Monitoring of volcanic
activity
in the Virunga Province (N‐Kivu, DRC):
Experience
of the GORISK project
and illustration with
the Nyamulagira
January
2010 eruption"
A.‐C. van Overbeke, F. Kervyn, B. Smet, C. Wauthier
N. d'Oreye
A. Kies
D. Tedesco
K. Katcho, D. Kavotha,M. Bagalwa, M. Yalire, F. Lukaya
, O.
Etoy.
I. Badriyo, D. Tedesco
P. Mitangala
Royal Museum
for Central Africa
–
Cartog
& Rem. Sens.
National Museum
of Natural History
of Luxembourg
University
of Luxembourg – Lab. Of Radiation Physics
2nd
University
of Napoli
–
Dept. of Env. Sc.
Goma Volcanological
Observatory
UNOPS – UGR/RMU
CEMUBAC
STEREO II –
Products
and Services
• Introduction• GORISK structure• Project location• Goma: eruption means• Output Deformation• Output Geochemistry• Health• Goma
map update
• GIS• Training• Conclusion
BELSPO
BegiumFundingNational Research
Fund
Luxembourg
Coordination Royal Museum for Central Africa
National Museum of
Natural History
Luxembourg
University of Luxembourg
Luxembourg
2nd University of Napoli
(Italia)
Royal Museum for Central Africa
(Belgium)Scientific
Partners
End users Goma Volcanologic Observatory
(RDC)
UNOPS (UN)
Risk Management Unit
CEMUBAC (B)
(NGO health)
OperationsCartography/ InSAR
Deformation modeling Data
integration
Training
Gas and water Instrumentation.
Training
InSAR processing
Ground based deformation
systems
Training
Permanent gas measurement
Instrumentation
Training
Deformation & geochemistry
• Measurements
• Maintenance
• Interpretation
Health:
• Data collection
• Health data analysis
Data integration for risk management purposes
GORISK: Who?
GORISK GORISK: Where?
East African
rift (W branch)Tropical areaEastern
DRC
North
Kivu ProvinceCity of Goma / Rwanda border Virunga Volcanic
Province
Virunga National Park
•Introduction•GORISK organigram•Project location
Geographical•Goma: eruption means•Output Deformation•Output Geochemistry•Health•Goma
map update•GIS•Training•Conclusion
GORISK:
Where?
GomaGoma
Nyamulagira
Nyiragongo
SakeSake
Nyamulagira
and Nyiragongo:
the two most active volcanoes of Africa
Nyamulagira:• many historic eruptions > 30 since 1900• no major direct threat on populations• impact on crops •impact on vegetation, cattle, population health…
Nyiragongo:• Two historic eruptions: 1977 / 2002• Direct and major threat for Goma• Rapid lava flow (slope: 100Km/h, plain: 20‐40 Km/h)• Short distance / fractures• Only volcano with direct casualties from lava flow• 2002: ~15% of the city was destroyed• long term socio‐economic impact
•Introduction•GORISK organigram•Project location
Volcanological•Goma: eruption means•Output Deformation•Output Geochemistry•Health•Goma
map update•GIS•Training•Conclusion
GORISK: Where?
Nyamulagira
Nyiragongo
Goma: North Kivu Province capital~ 800.000 InhabitantsBorder with RwandaEconomic / strategic locationUncontrolled rapid urban growth
Sake: Important centre (~ 30.000) Junction of major axisSensitive location
GomaGoma
SakeSake
•Introduction•GORISK organigram•Project location
Geo-political•Goma: eruption means•Output Deformation•Output Geochemistry•Health•Goma
map update•GIS•Training•Conclusion
GORISK: Where?
