knots Operating Speed
AUV62-MR
Covert Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance
• Mine Hunting AUV – Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance
• Harbor And Shallow Water Security • Multiple Sensors
– Color CCD Camera – Monochrome CCD Camera – Forward Looking Imaging Sonar – Altimeter
• 300 m Max Depth • 50 km Range @ 2 Knots
BARBAROS
• Mine Disposal Vehicle – Single Shot Weapon
• Expendable - Saves Operational Time
• Self-Propelled • Fiber-Optic Cable • Live Video Feed To CIC
• Multiple Sensors – High Res Color Camera – Forward Looking Imaging Sonar – Altimeter – Acoustic Transponder
• 300 m Max Depth • 25 kg Warhead
CANAKKALE
Increasing The Speed Of MCM
• Integrated MCM System – Multi-Role System – Minehunting, Minesweeping, Minelaying
• Open Architecture • Multi-Function Consoles • Control Of Each Sub-System • Data Sharing Across Consoles
• Covers Complete MCM Operation – Planning – Preparation – Execution – Evaluation – Documentation
IMCMS
Containerized Mission Package Allows For Flexibility Of Host Platform
Mine Warfare Outlook
• Mines:
– Convergence of Mine and AUV technologies
– Integration of Wide Area Sensor Networks and Mines
– Improved Target Discrimination/counter sweep
– New passive and active counter-minehunting features
– Cumulative Challenge from Vintage and Modern Mines
• MCM:
– Greater emphasis on remote/autonomous minehunting
– Increasing minehunting and neutralization speed
– Integrated MCM mission data and modular equipment packages
Increasingly Effective A2/AD Option