2
teqstis avtori: merilin eqironi (Marilyn Achiron)
saredaqcio kolegia:
gluki: erika feleri (Erika Feller), filip leklerki (Philippe Leclerc), xose riera (Jose Riera) da sara baSeti (Sara Baschetti)saparlamentTaSoriso kavSiri:
anders b. jonsoni (Anders B. Johnsson) da
karin jebri (Kareen Jabre)
originali versiis ena: inglisuri
garekanis dizaini: Jak vandfliu (Jacques Wandfl uh),
Studio Infographie, Sveicaria
dabeWdilia saqarTveloSi
SeniSvna
es saxelmZRvanelo momzadda saparlamentTaSoriso kavSiris
demokratiisa da adamianis uflebaTa mudmivi komitetis
biurosTan TanamSromlobiT.
kvleva da analizi: qerol beCelori (Carol Batchelor) da
filip leklerki (Philippe Leclerc) (gluki)
3
winasityvaoba
„yovel adamians aqvs moqalaqeobis ufleba. ar SeiZleba TviTneburad Camo-
erTvas vinmes moqalaqeoba an moqalaqeobis Secvlis ufleba“. es lakonuri
debulebebi 1948 wlis adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis me-15 mux-
lidan yovel pirs, mTel msoflioSi, saxelmwifosTan samarTlebrivi kavSiris
uflebas aniWebs. moqalaqeoba anu erovneba (es ori cneba am saxelmZRvaneloSi,
iseve, rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTalSi, urTierTSenacvlebadi terminebia)
pirs ara marto TviTidentificirebis saSualebas aZlevs, aramed aniWebs
saxelmwifo dacvas da sxva mraval samoqalaqo Tu politikur uflebas; Sesa-
bamisad, moqalaqeoba ganimarteba, rogorc „ufleba, gqondes uflebebi“.
miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs saerTaSoriso samarTlis norma, romelic
Seexeba moqalaqeobis miRebas, dakargvas an masze uaris Tqmas, milionobiT
adamiani msoflioSi kvlavac moqalaqeobis gareSe rCeba. isini moqalaqeobis
armqone pirebi arian. moqalaqeobis arqona sxvadasxva mizeziT SeiZleba iyos
gamowveuli, maT Sorisaa kanonTa kolizia, teritoriis gadacema, saojaxo
samarTali, administraciuli praqtika, diskriminacia, dauregistrirebeli
Sobadoba, denacionalizacia (anu saxelmwifos mier pirisTvis moqalaqeobis
CamorTmeva) da piris mier moqalaqeobaze (saxelmwifos dacvaze) uari.
msoflioSi moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa didi nawili iZulebiTi gadaadg-
ilebis msxverplia. is pirebi, vinc iZulebulni xdebian datovon sakuTari
saxlebi, moqalaqeobis dakargvis riskis winaSe dgebian, gansakuTrebiT maSin,
rodesac maT gadaadgilebas Tan axlavs, an Semdgom mohyveba, teritoriuli
sazRvrebis gadanawileba. Tavis mxriv, moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi da is
pirebi, romelTac CamoerTvaT moqalaqeoba, aseve arian xSirad iZulebulni
datovon mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili. swored ltolvilTa mdgomareobasTan
am msgavsebam gamoiwvia gaeros generaluri asambleis mier gaeros ltolvilTa
umaRlesi komisrisTvis (gluki) pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba da moqalaqeobis
arqonis prevenciasa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa raodenobis Semcirebaze
zrunva.
bolodroindeli monacemebis Tanaxmad, moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvi
mTel msoflioSi 11 milions aRwevs. Tumca es mxolod varaudia. organiza-
ciebisaTvis metismetad Zneli aRmoCnda moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa Sesaxeb
sruli informaciis Segroveba, radgan moqalaqeobis uqonlobis koncefcia
qveynebs Soris jerac kamaTis sagnad rCeba; mTavrobebi xSirad Tavs ikaveben,
gaavrcelon informacia moqalaqeobis armqoneTa Sesaxeb; isic sagulisxmoa,
rom moqalaqeobis uqonlobis problema saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis dRis
wesrigSi aqtualurad ar iTvleba.
Tumca bolo wlebSi saerTaSoriso sazogadoebisTvis naTeli gaxda, rom ada-
mianis uflebebis dacva gvexmareba Tavidan aviciloT masobrivi da iZulebiTi
gadaadgilebebi. analogiurad, arsebuli principebis safuZvelze saerTa-
Soriso xelSekrulebebSi SeiniSneba mzardi tendencia imis Segnebisa, rom
saxelmwifoebi valdebulni arian gadaWran moqalaqeobis uqonlobis problema.
mTavrobebma unda aRiaron, rogorc formalurad, aseve praqtikulad, rom
maT ara aqvT ufleba moqalaqebrivi privilegiebi CamoarTvan an SeuzRudon
im pirebs, romelTac SeuZliaT daadasturon sakuTar qveyanasTan utyuari
da efeqturi kavSiri.
4
moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa raodenobis Semcirebis an aRmofxvris sakiTx-
isadmi parlamentarTa damokidebulebis gamoxatvis saukeTeso saSualebaa
saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sesabamisi iseTi erovnuli kanonmdeblobis miReba,
romelic iZleva garantias, rom arc erT pirs TviTneburad ar CamoerTmeva
moqalaqeoba; rom pirebs mieniWebaT moqalaqeoba im pirobebSic, rodesac
sxva dros moqalaqeobis gareSe darCebodnen da rom isini, vinc kvlavac mo-
qalaqeobis armqoneni arian an momavalSi iqcevian aseTebad, uzrunvelyofilni
iqnebian saTanado dacviT. parlamentarebs agreTve SeuZliaT Seasrulon
mniSvnelovani sazedamxedvelo roli, raTa saxelmwifos politikam uneblieT
an mizanmimarTulad ar warmoSvas moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi; agreTve,
mouwodon mTavrobebs moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa sakiTxebis gadawyvetisken
da aamaRlon TavianTi amomrCevlebis/sazogadoebis cnobiereba moqalaqeobis
uqonlobis problemebTan dakavSirebiT.
winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo asaxavs am sakiTxTan dakavSirebul problemebs,
gvTavazobs mogvarebis SesaZlo variantebs da im nabijebs, romelnic parla-
mentis wevrebma SeiZleba gadadgan moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa raodenobidan
gamomdinare. imedi gvaqvs, rom es saxelmZRvanelo daxmarebas gauwevs par-
lamentarebs, raTa gadadgan saWiro nabijebi msoflioSi milionobiT kacis,
qalisa da bavSvis cxovrebze uaryofiTi gavlenis mqone moqalaqeobis arqonis
fenomenis Semcirebisa da sabolood aRmofxvris saqmeSi.
antonio guteriSi anders b. jonsoni
gaerTianebuli erebis generaluri mdivani
ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisari saparlamentTaSoriso kavSiri
5
sarCevi
SeniSvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
winasityvaoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Tavi 1: saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi baza moqalaqeobis uflebasa
da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis SemcirebasTan
dakavSirebiT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Tavi 2: moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa identificireba da dacva . . . . 19
Tavi 3: moqalaqeobis arqonis mizezebis aRmofxvra . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Tavi 4: glukis roli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Tavi 5: rogor SeuZliaT parlamentarebs daxmareba . . . . . . . . . . . 53
danarTi 1: moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis Sesaxeb
1954 wlis gaeros konvenciis wevri saxelmwifoebi . . . . 59
danarTi 2: moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis Semcirebis
Sesaxeb 1961 wlis gaeros konvenciis wevri
saxelmwifoebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
danarTi 3: SeerTebis samodelo dokumentebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
danarTi 4: glukis warmomadgenlobebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
mokled glukisa da saparlamentTaSoriso kavSiris Sesaxeb . . 73
6
Sesavali
Cven, moqalaqeebi, Cveulebriv vsargeblobT im ufleba_movaleobebiT, rasac
moqalaqeoba gvaniWebs. umetes Cvengans SeuZlia bavSvi Seiyvanos skolaSi,
avadmyofobis dros miiRos samedicino daxmareba, Seitanos ganacxadi dasaqme-
bis Taobaze da airCios warmomadgeneli xelisuflebaSi. Cven vgrZnobT, rom
gvaqvs Cveni adgili im qveyanaSi, romelSic vcxovrobT; Cven vgrZnobT, rom
vekuTvniT raRac ufro dids, vidre Cvenive sakuTari Tavia.
magram rogor cxovrobs is, visac ar gaaCnia moqalaqeoba, anu moqalaqeobis
armqone piria? moqalaqeobis gareSe pirs ara aqvs arCevnebSi monawileobis
ufleba im qveyanaSi, romelSic is cxovrobs; ara aqvs samgzavro sabuTze
ganacxadis Setanis an qorwinebis registraciis ufleba. zogierT SemTxvevaSi,
piri, romelsac ar gaaCnia moqalaqeoba da imyofeba Tavisi warmoSobis an yo-
fili sacxovrebeli qveynis farglebs gareT, SesaZlebelia didi xniT daakavon,
Tu qveyana mas ukan dabrunebaze uars ganucxadebs. xSirad pirebs, romelTac
ar SeuZliaT sakuTar qveyanasTan samarTlebrivi kavSiris damtkiceba, uars
eubnebian iseT fundamentur uflebebze, rogoricaa ganaTlebis, samedicino
daxmarebisa da dasaqmebis ufleba.
`mtkice uari im qveynisgan, sadac vcxovrob; mtkice uari im qveynisgan, sadac
davibade; mtkice uari im qveynisgan, saidanac Cemi mSoblebi arian; gamudmebiT
mosmena „Sen Cven ar gvekuTvni!“ mgonia, rom arafers warmovadgen da saerTod
ar vici, risTvis vcxovrob. roca moqalaqeobis armqone piri xar, yovelTvis
sakuTari usargeblobis gancdiT xar garemoculi.“
lara, yofili moqalaqeobis armqone piri
moqalaqeobis uqonlobis Sesaxeb 2003 wels glukis mier warmoebuli kvleva
adasturebs, rom msoflioSi ar arsebobs arc erTi regioni, romelic ar
dgas im problemebis winaSe, romlebsac moqalaqeobis arqonamde mivyavarT.
msoflioSi moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa zusti ricxvi ucnobia, radgan
saxelmwifoebs xSirad ar surT an ar SeuZliaT dazustebuli monacemebis mo-
wodeba; mxolod ramdenimes gaaCnia moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa registraciis
meqanizmi. saxelmwifoebs maT teritoriaze mcxovreb moqalaqeobis armqone
pirTa raodenobis Sesaxeb informaciis mowodebis pirdapiri valdebuleba
ar akisriaT. glukis SefasebiT, msoflioSi milionobiT adamiani cxovrobs
moqalaqeobis gareSe.
moqalaqeobis arqona, romelic pirvelad me-20 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi
cnes globalur problemad, SesaZloa warmoiSvas saxelmwifoebs Soris pire-
bis samarTlebriv identificirebasTan dakavSirebuli davis, saxelmwifoTa
daSlis, sazogadoebis SigniT garkveul jgufTa xangrZlivi izolirebis an
individebis Tu pirTa jgufebisTvis moqalaqeobis CamorTmevis Sedegad.
Cveulebriv, moqalaqeobis arqona asocirdeba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi
Zireuli cvlilebebis periodebTan. saerTaSoriso sazRvrebis xelaxali gad-
anawileba, saxelmwifo liderebis mier politikuri sistemebiT manipulireba
sadavo politikuri miznebis misaRwevad da/an moqalaqeobis miniWebaze uari an
moqalaqeobis CamorTmeva rasobrivi, religiuri da eTnikuri umciresobebis
7
gamoricxvis da izolirebis mizniT _ moqalaqeobis arqonis mizezi aRmoCnda
msoflios yvela nawilSi. bolo 20 wlis manZilze SeiniSneba im pirTa ricxvis
zrda, romelTac CamoerTvaT moqalaqeoba an ver SeZles moqalaqeobis miReba.
Tu aseTi mdgomareoba kvlav gagrZe ldeba, am mosaxleobaSi uuflebobis
gancdis gaRrmaveba maT gadaadgilebas gamoiwvevs.
„moqalaqeobis warTmeva samyaros warTmevis tolfasia; es niSnavs junglebSi
dabrunebas gamoqvabulis binadris an veluris msgavsad... adamians, romelsac
araferi gaaCnia sakuTari vinaobis garda, dakarguli aqvs yvela is Tviseba,
rac sxva adamianebs miscems saSualebas, moepyran mas rogorc pirovnebas...
maT SeiZleba ise icxovron da daixocon, rom aranairi kvali ar datovon,
wvlili ar Seitanon sazogadoebaSi.“
hana arendti, totalitarizmis sawyisebi
winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos mizania, parlamentarebs miawodos detaluri
informacia im saerTaSoriso principebis Sesaxeb, romlebic aregulireben
moqalaqeobasa da moqalaqeobis arqonas. saerTaSoriso samarTali saxelm-
wifoebs aZlevs farTo uflebamosilebas, gansazRvron, Tu vin arian maTi
moqalaqeebi da daadginon pirobebi, ris safuZvelzec moxdeba moqalaqeobis
miReba, dakargva da SenarCuneba. me-20 saukuneSi adamianis uflebaTa principe-
bis ganviTarebam SezRuda saxelmwifoebis es uflebamosileba im SemTxvevebSi,
rodesac mosalodnelia moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis gazrda da/an
Tu mis gamoyenebas diskriminaciuli xasiaTi aqvs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifoebi erTad cdiloben moqalaqeobis arqo-
nasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvarebas, mTel msoflioSi kvlavac
milionobiT adamiani rCeba moqalaqeobis gareSe. winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo
ixilavs moqalqeobis armqone pirTa ufleba_movaleobebs saerTaSoriso
kanonmdeblobis kvalobaze; kerZod, moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis
Sesaxeb 1954 wlis konvenciis mixedviT. (glukis Zalisxmevis miuxedavad, 1954
wlis konvenciis ratificireba moaxdina an mas SeuerTda mxolod 60 saxelm-
wifo; SedarebisTvis, ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb 1951 wlis konvenciisa
da/an 1967 wlis oqmis ratificireba moaxdina an SeuerTda 146 saxelmwifo)
saxelmZRvanelo yuradRebas amaxvilebs aseve moqalaqeobis arqonis gamomwvev
mTavar mizezebze da msjelobs, Tu rogor unda uzrunvelyon mTavrobebma,
rom erovnuli kanonmdeblobis ganxorcieleba ar iqces moqalqeobis uqon-
lobis mizezad.
gluki aris gaeros saagento, romelsac davalebuli aqvs, xeli Seuwyos mo-
qalaqeobis armqone pirTa raodenobis Semcirebas da daxmareba aRmouCinos
moqalaqeobis amrqone pirebs am statusis mopovebaSi. winamdebare saxelmZ-
Rvanelo aRwers, Tu ras akeTebs gluki Tavis misiis ukeT Sesasruleblad.
igi aseve gvTavazobs im praqtikul nabijebs, romlebic SeiZleba gadadgan
parlamentarebma moqalaqeobis armqoneTa ricxvis Sesamcireblad; kerZod,
moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb qveynis kanonmdeblobis gadaxedva da saWiroebis SemTx-
vevaSi masSi cvlilebebis Setana; mTavrobis winaSe Suamdgomloba moqalqeo-
bis armqone pirTa Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebTan mierTebaze da
moqalqeobis arqonasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis Sesaxeb sazogadoebis
cnobierebis asamaRleblad saWiro qmedebebis ganxorcieleba.
8
saxelmZRvanelo aseve gvTavazobs im pozitiur magaliTebsac, Tu moqalaqeobis
uqonlobis rogori rTuli SemTxvevebi mogvarda dainteresebul saxelmwi-
foTa politikuri nebis, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Carevisa da saerTaSor-
iso sazogadoebis mier gaweuli daxmarebis Sedegad. amgvari „warmatebuli
gamocdileba“ imis maCvenebelia, rom rodesac mTavrobebi, samoqalaqo da
saerTaSoriso sazogadoebebi TanamSromloben, moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs
realurad eZlevaT saSualeba, isargeblon „uflebebis qonis uflebiT.“
9
Tavi 1
saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi baza moqalaqeobis uflebasa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis SemcirebasTan
dakavSirebiT
moqalaqeoba Zalian delikaturi sakiTxia, vinaidan igi gaxlavT qveynis su-
verenitetisa da TviTmyofadobis gamoxatuleba. gasakviri araa, rom dava
moqalaqeobis Taobaze SesaZlebelia, da xSirad es asec xdeba, gadaizardos
daZabulobasa da konfliqtSi rogorc saxelmwifos SigniT, aseve _ qveyanaTa
Soris. me-20 saukuneSi SeiniSneboda rogorc moqalaqeobis uqonlobis SemTx-
vevebis zrda msoflios masStabiT, aseve sazogadoebis mzardi daintereseba
informaciiT adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb. aqedan gamomdinare, saerTaSoriso
samarTali moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb ori mimarTulebiT ganviTarda: moqalaqeo-
bis armqone pirTa dacva da daxmareba da moqalaqeobis arqonis SemTxvevaTa
aRmofxvra an Semcireba.
vin gansazRvravs, aris Tu ara piri ama Tu im qveynis moqalaqe?
principSi, piris moqalaqeobis sakiTxi calkeuli saxelmwifos iurisdiqciis
farglebSi eqceva. Tumca saxelmwifos Sida gadawyvetilebebi SesaZloa Seiz-
Rudos sxva saxelmwifoebis mier ganxorcielebuli msgavsi qmedebebisa da
saerTaSoriso samarTlis mier.
moqalaqeobis Taobaze tunisisa da marokos 1923 wlis brZanebebis Sesaxeb
gamotanil sakonsultacio daskvnaSi saerTaSoriso marTlmsajulebis mudmivma
sasamarTlom ganacxada:
`aris Tu ara konkretuli sakiTxi mxolod Sida iurisdiqciis gadasaw-
yveti, metismetad SefardebiTia; igi mTlianad efuZneba saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis ganviTarebas.“
anu mudmivma sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom principSi mo-
qalaqeobasTan dakavSirebuli sadavo sakiTxebi Sida iurisdiqciis sferoSi
eqceva, saxelmwifoebma pativi unda scen TavianT valdebulebebs sxva saxelm-
wifoebis winaSe, rac regulirdeba saerTaSoriso samarTlis mier.
amgvari midgoma kvlav dafiqsirda Svidi wlis Semdeg haagis konvenciaSi
moqalaqeobis Taobaze kanonebs Soris zogierT sakiTxze konfliqtis Sesaxeb.
ra Tqma unda, bevrma saxelmwofom gaakeTa komentari mudmivi sasamarTlos
1923 wlis sakonsultacio daskvnasTan dakavSirebiT, radgan is exeboda mo-
qalaqeobis Sesaxeb haagis 1930 wlis konvenciis momzadebas. saxelmwifoebis
umetesobam sakonsultacio daskvna aRiqva, rogorc konkretuli saxelmwifos
moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebis mis sazRvrebs gareT
moqmedebis SezRudva, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac aRiniSneba kolizia
sxva saxelmwifoebis mier analogiur sakiTxze miRebul gadawyvetilebebTan
dakavSirebiT.
1930 wlis haagis konvencia, romelic Seiqmna erTa ligis asambleis mxardaW-
eriT, pirveli saerTaSoriso mcdeloba iyo imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom yvela
10
pirs hqonoda moqalaqeoba. konvenciis pirvel muxlis Tanaxmad:
„yoveli saxelmwifo sakuTari kanonis Tanaxmad TviTon gansazRvravs,
vin aris misi moqalaqe. es kanoni aRiarebuli unda iyos sxva saxelm-
wifoebis mierac, vinaidan igi moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebuli say-
ovelTaod aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso konvenciebis, saerTaSoriso
tradiciisa da samarTlis principebs Seesabameba“.