GomaGoma
Nyamulagira
Nyiragongo
SakeSake
•Introduction•GORISK organigram•Project location
Geo-political•Goma: eruption means•Output Deformation•Output Geochemistry•Health•Goma
map update•GIS•Training•Conclusion
•Introduction•GORISK organigram•Project location
Geo-political•Goma: eruption means•Output Deformation•Output Geochemistry•Health•Goma
map update•GIS•Training•Conclusion
•Introduction•GORISK organigram•Project location
Geo-political•Goma: eruption means•Output Deformation•Output Geochemistry•Health•Goma
map update•GIS•Training•Conclusion
•Introduction•GORISK organigram•Project location
Geo-political•Goma: eruption means•Output Deformation•Output Geochemistry•Health•Goma
map update•GIS•Training•Conclusion
•Introduction•GORISK organigram•Project location
Geo-political•Goma: eruption means•Output Deformation•Output Geochemistry•Health•Goma
map update•GIS•Training•Conclusion
Goma
main market, April 15th
2008. November 19th
2009.
•Introduction•GORISK organigram•Project location
Geo-political•Goma: eruption means•Output Deformation•Output Geochemistry•Health•Goma
map update•GIS•Training•Conclusion
(After data from NASA)Source: NOAA
•Introduction•GORISK organigram•Project location
Geo-political•Goma: eruption means•Output Deformation
InSARModelsTilt networkGPS
•Output Geochemistry•Health•Goma
map update•GIS•Training•Conclusion
Challenge: > 600 scenes> 6000 interferograms
• Automated mass processing• Manual refining when required• Web tool implementation
ERS data
RADARSAT Ascending
(ST6)
Nyiragongo 2002:Modeling
of InSAR
data, close to known
eruptive
fissure
RADARSAT Descending
(ST4)
In green: eruptive
fissure
Best fit model:
- Subvertical
dyke
- Small overpressure
-> consistent with
the
extensional
rift system
Figure from Wauthier
et al, 2009a
•Introduction•GORISK organigram•Project location
Geo-political•Goma: eruption means•Output Deformation
InSARModelsTilt networkGPS
•Output Geochemistry•Health•Goma
map update•GIS•Training•Conclusion
NyamulagiraN
Nyamulagira
January 2010•Introduction•GORISK organigram•Project location
Geo-political•Goma: eruption means•Output Deformation
InSARModelsTilt networkGPS
•Output Geochemistry•Health•Goma
map update•GIS•Training•Conclusion
C. Wauthier
IGARSS 2009
The Nyiragongo2002 eruption
The Nyamulagira 2010 eruption
The web‐based tool :(Empty boxes are pairs with incompatible Bperp.)
Date/Orb. Nr of master
Date/Orb. Nr of slave
6 stationsRegular downloadFTP
•Introduction•GORISK organigram•Project location
Geo-political•Goma: eruption means•Output Deformation
InSARModelsTilt networkGPS
•Output Geochemistry•Health•Goma
map update•GIS•Training•Conclusion
X-TILT
Y-TI
LT
•Introduction•GORISK organigram•Project location
Geo-political•Goma: eruption means•Output Deformation
InSARModelsTilt networkGPS
•Output Geochemistry•Health•Goma
map update•GIS•Training•Conclusion
Tilt at Bulengo
station November 2009 ‐
January 2010
•Introduction•GORISK organigram•Project location
Geo-political•Goma: eruption means•Output Deformation
InSARModelsTilt networkGPS
•Output Geochemistry•Health•Goma
map update•GIS•Training•Conclusion
7 stationsTelemetredFTP
•Introduction•GORISK organigram•Project location
Geo-political•Goma: eruption means•Output Deformation
InSARModelsTilt networkGPS
•Output Geochemistry•Health•Goma
map update•GIS•Training•Conclusion
Simon Carn
(MIT, USA)
Geochemistry:
PlumeWater
Gas
‐
Mazukus
Gas ‐
permanent measurements
IntroductionGORISK organigramProject locationGoma: eruption meansOutput DeformationOutput Geochemistry
Plume WaterGas -
MazukusGas -
perm. meas.HealthGoma
map updateGISTrainingConclusion
Geochemistry:
PlumeWater
Gas
‐
Mazukus
Gas ‐
permanent measurements
Simon Carn
(MIT, USA)
IntroductionGORISK organigramProject locationGoma: eruption meansOutput DeformationOutput Geochemistry
Plume WaterGas -
MazukusGas -
perm. meas.HealthGoma
map updateGISTrainingConclusion
WHO ‐
Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality Vol. 1 3rd
Edition (2006)
Output GeochemistryPlume WaterGas -
MazukusGas -
perm. Meas.