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saxelmwifos mier ama Tu im piris moqalaqeobis
statusis gadawyveta unda esadagebodes saerTaSoriso kanonis Sesabamis
dadgenilebebs. suverenuli saxelmwifos moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, me-20
saukuneSi es dadgenilebebi TandaTanobiT ganviTarda adamianis uflebebTan
mimarTebaSi.
adamianis uflebebaTa 1948 wlis sayovelTao deklaraciis me-15 muxlSi
naTqvamia:
„yovel adamians aqvs moqalaqeobis ufleba. aravis SeiZleba TviT-
neburad CamoerTvas moqalaqeoba an moqalaqeobis Secvlis ufleba“.
aRniSnuli ufleba emyareba pirovnebasa da saxelmwifos Soris arsebul
utyuar da efeqtur kavSirs. sul pirvelad moqalaqeobis safuZvlad es kavSiri
cnes 1955 wels saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos mier nottebomis saqmeze (Nottebohm Case) miRebul gadawyvetilebaSi. aRniSnul saqmeze sasamarTlom ganacxada:
„saxelmwofoTa praqtikis, saarbitraJo da sasamarTlo gadawyvetile-
bebisa da specialistTa mosazrebis Tanaxmad, moqalaqeoba aris sa-
marTlebrivi valdebuleba, romelsac safuZvlad udevs socialuri
kuTvnilebis faqtori, utyuari kavSiris arseboba, interesebi da
grZnobebi, urTierTsanacvlo ufleba_movaleobebTan erTad.“
utyuari da efeqturi kavSiri, romelic dasturdeba dabadebiT, sacxovrebeli
adgiliT da/an warmoSobiT, dReisaTvis asaxulia saxelmwifoTa umetesobis
sakanonmdeblo debulebebSi moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb; iseve, rogorc am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebul bolodroindel saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi, rogoricaa 1997
wlis evropis konvencia moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb.
adamianis uflebaTa amerikaTaSorisi sasamarTlos azriT, moqalaqeoba aris
„politikuri da samarTlebrivi valdebuleba, romelic pirs mocemul
saxelmwifosTan akavSirebs da avaldebulebs mis mimarT loialuroba-
sa da erTgulebas, aniWebs mas saxelmwifosagan diplomatiur dacvas“
(kastilo_petruCi da sxvebi perus winaaRmdeg, 1999 wlis maisis gad-
awyvetileba, adamianis uflebaTa amerikaTaSorisi sasamarTlo (IACHR)
[seria C] №52 1999).
rogor aris daculi ltolvilTa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa
uflebebi?
miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianis uflebebis sayovelTao deklaraciis me-15
muxli acxadebs, rom yovel pirs aqvs moqalaqeobis ufleba, is ar miuTiTebs
konkretuli qveynis moqalqeobaze, romlis miRebis uflebac pirs aqvs. imis
dasadastureblad,rom individebs CamorTmeuli ara aqvT moqalaqeobasTan
dakavSirebuli minimaluri uflebebi, saerTaSoriso sazogadoebam SeimuSava
11
ori ZiriTadi xelSkruleba: 1951 wlis konvencia ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb
da 1954 wlis konvencia moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis Sesaxeb.
arsebobs Tu ara raime kavSiri 1951 wlis ltolvilTa statusis
Sesaxeb konvenciasa da moqalaqeobis arqonis sakiTxebs Soris?
meore msoflio omis Semdeg axladSeqmnili gaerTianebuli erebis orga-
nizaciis wevri saxelmwifoebisTvis erT-erTi gadaudebeli sakiTxi iyo omis
Sedegad milionobiT ltolvili da moqalaqeobis armqone piris problemebis
gadawyveta. gaeros ekonomikuri da sociluri sabWos (ECOSOC) mier miRebuli
rezoluciiT 1949 wels Seiqmna specialuri komiteti, romelsac evaleboda
ltolvilTa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis Sesaxeb konvenciis
SemuSaveba da moqalaqeobis uqonlobis aRmosafxvrelad winadadebebis
ganxilva.
sabolood komitetis wevrebma Seadgines konvenciis proeqti ltolvilTa
statusis Sesaxeb da konvenciis oqmi, romelic exeboda moqalaqeobis armqone
pirebs. komitets safuZvlianad ar umsjelia moqalaqeobis uqonlobis aRmofx-
vris Taobaze, radgan varaudobdnen, rom am sakiTxs axlad Camoyalibebuli
saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi komisia (ILC) moagvarebda.
istoriulad, rogorc ltolvilebi, aseve moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi
dacvasa da daxmarebas Rebulobdnen glukis winamorbedi ltolvilTa saer-
TaSoriso organizaciebisgan. konvencia moqalaqeobis armqone pirebis Sesaxeb
miznad isaxavda maTsa da ltolvilTa Soris arsebuli kavSiris asaxvas, magram
ltolvilTa gadaudebeli saWiroebebi da ltolvilTa saerTaSoriso orga-
nizaciis gardauvali daSla mianiSnebda, rom moqalaqeobis armqone pirebis
mdgomareobis detaluri analizisaTvis sakmarisi dro ar darCeboda ufle-
bamosil warmomadgenelTa 1951 wlis konferenciaze, sadac orive sakiTxi unda
ganxiluliyo. marTlac, 1951 wlis konvencia ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb
am konferenciaze miiRes, xolo moqalaqeobis ar mqone pirTa Sesaxeb oqmis
ganxilva momavlisTvis gadaido.
ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb 1951 wlis konvenciis Tanaxmad, moqalaqeobis
armqone ltolvili daculia am statusis mqone ltolvilis msgavsad. vinaidan
mas rasis, religiis, erovnebis an garkveuli socialuri jgufisadmi kuTv-
nilebis safuZveleze mtkice uars eubnebian moqalaqeobaze, es imaze mianiSnebs,
rom piri unda cnon ltolvilad.
ras iTvaliswinebs 1954 wlis konvencia moqalaqeobis armqone
pirTa statusis Sesaxeb?
oqmi moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis Sesaxeb, romelic Tavdapirvelad
ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb 1951 wlis konvenciis damateba iyo, 1954 wels
konvenciad iqca. 1954 wlis konvencia pirveli saerTaSoriso dokumentia, rom-
lis mizans warmoadgens moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis regulireba, maTi
mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba da, yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe, ZiriTadi
uflebebiTa da TavisuflebiT sargeblobis uzrunvelyofa (1954 wlis kon-
venciis monawile saxelmwifoebis siis gasacnobad ixileT danarTi 1).
am konvenciis debulebebi mravalmxriv hgavs ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb
1951 wlis konvencias. konvenciasTan SeerTebiT ver gadawydeba saxelwifos teri-
toriaze dabadebuli an mudmivad mcxovrebi pirebisaTvis moqalaqeobis miniWebis
12
saWiroebis sakiTxi. rogori SeuzRudavic ar unda iyos moqalaqeobis armqone
pirisTvis miniWebuli uflebebi, is moqalaqes mainc ver gauTanabrdeba.
1954 wlis konvencia iZleva moqalaqeobis armqone piris mkacr samarTlebriv
gansazRvrebas: „piri, romelic ar iTvleba arc erTi saxelmwifos moqalaqed
am saxelmwifos moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Sesabamiad“ (rac cnobilia, rogorc
de iure moqalaqeobis armqone piri).
vin aris moqalaqe?vin aris moqalaqeobis armqone piri?
moqmedi kanonis Tanaxmad, moqalaqed miiCneva piri, romelic avtomaturad
iTvleba moqalaqed im pirobebis Tanaxmad, romelic mocemulia moqalaqeobis
Sesaxeb saxelmwifos mier miRebul samarTlebriv dokumentebSi an piri,
romelsac mieniWa moqalaqeoba Sesabamisi organoebis gadawyvetilebis
safuZvelze. amgvar dokumentebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos konstitucia,
prezidentis brZanebulebani an moqalaqeobis dadgenis aqti. Cveulebriv,
adamianebis umetesoba moqalaqed iTvleba mxolod erTi saxelmwifos kanonebis
Tanaxmad an im saxelmwifos kanonebis Tanaxmad, sadac is daibada (jus soli), an im saxelmwifos kanonebis Tanaxmad, romlis moqalaqeebic iyvnen piris mSoblebi
misi dabadebisas (jus sanguinis).
rodesac administraciuli procedura iTvaliswinebs moqalaqeobis miniWebis
moTxovnis Tavisuflebas, moqalaqeobis miRebis msurvelebi ar CaiTvlebian
moqalaqeebad, vidre ar dasruldeba maTi gancxadebebis ganxilva da
damtkiceba da kanonis Sesabamisad ar mieniWebaT saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba.
pirebi, romlebic apireben Seitanon moqalaqeobaze ganacxadi da isini,
romlebmac gamoiyenes ufleba gaekeTebinaT aseTi ganacxadi, magram uari
eTqvaT, aRniSnul saxelmwifoSi moqmedi kanonis Tanaxmad ver CaiTvlebian
am saxelmwifos moqalaqeebad.
pirebi, romelTac ama Tu im saxelmwifos moqmedi kanonebis safuZvelze ar
miuRiaT moqalaqeoba avtomaturad an individualuri gadawyvetilebis gziT,
iwodebian de iure moqalaqeobis armqone pirebad, anu pirebad, romelTac
moqalaqeoba ar gaaCniaT moqmedi kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze.
iTvleba, rom pirs gaaCnia moqalaqeoba, Tu ar arsebobs sawinaaRmdegos
damadasturebeli raime mtkicebuleba. Tumca zogjer saxelmwifoebi,
romlebTanac pirs SesaZloa hqondes utyuari kavSiri, ver Tanxmdebian imaze,
Tu romelma maTganma mianiWa am pirs moqalaqeoba. aqedan gamomdinare, pirs
ar SeuZlia sakuTari Tavi de iure moqalaqeobis armqone pirad gamoacxados,
Tumca, Tuki mas ar gaaCnia faqtobrivi moqalaqeoba da ver sargeblobs
saxelmwifoebrivi dacviT, igi ganixileba de faqto moqalaqeobis armqone
pirad.
miuxedavad imisa, rom konvenciis Semqmnelebma aucileblad miiCnies de iure
(pirebi, romelTac ar miuRiaT moqalaqeoba avtomaturad an individualuri
gadawyvetilebis gziT romelime saxelmwifos moqmedi kanonebis safuZvelze)
da de faqto moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa (pirebi, romelTac ar SeuZliaT sa-
kuTari moqalaqeobis dadgena) Soris sxvaobis dadgena, aRiares am or cnebas
Soris arsebuli msgavsebac. konvenciis saboloo aqti de faqto moqalaqeobis
armqone pirTaTvis iTvaliswinebs arasavaldebulo rekomendacias da
„urCevs, yovel monawile saxelmwifos, Tuki safuZvlianad CaTvlis im
13
mizezebs, romelTa gamoc piri uars ambobs Tavisi moqalaqeobis qveynis
mfarvelobaze, keTilganwyobiT ganixilos misadmi imgvari mopyrobis
SesaZlebloba, rogoric am konvenciiT ekuTvniT moqalaqeobis armqone
pirebs.“
saxelmwifo dadgenili procedurebis Tanaxmad iRebs gadawyvetilebas, mi-
aniWos Tu ara pirs konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli SeRavaTebiT sargeblobis
ufleba. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Tavisi warmomadgenlobebis/ofisebis an saTao
ofisis samsaxurebis meSveobiT gluks SeuZlia misces rCevebi, Tu rogor
SeiZleba am procedurebis SemuSaveba da aRsruleba (glukis ofisebis sia
ixileT me-4 danarTSi).
SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom moqalaqeobis armqone piric iyos ltolvili?
de faqto moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi ar igulisxmebian 1954 wlis
konvenciiseul moqalaqeobis armqone piris gansazRvrebaSi. 1954 wlis
konvenciis avtorebma CaTvales, rom yvela piri, romelsac ar gaaCnia
faqtobrivi moqalaqeoba _ anu saubaria yvela de faqto moqalaqeobis armqone
pirze _ aris ltolvili (konvenciis avtorebma miiCnies, rom piri de faqto
moqalaqeobis armqoned iqceva saxelmwifos mxridan devnis gamo sakuTari
moqalaqeobis qveynidan gaqcevis Semdeg da amasTan, es devna dakavSirebuli
iyo faqtobrivi moqalaqeobis ar qonasTan) am gansazRvrebis Sedegad de faqto
moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi Rebuloben daxmarebas ltolvilTa statusis
Sesaxeb 1951 wlis konvenciis debulebebis Tanaxmad.
Tumca, de iure an de faqto moqalaqeobis arqona yovelTvis ar migvaniSnebs
devnaze („devnis safuZvliani SiSi“ ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb 1951 wlis
konvenciis ltolvilis gansazRvrebis umTavres safuZvelss warmoadgens).
wlebis manZilze naTeli gaxda, rom arseboben de faqto moqalaqeobis armqone
pirebi, romelnic ar iReben moqalaqeobas mudmivi adgilsamyofelis qveyanaSi,
ar miiCnevian arc ltolvilebad da arc de iure moqalaqeobis armqone
pirebad. faqtobrivad, moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa umravlesoba, romelnic
daxmarebas iTxoven glukisgan, iqnebian es de iure Tu de faqto moqalaqeobis
armqoneni, ar arian ltolvilebi da ar iTxoven TavSesafars.
ras iTvaliswinebs 1961 wlis konvencia moqalaqeobis armqone
pirTa ricxvis Sesamcireblad?
1950 wlis agvistoSi ekonomiurma da socialurma sabWom (ECOSOC) rezoluciis
safuZvelze mosTxova saerTaSoriso samarTlis komisias (ILC), moemzadebina
saerTaSoriso konvenciis an konvenciebis proeqti moqalaqeobis uqonlobis
aRmosafxvrelad. komisiam (ILC) gansaxilvelad waradgina konvenciis ori
proeqti, orive maTgani kanonTa koliziiT gamowveul moqalaqeobis uqon-
lobis problemas Seexeboda. erTi maTgani, romelic moqalaqeobis SesaZlo
uqonlobis aRmofxvras gulisxmobda, moicavda bevrad ufro Sors mimaval
debulebebs, vidre meore konvenciis proeqti, romelic orientirebuli iyo
momavalSi moqalaqeobis arqonis SemTxvevebis Semcirebaze. konferenciis
monawileebma, romlebic am sakiTxis gansaxilvelad Seikribnen, konvenciis
pirveli proeqti metad radikalurad miiCnies da gadawyvites muSaoba gae-
grZelebinaT momavalSi moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis Semcirebis
konvenciis proeqtze. am ganxilvis Sedegad Seqmnili dokumenti gaxlavT 1961
14
wlis konvencia moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa raodenobis Semcirebis Sesaxeb (1961
wlis konvenciis wevr saxelmwifoTa sia ixileT me-2 danarTSi).
konvenciis muxlebis mizania, ar dauSvas dabadebidanve moqalaqeobis arqona,
magram es debulebebi ar krZalavs garkveul SemTxvevebSi arc moqalaqeo-
bis CamorTmevis SesaZleblobas, arc arsebuli moqalaqeobis armqone yvela
pirisTvis moqalaqeobis miniWebas kanonis ukuqmedebiT. konvencia aseve
iTvaliswinebs specialuri organos Seqmnas, romelsac SeiZleba mimarTos
konvenciis farglebSi moxvedrilma pirma misi saCivris gansaxilvelad da am
saCivris saTanado organoebSi warsadgenad moiTxovos daxmareba. mogvianebiT
generalurma asambleam gluks sTxova, Seesrulebina es roli.
saerTaSoriso samarTlis komisiam (ILC) da saxelmwifoTa warmomadgenlebma
daadgines, rom aucilebelia saerTaSoriso daxmareba, radgan rodesac pirs
uars eubnebian saxelmwifos moqalaqeobaze, mas ar eqneba arc finansuri
SesaZlebloba da arc saWiro kvalifikacia, raTa saxelmwifo organoebs war-
udginos ganacxadi moqalqeobaze. verc sxva saxelmwifo SeZlebs am sakiTxSi
piris interesebis saTanadod dacvas. saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier piris
warmomadgenloba aseve agvaridebs SekiTxvas, aris Tu ara piri saerTaSoriso
samarTlis subieqti. amis garda, saagento, romelsac am saqmis mogvareba
daevaleba, sabolood ganaviTarebs codnas da gamocdilebas im sakiTxebSi,
romlebic sasargeblo iqneba ara mxolod calkeuli pirebisTvis rCevebis
misacemad, agreTve, zogadad, srulyofili moqalaqeobis mosapoveblad saWiro
gzebis SeTavazebisa da moqalaqeobis arqonis SemTxvevebis Sesamcireblad.
moqalaqeobis arqonis SemTxvevebis Semcirebis misaRwevad 1961 wlis konvencia
monawile saxelmwifoebisgan moiTxovs moqalaqeobis sakiTxebze iseTi sakanonm-
deblo bazis SemuSavebas, romelic moqalaqeobis miRebis an dakargvis Taobaze
dadgenil standartebs asaxavs. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu wevr-saxelmwifoebs Soris
warmoiSveba dava konvenciis interpretaciis an ganxorcielebis Taobaze da
misi mogvareba SeuZlebeli gaxda sxva saSualebebiT, davis monawile nebismier
mxares SeuZlia mimarTos saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos.
konvenciis saboloo aqti moicavs rekomendacias, romelic Zalian hgavs 1954
wlis konvenciis saboloo aqtis rekomendacias, romelic mouwodebs wevr
saxelmwifoebs, SeZlebisdagvarad gamoiyenon konvenciis debulebebi de faqto
moqalaqeobis armqone pirebTan mimarTebaSic.
„erT dRes sazRvrebs Soris videqi da verc erT qveyanaSi ver vaxerxebdi
SeRwevas. es iyo dauviwyari momenti Cems cxovrebaSi! ar SemeZlo Sesvla im
qveyanaSi, sadac vimyofebodi manamde; ver Sevdiodi verc im qveyanSi, sadac
davibade, aRvizarde da vicxovre! romel qveyanas vekuTvni? dRemde ver
viviwyeb dakargulobis SegrZnebas, romelic aeroportSi ganvicade.“
Ceni, yofili moqalaqeobis armqone piri
rogor uzrunvelyofs adamianis uflebaTa kanonmdebloba
moqalaqeobis uflebas?
mravali saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi dokumenti exeba moqalaqeobis ufle-
bas. gaTxovil qalTa moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb 1957 wlis konvencia exmaureba
15
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracias, ayalibebs ra moqalaqeobis da
moqalaqeobis CamourTmevlobis uflebas. is aseve popularizebas uwevs „ada-
mianis uflebebis dacvisa da fundamenturi Tavisuflebebisadmi sayovelTao
pativiscemas sqesis ganurCevlad.“ konvenciis pirveli sami muxli Seicavs
specifikur debulebebs meuRlis (colis) moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb:
muxli 1 adgens, rom `ucxo qveynis moqalaqesa da adgilobrivs Soris
arc qorwineba, arc gayra da arc qorwinebis periodSi qmris mier mo-
qalaqeobis Secvla avtomaturad ar imoqmedebs misi meuRlis (colis)
moqalaqeobaze.“
muxli 2 acxadebs, rom „erT-erTi meuRlis mier verc ucxo qveynis
moqalaqeobis nebayoflobiTi miReba da verc sakuTar moqalaqeobaze
uaris Tqma ver imoqmedebs misi colis mier sakuTari moqalaqeobis
SenarCunebaze.“
muxli 3, romelic or nawilad iyofa, adgens, rom ”romelime wevri
saxelmwifos moqalaqe cols sakuTari survilisamebr SeuZlia miiRos
meuRlis moqalaqeoba naturalizaciis SeRavaTiani procedurebis
gavliT” da rom „amgvari moqalaqeobis miniWeba SesaZloa SeizRudos
erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da sazogadoebrivi politikis interese-
bidan gamomdinare“. igi aseve adgens, rom wevrma saxelmwifom ar
unda ganmartos konvencia ise, TiTqos ”igi gavlenas axdens kanon-
mdeblobaze an samarTlebriv praqtikaze, raTa wevri saxelmwifos
moqalaqis ucxoel cols, moTxovnisamebr, mieces ufleba miiRos
meuRlis moqalaqeoba“.
wlis konvencia rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb
saxelmwifoebs avaldebulebs, rom „uzrunvelyon yvela adamianis Tanas-
woroba kanonis winaSe, miuxedavad rasisa, kanis ferisa, erovnuli da eTnikuri
kuTvnilebisa“, gansakuTrebiT adamianis zogierTi fundamenturi uflebis
gamoyenebisas, moqalaqeobis uflebis CaTvliT (muxli 5).
1966 wlis samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtis 24-e muxli
acxadebs:
„TiToeul bavSvs rasis, kanis feris, sqesis, enis, religiis, erovnuli
Tu sociluri warmoSobis, qonebrivi mdgomareobisa Tu dabadebis gamo
yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe aqvs ufleba dacvis iseT RonosZie-
bebze, romlebic mas, rogorc mcirewlovans, unda gauwion misma ojaxma,
sazogadoebam da saxelmwifom.”
„TiToeuli bavSvi registrirebuli unda iyos dauyovnebliv dabadebis
Semdeg da unda hqondes saxeli“.
„TiToeul bavSvs aqvs moqalaqeobis miRebis ufleba“.
am paqtis 26-e muxli aseve adgens, rom „yvela adamiani Tanasworia kanonis
winaSe da yovelgvari diskriminaciis gareSe sargeblobs kanonis dacviT. am
mxriv, kanoniT unda aikrZalos yovelgvari diskriminacia da uzrunvelyo-
fil iqnes yvelas Tanaswori da efeqturi dacva rasis, kanis feris, sqesis,
enis, sarwmunoebis, politikuri Tu sxva mosazrebis, erovnuli Tu sociluri
warmomavlobis, qonebrivi mdgomareobis, dabadebisa Tu sxva safuZvelze
ganxorcielebuli diskriminaciisgan“.
16
1979 wlis konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb
me-9 muxlSi acxadebs, rom:
„monawile saxelmwifoebi qalebs aniWeben mamakacebTan Tanabar ufle-
bas miiRon, Seicvalon an SeinarCunon TavianTi moqalaqeoba. isini,
kerZod, uzrunvelyofen, rom arc ucxoelTan qorwineba, arc qmris
moqalaqeobis Secvla qorwinebis dros ar iwvevs colis moqalaqeobis
avtomaturad Secvlas, ar aqcevs mas moqalaqeobis armqone pirad da
ar SeiZleba aiZulon igi miiRos qmris moqalaqeoba.“
„monawile saxelmwifoebi qalebs aniWeben mamakacebTan Tanabar ufle-
bas maTi Svilebis moqalaqeobis mimarT.“
bavSvis uflebaTa 1989 wlis konvencia, romelic ratificirebulia TiTqmis
yvela saxelmwifos mier, moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebiT or mniSvnelovan
muxls Seicavs:
muxli 2 miuTiTebs, rom „wevri saxelmwifoebi pativs scemen da uz-
runvelyofen maTi iurisdiqciis farglebSi myofi TiToeuli bavSvis
winamdebare konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebul uflebas, daculi iyos
nebismieri saxis diskriminaciisagan rogorc Tavad, ise misi mSoblebi
an kanonieri meurveebi rasis, kanis feris, sqesis, enis, religiuri,
politikuri an sxva mosazrebis, erovnuli, eTnikuri Tu socialuri
warmoSobis, qonebrivi mdgomareobis, janmrTelobis, dabadebis an sxva
statusis miuxedavad.“
muxli 7 moiTxovs, rom bavSvi registraciaSi gatardes dabadebisTanave,
daerqvas saxeli da mieniWos moqalaqeobis miRebis ufleba; agreTve,
ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia, mas ufleba aqvs icodes mSoblebis vinaoba
da iyos maTi mzrunvvelis qveS.“ muxli aseve adgens, rom „wevri saxelm-
wifoebi uzrunvelyofen am uflebaTa ganxorcielebas erovnuli
kanonmdeblobis da am sferoSi arsebuli saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT
nakisri valdebulebebis Sesabamisad; gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac bavSvi sxvagvarad moqalaqeobis armqone iqneba.“
1971 wlidan banakSi vcxovrob da imedi maqvs, rom sul male Cems SvilebTan
erTad sxvagan gadavsaxldebi. me msurs mqondes igive uflebebi, rac
bangladeSis moqalaqeebs aqvT. Cven ar gagvaCnia cxovrebis Rirseuli pirobebi:
banakSi bavSvebi saTanadod ar izrdebian, ver Rebuloben ganaTlebas da
ucodinrobis gamo mxolod ubadruk samsaxurs unda dasjerdnen.“
seidaha, bangladeSSi mcxovrebi moqalaqeobis armqone piri
arsebobs Tu ara raime regionuli xelSekrulebebi moqalaqeobis
uflebasTan dakavSirebiT?
regionuli dokumentebi aZliereben moqalaqeobis uflebis samarTlebriv safuZv-
els. amerikis adamianis uflebebis konvenciis (1969 w.) me-20 muxli acxadebs, rom:
„yvela adamians aqvs moqalaqeobis ufleba. yvela adamians aqvs im
qveynis moqalaqeobis miRebis ufleba, romlis teritoriazec is dai-
bada, Tu mas ar gaaCnia sxva qveynis moqalaqeobis ufleba. aravis unda
17
CamoerTvas usafuZvlod moqalaqeobis an misi Secvlis ufleba.“
am principebs SemdgomSi mxari dauWires amerikaTaSorisi sasamarTlos prec-
edentebma. sasamarTlom daadastura, rom pirobebi, romlis Tanaxmadac xdeba
moqalaqeobis miniWeba, rCeba saxelmwifos Sida iurisdiqciis farglebSi.
sasamarTlom aseve aRmoaCina, rom:
„miuxedavad tradiciulad miRebuli debulebisa, rom moqalaqeobis
miniWeba da cnoba TiToeuli saxelmwifos gadasawyvetia, Tanamedrove
ganviTareba mianiSnebs, rom saerTaSoriso samarTali saxelwifoebs
konkretul SezRudvebs uwesebs im farTo uflebebze, romliTac isini
sargebloben am sferoSi. meTodi, romliTac saxelmwifoebi aregu-
lireben moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs, dResdReobiT
ver CaiTvleba mxolod maTi iurisdiqciis farglebSi moqceulad.“
(adamianis uflebaTa amerikaTaSorisi sasamarTlo, sarekomendacio
mosazreba, „cvlilebebi kosta rikas konstituciis naturalizaciis
dadgenilebebSi“, 1984 wlis adamianis uflebaTa samarTlis Jurnalis
(HRLJ) me-5 teqsti;abzacebi 32_34)
sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saxelmwifoebma mxedvelobaSi unda miiRon maTi
Sida erovnuli kanonmdeblobis saerTaSoriso Sedegebi, gansakuTrebiT im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac kanonis ganxorcieleba moqalaqeobis uqonlobis miz-
ezad iqceva.
1963 wels miiRes evropuli konvencia mravalmoqalaqeobis SemTxvevebis ricxvis
Semcirebisa da mravalmoqalaqeobis SemTxvevebSi samxedro samsaxurTan dakav-
Sirebul valdebulebaTa Sesaxeb. es konvencia efuZneboda dasavleT evropis
bevri saxelmwifosTvis im periodSi misaReb Sexedulebas, rom mravalmo-
qalaqeobis SemTxvevebi arasasurvelia da saWiroa maTi akrZalva. vinaidan 1963
wlis konvencia Semoifargleboda mxolod mravalmoqalqeobis sakiTxebiT, 1977
da 1993 wlebSi konvencias daemata ori oqmi, romlebic momijnave sakiTxebs
moicavdnen da asaxavdnen moqalqeobis sferos koncefcias da praqtikaSi ganvi-
Tarebul cvlilebebs. magaliTad, konvenciis meore oqmi ormagi moqalaqeobis
miRebis uflebas iZleva meore Taobis migrantebisa da Sereuli qorwinebis
SemTxvevaSi rogorc meuRleebis, aseve maTi SvilebisTvis.
evropuli 1997 wlis konvencia moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb evrosabWos mier SemuSave-
buli kidev erTi regionuli dokumentia, romelic Seiqmna gacnobierebuli
aucileblobis safuZvlze. saWiro iyo iseTi dokumenti, romelic gaaer-
Tianebda moqalaqeobis kanonebTan dakavSirebuli konfliqtebis Taobaze
Sida da saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganviTarebis yvela safexurs haagis 1930
wlis konvenciidan moyolebuli dRemde. 1997 wlis konvencia arc cvlis 1963
wlis konvencias da arc SeusabamobaSia masTan. moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb 1997
wlis konvencia mravlobiTi moqalaqeobis miRebis uflebas aZlevs sxvadasxva
moqalaqeobis mqone daqorwinebul pirebs da maT Svilebs. konvencia aseve
moicavs moqalaqeobis miRebis, SenarCunebis, dakargvis, aRdgenis procedu-
ruli uflebebis, samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifoTa moqalaqeobis, samxedro
valdebulebebis da wevr saxelmwifoebs Soris TanamSromlobis sakiTxebs. kon-
vencia Seicavs mraval debulebas, romelTa mizanicaa moqalaqeobis uqonlobis
warmoSobis aRkveTa. konvencia eyrdnoba moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa Sesaxeb
1954 wlis konvencias, romlis safuZvelzec aris gansazRvruli moqalaqeobis
armqone piris raoba, anu evropuli konvencia moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb Seexeba
mxolod de iure moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs.
18
axlo warsulSi evropaSi saxelmwifoTa sazRvrebis Secvlis gamocdilebam
gviCvena, rom uamravi adamiani dgeba moqalaqeobis uqonlobis safrTxis
winaSe, vinaidan maT SesaZloa dakargon Zveli moqalaqeoba axlis miRebamde.
erTi saxelmwifos mier meoresTvis teritoriis gadacemis, saxelmwifoebis
gaerTianebis, daSlis, gancalkevebis an misi teritoris nawilis an nawilebis
gamoyofis Sedegad samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifoebis warmoSobisas mo-
qalaqeobis armqoneTa gaCenis Tavidan acilebis mizniT evrosabWom miiRo
samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifoTa warmoSobis Sedegad moqalaqeobis uqon-
lobis Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb konvencia. es dokumenti miiRes 2006 wlis 15
marts da moicavs samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifos warmoSobis pirobebSi mo-
qalaqeobasTan dakavSirebul gansakuTrebul wesebs. misi 22 muxli gvTavazobs
praqtikul saxelmZRvanelo principebs iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa yofili
da momavali saxelmwifoebis pasuxismgebloba, mtkicebis wesebi, dabadebiT
moqalaqeobis uqonlobis Tavidan acileba, moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa mier
moqalaqeobis miRebaSi daxmareba da a. S..
1999 wels afrikis erTobis organizaciam (amJamad afrikis kavSiri) miiRo af-
rikuli qartia bavSvTa uflebebis da keTildReobis Sesaxeb. bavSvTa uflebebis
konvenciis modelze Seqmnili qartia iziarebs manamde arsebuli konvenciis
ZiriTad principebs, rogoricaa diskriminaciis aRkveTa da bavSvis inter-
esebisTvis upirvelesi mniSvnelobis miniWeba. qartiis me-6 muxli, romelSic
saubaria saxelsa da moqalaqeobaze, amtkicebs rom:
yovel bavSvs dabadebisTanave unda hqondes saxelis tarebis ufleba;•
yoveli bavSvi dabadebisTanave unda iyos registrirebuli;•
yovel bavSvs unda hqondes moqalaqeobis miRebis ufleba;•
qartiis wevrma saxelmwifoebma unda uzrunvelyon sakuTari konstituci-•
uri kanonmdeblobis mier im principebis aRiareba, romelTa Tanaxmadac
bavSvma unda miiRos im saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba, romlis teritoriazec
daibada, Tu dabadebis momentSi ar mieniWa sxva saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba
im qveynis kanonebis Tanaxmad.
19
Tavi 2
moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa identificireba da dacva
moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb erovnuli kanonebis, moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis
Semcirebis Sesaxeb 1961 wlis konvenciisa da sxva saerTaSoriso dokumentebis
saSualebiT moqalaqeobis uqonlobis SemTxvevebis Semcirebis mcdelobis
miuxedavad, gluki-s monacemebiT msoflioSi milionobiT adamiani cxovrobs
moqalaqeobis gareSe. gaeros 1954 wlis konvencia moqalaqeobis armqone
pirTa statusis Sesaxeb adgens, Tu vin aris moqalaqeobis armqone piri, xels
uwyobs maT samarTlebriv identificirebasa da ZiriTadi uflebebiTa da
TavisuflebiT diskriminaciis gareSe sargeblobas.
„Cven ver vSoulobT mudmiv samsaxurs, ar SegviZlia gadaadgileba, im navebs
vgavarT, romelTac navTsayudeli ar gaaCniaT. ganaTlebac da jandacvac
CvenTvis miuwvdomelia. me ver davamTavre skola da ver movxvdi kolejSi.
mxolod kerZo klinikaSi misvla SemiZlia da ara saxelmwifoSi.“
abdula, moqalaqeobis armqone beduini,
mcxovrebi arabeTis gaerTianebul emiratebSi
vin aris moqalaqeobis armqone piri?
1954 wlis konvencia moqalaqeobis armqones uwodebs pirs, romelic „ar iTv-
leba arc erTi saxelmwifos moqalaqed iq moqmedi kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad“
(muxli 1.) es mxolod samarTlebrivi gansazRvrebaa. igi ar exeba moqalaqeobis
xarisxs, miniWebis meTodebs an xelmisawvdomobas. gansazRvreba ubralod
Seexeba kanonis moqmedebas, romlis mixedviTac qveynis kanonmdebloba mo-
qalaqeobis Sesaxeb ex lege, anu avtomaturad adgens, vin aris moqalaqe.
mocemuli gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, „moqalaqeobis armqone pirad“ aRiarebisTvis
pirma unda daamtkicos sawinaaRmdego, anu is, rom mas aranairi samarTlebrivi
kavSiri ar aqvs romelime konkretul saxelmwifosTan.
moqalaqeobis uqonlobis mtkicebis SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifoebma unda gadaxe-
don im qveynebis kanonmdeblobas moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, romelTanac pirs adre
gaaCnda kavSiri (magaliTad, rogoricaa dabadebis adgili, yofili mudmivi
sacxovrebeli, saxelmwifo (an saxelmwifoebi), romlis moqalaqeebic arian
meuRle an Svilebi, mSoblebi an bebia da babua), am qveynebTan konsultaciebi
gaiaron da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi moiTxovon mtkicebuleba. saxelmwifoebma
pirovnebisagan unda moiTxovon sruli TanamSromloba da yvela saWiro faq-
tis da informaciis miwodeba. gluks SeuZlia saxelmwifoebs Soris konsul-
taciebs Seuwyos xeli da moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi, sxvadasxva saxelmwifosgan
moipovos Sesabamis kanonebsa da maT SesrulebasTan dakavSirebuli teqnikuri
informacia.
saxelmwifos xelisuflebis mier warmodgenili sabuTebi, romlebic adasture-
ben konkretuli piris moqalaqeobis uqonlobas, mtkicebulebis sando formaa.
Tumca amgvari mtkicebuleba yovelTvis ar aris xelmisawvdomi. warmoSobis
20
an yofili mudmivi sacxovrebeli qveynis Sesabamisma organoebma SesaZloa
uari ganacxadon moqalaqeobis arqonis damadasturebeli dokumentebis
gacemaze an ubralod upasuxod datovon moTxovna. zogierTi saxelmwifos
xelisuflebam SesaZloa uari ganacxados imis dadgenaze, Tu romel pirs ar
aqvs masTan samarTlebrivi kavSiri. aqedan gamomdinare, Tu saxelmwifo uars
acxadebs piris moqalaqeobis dadasturebaze, es uari TavisTavad mtkiceb-
ulebaa, vinaidan saxelmwifo Tavis moqalaqeebze aucileblad gaavrcelebda
diplomatiur dacvas.
SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom pirze ar gavrceldes 1954 wlis
konvenciis debulebebi?
1954 wlis konvenciis preambula adasturebs, rom moqalaqeobis armqone
ltolvilebs moicavs ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb 1951 wlis konvencia da,
aqedan gamomdinare, maT ar exeba 1954 wlis konvencia.
moqalaqeobis armqone piris gansazRvris garda, 1954 wlis konvenciis pirveli
muxli gamoyofs im pirebsac, romlebzec miuxedavad imisa, rom eqcevian am
cnebis CarCoebSi (anu isinic moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi arian), garkveuli
mizezebis gamo konvencia ar vrceldeba _ isini an ar saWiroeben amgvar
dacvas, vinaidan ukve sargebloben konkretuli samarTlebrivi sqemebiT, an
saerTaSoriso daxmarebiT, an ar imsaxureben saerTaSoriso dacvas Cadenili
danaSaulis gamo. aq igulisxmebian pirebi:
„romlebic sargebloben gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariatis •
garda gaerTianebuli erebis sxva organoebis an saagentoebis dacviT an
daxmarebiT manam, sanam es daxmareba gagrZeldeba.“
gaerTianebuli erebis axlo aRmosavleTSi palestineli ltolvilebis Tvis •
daxmarebisa da samuSaoebis saagento (UNRWA) amJamad gaeros erTaderTi
organoa, romelsac es debuleba exeba.
`romelTa mimarTac adgilsamyofeli qveynis kompetenturi xelisufleba •
cnobs moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebul uflebebsa da movaleobebs.“
es imas niSnavs, rom Tu moqalaqeobis armqone pirs qveyanaSi gaaCnia
kanonieri sacxovrebeli adgili da eniWeba imaze meti uflebebi, vidre
1954 wlis konvencia iTvaliswinebs, kerZod ki sruli ekonomikuri da
socialuri uflebebi, riTac qveynis moqalaqe sargeblobs deportaciisa
da gaZevebisagan dacvis CaTvliT, maSin am piris mimarT konvenciis de-
bulebebis gamoyeneba saWiro ar aris imis miuxedavad, rom es pirovneba
moqalaqeobis armqone piria.
`romlebmac Caidines danaSauli mSvidobis winaaRmdeg, samxedro dana-•
Sauli an danaSauli kacobriobis winaaRmdeg, rogorc es gansazRvrulia
saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi;
`romlebmac Caidines arapolitikuri xasiaTis mZime danaSauli mudmivi
sacxovrebeli qveynis farglebs gareT am qveyanaSi Sesvlis nebarTvis
miRebamde“ an
`brali miuZRviT gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis miznebisa da
principebis sawinaaRmdego qmedebebSi.“
21
rodis aRar CaiTvleba pirovneba moqalaqeobis armqone pirad ?
moqalaqeobis armqoned piri aRar CaiTvleba, rodesac is moqalaqeobas
miiRebs.
2003 wlis dekemberSi eTiopiaSi da 2004 wlis noemberSi kongos demokratiul
respublikaSi miiRes moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonebi, rac miznad isaxavs am or
qveyanaSi bevri moqalaqeobis ar mqone adaminis problemebis mogvrarebas. amas
sakmaod didi dro dasWirdeba. eTiopiis kanonmdebloba iq mcxovreb uamrav
adamians aZlevs moqalaqeobis xelmeored miRebis uflebas, maSin rodesac
kongos demokratiuli respublikis axali kanonebi xels uwyobs qveynis
moqalaqeTa jgufis dadgenas.
ra procedurebs mimarTaven piris moqalaqeobis arqonis
dasadgenad?
marTalia, 1954 wlis konvencia gvTavazobs moqalaqeobis armqone piris gansaz-
Rvrebas, magram ar SeumuSavebia Sesabamisi procedura. amdenad, es saxelmwifos
da im pirTa interesebSia, viszec vrceldeba es konvencia, raTa saxelmwifom
iseTi kanonmdebloba SeimuSavos, romelic gansazRvravs moqalaqeobis armqone
piris dadgenis meTodebs. amgvarma kanonmdeblobam aseve unda gansazRvros, Tu
vin iqneba gadawyvetilebis mimRebi da Camoayalibos pirovnebis moqalaqeobis
armqone pirad cnobis Sedegebi.
zogierTma saxelmwifom miiRo normatiuli aqtebi, romelTa Tanaxmad, mTav-
robaSi an Sinagan saqmeTa saministroSi dadginda specialuri struqturebi
- samsaxurebi, romlebic imuSaveben uSualod TavSesafris maZieblebTan,
ltolvilebTan da moqalaqeobis armqone pirebTan. magaliTad, maT daevalebaT
moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ganacxadebis ganxilva da iuridiuli daskvnebis
gamotana. sxva saxelmwifoebi, romelTac ar gaaCniaT moqalaqeobis uqonlobis
damdgeni procedurebis sakanonmdeblo baza, qmnian administraciul an sasa-
marTlo organoebs, romelTa amocanac piris moqalaqeobis arqonis faqtis
dadgenaa. saxelmwifoTa umravlesobas saerTod ar gaaCnia raime procedura.
xSir SemTxvevebSi, moqalaqeobis uqonlobis sakiTxi Tavs iCens ltolvilis
statusis dadgenis proceduris dros. aseT dros moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi
SesaZloa moeqcnen humanitaruli da damatebiTi dacvis procedurebis CarCoSi.
faqtobrivad, moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi iZulebulni iqnebian warmoadginon
gancxadeba TavSesafris mopovebis Taobaze mxolod imis gamo, rom maTTvis
miuwvdomelia sxva procedura.
zogierT qveyanas ar gaaCnia moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa dadgenis special-
uri procedurebi, magram SesaZloa es sakiTxi wamoiWras maSin, rodesac piri
ganacxads akeTebs binadrobis nebarTvaze an samgzavro sabuTebze, an Tu
uari eTqva TavSesafris miniWebaze da sxva safuZvliT iTxovs TavSesafris
qveyanaSi darCenas.
safrangeTSi moqalaqeobis armqone piris statusis cnobis proceduras
xelmZRvanelobs safrangeTis ltolvilTa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa
dacvis samsaxuri (OFPRA), romlis mandatic moicavs moqalaqeobis armqone
pirebisaTvis iuridiuli da administraciuli dacvis gawevas. ganacxadebi
pirdapir safrangeTis ltolvilTa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa dacvis
frangul samsaxurs (OFPRA) egzavneba.
22
espaneTSi kanoni ucxoelTa Sesaxeb uzrunvelyofs Sinagan saqmeTa saministros
mier moqalaqeobis armqone pirebis statusis aRiarebas im proceduris
saSualebiT, romelsac aregulirebs samefo dekreti. ganmcxadeblebs
SeuZliaT miakiTxon policiis ganyofilebebs an TavSesafrisa da ltolvilTa
samsaxurs (OAR). sagamoZiebo fazis dasrulebis Semdeg TavSesafrisa da
ltolvilTa samsaxuri uZRveba proceduras, Semdeg ki dasabuTebul Sefasebas
gadascems Sinagan saqmeTa saministros.
italiaSi 1993 wlis normatiuli aqti, erTi wliT adre miRebul moqalaqeobis
kanonSi cvlilebebis SetaniT, uflebamosilebas aniWebs Sinagan saqmeTa
saministros, daadginos moqalaqeobis armqone piris statusi.
im konkretuli procedurebis gareSe, romelic moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa
identifkacias emsaxureba, SeuZlebelia imis dadgena, Tu moqalaqeobis uqon-
lobis ramdeni SemTxvevaa aRuricxavi da, aqedan gamomdinare, SeuZlebelia
problemis masStaburobis dadgenac.
ra mtkicebuleba moiTxoveba?
Cveulebriv, ganmcxadeblma unda warmoadginos misi „warmoSobis qveynis“
saelCos an sakonsulos mier gacemuli dokumentacia _ anu misi dabadebis
qveynis an im qveynis, romelmac gasca moqmedi samgzavro sabuTebi - romelic
adasturebs, rom piri ar aris moqalaqe. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, es yovelTvis
ar aris SesaZlebeli. Tu srulyofili dokumentaciis miRebis saSualeba ar
aris, zogierTma saxelmwifom SeiZleba ikmaros sxva saxis mtkicebulebebic,
magaliTad, rogoricaa, moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobis
analizi an mowmeebisa da mesame pirTa ganacxadebi. informaciis moZiebisas
SesaZloa saWiro gaxdes sxvadasaxva departamentebis da saministroebis er-
Toblivi Zalisxmeva rogorc mTavrobis SigniT, aseve qveynebs Soris.
am droisTvis saxelmwifoebs Soris ar arsebobs urTierTSeTanxmebuli
midgoma moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa dasadgenad. moqalaqeobis uqonlobis
mtkicebulebis dadgenis kriteriumi yvela saxelmwifoSi gansxvavebulia. erT
saxelmwifoSi moqalaqeobis armqoned cnobili piri SesaZloa meore saxlem-
wofom ar aRiaros aseTad.
2005 wels glukma gamosca angariSi _ evrokavSiris wevr saxlemwifoebSi
1954 wlis konvenciis danergvis Sesaxeb. gamoirkva, rom evrokavSiris
saxelmwifoebis umetesobas jerac ar hqonda SemuSavebuli konkretuli
meqanizmebi moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis dadgenisa da cnobisaTvis;
amis nacvlad gamoiyeneboda TavSesafriT uzrunvelyofis procedurebi.
amdenad, SeuZlebelia evrokavSiris farglebSi moqalaqeobis armqoneTa
problemis masStabis dadgena. amasTan, moxsenebis Seqmnisas glukma yuradReba
gaamaxvila erovnul doneze arsebul saukeTeso gamocdilebaze, romlis
gamoyenebac SesaZlebelia evrokavSiris qveynebSi moqalaqeobis armqone
pirTa statusis dadgenisa da cnobis procedurebis harmonizebis mizniT;
es gamocdileba saxelmZRvanelod gamoadgebaT aseve im saxelmwifoebs,
romelTac ukve moaxdines 1954 wlis konvenciis ratificireba.
vin wyvets piris moqalaqeobis arqonis sakiTxs?
moqalaqeobis armqoneTa statusis dasadgenad saWiroa am sferoSi kvali-
ficirebuli personali, romelsac SeuZlia operatiulad da obieqturad
23
ganixilos ganacxadi zed darTuli mtkicebulebiTurT. dadgenaze pasuxismge-
beli centraluri xelisufleba amgvarad Seamcirebda urTierTsawinaaRmdego
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis risks, ufro efeqturad moiZiebda da Seagrovebda
warmoSobis qveynebis Sesaxeb informacias da mizanmimarTuli muSaobiT uke-
Tesad SeZlebda gamocdilebis gaRrmavebas moqalaqeobis arqonasTan dakav-
Sirebul saqmeebSi. moqalaqeobis armqone piris statusis dadgena moiTxovs
sxva qveynebis kanonebis, debulebebis codnas, ukve arsebuli gamocdilebis
Seswavlas da analizs. gadawyvetilebis mimRebi pirebi, saqmeSi centraluri
xelisuflebis CarTvis gareSec, TanamSromloben rogorc mTavrobis SigniT,
aseve sxva saxelmwifoebSi im kolegebTan, romelTac moqalaqeobis da mo-
qalaqeobis uqonlobis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis saTanado codna gaaCniaT.
ramdenad xelmisawvdomia es procedura calkeuli pirebisTvis?