Geochemistry: PlumeWaterGas
‐
Mazukus
Gas ‐
permanent measurements
IntroductionGORISK organigramProject locationGoma: eruption meansOutput DeformationOutput Geochemistry
Plume WaterGas -
MazukusGas -
perm. meas.HealthGoma
map updateGISTrainingConclusion
Geochemistry: PlumeWaterGas
‐
Mazukus
Gas ‐
permanent measurements
IntroductionGORISK organigramProject locationGoma: eruption meansOutput DeformationOutput Geochemistry
Plume WaterGas -
MazukusGas -
perm. meas.HealthGoma
map updateGISTrainingConclusion
Photos by B. Smets
CO2
–
Rn
continuous
measuring station in “Le Chalet”
Goma, Chalet August 2009
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
8.8 9.8 10.8 11.8 12.8 13.8 14.8 15.8 16.8 17.8 18.8 19.8 20.8 21.8 22.8 23.8 24.8 25.8 26.8
date in August 2009
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
Battery (V)Rn (kBq/m3)CO2 GND (%)CO2 Air (%)Temp (°C)
IntroductionGORISK organigramProject locationGoma: eruption meansOutput DeformationOutput Geochemistry
Plume WaterGas -
MazukusGas -
perm. meas.HealthGoma
map updateGISTrainingConclusion
Output GeochemistryPlume WaterGas -
MazukusGas -
perm. Meas.
4th trimester of 2004: high SO concentrations2
IntroductionGORISK organigramProject locationGoma: eruption meansOutput DeformationOutput Geochemistry
Plume WaterGas -
MazukusGas -
perm. meas.HealthGoma
map updateGISTrainingConclusion
IntroductionGORISK organigramProject locationGoma: eruption meansOutput DeformationOutput Geochemistry
Plume WaterGas -
MazukusGas -
perm. meas.HealthGoma
map updateGISTrainingConclusion
IntroductionGORISK organigramProject locationGoma: eruption meansOutput DeformationOutput Geochemistry
Plume WaterGas -
MazukusGas -
perm. meas.HealthGoma
map updateGISTrainingConclusion
IntroductionGORISK organigramProject locationGoma: eruption meansOutput DeformationOutput Geochemistry
Plume WaterGas -
MazukusGas -
perm. meas.HealthGoma
map updateGISTrainingConclusion
IntroductionGORISK organigramProject locationGoma: eruption meansOutput DeformationOutput Geochemistry
Plume WaterGas -
MazukusGas -
perm. meas.HealthGoma
map updateGISTrainingConclusion
Dissemination
• Peer reviewed
paper
(submitted/accepted): 5
• Proceedings: 20• Presentation
at
meetings and congresses: 26
• WWW links: – GORISK
• www.africamuseum.be• www.ecgs.lu
– Eruption January
2010• http://terra.ecgs.lu/rnvt
ConclusionsGORISK main objectives have been achieved
•
Deformation monitoring:• New methods have been developed and adapted to that very
specific context
• Remote sensing techniques are essentials
• Validation through the last January eruption
• Geochemical monitoring:• First continuous gas monitoring in the area: promising
• Gas –
Mazuku
mapping revealed wide concerned areas
• Water sampling confirmed high content of critical elements
• Health: • Preliminary results are requiring more systematic monitoring
Conclusions
Risk assessment has been highly improved, new geodynamic models
Risk Management has been provided high valuable informations
and products
Health impact has been assessed
Project was achieved in very adverse conditions (political, institutionnal, security
The volcanic risk remains and continuous efforts are requiredFuture eruptions will occur and the 2002 scenario could have been
worse
Cretère
nuit Thank you