1954 wlis konvencia ar avaldebulebs saxelmwifoebs, rom maT kanonieri
sacxovrebeli adgili mianiWon pirs, sanam moqalaqeobis armqone pirad cno-
bis Sesaxeb misi mimarTvis ganxilva ar dasrulebula. Tumca, radganac piri
imyofeba saxelmwifos teritoriaze, misi moqalaqeobrivi statusis dadgena
SesaZloa problemis mogvarebis erTaderTi saSualeba aRmoCndes. Tu pirs
daudginda moqalaqeobis arqona da Tu ar arsebobs yofil mudmiv sacxovrebel
qveyanaSi dabrunebis Sansi an Tu ar arsebobs aseTi qveyana, maSin misi saxelm-
wifoSi SeSveba da iq dasarCenad nebismieri tipis kanonieri nebarTvis gacema,
albaT, erTaderTi marTebuli gadawyvetileba iqneba.
Tu pirovnebam Seitana ganacxadi moqalaqeobis armqone pirad aRiarebis
Sesaxeb an, Tu xelisufleba cdilobs daadginos piris moqalaqeobis arqonis
sakiTxi, maSin procesis damTavrebamde SesaZloa saWiro gaxdes am adamianis
uzrunvelyofa droebiTi sacxovrebliT. konvenciaSi araferia naTqvami
imis Taobaze, moqalaqeobis armqone piris statusis cnobis Sesaxeb ganacx-
adis ganxilvis dasrulebamde unda mieces, Tu ara pirs qveyanaSi kanonieri
cxovrebis ufleba. aRniSnul procedurebTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifoTa
praqtika mravalferovania.
Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi proceduria principebi moiTxovs ganmcxadeblebi-
saTvis Semdegi garantiebis miniWebas:
ganacxadis individualuri ganxilva,romelSic ganmcxadebelsac SeuZlia •
monawileobis miReba;
ganacxadis obieqturad ganxilvis ufleba;•
proceduris xangrZlivobis SezRudva;•
proceduris Sesaxeb informaciis ganmcxadeblisaTvis gasageb enaze •
xelmisawvdomoba;
iuridiuli daxmarebiTa da Tarjimnis momsaxurebiT sargeblobis •
ufleba;
konfidencialurobis da informaciis dacvis ufleba;•
gadawyvetilebisa da misi ganmapirobebeli mizezebis miReba; da•
miRebuli gadawyvetilebis kanonierebis gasaCivrebis SesaZlebloba.•
moqalaqeobis armqones statusze zog ganmcxadebels, kerZod, mzrunvelobis
24
gareSe darCenil bavSvebs, gaaCnia specialuri saWiroebebi, rac moiTxovs gan-
sxvavebuli proceduruli debulebebis gamoyenebas. es debulebebi SeiZleba
iTvaliswinebdnen meurvis daniSvnas, romelic warmoadgens an daxmarebas
gauwevs mzrunvelobis gareSe darCenil bavSvs administraciuli proceduris
msvlelobisas.
SeuZlia Tu ara saxelmwifos daakavos moqalaqeobis armqone
piri, romelsac ara aqvs qveyanaSi kanonieri darCenis ufleba?
Cveulebriv, moqalaqeobis armqone piri ar unda daakavon. moqalaqeobis armqone
pirebs xSirad ar gaaCniaT piradobis damadasturebeli dokumentebi (mag. pira-
dobis mowmobebi an pasportebi), romlebic maTi vinaobis dadgenaSi dagvexmare-
boda. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu dadginda yofili sacxovrebeli qveyana, xSirad
igi umalve ar Tanxmdeba piris xelaxla miRebaze. aseT mdgomareobaSi unda
veridoT piris dakavebas da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi mivmarToT am RonisZiebebs,
roca amas calsaxad moiTxovs erovnuli kanonmdebloba, rac, Tavis mxriv,
Seesabameba adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTals. Tavidan unda iqnes
gamoyenebuli dakavebis alternatiuli RonisZieba, Tu ar arsebobs sakmarisi
mtkicebulebebi saimisod, rom alternatiuli zomebis gamoyeneba ar iqneba
efeqturi aRniSnuli piris mimarT.
moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi, romelTac ar gaaCniaT qveyanaSi kanonieri yof-
nis ufleba, unda daakavon mxolod yvela SesaZlo alternativis ganxilvis
Semdeg. gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi dakavebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas
xelisuflebam unda gansazRvros, dakaveba ramdenad misaRebia da ramdenad
Seesabameba saboloo mizans. Tu dadginda amis saWiroeba, dakavebas ar unda
hqondes diskriminaciuli xasiaTi da unda ganisazRvros drois minimaluri
periodiT. TxovniT mimarTvis SemTxvevaSi, aseT saqmeebze gluks SeuZlia
rCevis micema.
samuSao jgufi ukanono dakavebis sakiTxze
gaeros adamianis uflebaTa dacvis komisia 1985 wlidan swavlobs
SemaSfoTeblad gavrcelebul ukanono dakavebis SemTxvevebs. man sakiTxis
safuZvliani Seswavla da arsebuli problemebis aRmosafxvrelad
rekomendaciebis wardgena mosTxova diskriminaciis Tavidan acilebisa da
umciresobaTa dacvis qve-komisias. daintereseba im garantiebiT, romliTac
unda sargeblobdes yvela TavisuflebaSezRuduli piri, gamovlinda 1988
wels, rodesac gaeros generalurma asambleam miiRo principTa krebuli yvela
piris dasacavad nebismieri formis dakavebis an dapatimrebisas. 1990 wels qve-
komisiis mier zemoxsenebuli moxsenebiT gaTvaliswinebuli rekomendaciebis
Sesrulebisas adamianis uflebaTa dacvis komisiam Seqmna samuSao jgufi
ukanono dakavebis sakiTxze. mogvianebiT samuSao jgufma miiRo Semdegi
principebi, romlebic aregulireben dapatimrebasa da dakavebas:
principi 1
TavSesafris maZiebels an migrants, romelsac sazRvarze an qveyanaSi
ukanonod Sesvlis SemTxvevaSi erovnuli teritoriis farglebs SigniT
dasakiTxad akaveben, sul mcire, zepiri formiT, misTvis gasageb enaze unda
ecnobos im mizezebis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom da ris safuZelze eubnebian uars
sazRvris gadakveTaze an qveyanaSi droebiT cxovrebis uflebaze. yovelive
es pirovnebisadmi pativiscemis gamoxatviT unda ganxorcieldes.
25
principi 2
nebismier TavSesafris maZiebels an migrants dakavebis periodSi unda
hqondes, garesamyarosTan urTierTobis SesaZlebloba, maT Soris telefoniT,
faqsiT an eleqtronuli fostiT. unda mieces advokatTan, sakonsulos
warmomadgenelTan da naTesavebTan dakavSirebis ufleba.
principi 3
nebismieri dapatimrebuli TavSesafris maZiebeli an migranti dauyovnebliv
unda wardges sasamarTlo an sxva xelisuflebis organos winaSe.
principi 4
nebismieri TavSesafris maZiebeli an migranti, dapatimrebisas xels unda
awerdes reestrSi, romelic unda iyos danomrili da akinZuli an Seicavdes
identificirebis sxvagvar garantiebs; aseve masSi unda aRiniSnebodes
informacia dakavebis safuZvlebsa da xelisuflebis kompetenturi organos
im gankargulebis Taobaze, romlis safuZvelzec moxda piris dakaveba, aseve
dakavebisa da gaTavisuflebis dro da TariRi.
principi 5
nebismier TavSesafris maZiebels an imigrants sapyrobileSi moTavsebamde
unda miewodos informacia Sinaganawesis, Sesabamisi disciplinaruli wesebis
da izolirebul patimrobaSi SesaZlo moxvedris Sesaxeb; aseve im garantiebis
Sesaxeb, rac Tan sdevs amgvar zomebs.
principi 6
gadawyvetileba unda miiRos Sesabamisi uflebamosilebis da saTanado donis
pasuxismgeblobis mqone saxelmwifo organom da unda efuZnebodes kanonis
mier dadgenil samarTlianobis kriteriumebs.
principi 7
patimrobis vadis zeda zRvari dadgenili unda iyos kanoniT; dauSvebelia,
patimrobis vada iyos SeuzRudavi an uzomod xangrZlivi.
principi 8
TavSesafris maZiebls an migrants Tavisuflebis aRkveTis zomebis Sesaxeb
uwyeba misTvis gasageb enaze werilobiTi formiT eZleva. dokumenti unda
asaxavdes miRebuli zomebis safuZvels; pirobebs, romelTa Tanaxmadac
TavSesafris maZiebels an migrants SesaZlebloba aqvs mimarTos sasamarTlo
xelisuflebas; igi droulad gadawyvets miRebuli zomis kanonierebis
sakiTxs da Tuki saWirod CaTvlis, gascems brZanebas piris gaTavisuflebis
Taobaze.
principi 9
patimrobis vadis moxda xorcieldeba specialurad am miznisaTvis gankuTvnil
saxelmwifo dawesebulebaSi; Tuki es praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, TavSesafris
maZiebeli an migranti unda moTavsdes sisxlis samarTlebrivi danaSaulisaTvis
braldebuli pirebisgan gancalkevebiT.
principi 10
sapatimroSi Sesvlis ufleba unda mieceT ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisris
ofiss (gluki), wiTeli jvris saerTaSoriso komitets (ICRC) da, saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi, Sesabamisi uflebamosilebiT aRWurvil arasamTavrobo
organizaciebs.
26
ra ufleba_movaleobebi gaaCniaT moqalaqeobis armqoned cnobil
pirebs?
adamianis uflebebSi aris ramdenime fundamenturi ufleba, romlebic
vrceldeba yvela pirze, miuxedavad maTi statusisa Tu konkretul iuris-
diqciaSi yofnis saxisa. magaliTad, wamebis da diskriminaciis akrZalva. ra
Tqma unda, 1954 wlis konvencia adasturebs, rom misi debulebebi vrceldeba
moqalaqeobis armqone pirebze „rasis, religiisa Tu warmoSobis qveynis niSniT
diskriminaciis gareSe.“ (muxli 3).
moqalaqeobis armqone yvela piri valdebulia daemorCilos adgilsamyofeli
qveynis kanonebs da wesebs (muxli 2). am valdebulebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
konvenciis me-7(1) muxli adgens dacvis sawyis dones, romelic eniWeba mo-
qalaqeobis armqone pirs. kerZod, miuTiTebs, rom garda im SemTxvevebisa,
roca konvencia pirdapir Seicavs ufro SeRavaTian damokidebulebas, „wevri
saxelmwifo moqalaqeobis armqone pirs iseve eqceva, rogorc nebismier ucxo-
els zogadad“.
rac Seexeba 1954 wlis konvenciaSi CamoTvlil uflebaTa umetesobas, mo-
qalaqeobis armqone pirebisTvis ukidures SemTxvevaSi xelmisawvdomi unda
iyos yvelaferi is, rac garantirebulia ucxoelebisTvis; kerZod, igulisxmeba
samuSaoze daqiraveba (muxlebi 17, 18 da 19), sajaro ganaTleba (muxli 22),
dabinaveba (muxli 21) da gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba (muxli 26). sxva konk-
retuli uflebebisTvis wevri saxelmwifoebi maT teritoriaze kanonierad
mcxovreb moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs iseTive standartul garemos uqmnian,
rogorc sakuTar moqalaqeebs; konkretulad, aniWeben religiuri aRzrdis
Tavisuflebis (muxli 4), saavtoro uflebebis da samrewvelo sakuTrebis
(muxli 14), sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis uflebis (muxli 16), saxelmwifo
Semweobis (muxli 23), Sromis kanonmdeblobis da socialuri uzrunvelyofis
(muxli 24) SesaZleblobas.
moqalaqeobis armqoned cnobil pirebs SeuZliaT Tu ara
piradobis damadasturebeli mowmobis da samgzavro sabuTebis
miReba ?
konvenciis Tanaxmad, wevrma saxelmwifom unda gasces piradobis damadasture-
beli mowmobebi mis teritoriaze mcxovreb nebismier moqalaqeobis armqone
pirze, visac ar gaaCnia moqmedi samgzavro sabuTebi. 28-e muxli adgens, rom
wevrma saxelmwifoebma unda gascen samgzavro sabuTebi maT teritoriaze
kanonierad mcxovrebi moqalaqeobis armqone pirebisTvis, Tu es ar ewinaaRm-
degeba erovnuli usafrTxoebis da sajaro wesrigis interesebs.
sabuTis gacema ar gulisxmobs moqalaqeobis miniWebas, ar cvlis piris statuss
da ar aZlevs mas diplomatiuri dacviT sargeblobis uflebas.
28-e muxlis meore nawili mouwodebs saxelmwifoebs gascen samgzavro
sabuTebi maT teritoriaze mcxovreb nebismier moqalaqeobis armqone pirze
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu igi ukanonod imyofeba qveyanaSi. saxelmwifoebs eTxo-
vaT ganexilaT konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli samgzavro dokumentebis gacema
im moqalaqeobis armqone pirTaTvis, vinc maT teritoriaze imyofeba da ar
SeuZliaT am sabuTebis miReba TavianTi kanonieri sacxovrebeli qveynisgan.
es debuleba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, radgan moqalaqeobis armqone
27
mraval pirs SesaZloa ar gaaCndes kanonieri sacxovrebeli qveyana. samgzavro
dokumentebi axdens piris identificirebasac da amasTanave aZlevs mas sxva
saxelmwifoSi Sesvlis SesaZleblobas.
samgzavro sabuTebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan daxmarebas uwevs sxva
qveynebSi saswavlo, samuSao, janmrTelobis gaumjobesebis Tu gadasaxlebis
mizniT mogzaur moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs. konvenciis danarTis Tanaxmad,
saxelmwifoebi SeTanxmdnen cnon sxva wevri saxelmwifoebis mier gacemuli
samgzavro dokumentebis qmedunarianoba. amgvari sabuTebis Sesaqmnelad gluks
SeuZlia SesTavazos teqnikuri rCevebi.
SeuZlia Tu ara saxelmwifos moqalaqeobis armqoned cnobili
piris qveynidan gaZeveba?
konvenciis pirobebis Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia qveyanaSi kanonierad mcxovrebi
moqalaqeobis armqone piris gaZeveba, Tuki amas erovnuli usafrTxoebis da
sajaro wesrigis interesebis dacva ar moiTxovs. safuZvliani mizezebis ar-
sebobis SemTxvevaSi, gaZeveba xdeba ”Sesabamisi samarTlebrivi procedurebis”
dacviT. aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, unda arsebobdes proceduruli garan-
tiebi, rac uflebas miscems moqalaqeobis armqone pirs, waradginos mtkice-
bulebebi da uaryos nebismieri braldeba, isargeblos advokatis daxmarebiT
da daitovos ganaCenis gasaCivrebis ufleba.
konvenciis saboloo aqti mianiSnebs, rom gaZevebis an iZulebiT dabrunebis
akrZalva (Non-Refoulement) sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principia. argaZevebis
principi (piri ar daabrunon im teritoriaze, sadac mas devnis safrTxe
emuqreba) asaxulia mravali saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis debulebebSi, maT
Sorisaa ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb gaeros 1951 wlis konvenciis 33-e
muxli, wamebisa da sxva sastiki, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyro-
bis da dasjis winaaRmdeg konvenciis me_3 muxli, samoqalaqo da politikuri
uflebebis saerTSoriso paqtis me_7 muxli da adamianis uflebaTa ramdenime
regionuli dokumenti.
mas Semdeg, rac gaZevebis akrZalva saerTaSoriso samarTlis principad
iqna miRebuli, konvenciis avtorebma saWirod aRar CaTvales misi xazgasma
im muxlebSi, romelic aregulirebs de iure moqalaqeobis armqone pirebis
statuss.
qveynidan gaZevebis Sesaxeb saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi,
konvencia sTxovs saxelmwifoebs, rom pirs mieces sakmarisi dro sxva qveyanaSi
Sesvlis uflebis mosapoveblad.
naturalizaciis ra tipis proceduraa xelmisawvdomi
moqalaqeobis armqoned cnobili pirebisTvis?
konvenciis wevri saxelmwifoebs daevalaT xeli Seuwyon moqalaqeobis armqone
pirTa asimilaciisa da naturalizaciis process (sityva „asimilacia“ aq
gulisxmobs ara konkretuli piris identurobis dakargvas, aramed mis in-
tegracias qveynis ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul sivrceSi). kerZod,
saxelmwifoebs moeTxovebaT, yvela Rone ixmaron, raTa daaCqaron natural-
izaciis procesebi, maT Soris gadasaxadebisa da xarjebis SeZlebisdagvarad
Semcirebac.
28
timor-lestes indoneziisgan gamoyofisa da damoukideblobis gamocxadebis
Semdeg, indoneziaSi mcxovrebi yvela aRmosavleT timoreli arCevanis winaSe
dadga: maT an indoneziis moqalaqeoba unda SeenarCunebinaT, an timor-lestes
moqalaqeoba mieRoT. am SemTxvevaSi isini SeZlebdnen indoneziaSi darCenas
rogorc ucxoelebi, moqmedi binadrobis nebarTviT.
zogierTma qveyanam moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobaSi gaiTvaliswina
ltolvilebis da moqalaqeobis armqoneTa naturalizaciisTvis qveyanaSi
kanonier safuZvelze yofnis Semcirebuli vadebi.
moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb 1997 wlis evropuli konvencia (ECN) kidev ufro avi-
Tarebs am rekomendacias da moiTxovs, rom Sida kanonmdebloba Seicavdes
wesebs, romelic saxelmwifos teritoriaze kanonierad da mudmivad mcx-
ovreb ucxoelebs naturalizaciis procesis gavlis SesaZleblobas miscems.
moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb evropuli konvencia damatebiT zRudavs im moTxovnas,
romelic naturalizaciaze ganacxadis Sesatanad qveyanasi 10-ze meti wlis
cxovrebas saWiroebs. konvencia aseve mouwodebs saxelmwifoebs, ganixilon
naturalizaciis swrafi procedurebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba moqalaqeo-
bis armqone da ltolvilad aRiarebuli pirebisTvis.
riTi aris mniSvnelovani konvenciis saboloo aqti?
saboloo aqtis rekomendaciiT, yoveli wevri saxelmwifo, Tuki aRiarebs
im mizezebis dasaSvebobas, romelTa gamoc pirma uari ganacxada Tavisi
moqalaqeobis qveynis dacvaze, gagebiT moekideba am piris mimarT igive
midgomis SemuSavebis SesaZleblobas, rac konvenciiT moqalaqeobis armqone
pirTa mimarT aris dadgenili. aRniSnuli rekomendacia miiRes im de faqto
moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelTac for-
malurad jer kidev SenarCunebuli aqvT moqalaqeoba, magram ver sargebloben
amiT, gansakuTrebiT ki Tavisi saxelmwifos dacviT.
romelia moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa dacvis saukeTeso
saSualeba?
moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa dacvis yvelaze efeqturi saSualeba iseTi kanon-
mdeblobis Seqmnaa, romelic, upirveles yovlisa, gamoricxavs moqalaqeobis
uqonlobis warmoSobas (srulyofili ganxilvisTvis ixileT moqalaqeobis
armqoneTa ricxvis Semcirebis Sesaxeb 1961 wlis konvenciis mesame Tavi da is
zomebi, romelTa miReba SeuZliaT saxelmwifoebs moqalaqeobis uqonlobis
SemTxvevebis Sesamcireblad an mTlianad aRmosafxvrelad).
moqalaqeobis uqonlobis problemis sabolood aRmofxvramde moqalaqeobis
armqoned aRiarebul adamianebs esaWiroebaT dacva. moqalaqeobis armqone
piris statusis Sesaxeb 1954 wlis konvenciasTan mierTeba, misi ganxorcieleba
da ganaxlebuli kanonmdeblobis miReba mogvcems safuZvels vifiqroT, rom
moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa uflebebi da movaleobebi daculi iqneba.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 1954 wlis konvencia arc piris moqalaqeobas cv-
lis da arc saxelmwifoebs avaldebulebs, sakuTar teritoriaze SeuSvan ara
_ltolvili moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi. 1954 wlis konvenciis debulebebis
gamoyenebiT ver gadawydeba moqalaqeobis miniWebis saWiroebis sakiTxi. ramdena-
dac es SesaZlebelia, saxelmwifoebma maT teritoriaze mcxovreb moqalaqeobis
armqone pirebs moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanomdeblobisa da praqtikis meSveobiT
29
asamiliaciisa da naturalizaciis procesSi xeli unda Seuwyon. amas adgilo-
briv integracias uwodeben.
2005 wels yirgizeTis da TurqmeneTis mTavrobebma moqalaqeobis gamartivebuli
wesiT miRebis ufleba mianiWes tajikuri warmoSobis moqalaqeobis armqone
uamrav ltolvils, raTa maT TavSesafris qveyanaSi axali cxovrebis dawyebis
SesaZlebloba miscemodaT.
zogierT gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia moqalaqeobis armqone pirebis
iuridiuli statusis regulireba im qveyanaSi, sadac isini cxovrobdnen.
amdenad, am pirebis sxva qveyanaSi gadasaxleba marTebuli gadawyvetilebaa.
roca gadasaxlebis kriteriumebi ar vrceldeba moqalaqeobis uqonlobis
SemTxvevebze (gadasaxleba Cveulebriv ltolvilebisTvis gamoiyeneba), glu-
kis aRmasrulebeli komitetis bolo dros SemuSavebuli rekomendaciiT,
saxelmwifoebma unda gaafarTovon arsebuli kriteriumebi da gaavrcelon
isini moqalaqeobis armqone pirebzec.
№ 95 (2003) daskvnaSi aRmasrulebelma komitetma
„mouwoda saxelmwifoebs, iTanamSromlon glukTan moqalaqeobis uqon-
lobis problemebis mogvarebis meTodebTan dakavSirebiT da erTad
imsjelon SesaZlo gadasaxlebis adgilebze, rodesac moqalaqeobis
armqone piris problemis gadawyveta SeuZlebelia maspinZel qveyanaSi
an yofil sacxovrebel qveyanaSi da gaurkveveli rCeba...“
gluks SeuZlia konsultacia gauwios da daexmaros saxelmwifoebs moqalaqeo-
bis armqone pirebis integraciis da gadasaxlebis sakiTxebis mogvarebaSi.
30
Tavi 3
moqalaqeobis arqonis mizezebis aRmofxvra
moqalaqeobis arqona SesaZloa mravalma mizezma gamoiwvios. qvemoT ganxi-
lulia moqalaqeobis arqonis ramdenime ZiriTadi mizezi da is praqtikuli
RonisZiebebi, romlebic moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis ganxilvisas
unda gaiTvaliswinon saxelmwifoebma, am problemis Tavidan asacileblad.
teqnikuri mizezebi
kanonTa Seusabamoba
problemebi SesaZloa maSin wamoiWras, rodesac erTi saxelmwifos moqalaqeo-
bis Sesaxeb kanonmdebloba winaaRmdegobaSi modis meore saxelmwifos kanonebT-
an, ris Sedegadac piri orive saxelmwifos moqalaqeobis gareSe rCeba. orive
kanonmdebloba SesaZloa saTanadod iyos Sedgenili, magram problema maTi
erTdrouli gamoyenebisas gaCndes. magaliTad, saxelmwifo A, sadac daibada
piri moqalaqeobas mxolod warmoSobis mixedviT aniWebs (jus sanguinis), magram am
piris mSoblebi B saxelmwifos moqalaqeebi arian. meore mxriv, saxelmwifo B
moqalaqeobas dabadebis adgilis mixedviT aniWebs (jus soli), magram piri saxelm-
wifo A-Si daibada. amdenad, piri moqalaqeobis armqoned iqceva.
am problemis Tavidan asacileblad:
rogorc 1930 wlis haagis konvenciaSia mocemuli, yoveli saxelmwifo •
sakuTari kanonmdeblobis mixedviT wyvets, Tu vin aris misi moqalaqe.
sxva saxelmwifoebis mier aRiarebuli es kanoni unda Seesabamebodes
saerTaSoriso konvenciebs, saerTaSoriso tradiciebsa da samarTlis im
aRiarebul principebs, rac moqalaqeobis sakiTxebs ukavSirdeba. aqedan
gamomdinare, saxelmwifoebi unda flobdnen moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanon-
mdeblobis ganaxlebul pakets da danergon is praqtikaSi moqalaqeobis
Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobebs Soris konfliqtis Tavidan acilebis mizniT.
moqalaqeobis armqoneTa ricxvis Semcirebis Sesaxeb 1961 wlis konvencia •
acxadebs, rom moqalaqeoba unda mieniWos:
_ kanonis moqmedebiT, am saxelmwifos teritoriaze dabadebul pirs
dabadebisTanave;
_ kanonis moqmedebiT dadgenil asakSi am saxelmwifos teritoriaze
dabadebul pirs, erovnuli kanonmdeblobis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad;
_ am saxelmwifos teritoriaze dabadebuli piris mier ganacxadis
wardgenis SemTxvevaSi (ganacxadis Setana SesaZlebelia, Tu arsebobs
CamoTvlilidan erT_erTi an erTze meti piroba: daculia ganacxadis
wardgenisaTvis dadgenili vadebi, dakmayofilebulia moTxovnebi sacx-
ovrebeli adgilis mimarT, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul garkveul sisxlis
samarTlis danaSaulebze nasamarTlobis uqonloba da/an mtkicebuleba
31
imis Taobaze, rom piri yovelTvis iyo moqalaqeobis armqone);
_ dabadebisTanave kanonier Svils, romlis dedasac aqvs im saxelmwifos
moqalaqeoba, sadac daibada bavSvi;
_ memkvidreobiT, pirs, romelic ver miiRebs im wevr saxelmwifos mo-
qalaqeobas, romlis teritoriazec is daibada, asakis an sacxovrebeli
adgilis mimarT wamoyenebuli moTxovnebis gamo (ganacxadis Setana
SesaZlebelia, Tu arsebobs CamoTvlilidan erT_erTi an erTze meti
piroba: daculia ganacxadis wardgenisaTvis dadgenili vadebi, dakmay-
ofilebulia moTxovnebi sacxovrebeli adgilis mimarT da/an mtkiceb-
uleba imis Taobaze, rom piri yovelTvis iyo moqalaqeobis armqone);
_ wevr saxelmwifos teritoriaze napovn bavSvebs;
_ moqmedi kanonis Tanaxmad, piris dabadebisTanave (dabadebis adgilis
miuxedavad), Tu erT-erT mSobeli wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqe iyo
bavSvis dabadebis momentSi;
_ erovnuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, im piris mier ganacxadis wardgenis
SemTxvevaSi, romelic Tumca ar aris dabadebuli mocemuli saxelmwifos
teritoriaze, magram dabadebis droisaTvis misi erT_erTi mSobeli wevri
saxelmwifos moqalaqe iyo (ganacxadis Setana SesaZlebelia, Tu arsebobs
CamoTvlilidan erT_erTi an erTze meti piroba: daculia ganacxadis
wardgenisaTvis dadgenili vadebi, dakmayofilebulia moTxovnebi sacx-
ovrebeli adgilis mimarT, erovnuli usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul
danaSaulze nasamarTlobis uqonloba da/an mtkicebuleba imis Taobaze,
rom piri yovelTvis iyo moqalaqeobis armqone).
saxelmwifoTa umetesoba • jus soli da jus sanguinis principebs aerTianebs
moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobaSi, raTa gansazRvros moqalaqeTa
ZiriTadi jgufi saxelmwifoSi da rogor xdeba dabadebisTanave mo-
qalaqeobis miniWeba. saxelmwifoebma, romelTaTvisac miuRebelia ormagi
moqalaqeoba, unda uzrunvelyon, rom garkveul asaks miRweulma pirma an
misma mSoblebma gaakeTon arCevani.
moqalaqeobaze uaris TqmasTan dakavSirebul kanonTa
Seusabamoba
zogierTi saxelmwifos kanonmdebloba moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb uflebas aZlevs
pirebs, uari ganacxadon moqalaqeobaze sxva saxelmwifos moqalaqeobis
miRebamde an amis garantiis Seqmnamde. amas xSirad moqalaqeobis arqonamde
mivyavarT. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT kanonTa Seusabamoba SesaZloa maSin war-
moiSvas, rodesac erTi saxelmwifo pirs moqalaqeobaze uaris Tqmis uflebas
ar aZlevs saqmeSi CarTuli meore saxelmwifos moqalaqeobis miRebamde, es uka-
naskneli ki moqalaqeobas ar aZlevs pirs pirvelis moqalaqeobis uaryofamde.
zogjer SesaZloa pirs mosTxovon miRebul moqalaqeobaze uaris Tqma, raTa
SeZlos misi adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifos moqalaqeobaze Seitanos ganacxadi;
amis gamo axali moqalaqeobis miRebamde piri moqalaqeobis armqone xdeba.
am problemis Tavidan asacileblad:
1961 wlis konvenciis Tanaxmad, moqalaqeobis dakargvis an masze uaris •
Tqmis winapiroba unda iyos sxva qveynis moqalaqeobis miReba an misi miRebis
32
garantia. gamonaklisis daSveba SesaZlebelia mxolod naturalizebuli
piris SemTxvevaSi, romelic miuxedavad formalobis da drois SezRudvis
Setyobinebisa, garkveuli wlebis manZilze sazRvargareT cxovrobs da
moqalaqeobis SenarCunebis survilis Sesaxeb Setyobinebas ver axerxebs.
aseT SemTxvevaSi naturalizebuli piri gaxlavT is, vinc moqalaqeoba
wevr saxelmwifosadmi wardgenili ganacxadis safuZvelze miiRo da am
ukanasknels SeeZlo uari eTqva ganacxadis dakmayofilebaze. moqalaqeobis
dakargva SesaZloa moxdes mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi
da Tan axldes sruli procesualuri garantiebi, rogoricaa sasamarTlos an
sxva damoukidebeli organos mier saqmis samarTlian ganxilvis ufleba.
moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobam unda uzrunvelyos, rom arc erTma •
pirma ar ganacxados uari moqalaqeobaze sxva saxelmwifos moqalaqeobis
miRebis an Sesabamisi organoebis mxridan moqalaqeobis miniWebis ofi-
cialuri da werilobiTi garantiebis miRebamde.
zogierTma saxelmwifom SemoiRo debulebebi, romlebic moqalaqeobis •
xelmeored miRebis nebas iZlevian im SemTxvevaSi, Tu piri kargavs an ar
Rebulobs sxva qveynis moqalaqeobas.
im saxelmwifoebSi, sadac akrZalulia ormagi moqalaqeoba an mravalmo-•
qalaqeoba, kanonmdeblobam unda uzrunvelyos, rom ar arsebobdes mo-
qalaqeobaze uaris Tqmis an misi dakargvis moTxovna, rogorc moqalaqeo-
bis miRebis an SenarCunebis winapiroba, rodesac moqalaqeobaze uaris
Tqma an misi dakargva SeuZlebelia. magaliTad, ltolvilebisgan ar unda
moiTxovon warmoSobis qveyanaSi dabruneba an am qveynis xelisuflebasTan
dakavSireba moqalaqeobaze uaris Tqmis mizniT.
warmatebuli gamocdileba: ukraina
1944 wels faSistur SeiraRebul ZalebTan TanamSromlobis braldebiT
200,000-ze meti TaTari gadaasaxles yirimidan sabWoTa kavSiris socialisturi
respublikebis sxvadasxva regionSi. umetesoba uzbekeTis socilistur
respublikaSi moxvda. ori aTwleulis Semdeg sabWoTa kavSiris umaRlesi
sabWos mdivanma gamoacxada, rom yirimeli TaTrebis winaaRmdeg wamoyenebuli
braldebebi usafuZvlo iyo da maT SeeZloT ecxovraT sabWoTa kavSiris
nebismier teritoriaze, yirimis naxevarkunZulis CaTvliT.
Tumca is TaTrebi, romelTac yirimSi dabruneba gadawyvites, problemebis
winaSe aRmoCndnen registraciis, dasaqmebis, miwisa da gansaxlebis
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. 1987 wels sabWoTa kavSiris ministrTa sabWom
miiRo dadgenileba, romelic krZalavda yirimeli TaTrebis repatriacias
naxevarkunZulis Sida rva raionSi, raTa Tavidan aecilebinaT maTi dabruneba
uwindel sacxovrebel adgilebze, gacilebiT nayofier da ganviTarebul
samxreT sanapiroze. ori wlis Semdeg, rac umaRlesma sabWom „arakanonierad
da danaSaulebrivad“ gamoacxada „iZulebiT deportirebuli adamianebisaTvis“
uflebebis CamorTmeva, yirimSi masiuri dabruneba daiwyo.
1991 wels sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Sedegad moulodnelad warmoiSva
politikuri da samarTlebrivi problemebi saxelmwifos samarTalmemkvidreobis,
teritoriuli sazRvrebis gadanawilebis da moqalaqeobis Taobaze.
ukraina, romlis SemadgenlobaSic dReisaTvis yirimic Sedis, yofili ukrainis
socialisturi respublikis memkvidre gaxda. qveynis moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb
pirveli kanonis (1991 weli) Tanaxmad, pirebi, vinc yofili sabWoTa kavSiris
33
moqalaqeebi iyvnen da mudmivad cxovrobdnen ukrainis teritoriaze yirimis
CaTvliT, 1991 wlis 24 agvistos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg
avtomaturad (ex lege) gaxdnen ukrainis moqalaqeebi ganurCevlad warmoSobisa,
socialuri statusisa, rasisa, moqalaqeobisa, sqesisa, ganaTlebisa, mSobliuri
enisa, politikuri Sexedulebisa Tu religiisa. avtomaturad ukrainis
moqalaqeobis miReba am pirebs ar SeeZloT, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini
sxva qveynis moqalaqeebi iyvnen an ar hqondaT survili mieRoT ukrainis
moqalaqeoba. im pirebma, romelTac registrirebuli hqondaT kanonieri
sacxovrebeli adgili ukrainaSi damoukideblobis gamocxadebisa da
moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonis ZalaSi Sesvlidan sami Tvis Semdeg, avtomaturad
miiRes ukrainis moqalaqeoba. am debulebis safuZvelze 150,000 yirimelma
TaTarma ukrainis moqalaqeoba miiRo.
Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Tanaxmad, 108,000 yirimeli TaTari, romlebic
ukrainaSi moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonis 1991 wlis noemberSi ZalaSi Sesvlis
Semdeg dabrundnen, moqalaqeobis miRebasTan dakavSirebiT axali problemis
winaSe dadgnen. 28,000 adamiani, romlebmac sxva qveynebSi Tavisi mudmivi
cxovrebis ufleba gaauqmes am qveynebis moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonis ZalaSi
Sesvlamde, de iure moqalaqeobis armqoned iqcnen. kidev 80,000 adamiani,
romlebmac yofil sacxovrebel qveyanaSi registracia SeinarCunes im
droisTvis, roca ZalaSi Sevida kanoni moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, am saxelmwifos
de iure moqalaqed iqcnen. Sedegad, maT avtomaturad ar mieniWaT ukrainis
moqalaqeoba. miuxedevad imisa, rom maT SesTavazes ukrainis moqalaqeobis
miReba individualuri proceduris gavliT, ukan dabrunebulTa umravlesoba,
vinc imedovnebda ukrainis moqalaqeobis miRebas, ver akmayofilebda
proceduris mkacr moTxovnebs, romelic moicavda ukrainaSi xuTwlian
cxovrebas, sakmarisi Semosavlis arsebobas da ukrainuli enis codnas.
glukma, evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciam (euTo) da
evrosabWom problemebis mosagvareblad ukrainis mTavrobas moqalaqeobis
Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis Secvlisaken mouwoda. glukma ukrainis sapasporto
da naturalizaciis samsaxurs sawvrTneli da teqnikuri daxmareba SesTavaza
da moqalaqeobis Temaze media-kampania moawyo. glukis xelmZRvanelobiT
adgilobrivma arasamTavrobo organizaciebma ukrainis moqalaqeobis
msurvelebs iuridiuli konsultaciebi gauwies da ukrainis saxelmwifo
organoebTan samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi maTi warmomaadgenloba
ikisres.
moqalaqeobis uqonlobis SemTxvevebis Semcirebis da sabolood Tavidan
acilebis mizniT ukrainis mTavrobam, glukTan konsultaciebis Sedegad,
moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb qveynis kanonmdeblobis arsebobis aTi wlis manZilze
masSi Svidjer Seitana cvlileba. 1997 wlis maisSi gauqmda ganmcxadeblebisgan
enis codnis da Semosavlis qonis moTxovna, xolo yofili deportirebuli
pirebis STamomavlobas maTi winaprebis yirimuli warmoSobis safuZvelze
ukrainis moqalaqeobis miRebis ufleba miecaT. am dadebiTma cvlilebebma
qveyanaSi de iure moqalaqeobis armqone 28,000 dabrunebuli pirisTvis
ukrainis moqalaqeobis miReba SesaZlebeli gaxada.
sanam aRniSnuli cvlilebebi moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa problemebis
mogvarebis mizniT grZel gzas gadioda, ukrainis moqalaqeobis misaRebad sxva
sirTuleebi, maT Soris qveynis konstituciuri akrZalva ormag moqalaqeobaze,
kvlavac gadasalaxi darCa. magaliTad, pirebs, romlebsac yirimSi dabrunebamde
uzbekeTis de iure moqalaqeoba hqondaT, ukrainis moqalaqeobis misaRebad
oficialuri uari unda eTqvaT uzbekeTis moqalaqeobaze. Tumca uzbekeTis
moqalaqeobaze uarisTvis saWiro iyo 100 aSS dolaris gadaxda, kievSi
uzbekeTis saelCoSi misvla da administraciuli procedura, romelic xSirad
erT welze metxans grZeldeboda.
34
gluki da euTo or qveyanas Soris molaparakebebs Suamavlobda, rac ormxrivi
SeTanxmebiT dasrulda. SeTanxmeba daido 1998 wels, igi moqalaqeobis Secvlis
procedurebs amartivebda. uzbekeTi daTanxmda, gaeuqmebina moqalaqeobaze
uarisTvis dawesebuli gadasaxadi da ufleba misca ukrainis Sinagan saqmeTa
saministros sapasporto ganyofilebebs, SeegrovebinaT moqalaqeobaze uaris
ganacxadebi da gadaecaT isini uzbekeTis xelisuflebisTvis. glukis mier
wamoWrili problemebis sapasuxod miiRes iseTi administraciuli procedura,
rodesac ukrainis moqalaqeobis miniWeba da uzbekeTis moqalaqeobaze uari
erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebulad xdeba, rac moqalaqeobis armqoned gaxdomis
Tavidan acilebis saSualebas iZleva. sami wlis ganmavlobaSi, vidre es
ormxrivi SeTanxmeba moqmedebda, uzbekeTidan 80 000-mde dabrunebuls
ukrainis moqalaqeoba mieniWa. mogvianebiT analogiuri ormxrivi SeTanxmebebi
ukrainam dado belorusiasTan (1999 w.), yazaxeTTan (2000 w.), tajikeTTan
(2001 w.) da yirgizeTis respublikasTan (2003 w.).
2001 wlis ianvarSi ukrainis parlamentma moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb axali
kanoni miiRo, romelmac kidev ufro didi adgili dauTmo moqalaqeobis
uqonlobis Tavidan acilebis sakiTxs. sxva debulebebTan erTad, kanoni,
romelSic 2005 wels cvlilebebi Sevida, ganmcxadeblebs uflebas aZlevs
sxva qveynis moqalaqeobaze uari ganacxadon ukrainis moqalaqeobis miRebidan
1 wlis manZilze; kanoni ar Txoulobs formaluri uaris Tqmas, Tu amasTan
dakavSirebuli xarjebi ukrainaSi minimalur Tviur xelfass aWarbebs.
kanonmdebloba da gamocdileba bavSvebis Sesaxeb
samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtisa (ICCPR) da bavSvis
uflebaTa konvenciis (CRC) Tanaxmad, yvela bavSvi, dabadebis adgilis miuxeda-
vad, registrirebuli unda iyos dabadebisTanave; yvela bavSvs aqvs moqalaqeo-
bis miRebis ufleba; bavSvis moqalaqeobis sakiTxi wydeba Sesabamisi saxelmwi-
fos kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze da yvela saxelmwifo moiTxovs monacemebs,
Tu sad daibada bavSvi da vin arian misi mSoblebi. dabadebis damamtkicebeli
sabuTis, anu dabadebis registraciis cnobis gareSe TiTqmis SeuZlebelia
bavSvis vinaobis dadgena da, Sesabamisad, moqalaqeobis miRebac.
am problemis Tavidan asacileblad:
saxelmwifoebma yvela saWiro resursi unda miawodon Sesabamis adgilo-•
briv administracias imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom dabadebis registracia
xorcieldebodes sistematurad bavSvis uflebaTa dacvis konvenciis (CRC)
me-7 muxlisa da samoqalaqo da politikur uflebaTa saerTaSoriso paqtis
(ICCPR) 24-e muxlis Tanaxmad.
bavSvis dabadebis registrirebisas saxelmwifoebma unda daadginon sadavo •
moqalaqeobis SemTxvevebi da mianiWon bavSvs moqalaqeoba, Tu igi sxva
SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeobis armqone piri gaxdeba. erovnuli kanonmdebloba
konvenciasTan SeerTebis Semdeg unda Seicavdes moqalaqeobis armqone
pirTa raodenobis Semcirebis Sesaxeb 1961 wlis konvenciis Sesabamis
debulebebs. es dadgenilebebi unda Sediodes Sida kanonmdeblobaSi im
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu saxelmwifo ar aris 1961 wlis konvenciis wevri.
moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonmdebloba unda Seicavdes debulebebs im qveynis •
moqalaqeobis miRebis Sesaxeb, romelSic daibada bavSvi. es Tavidan ag-
vacilebs moqalaqeobis uqonlobas im SemTxvevebSi, Tu bavSvis dabadebis
35
dros moqalaqeobis gansazRvrisas daSvebulia Secdoma.
daqorwinebuli mSoblebis Svilebs erovnuli kanonmdebloba dabade-•
bisTanave aniWebs moqalaqeobis uflebas. SeZlebisdagvarad, amgvarive
uflebiT unda sargeblobdnen ukanonod (qorwinebis gareSe) dabadebuli
bavSvebic.
bevr qveyanaSi qalebs ar aqvT ufleba sakuTari moqalaqeoba gadascen Svilebs
maSinac ki, roca bavSvi ibadeba im qveyanaSi, romlis moqalaqea deda, xolo
mamas saerTod ar aqvs moqalaqeoba. am SemTxvevaSi bavSvi moqalaqeobis
armqone piria.
am problemis Tavidan asacileblad:
gaTxovil qalTa moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb 1957 wlis konvenciisa da qalTa •
diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb 1979 wlis konvenciis
Tanaxmad, qals da mamakacs unda gaaCndeT Tanabari uflebebi Svilebis
moqalaqeobis gansazRvrisas. am principebis gamoyeneba Tavidan agvaci-
lebs rogorc qalTa diskriminacias, aseve imis saSiSroebas, rom bavSvi
memkvidreobiT miiRebs moqalaqeobis armqone piris statuss mamisagan,
Tu es ukanaskneli moqalaqeobis armqonea.
saxelmwifoebma sakuTar erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi unda Seitanon Sesa-•
bamisi debulebebi sqesobrivi niSniT arsebuli diskriminaciis Tavidan
asacileblad moqalaqeobis miniWebasTan dakavSirebiT.
obol da mitovebul bavSvebs xSir SemTxvevebSi ar gaaCniaT dadasturebuli
moqalaqeoba. ukanonod dabadebul bavSvebsac SesaZlebelia garkveuli sirTu-
leebi SeeqmnaT moqalaqeobis miRebisas.
am problemis Tavidan asacileblad:
saxelmwifos teritoriaze napovn bavSvebs unda mieniWoT am saxelmwifos •
moqalaqeoba. es principi dadasturebulia rogorc moqalaqeobasTan
dakavSirebul saerTaSoriso dokumentebSi, ise bevri saxelmwifos kanon-
mdeblobaSi moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb.
bavSvis moqalaqeobis gansazRvrisas, upirveles yovlisa, gasaTvaliswine-•
belia bavSvis interesebi.
zogierTi qveynis Svilad ayvanis praqtikas xSirad moqalaqeobis uqonlobamde
mivyavarT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu, magaliTad, bavSvs ar SeuZlia miiRos mSvile-
beli mSoblebis moqalaqeoba. 1967 wlis evropuli konvencia Svilad ayvanis
Sesaxeb mouwodebs saxelmwifoebs gaamartivon maTi moqalaqeebis mier Svilad
ayvanili bavSvebisaTvis moqalaqeobis miniWebis procedura.
am problemebis Tavidan asacileblad:
saxelmwifoebma TavianT kanonmdeblobaSi unda miuTiTon, rom saerTa-•
Soriso samarTlis Tanaxmad, sazRvargareT ganxorcielebuli Svilad
ayvana aRiarebulia Sida kanonmdeblobiT.
administraciuli praqtika
arsebobs uamravi administraciuli da proceduruli sakiTxi moqalaqeobis
miRebasTan, aRdgenasa da dakargvasTan dakavSirebiT. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac
36
piri eqvemdebareba moqalaqeobis miRebas _ maSinac, ki, rodesac is moaxerxebs
da moqalaqeobaze waradgens gancxadebas _ gadaWarbebulma administraciulma
xarjebma, droSi gaWianurebam da/an savaldebulo dokumentebis wardgenis
SeuZleblobam imis gamo, rom sabuTebi kvlav yofili moqalaqeobis qveynis
sakuTrebaSia, SesaZloa xeli SeuSalos mas moqalaqeobis miRebaSi.
am problemis Tavidan asacileblad:
moqalaqeobis miRebis, SeCerebis, dakargvis, aRdgenis an dadasturebis •
dakavSirebuli ganacxadebi ganxilul unda iqnas gonivrul vadaSi.
moqalaqeobis miRebis an dakargvis avtomaturi registraciisas (• ex lege), maT Soris im SemTxvevebSic, roca saqme gvaqvs kanonieri da mudmivi
macxovreblebisaTvis saxelmwifos samarTalmemkvidreobasTan, ar unda
arsebobdes werilobiTi Cvenebis wardgenis moTxovna, miuxedavad imisa,
rom zogadad saxelmwifoebs urCeven, Seinaxon moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb
miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis Canawerebi.
moqalaqeobis miRebis, SeCerebis, dakargvis, aRdgenis da dadasturebis •
procesebTanTan an maTTan dakavSirebuli administraciuli da iuridiuli
gaxilvebisaTvis gankuTvnili gadasaxadebi unda iyos misaRebi.
kanonebi da praqtika qalTa sakiTxebze
zogierTi saxelmwifo avtomaturad ucvlis qals moqalaqebriv statuss,
rodesac igi sxva qveynis moqalaqes mihyveba colad. Sedegad, qali SesaZle-
belia moqalaqeobis armqone pirad iqces, Tu igi avtomaturad ar miiRebs
meuRlis moqalaqeobas an Tu mis meuRles ar aqvs moqalaqeoba.
qali SeiZleba iqces moqalaqeobis armqone pirad, Tu meuRlis moqalaqeobis
miRebis Semdeg qorwineba dairRveva, igi dakargavs qorwinebis Sedegad miRe-
bul moqalaqeobas, xolo misi pirveladi moqalaqeoba ar iqneba avtomaturad
aRdgenili.
am problemebis Tavidan asacileblad:
gaTxovil qalTa moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb 1957 wlis konvencia da qalis dis-•
kriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb 1979 wlis konvencia, cdi-
loben qals mianiWon mamakacis Tanabari uflebebi mis mier moqalaqeobis
SeZenis, Secvlis da SenarCunebis dros. konvenciebSi mocemuli princi-
pebis Tanaxmad, qmris moqalaqeoba ar unda iwvevdes colis moqalaqeobis
avtomatur Secvlas, ar aqcevdes mas moqalaqeobis armqone pirad da ar
aiZulebdes qmris moqalaqeobis miRebas.
im saxelmwifoebma, romlebSic qalebs ar gaaCniaT mamakacebis Tanaswori •
uflebebi da, SesaZloa, avtomaturad dakargon moqalaqeoba gaTxovebisas
an amis gamo uwevT TavianT moqalaqeobaze uaris Tqma, sakuTar kanonmde-
blobaSi moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb unda Seitanon debulebebi, romelTa ZaliT
ojaxis daSlis SemTxvevaSi qalebs ufleba mecemaT, martivi ganacxadis
safuZvelze avtomaturad daibrunon yofili moqalaqeoba.
37
moqalaqeobis avtomaturi dakargva
zogierTi saxelmwifo avtomaturad auqmebs im piris moqalaqeobas, romelmac
datova sakuTari qveyana an cxovrobs sazRvargareT. moqalaqeobis gauqmeba,
romelic SesaZloa moxdes piris qveynidan gamgzavrebidan ramdenime TveSi,
xSirad dakavSirebulia mankier administraciul praqtikasTan, roca ar
afrTxileben pirs moqalaqeobis dakargvis riskis Taobaze im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
is regularulad ar daregistrirdeba sakuTari qveynis Sesabamis organoSi.
Tu piri naturalizirebuli moqalaqea da ara am saxelmwifoSi dabadebuli an
memkvidreobiT moqalaqeobis mqone, misTvis, SesaZloa, regularuli registra-
ciac ki arasakmarisi aRmoCndes moqalaqeobis SesanarCuneblad. moqalaqeobis
arqona xSirad swored am praqtikis pirdapiri Sedegia.
am problemis Tavidan asacileblad:
moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa raodenobis Semcirebis Sesaxeb 1961 wlis kon-•
venciis me-7 (3) muxli adgens, rom pirma ar unda dakargos moqalaqeoba da,
Sesabamisad, ar gaxdes moqalaqeobis armqone piri qveynidan gamgzavrebis
da sazRvargareT cxovrebis gamo, Tuki man raime mizeziT registracia
ver gaiara an sxva msgavsi problema Seeqmna. konvencia am principidan
gamonakliss uSvebs mxolod naturalizirebuli moqalaqeebisTvis,
romelnic sazRvargareT cxovroben uwyvetad Svidi weli. am pirebma
TavianTi survili moqalaqeobis SenarCunebis Sesaxeb unda ganucxadon
Sesabamis organoebs. saxelmwifoebma ki, Tavis mxriv, sakonsulo samsax-
urebis saSualebiT adekvaturad unda Seatyobinon naturalizirebul
moqalaqeebs am politikis Sesaxeb rogorc qveynis sazRvrebs SigniT, ise
sazaRvrebs gareT.
SedarebiT axali samarTlebrivi instrumentebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, •
evropis konvencia moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, uflebas ar aZlevs saxelmwifoebs
moqalaqeoba CamoarTvan pirs mxolod imitom, rom igi mudmivad cxov-
robs sazRvargareT, Tu am qmedebis Sedegad es pirovneba moqalaqeobis
armqone piri gaxdeba.
saxelmwifoebis samarTalmemkvidreobasTandakavSirebuli mizezebi
teritoriis an suverenitetis gadacema
miuxedavad imisa, rom konkretuli saerTaSoriso dokumentebi da dadgenile-
bebi nawilobriv Seexeba teritoriis an suverenitetis gadacemas, es movle-
nebi didi xania iwveven moqalaqeobis arqonas. cxadia, erovnuli kanonebi da
praqtika icvleba, rodesac saxelmwifo ganicdis absolutur teritoriul an
suverenitetul cvlilebebs; rodesac saxelmwifo Tavs daaRwevs koloniur
mdgomareobas an moipovebs damoukideblobas romelime saxelmwifos daSlis
Semdeg, Tu axali saxelmwifo an saxelmwifoebi daSlili saxelmwifos sa-
marTalmemkvidreebi arian an Tu mosalodnelia saxelmwifos kvlav aRdgena
misi daSlis Semdeg, aRniSnulma movlenebma SesaZloa dasabami miscen axali
kanonebisa da dadgenilebebis da/an axali administraciuli procedurebis
38
miRebas. adamianebi SesaZloa moqalaqeobis armqone pirebad iqcnen zemoT
moyvanil SemTxvevebSi, Tu isini ver moaxerxeben moqalaqeobis miRebas axali
kanonmdeblobis/dadgenilebebis an administraciuli procedurebis Tanax-
mad, an Tu maT uars eubnebian moqalaqeobaze manamde arsebuli kanonebisa da
praqtikis axleburad gaazrebis gamo.
am problemebis Tavidan asacileblad:
moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis Semcirebis Sesaxeb 1961 wlis kon-•
venciis me-10 muxlis Tanaxmad, wevrma saxelmwifoebma unda uzrunvelyon,
rom moqalaqeobis arqonis SemTxvevebi ar warmoiqmnen teritoriis gadace-
mis Sedegad. saxelmwifoebma xeli unda moaweron ormxriv an mravalmxriv
xelSekrulebebs, romelnic Seicaven imis damadasturebel dadgenilebebs,
rom pirovneba moqalaqeobis armqone pirad ar iqceva amgvari cvlilebis
Sedegad. Tuki xelSekruleba ar aris dadebuli, Sesabamisma saxelmwi-
foebma moqalaqeoba unda mianiWon maT, vinc sxva SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeobis
armqone pirad CaiTvleba.
sazogadod, mosaxleoba dakavSirebulia teritoriasTan, Tumca zogierTi •
saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, konstituciuri dadgenileba da kanonmde-
bloba moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb gvTavazobs samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifoe-
bis moqalaqeobis arCevas.
saxelmwifoebis samarTalmemkvidreobasTan dakavSirebuli xelSekrule-•
bebi SesaZloa Seicavdes pirobebs, romlebSic yuradReba gamaxvile-
buli iqneba moqalaqeobis sakiTxSi saxelmwifoTa daSlis an gamoyofis
gavlenaze.
saxelmwifoebis samarTalmemkvidreobasTan dakavSirebuli moqalaqeobis •
Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis kodificirebisa da ganviTarebis saWiroebis pa-
suxad gaeros saerTaSoriso samarTlis komisiam (ILC) moamzada am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebuli muxlebis proeqti, romlebic Sesulia 2001 wlis gaeros
generaluri asambleis № 55/153 rezoluciis danarTSi.
aRniSnuli muxlebis proeqtis Tanaxmad:
_ yvela saxelmwifom unda miiRos Sesabamisi zomebi, raTa pirebi, rom-
lebic samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifos Seqmnamde flobdnen winamorbe-
di saxelmwifos moqalaqeobas, ar iqcnen moqalaqeobis armqoned
samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifos warmoSobis Semdeg.
_ pirma, romlis mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili mdebareobda teritori-
aze, romelzec Seiqmna samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifo, dauyovnebliv
unda miiRos am ukanasknelis moqalaqeoba.
_ memkvidre saxelmwifoebma ar unda mianiWon Tavisi moqalaqeoba, maTi
survilis sawinaaRmdegod, im pirebs, visi mudmivi sacxovrebelic
mdebareobs sxva saxelmwifoSi, Tu maT ar emuqrebaT moqalaqeobis
armqone pirebad darCena.
_ saxelmwifoebma unda gaiTvaliswinon pirTa neba_survili, Tuki maT
ufleba aqvT miiRon ori an orze meti saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba.
yoveli saxelmwifo pirs nebas rTavs, airCios im saxelmwifos mo-
qalaqeoba, romelTanac aqvs saTanado kavSiri, Tu sxva SemTxvevaSi is
moqalaqeobis armqoned CaiTvleba.
39
_ saxelmwifoebi ar unda eubnebodnen uars pirebs moqalaqeobis Se-
narCunebis, miRebis an moqalaqeobis arCevanis uflebaze raime saxis
diskriminaciis safuZvliT.
evropuli konvencia moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb da saxelmwifoTa samarTalmem-•
kvidreobasTan dakavSirebiT moqalaqeobis arqonis Tavidan acilebis oqmis
proeqti aerTianeben 1961 wlis konvenciis debulebebs da im principebs,
romlebic Sesulia saerTaSoriso samarTlis komisiis (ILC) mier Sedge-
nili muxlebis proeqtSi. evropuli konvencia calke Tavs uTmobs samar-
Talmemkvidre saxelmwifos warmoSobisa da moqalaqeobis sakiTxs, sadac
yuradReba ZiriTadad gamaxvilebulia Semdeg garemoebebze:
_ utyuari da efeqturi kavSiri pirsa da saxelmwifos Soris;
_ piris mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifos
warmoSobisas;
_ piris survili; da
_ piris geografiuli warmomavloba.
garda amisa, evropuli konvencia moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb adgens, rom winamorbedi
saxelmwifos teritoriis mudmiv macxovreblebs, romelTac ar hqondaT im
qveynis moqalaqis statusi, romlis suverenitetic gadaeca memkvidre saxelm-
wifos da romelTac jer ar miuRiaT memkvidre saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba, unda
SeunarCundeT am saxelmwifoSi darCenisa da igive socialuri da ekonomi-
kuri uflebebiT sargeblobis ufleba, rogoric am saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs
gaaCniaT.
saxelmwifoTa samarTalmemkvidreobis gamo moqalaqeobis uqonlobis •
Tavidan acilebis Sesaxeb oqmis proeqtiT SemuSavebulia mtkicebis konk-
retuli wesebi (muxli 8), moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifoTa
samarTalmemkvidreobisas:
„memkvidre saxelmwifo daJinebiT ar moiTxovs moqalaqeobis miniWebi-
saTvis saWiro standartul damamtkicebel sabuTebs im SemTxvevebSi, Tu
pirebi ukve arian an SesaZloa momavalSi gaxdnen moqalaqeobis armqone
pirebad saxelmwifoTa samarTalmemkvidreobis Sedegad da roca miuRe-
belia amgvari pirebisaTvis standartuli moTxovnebis wayeneba.
memkvidre saxelmwifo ar iTxovs meore moqalaqeobis miuReblobis
damamtkicebel sabuTs moqalaqeobis miniWebamde im pirebisaTvis, rom-
lebic mudmivad cxovrobdnen am saxelmwifos teritoriaze samarTalmem-
kvidre saxelmwifoTa Semqmnamde da romelnic ukve arian an SesaZloa
momavalSi gaxdnen moqalaqeobis armqone pirebad samarTalmemkvidre
saxelmwifoTa Seqmnis Semdeg.“
me-8 muxlis pirveli qvepunqti ganixilavs SemTxvevas, rodesac pirisaTvis
SeuZlebeli an metad rTulia damamtkicebel sabuTebTan dakavSirebiT
standartuli moTxovnebis Sesruleba moqalaqeobis misaRebad aucilebeli
pirobebis dasakmayofileblad. zogierT SemTxvevaSi pirisTvis SesaZloa
SeuZlebeli aRmoCndes sakuTari warmoSobis Sesaxeb sruli dokumentaciis
wardgena, magaliTad, samoqalaqo reestris arqivis ganadgurebis gamo. Sesa-
Zloa SeuZlebeli aRmoCndes cnobis wardgena sacxovrebeli adgilis Sesaxeb
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sacxovrebeli adgili ar iyo registrirebuli. es dadge-
40
nileba vrceldeba im situaciebzec, rodesac pirovnebas Teoriulad SeuZlia
damamtkicebeli sabuTebis wardgena, magram gaumarTlebelia misTvis amgvari
moTxovnis wayeneba; magaliTad im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es moTxovna piris sicocxles
an janmrTelobas safrTxeSi Caagdebda. SemTxvevebi, romlebic arTuleben
damamtkicebeli sabuTebis wardgenas, yovelTvis pirdapir ar ukavSirdebian
saxelmwifoTa memkvidreobis uflebaTa gadacemis SemTxvevebs. isini SesaZloa
saxelmwifoTa memkvidreobis uflebaTa gadacemis an mis Semdgom momxdari
movlenebis Sedegad warmoiSvan, magaliTad, rodesac winamorbedi saxelmwifos
reJimis dros samoqalaqo reestri ganadgurda an ZiriTadi dokumentacia
ar gaica mosaxleobis garkveul nawilze. yvela zemoaRniSnul SemTxvevaSi
damamtkicebeli dokumentaciis da/an damoukidebeli mtkicebulebis wardgenis
didi albaToba sakmarisi iqneba im pirobebis Sesasruleblad, rac aucilebelia
memkvidre saxelmwifos moqalaqeobis misaRebad.
me-8 muxlis meore qvepunqti gamoiyeneba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca
winamorbedi saxelmwifo aRar arsebobs da mocemuli saxelmwifos yvela mo-
qalaqem dakarga moqalaqeoba. Tu memkvidre saxelmwifo ar aRiarebs mraval-
moqalaqeobas an zRudavs moqalaqeobebis odenobas, am saxelmwifom SesaZloa
moiTxovos damadasturebeli sabuTi imisa, rom pirovnebas ara aqvs miRebuli
sxva qveynis moqalaqeoba an aris moqalaqeobis armqone piri. im faqtis
damadasturebeli dokumentaciis wardgena, rom piri ar flobs sxva qveynis
moqalaqeobas an moqalaqeobis armqone pirad iTvleba, xSirad SeuZlebelia,
vinaidan es procesi saxelmwifoTa TanamSromlobas efuZneba. Tu arsebobs
saSiSroeba imisa, rom piri samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifoTa Seqmnis Sedegad
SesaZloa iqces moqalaqeobis armqoned, samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifo mo-
qalaqeobis miniWebamde ar iTxovs imis damadasturebeli sabuTs, rom piri ar
flobs sxva qveynis moqalaqeobas an iTvleba moqalaqeobis armqone pirad. es
wesi efuZneba gavrcelebul mosazrebas, rom moqalaqeobis uqonlobis Tavidan
acileba saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis upirvelesi amocanaa, maSin roca orze
meti saxelmwifos Tanxmoba an uari moqalaqeobaze individualurad TiToeuli
saxelmwifos gadasawyveti sakiTxia.
aRniSnuli debulebebi xels ar uSlis sakuTar teritoriaze mravalmo-
qalaqeobis ricxvis Semcirebis mosurne saxelmwifos, iTanamSromlos sxva
saxelmwifoebTan da gacvalos informacia moqalaqeobis miRebasa da da-
kargvasTan dakavSirebiT. mravalmoqalaqeobis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebelia
moqalaqeobis Taobaze kanonebs Soris zogierT sakiTxze konfliqtis Sesaxeb
1930 wlis haagis konvenciis debulebiT, romelic exeba sxva moqalaqeobis ar
cnobas da evropuli konvenciis 7.1 muxliT, romelic piris mier meore saxelm-
wifos moqalaqeobis nebayoflobiT miRebis SemTxvevaSi sxva moqalaqeobis
avtomaturi dakargvis SesaZleblobas iTvaliswinebs. saxelmwifom SesaZloa
aseve mosTxovos pirs werilobiTi gancxadebis gakeTeba imis dasadasture-
blad, rom aRniSnuli piri ar flobs da arc momavalSi miiRebs sxva qveynis
moqalaqeobas. es saSualebas miscems saxelmwifos, gaauqmos moqalaqeoba, Tu
momavalSi aRmoCndeba, rom pirma yalbi gancxadeba gaakeTa.
41
warmatebuli gamocdileba: CexeTis respublika
rodesac 1993 wlis 1 ianvars yofili Cexoslovakiis respublika formalurad
daiSala, orive memkvidre saxelmwifom - CexeTis respublikam da slovakeTis
respublikam - miiRo axali kanonmdebloba moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, romelic
gansazRvravda TiToeuli qveynis moqalaqis statuss da proceduras, romlis
saSualebiTac pirs SeeZlo moqalaqeobis miReba.
orive qveynis sakanonmdeblo krebuli efuZneboda Cexoslovakiis 1969 wels
Seqmnil kanonmdeblobas moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, ase rom arc erTi maTgani ar
iyo misaRebi axali realobisaTvis.
orive axlad warmoqmnili saxelmwifos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb Sida
kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, 1954 wlamde dabadebuli pirebi _ anu 15 wlisani
da 15 wels zemoT, im dros, roca Cexoslovakiis socialisturi respublika
ori respublikisagan Semdgar federaciad iqca _ moqalaqeebi iyvnen im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini am saxelmwifos teritoriaze daibadnen (jus soli). 1954 wlis
Semdgom dabadebuli pirebi am saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebad iTvlebodnen
an jus soli-is safuZvelze (Sereuli moqalaqeobis _ Cexi/slovaki mSoblebis
Svilebi Cveulebriv Rebulobdnen im saxelmwifos moqalaqeobas, romlis
teritoriazec daibadnen), an maTi mSoblebis moqalaqeobis mixedviT (jus sanguinis), rodesac orive mSobeli flobda erTsa da imave moqalaqeobas. amis
Sedegad bevri adamians, romelTac mTeli cxovreba CexeTis respublikaSi
gaatares, slovakeTis moqalaqeoba mianiWes da piriqiT. CexeTis respublikaSi
mcxovrebi boSuri warmoSobis umciresobis umetesi nawili samarTlebrivi
gaugebrobis msxverpli aRmoCnda, vinaidan isini an Tavad daibadnen slovakeTis
teritoriaze an amgvar winaparTa memkvidreebi iyvnen.
maSin, rodesac slovakeTis axali kanonmdebloba moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb
SeuzRudav uflebas aZlevda Cexoslovakiis yvela yofil moqalaqes, CexeTis
axalma aqtma moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb SemoiRo mkacri moTxovnebi; CexeTis
moqalaqeobis misaRebad pirs
CexeTis respublikis teritoriaze unda hqonoda SenarCunebuli da •
uwyveti mudmivi binadrobis registracia federaciis daSlamde sul
mcire ori wlis manZilze;
CamorTmeuli unda hqonoda slovakeTis moqalaqeoba; da •
ar unda hqonoda Cadenili sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli gasuli xuTi •
wlis manZilze.
me-20 saukunis 90-ian wlebSi CexeTis da slovakeTis mTavrobebma TxovniT
mimarTes gluks, raTa am ukanasknels daxmareba aRmoeCina maTTvis kanon-
Ta SeuTanxmeblobiT gamowveuli moqalaqeobis uqonlobis problemis
mosag vareblad. glukma ori kvleviTi misia gagzavna regionSi da konsul-
taciebi gamarTa mTavrobebTan moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanomdeblobasTan
dakavSirebiT.
1996 wels glukma daxmareba gauwia praRaSi moqalaqeobis sakiTxTan dakav-
Sirebuli sakonsultacio centris daarsebas. centri iuridiul da socialur
konsultaciebs sTavazobs Cexoslovakiis yofil moqalaqeebs. amJamad es
adamianebi moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi arian, Tumca maT Soris bevrs
SeiZleba hqondes xangrZlivi da namdvili kavSiri CexeTis respublikasTan.
erT weliwadSi centrma daxmareba gauwia daaxloebiT 6 000 adamians, maT
Soris 900 bavSvs, romlebic bavSTa saxlebSi aRmoCndnen; 3 500-ze met pirs,
romlebic CexeTis cixeSi aRmoCndnen da 2 000-ze met sxva pirs, romelTac
ver SeZles daedginaT an esargeblaT sakuTari moqalaqeobiT.
glukisa da evrosabWos rCevis Tanaxmad, CexeTis mTavrobam daiwyo moqalaqeobis
42
miRebaze dawesebuli SezRudvebis gamartiveba. 1996 wlis aprilSi CexeTis
sakanonmdeblo organom cvlileba Seitana moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb aqtSi, ramac
Sinagan saqmeTa saministros SesaZlebloba misca uari eTqva moTxovnaze,
romelic Seexeboda nasamarTleobis arqonas im ganmcxadeblebisaTvis,
romelnic uwyvetad cxovrobdnen CexeTis respublikaSi da flobdnen aq
cxovrebis damadasturebel oficialur dokumentacias.
mogvianebiT, 1999 wels CexeTis sakanonmdeblo organom aRniSnul aqtSi kidev
erTi cvlileba Seitana, rac CexeTis respublikis moqalaqeebad gaxdomis
uflebas aZlevda yofili Cexoslovakiis moqalaqeebs, romelnic mudmivad
cxovrobdnen im teritoriaze, romelic gaxda CexeTis respublika, magram
ar flobdnen aq cxovrebis oficialur nebarTvas. am cvlilebis Tanaxmad,
aRniSnul pirebs ufleba miecaT daemtkicebinaT cxovrebis nebarTva
samsaxurebrivi kontraqtebiT da/an kontraqtebiT sacxovrebelze da/an
mowmis safuZvelze. arc maTTvis mouTxoviaT nasamarTlevobis uqonloba.
TandaTanobiT glukis, arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa da CexeTis
xelisuflebis SeTanxmebuli mcdelobis Sedegad yofil Cexoslovakelebs,
romelnic mudmivad cxovrobdnen CexeTis respublikaSi, federaciis daSlis
Semdeg CexeTis respublikis moqalaqeobis SeuzRudavi ufleba mieniWaT.
diskriminaciasTan an moqalaqeobis ukanonod CamorTmevasTan dakavSirebuli mizezebi
diskriminacia
saxelmwifos diskreciis erT_erTi principuli SezRudva, moqalaqeobis
miniWebis an moqalaqeobaze uaris Tqmis dros, gaxlavT rasobrivi diskrimi-
naciis akrZalva. aRniSnuli principi mocemulia rasobrivi diskriminaciis
yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb konvenciasa da bevr sxva dokumentSi. ar-
amoqalaqeebis mimarT diskriminaciis Sesaxeb 2004 wlis 1 oqtombris zogad
rekomendaciaSi gaeros komitetma rasobrivi diskriminaciis aRmofxvris
mizniT daadgina, rom „moqalaqeobis CamorTmeva rasis, kanis feris, warmoma-
vlobis an erovnuli Tu eTnikuri warmoSobis safuZvelze saxelmwifoTa mier
nakisri valdebulebis - uzrunvelyon moqalaqeebi maTi moqlaqeobis uflebis
aradiskriminaciuli sargeblobiT _ darRvevaa.~
Tumca, zogjer pirebs ar SeuZliaT konkretuli saxelmwifos moqalaqeobis
miReba masTan arsebuli mWidro kavSirebis miuxedavad _ kavSirebisa, romelnic
sxva pirebisaTvis sakmarisi iqneboda moqalaqeobis misaRebad. rasaze, kanis
ferze, warmomavlobaze, eTnikur an erovnul warmoSobaze, religiaze, sqesze,
politikur mrwamsze an sxva faqtorebze dafuZnebuli diskriminacia SesaZloa
iyos aSkara an SemTxveviT gaparuli kanonebSi an maTi danergvisas.“ kanonebi
SesaZloa CaiTvalos diskriminaciulad, Tu isini Seicaven diskriminaciuli
xasiaTis mqone debulebebs, an Tu maTi gamoyenebis Sedegi diskriminaciaa.
problemis Tavidan asacileblad saWiroa:
imis uzrunvelyofa, rom diskriminaciis akrZalvis principi moqalaqeobis •
sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi gamyarebuli iyos konstituciiTa da kanonebiT
moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb da rom moxdeba am pincipebis danergva adminis-
traciuli da sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis saSualebiT.
saxelmwifoebs moeTxovebaT, miiRon yvela Sesabamisi zoma rogorc •
43
qveynis SigniT, aseve sxva saxelmwifoebTan TanamSromlobisas imis uzrun-
velsayofad, rom yovel bavSvs eZleodes moqalaqeoba dabadebisTanave.
aqedan gamomdinare, saerTaSoriso samarTlis Tanaxmad, daqorwinebuli
mSoblebis Svilebi, qorwinebis gareSe dabadebuli bavSvebi da moqalaqeo-
bis armqone mSoblebis Svilebi - yvela unda sargeblobdes moqalaqeobis
Tanabari uflebiT.
gaTxovil qalTa moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb 1957 wlis konvencia da qalTa •
diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb 1979 wlis konvencia
miznad isaxaven moqalaqeobis SeZenis, Secvlis da SenarCunebisas qalisa
da mamakacisaTvis Tanabari uflebebis miniWebas. konvenciebis principebis
Sesabamisad, qmris moqalaqebrivi statusi ar iwvevs colis moqalaqeobis
avtomatur Secvlas, ar aqcevs mas moqalaqeobis armqone pirad da ar
aiZulebs mas qmris moqalaqeobis miRebas.
moqalaqeobis CamorTmeva an uari moqalaqeobaze
adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia adgens, rom dauSvebelia vin-
mesTvis moqalaqeobis iZulebiT CamorTmeva. 1961 wlis konvencia da evropuli
1997 wlis konvencia moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb mkacrad zRudavs saxelmwifoTa
iniciativas moqalaqeobis CamorTmevis Taobaze. moqalaqeobis amgvar dakargvas
Tan unda axldes sruli proceduruli garantiebi da ar unda gadaizardos
moqalaqeobis uqonlobaSi.
denacionalizacia maSin iCens Tavs, rodesac saxelmwifo moqalaqes arTmevs
moqalaqeobas, riTac axorcielebs diskriminaciul praqtikas. rasac, Cveu-
lebriv, qveynidan piris gaZeveba sdevs Tan.
am problemis Tavidan asacileblad:
saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi principis Tanaxmad, arcerT pirs ar •
CamoerTmeva moqalaqeoba, Tu es moqalaqeobis uqonlobas gamoiwvevs.
1961 wlis konvencia moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa raodenobis Semcirebaze •
am principTan dakavSirebiT iTvaliswinebs Semdeg gamonaklisebs:
_ mcdari meTodebiT an gayalbebis Sedegad miRebuli moqalaqeoba;
_ sazRvargareT cxovrebis gamo moqalqeobis dakargva (ixileT
zemoT);
_ qmedebebi, romlebic ar Seesabameba saxelmwifosadmi erTgulebis
valdebulebebs an mimarTulia sxva saxelmwifosaTvis samsaxuris ga-
sawevad, arRvevs specialur akrZalvas an pirovnuli damokidebulebiT
seriozul zians ayenebs saxelmwifos sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis in-
teresebs (mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es sakiTxebi miTiTebuli iyo
kanonSi konvenciis xelmoweris droisaTvis);
_ fici an formaluri gancxadeba sxva saxelmwifosadmi erTgulebaze,
an uari mocemul saxelmwifosadmi erTgulebaze (mxolod im SemTx-
vevaSi, Tu es sakiTxi miTiTebuli iyo kanonSi konvenciis xelmoweris
droisaTvis).
1961 wlis konvenciis wevri saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT CamoarTvan pirs mo-
qalaqeoba zemoT aRniSnuli mizezebis safuZvelze, Tu es konkretulad mi-
44
TiTebulia konvenciis xelmoweris, ratifikaciis an masTan SeerTebis dros,
an Tu kanonis Tanaxmad uzrunvelyofilia sruli proceduruli garantiebiT,
rogoricaa samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba. wevr saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia
pirs an pirTa jgufs CamoarTvas moqalaqeoba rasobrivi, eTnikuri, religiuri
da politikuri niSniT.
evropuli 1997 wlis konvencia moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kidev ufro zRudavs •
saxelmwifoTa uflebamosilebas, rodesac saqme pirebisaTvis moqalaqeo-
bis CamorTmevas Seexeba, Tu es iwvevs moqalaqeobis uqonlobas. am kon-
venciis Tanaxmad, moqalaqeobis CamorTmeva gamarTlebulia mxolod im
SemTxvevebSi, rodesac moqalaqeobis miReba ganxorcielda mcdari saSu-
alebebiT an gayalbebiT. Tumca, Tu moqalaqeobis CamorTmeva moqalaqeo-
bis uqonlobas ar iwvevs, saxelmwifos SeuZlia moqalaqeoba CamoarTvas
moqalaqes Semdegi mizezebis safuZvelze:
_ sxva qveynis moqalaqeobis nebayoflobiT miReba;
_ sxva qveynis samxedro ZalebSi nebayoflobiTi samsaxuri;
_ saxelmwifos arsebiTi interesebisTvis seriozuli zianis miyeneba;
_ mudmivad sazRvargareT mcxovrebi moqalaqis mocemul saxelmwifosTan
utyuari kavSiris ar aseboba;
_ erovnuli kanomdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli im winapirobebis Seus-
rulebloba, romlebsac saxelmwifos moqalaqeobis avtomatur miRe-
bamde mivyavarT (vrceldeba mxolod arasrulwlovanebze); an
_ Svilad ayvanili bavSvis mier erT-erTi an orive ucxo qveynis moqalaqe
mSvilebelis moqalaqeobis miReba an floba.
moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvisSemcirebis Sesaxeb 1961 wlis gaeros konvenciis
ZiriTadi debulebebi
moqalaqeobis miniWebis Sesaxeb (1-li, me-2, me-3 da me-4 muxlebi)
moqalaqeoba mieniWeba im pirs, vinc sxva SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeobis armqone
piri iqneboda da romelsac aqvs efeqturi kavSiri saxelmwifosTan dabadebiT
an warmoSobiT. moqalaqeoba eniWeba:
kanonis moqmedebiT, am saxelmwifos teritoriaze dabadebul pirs •
dabadebisTanave;
kanonis moqmedebiT dadgenil asakSi am saxelmwifos teritoriaze •
dabadebul pirs, erovnuli kanonmdeblobis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad;
am saxelmwifos teritoriaze dabadebuli piris mier ganacxadis wardgenis •
SemTxvevaSi (ganacxadis Setana SesaZlebelia, Tu arsebobs CamoTvlilidan
erT-erTi an erTze meti piroba: daculia ganacxadis wardgenisaTvis
dadgenili vadebi, dakmayofilebulia moTxovnebi sacxovrebeli
adgilis mimarT, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul garkveul sisxlis samarTlis
danaSaulebze nasamarTleobis uqonloba da/an mtkicebuleba imis
Taobaze, rom piri yovelTvis iyo moqalaqeobis armqone);
dabadebisTanave kanonier Svils, romlis dedasac aqvs im saxelmwifos •
moqalaqeoba, sadac daibada bavSvi;
45
memkvidreobiT, pirs, romelic ver miiRebs im wevr saxelmwifos •
moqalaqeobas, romlis teritoriazec is daibada, asakis an sacxovrebeli
adgilis mimarT wamoyenebuli moTxovnebis gamo (ganacxadis Setana
SesaZlebelia, Tu arsebobs CamoTvlilidan erT_erTi an erTze
meti piroba: daculia ganacxadis wardgenisaTvis dadgenili vadebi,
dakmayofilebulia moTxovnebi sacxovrebeli adgilis mimarT da/an
mtkicebuleba imis Taobaze, rom piri yovelTvis iyo moqalaqeobis
armqone);
wevr saxelmwifos teritoriaze napovn bavSvebs; •
moqmedi kanonis Tanaxmad, piris dabadebisTanave (dabadebis adgilis •
miuxedavad), Tu erT_erT mSobeli wevri saxelmwifos moqalaqe iyo
bavSvis dabadebis momentSi;
erovnuli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, im piris mier ganacxadis wardgenis •
SemTxvevaSi, romelic Tumca ar aris dabadebuli mocemuli saxelmwifos
teritoriaze, magram dabadebis droisaTvis misi erT_erTi mSobeli wevri
saxelmwifos moqalaqe iyo (ganacxadis Setana SesaZlebelia, Tu arsebobs
CamoTvlilidan erT_erTi an erTze meti piroba: daculia ganacxadis
wardgenisaTvis dadgenili vadebi, dakmayofilebulia moTxovnebi
sacxovrebeli adgilis mimarT, erovnuli usafrTxoebis winaaRmdeg
mimarTul danaSaulze nasamarTleobis uqonloba da/an mtkicebuleba
imis Taobaze, rom piri yovelTvis iyo moqalaqeobis armqone).
moqalaqeobis dakargvisa da moqalaqeobaze uaris Tqmis Taobaze
(me-5, me-6 da me-7 muxlebi)
moqalaqeobis dakargva an masze uaris Tqma unda efuZnebodes an sxva qveynis
moqalaqeobis flobas, an sxva qveynis moqalaqeobis miRebis garantias.
gamonaklisis daSveba SesaZlebelia mxolod naturalizirebuli piris
SemTxvevaSi, romelic miuxedavad imisa, rom icis yvela formaluri
procedurisa da droSi SezRudvis Sesaxeb, cxovrobs sazRvargareT
wlebis manZilze da ar gamoxatavs moqalaqeobis SenarCunebis survils. am
SemTxvevaSi naturalizirebuli piri gaxlavT is, vinc miiRo moqalaqeoba
monawile saxelmwifosadmi ganacxadis wardgenis safuZvelze da am
saxelmwifos SeeZlo uari eTqva ganacxadis dakmayofilebaze. moqalaqeobis
dakargva SesaZloa ganxorcieldes mxolod kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad,
rasac Tan axlavs sruli procesualuri garantiebi, rogoricaa
samarTliani sasamarTlos an sxva damoukidebeli organos mier saqmis
ganxilvis ufleba.
moqalaqeobis CamorTmeva (me-8 da me-9 muxlebi)
arcerT pirs ar CamoerTmeva moqalaqeoba, Tu es moqalaqeobis uqonlobas
warmoSobs, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac:
moqalaqeoba miRebulia mcdari meTodebiT an gayalbebis Sedegad;•
pirs Cadenili aqvs qmedebebi, romlebic ar Seesabameba erTgulebis •
valdebulebebs an pirovnuli damokidebulebiT seriozul zians
ayenebs saxelmwifos sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis interesebs (mxolod
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es sakiTxebi miTiTebuli iyo kanonebSi konvenciaze
xelmoweris dros); an
pirs dadebuli aqvs fici an Sevsebuli aqvs formaluri deklaracia •
46
sxva saxelmwifosadmi erTgulebaze, an uari aqvs naTqvami monawile
saxelmwifos erTgulebaze.
naturalizirebuli piri, romelsac dakarguli aqvs faqtobrivi kavSiri •
monawile saxelmwifosTan da Setyobinebis miuxedavad, ver SeZlo
gamoexata moqalaqeobis SenarCunebis survili.
konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT CamoarTvan pirs moqalaqeoba
zemoT aRniSnuli mizezebis safuZvelze, Tu es konkretulad miTiTebulia
konvenciaze xelmoweris, ratifikaciis an masTan SeerTebis dros an Tu
kanonis Tanaxmad miniWebulia sruli proceduruli garantiebi, rogoricaa
samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba. monawile saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia pirs
an pirTa jgufs CamoarTvas moqalaqeoba rasobrivi, eTnikuri, religiuri
da politikuri niSniT.
teritoriis daTmobaze (muxli me-10)
xelSekrulebebma unda uzrunvelyon, rom ar warmoiSvas moqalaqeobis
uqonloba teritoriis daTmobis mizeziT. xelmowerili xelSekrulebis
ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi saxelmwifo(ebi) moqalaqeobas aZlevs im
pirebs, romlebic sxva SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi iqnebodnen
teritoriis daTmobis an miRebis Sedegad.
saerTaSoriso saagentoze (muxli me-11)
konvencia mouwodebs gaeros farglebSi iseTi organos daarsebisken, romelsac
ganacxadiT mimarTavs is piri, romelic sakuTar Tavs uflebamosilad miiCnevs
miiRos konvenciiT gaTvaliswinebuli SeRavaTebi da daxmareba. aRniSnulma
organom
Semdgom es ganacxadeba unda gadasces gansaxilvelad xelisuflebis Sesabamis
organoebs. generalurma asambleam es pasuxismgebloba gluks daakisra.
davebis mogvareba (muxli me-14)
monawile saxelmwifoebs Soris konvenciis interpretaciasa da cxovrebaSi
gatarebasTan dakavSirebiT wamoWrili davebi, romelTa gadaWrac ver
moxerxda sxva saSualebebiT, gaegzavneba saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos davis
monawile romelime mxaris moTxovnis safuZvelze.
saboloo aqti
saboloo aqti iZleva rekomendacias, rom de faqto moqalaqeobis armqone
pirebze SeZlebisdagvarad gavrceldes igive uflebebi, romlebic vrceldeba
de iure moqalaqeobis armqone pirebze, raTa saSualeba mieceT maT, miiRon
faqtobrivi moqalaqeoba.
47
Tavi 4
glukis roli
gluki moqalaqeobis arqonasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi 1950 wlidan, anu
funqcionirebis dawyebisTanave CaerTo. organizacias gaerosgan miniWebuli
aqvs uflebamosileba, daicvas ltolvilebi da daexmaros maT problemebis
gadaWraSi. bevri ltolvili, romelTac aRniSnuli organizacia wlebis man-
Zilze uwevda daxmarebas, moqalaqeobis armqone piri gaxldaT. marTlac, bolo
ramdenime aTwleulis manZilze axlo kavSiri damyarda saxelmwifo dacvis
dakargvas an masze uarsa da moqalaqeobis dakargvas an masze uars Soris. axla
ukve zogadad gasagebia, rom moqmedi moqalaqeobis floba da im uflebebiT
sargeblobis SesaZlebloba, rac moqalaqeobaSi igulisxmeba, exmareba pirs
iZulebiTi gadasaxlebis Tavidan acilebaSi.
rogor CaerTo gluki moqalaqeobis uqonlobis sakiTxebSi?
wlebis manZilze glukis roli moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis Semcire-
bisa da maTTvis daxmarebis aRmoCenis saqmeSi organizaciis gafarToebasTan
erTad kidev ufro gaizarda. moqalaqeobis uqonlobis sferoSi glukis
saqmianoba xorcieldeba saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis, gaeros generaluri
asambleis rezoluciebisa da organizaciis mrCevelTa organos - umaRlesi
komisris programis aRmasrulebeli komitetis (ExCom) rekomendaciebis
safuZvelze.
ar arsebobs dadgenileba pasuxismgebeli organos Seqmnis Sesaxeb, romelic
uzrunvelyofda moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis Sesaxeb 1954 wlis
konvenciis implementaciaze meTvalyureobas. Tumca, moqalaqeobis armqone
pirTa ricxvis Semcirebis Sesaxeb 1961 wlis konvenciis me-11 muxli moiTxovs
Seiqmnas „organo, romelsac SeuZlia mimarTos pirma, romelic iTxovs am
konvenciis safuZvelze raime upiratesobiT sargeblobas, raTa am organom
gadasinjos misi moTxovna an aRmouCinos daxmareba misi xelisuflebis Sesa-
bamisi organoSi wardgenis saSualebiT“. rodesac 1975 wels konvencia Sevida
ZalaSi, gaeros generalurma asambleam gluks daakisra aRniSnuli organos
roli. organizaciis pasuxismgebloba kidev ufro gamyarda mogvianebiT
miRebuli rezoluciebiT.
1995 wels umaRlesi komisris programis aRmasrulebelma komitetma yov-
lismomcveli direqtivebi miiRo moqalaqeobis uqonlobasTan dakavSirebul
sakiTxebze: daskvna moqalaqeobis uqonlobis Tavidan acilebis da aRmofx-
vris da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa dacvis Sesaxeb (daskvna # 78). (aRmas-
rulebeli komiteti Sedgeba sxvadasxva qveynis warmomadgenlebisagan _ 2006
wlis 25 seqtembrisTvis arsebuli monacemebiT 70 wevri qveyanaa _ romelsac
irCevs ECOSOC-i am saxelmwifoebis mier ltolvilTa problemebis mogva-
rebis mimarT gamoCenili interesis safuZvelze. aRmasrulebeli komitetis
1995 wlis daskvna moqalaqeobis arqonis Sesaxeb „mouwodebs gluks, kvlavac
gaagrZelos muSaoba moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa inetersebis dasacavad“ da
“TxovniT mimarTavs gluks, moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis Sesaxeb
1954 wlis da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa raodenobis Semcirebis Sesaxeb
48
1961 wlis konvenciebTan SeerTebas Seuwyos xeli.” aRmasrulebeli komite-
tis rezolucia aseve sTxovs gluks, „aqtiurad Seuwyos xeli moqalaqeobis
uqonlobis Tavidan acilebasa da aRmofxvras informaciis gavrcelebiT da
aseve TanamSromelTa da mTavrobis warmomadgeneli oficialuri pirebisaT-
vis treiningebis CatarebiT; da aseve sxva dainteresebul organizaciebTan
TanamSromlobis gaRrmavebiT“.
1996 wels gaeros generalurma asambleam miiRo rezolucia (A/RES/50/152), romelic aseve mouwodebs umaRles komisars, kvlavac gaagrZelos saqmianoba
moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa sasargeblod da aqtiuri popularizacia gauwios
1954 da 1961 wlebis konvenciebTan SeerTebasa da implementacias.
rezolucia aseve avalebs gluk-s, `uzrunvelyos dainteresebuli saxelmwi-
foebi Sesabamisi teqnikuri da sakonsultacio momsaxurebiT, rac dakavSire-
buli iqneba erovnuli kanonmdeblobis momzadebasa da danergvasTan.~
imave rezoluciaSi generaluri asamblea „mouwodebs saxelmwifoebs, mo-
qalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis Semcirebis mizniT, miiRon moqalaqeobis
Sesaxeb iseTi kanonmdebloba, romelic SesabamisobaSi iqneba saerTaSoriso
samarTlis ZiriTad principebTan, kerZod, ar dauSvebs moqalaqeobis ukanono
CamorTmevasa da iseTi pirobebis Seqmnas, rodesac pirs miecema moqalaqeobaze
uaris Tqmis ufleba, maSin rodesac, mas jer ar eqneba sxva saxelmwifos
moqalaqeoba. kanonmdebloba imavdroulad unda aRiarebdes saxelmwifos
uflebas, daadginos kanonebi moqalaqeobis miRebis, masze uaris Tqmisa da
moqalaqeobis dakargvis regulirebis Sesaxeb.“
samarTlebrivi dacvis programaSi, romelic daamtkica glukis aRmasrulebel-
ma komitetma (daskvna # 92 [LIII] a) da 2002 wels moiwona generalurma asambleam,
moqalaqeobis uqonloba aRiarebulia gadasaxlebisa da ltolvilTa nakadebis
warmoSobis erT-erT umTavres mizezad. samarTlebrivi dacvis programa _
saerTaSoriso dacvis Sesaxeb glukis msoflio konsultaciebis kulminacia _
Sedgeba miRwevebis, miznebisa da qmedebaTa CamonaTvalisgan, romelic kidev
ufro aZlierebs ltolvilTa saerTaSoriso dacvas. igi aRwers saxelmwifoe-
bis, mTavrobaTaSorisi organizaciebis, arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa da
ltolvilebis interesebisa da rekomendaciebis farTo speqtrs da asrulebs
saxelmZRvanelo rols konkretuli qmedebisaTvis. moqalaqeobis uqonlobis
sakiTxebis mogvareba aRiarebulia iZulebiTi gadaadgilebis Tavidan acilebis
da moqalaqeobis uflebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebad.
metismetad didi iyo raodenoba moqalaqeobis armqone pirebisa, romelTa
saqmeebi wlebis manZilze mougvarebeli rCeboda. amiT SeSfoTebulma aRmas-
rulebelma komitetma 2004 wels mouwoda gluks, ufro aqtiurad emuSava
Sesabamis saxelmwifoebTan, raTa arsebuli viTarebidan gamosavali epovnaT.
aRmasrulebelma komitetma aseve daadastura glukis mier saxelmwifoebisaT-
vis teqnikuri da qmediTi daxmarebis aRmoCenis saWiroeba.
bolo xanebSi adamianis uflebebisa da moqalaqeobis iZulebiTi CamorTmevis
Sesaxeb 2005 wlis rezoluciaSi (E/CN.4/2005/L.58) gaeros adamianis uflebaTa
komisiam mouwoda gluks, kvlavac gaegrZelebina informaciis Segroveba am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da moegvarebina moqalaqeobis iZulebiTi CamorT-
mevis problema rogorc sakuTar angariSebSi, aseve am sferoSi mimdinare
saqmianobaSi.
49
ras akeTebs gluki moqalaqeobis uqonlobis problemasTan
dakavSirebiT?
gluki daxmarebas uwevs mTavrobebs moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis
Sedgenasa da danergvaSi da aseve atarebs treiningebs mTavrobis wrmomad-
geneli oficialuri pirebisaTvis. 2003 _ 2005 wlebSi glukma imuSava 40-ze
met saxelmwifosTan da daexmara maT moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb axali kanonebis
SemuSavebasa da Zveli kanomdeblobis gadaxedvaSi. glukma SesTavaza sakuTari
komentarebi erovnuli kanonmdeblobis Sesaxeb sakonstitucio debulebebTan
dakavSirebiT im saxelmwifoebs, romlebSic mosaxleobis didi nawili an mo-
qalaqeobis armqone piria an maTi moqalaqeoba gaurkvevelia.
gluki muSaobs parlamentebTan, raTa darwmunebuli iyos, rom moqalaqeobis
Sesaxeb kanonmdebloba ar gamoiwvevs xalxTa gadaadgilebas da ar Seicavs
debulebebs, romelTac SesaZloa moqalaqeobis uqonloba warmoSvan (ixileT
me-4 danarTi, romelSic mocemulia glukis ofisebis misamarTebi msoflio
masStabiT).
rogorc dagegmili iyo samarTlebrivi dacvis programaSi, glukma Caatara
pirveli globaluri kvleva gaeros wevri saxelmwifoebis mier moqalaqeobis
arqonis Sesamcirebisa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirebis dacvasTan dakav-
Sirebuli saWiroebebis dasakmayofileblad gadadgmuli nabijebis Sesaxeb.
gairkva, rom msoflios arc erTi regioni ar aris Tavisufali moqalaqeobis
arqonis problemisagan da rom kvlav aRiniSneba seriozuli sakanonmdeblo
da politikuri darRvevebi, rogorc saerTaSoriso, ise erovnul doneze.
74 saxelmwifos mier mowodebuli pasuxebis analizis safuZvelze glukma
SeimuSava rekomendaciaTa srulyofili paketi.
gluki mxars uWerda moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebul kampaniebs, rodesac
saxelmwifoebi uflebas aZlevdnen moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs, mieRoT im
qveynis moqalaqeoba, sadac isini did xniT mudmivad cxovrobdnen.
gluki uSualod exmareba moqalaqeobis armqone pirebsa da pirTa jgufebs
Sesabamis qveynebTan konsultaciebiT. organizacia mouwodebs saxelmwifoebs
gansazRvron Sesabamisi piris samarTlebrivi statusi da aseve xels uwyobs
kanonieri kavSirebis aRiarebas pirisa da saxelmwifos Soris, im SemTxvevebSi,
rodesac piri sxva SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeobis armqone iqneba.
moqalaqeobis statusis dadgenis molodinSi moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs
ufleba aqvT isargeblon minimaluri uflebebiT qveynebSi, sadac isini cx-
ovroben. gluki mxars uWers moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis Sesaxeb
1954 wlis konvenciis danergvas, romelic uzrunvelyofs minimalur ufleba-
movaleobaTa pakets moqalaqeobis armqone pirebisaTvis da aseve exmareba
saxelmwifoebs moqalaqeobis armqone pirebis dacvisa da daxmarebis pro-
gramebis ganxorcielebaSi saWiroebidan da resursebis xelmisawvdomobidan
gamomdinare.
sxva romeli organizaciebi muSaoben glukTan erTad
moqalaqeobis uqonlobasTan dakavSirebuli problebemis
mosagvareblad?
gaeros ZiriTadi saagentoebi, romlebic glukTan TanamSromloben moqalaqeo-
bis uqonlobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvarebis saqmeSi, gaxlavT:
50
adamianis uflebaTa umaRlesi komisris samsaxuri, gaeros bavSvTa dacvis
fondi (UNICEF) da gaeros qalTa fondi (UNIFEM). moqalaqeobis uqonlobis
gaWianurebuli problemebis mosagvareblad gluki aseve periodulad muSaobs
Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciasTan (ILO), gaeros ganviTarebis fondTan
(UNDP), msoflio sasursaTo programasTan (WFP) da saerTo ZalebiT axor-
cieleben dasaxlebis, ganaTlebis an saSemosavlo programebs, raTa daxmareba
gauwion sazogadoebis izolirebuli wevrebis integracias an reintegracias
adgilobriv sazogadoebaSi.
gaeros zemoxsenebul organizaciaTa garda, gluki mWidrod TanamSromlobs
gaeros Sesabamisi organoebis meqanizmebTan, romlebic uzrunvelyofen mo-
qalaqeobais uflebas. maT Soris arian adamianis uflebis, bavSvTa uflebebis,
rasobrivi diskriminaciis aRmofxvrisa da qalTa diskriminaciis aRmofxvris
komitetebi.
gluki TanamSromlobs regionul organoebTan, rogorebicaa evrosabWo, ev-
ropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia, amerikis saxelmwifoTa
organizacia, afrikis kavSiri, arabeTis qveynebis liga, islamuri konferenciis
organizacia. gluki monawileobas iRebs evrosabWos komitetSi moqalaqeobis
sakiTxebze, romelic amuSavebs standartebis damwesebel iseT instrumentebs,
rogorebicaa evropuli konvencia moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb da oqmis proeqti
saxelmwifoTa samarTalmemkvidreobasTan dakavSirebiT moqalaqeobis uqon-
lobis Tavidan asacileblad.
arasamTavrobo organizaciebi mWidrod TanamSromloben glukTan am sferoSi,
rogorc glukis programebisa da misi saqmianobas ganviTarebis mxardamWerebi.
2005 wels glukma xeli moawera qve-SeTanxmebebs 770 partniorTan, aqedan
578 arasamTavrobo organizaciaa, romlebic 424 erovnul arasamTavrobo
organizacias Seicaven.
gluki mWidrod TanamSromlobs saparlamentTaSoriso kavSirTan (IPU), raTa
aamaRlos parlametarTa informirebulobis done moqalaqeobis uqonlobasTan
dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso normebis Taobaze, gaacnos maT arsebul rekomen-
daciaTa simravle da is saukeTeso praqtika, riTac SesaZlebelia moqalaqeobis
uqonlobis Tavidan acileba. organizacia mouwodebs parlamentarebs, miiRon
kanonmdebloba moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, rac xels Seuwyobs moqalaqeobis uqon-
lobis aRmofxvrasa da uzrunvelyofs moqalaqeobis uflebas moqalaqeoba-
CamorTmeuli pirebisaTvis; amasTan, daexmareba imis uzrunvelyofaSi, rom
xelSekrulebebi, romlebic mravalmoqalaqeobas Seexeba, uneblieT ar aRmoC-
ndes moqalaqeobis uqonlobis mizezi.
warmatebuli gamocdileba: Sri lanka
msoflioSi cnobili Sri lankis Cais mwarmoebelTa umetesi nawili induri
warmoSobisaa. isini oficialurad iwodebian, rogorc „axali induri
warmoSobis Tamilebi“ an, rogorc maT Cveulebriv moixsenieben, „qveynisSida
Tamilebi“ _ es muSaxeli ceilonze britanuli administraciis mier
indoeTidan Camoyvanili pirebis STamomavalni arian. britanelebi kunZuls
1815_1984 wlebSi marTavdnen. 1948 wlidan Sri lankam damoukidebloba
moipova. 1948 wlamde sxvadasxva indo_Srilankurma SeTanxmebebma gansazRvres
am muSaxelis samarTlebrivi statusi. zogierT qveynisSida Tamils mieniWa
erTi an meore saxelmwifos moqalaqeoba kanonis an ormxrivi SeTanxmebebis
safuZvelze. Tumca bevri mainc moqalaqeobis gareSe rCeboda da, aqedan
51
gamomdinare, ar gaaCnda ZiriTadi uflebebi; zogierT maTgans Sri lankis
an indoeTis moqalaqeobis miRebis procesSi monawileobis miRebis uflebac
ki ar hqonda.
1982 wels indoeTis mTavrobam Sri lankis mTavrobas acnoba, rom vadis gasvlis
gamo mas aRar miaCnda moqmedad is xelSekrulebebi, romlebic qveynis Sida
TamilebTan dakavSirebiT iyo dadebuli. amis Sedegad, am droidan nebismier
moqalaqeobis armqone Tamils aRar hqonda saSualeba mieRo moqalaqeoba.
ceilonis muSaTa kongresi, profkavSiri da politikuri partia wlebis
manZilze icavda qveynisSida Tamilebis uflebebs. pasuxad Sri lankis
parlamentma SeimuSava da 2003 wels erTxmad daamtkica „induri warmoSobis
pirebisaTvis moqalaqeobis miniWebis aqti“. aqti avtomaturad aniWebs
moqalaqeobas induri warmoSobis nebismier pirs, romelic:
_ 1964 wlis 30 oqtombridan Sri lankis mudmiv macxovrebelia an
_ cxovrobs Sri lankaSi da aris 1964 wlis 30 oqtombridan Sri lankaSi
mudmivad mcxovrebi piris memkvidre.
aqtis miRebis Semdeg generaluri komisris samsaxurma, glukma da ceilonis
muSaTa kongresma daiwyes informaciis gavrceleba axali kanonmdeblobis
Sesaxeb. Tamilurma, inglisurma da sinhalurma mediis saSualebebma araerTxel
gaavrcela informacia sagazeTo statiebis, radiogadacemebis da televiziis
saSualebiT kanomdeblobasTan dakavSirebiT da aseve imis Sesaxeb, Tu sad da
rogor unda moxdes moqalaqeobaze ganacxadebis Setana.
Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosa da imigraciis departamentis kontrolis
palatis mier Sedgenili administraciuli procedurebi martivia, lakoniuri
da samarTliani. moqalaqeobis armqone pirebisTvis dadginda ori sxvadasxva
tipis procedura:
_ de faqto moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs, romelnic indoeTis 1982
wlis deklaraciis Semdeg vadagasul Cveulebriv indur pasportebs
floben, sTxoven gamoxaton sakuTari survili Sri lankis moqalaqeobis
nebayoflobiT miRebis Sesaxeb. amas, rogorc wesi, ojaxis Tavi wyvets.
am survilis gamomxatveli dokumenti saimigracio samsaxurma ormagi
xelmoweriT unda daadasturos. dasturis SemTxvevaSi ojaxis yvela wevrs
eniWeba moqalaqeoba.
_ de iure moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs ar moeTxovebaT werilobiTi
gancxadebis wardgena, Tumca maT mouwodeben xeli moaweron specialur
gancxadebas, romlis ZaliTac, xelisuflebis warmomadgenlis mier
xelmoweris Semdeg, gaadvildeba piradobis damadasturebeli dokumentebis
miReba.
orive procedura ufasoa da gancxadebis wardgenisTvis raime SemzRudveli
vada ar arsebobs.
2003 wlis dekemberSi glukma da ceilonis muSaTa kongresma moawyves
erTdRiani seminari 500 moxalisisaTvis. maT SemdgomSi imuSaves 50 moZrav
centrSi, romlebmac moicves Cais plantaciiis regioni, sadac moqalaqeobis
armqone pirebma Semoitanes ganacxadebi moqalaqeobaze. moxaliseebs CautardaT
treningi moqalaqeobis uqonlobis Sesaxeb arsebul ZiriTad faqtebze, 1948
wlis Semdeg gamocemul Sesabamis kanonebze, aseve axal kanonmdeblobasa da
misi sargeblianobis kriteriumebze.
2003 wlis dekemberSi 10 dRis manZilze Rebulobda ganacxadebs moqalaqeobaze
mobilur centrebSi myofi personali. glukma daafinansa kampania da
TviTon meTvalyureobda mimdinare process, raTa darwmunebuliyo,
52
rom ganmcxadeblebi informirebulebi arian da gadawyvetileba miiRes
nebayoflobiT. im Tvis bolos 190 000 ojaxis ufrosma miiRo Sri lankis
moqalaqeoba. aqedan 80 000 manamde flobda indur pasports, danarCenebi ki
de iure moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi iyvnen.
2004 wlis ivlisSi moewyo meore, SedarebiT patara kampania qveynis
Crdilo_aRmosav leTSi. amjerad 2 000-ze metma moqalaqeobis armqone pirma
Seitana ganacxadi da miiRo moqalaqeoba. mas Semdeg qveynisSida TamilTa mx-
olod mcire raodenobam moaxerxa moqalaqeobaze ganacxadis gakeTeba raionSi
mTavrobis adgilobrivi warmomadgenlis, an dedaqalaq kolomboSi mdebare
sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis, kanonierebisa da wesrigis saministros samo-
qalaqo ganyofilebis meSveobiT.
vin afinansebs glukis saqmiaobas?
gluki gaeros erT-erTi im iSviaT saagentoTagania, romelic Tavisi saqmianobis
dasafinanseblad mTlianad efuZneba nebayoflobiT Semowirulobebs. glukis
wliuri biujetis daaxloebiT 2 procenti modis gaeros regularul biujetSi
Sesul Semowirulobebze. danarCeni ki mTavrobebis, calkeuli pirebis da
kerZo seqtoris mier nebayoflobiT Semowirulobebze.
2006 wlis dasawyisSi 20,8 milioni adamiani imyofeboda glukis mzrunvelobis
qveS da misi biujeti am wels 1,4 miliard aSS dolars Seadgenda.
1990-2005 wlebSi glukma sakuTari dafinansebis 88% miiRo 10 samTavrobo
donorisagan. 2005 wels mas kerZo seqtoridan Caericxa 30,2 milion aSS
dolarze meti, ZiriTadad evropidan, avstraliidan, iaponiasa da aSS-dan.
arasamTavrobo organizaciebsac SeaqvT TavianTi wvlili glukis wliuri
biujetis SevsebaSi, glukis zogierTi programebis mxardasaWeri sajaro
mimarTvebis meSveobiT. ukanasknel wlebSi gaizarda Semowirulobebi kerZo
seqtoridan da arasamTavrobo organizaciebidan. SeTanxmebuli Zalisxmevis
Sedegad amaRlda sazogadoebis cnobierebia done radios, televiziis, presisa
da mediis sxva saSualebebiT.
53
Tavi 5
rogor SeuZliaT parlamentarebs daxmareba
parlamentarebs TavianTi mdgomareobis gamo gansakuTrebuli SesaZlebloba
gaaCniaT, xeli Seuwyon moqalaqeobis uqonlobis SemTxvevebis Semcirebas
da imis uzrunvelyofas, rom moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi, saerTaSoriso
kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad, sargeblobdnen maTTvis miniWebuli uflebebiTa
da asrulebdnen TavianT movaleobebs. amis gakeTeba SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva
gziT: moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis gadaxedvisa da imis uzrunvely-
ofiT, rom igi Seesabamebodes saerTaSoriso standartebs; aseve moqalaqeobis
armqone pirebis Sesaxeb 1954 da 1961 wlebis konvenciebTan SeerTebiT, mo-
qalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis Semcirebisa da aRmofxvris mcdelobiT da
moqalaqeobis armqone pirebTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mogvarebiT.
ra unda gaiTvaliswinon parlamentarebma moqalaqeobis
uqonlobis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis ganxilvisas?
gadaxedon Sesabamis saerTaSoriso an regionul xelSekrulebebs, romelTa •
wevric aris saxelmwifo. gadaxedon im xelSekrulebebs, konvenciebsa da
deklaraciebs, romelsac saxelmwifo iyenebs erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi.
es daexmareba maT adgilobrivi kanonmdeblobis interpretaciaSi.
vinaidan bevri saxelmwifo moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebul debulebebs •
nergavs sxvadasxva samarTlebriv dokumentSi, gadaxedon konstitucias,
moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebul kanonmdeblobas, gankargulebebsa da
erovnuli kanonmdeblobis wyaroebs, ramac SesaZloa naTeli mohfinos
saxelmwifos kanomdeblobas da kanonmdeblobis interpretacias.
gadaxedon ormxriv da mravalmxriv xelSekrulebebs, romlebic miRebul •
iqna saxelmwifoTa samarTalmemkvidreobis SemTxvevebSi.
Sida kanonmdeblobis gadaxedvisas gansazRvron, uzrunvelyofs Tu ara •
saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis zomebis miRebas da sistematur gamoyenebas
moqalaqeobis uqonlobis warmoSobis, moqalaqeobis CamorTmevis, masze
uaris Tqmisa da dakargvis saSiSroebis Tavidan asacileblad.
erovnuli kanonmdeblobis gadaxedvisas, SeecadeT pasuxi gasceT Semdgeg
SekiTxvebs:
moqalaqeobis SeZenis Sesaxeb
SeuZliaT Tu ara bavSvebs miiRon dedis moqalaqeoba, gansakuTrebiT •
im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mamas ar gaaCnia moqalaqeoba an Tu is ar aris
warmodgenili?
ra adimistraciuli procedura arsebobs dabadebis registrirebisaTvis? •
gamoiyeneba Tu ara praqtikaSi? uzrunvelyofs Tu ara saxelmwifos kanon-
mdebloba moqalaqeobaze moqalaqeobis miRebis SesaZleblobas saxelm-
wifos teritoriaze dabadebuli pirebisaTvis, romebic sxva SemTxvevaSi
54
moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi iqnebodnen?
exeba Tu ara diskriminaciis akrZalvis principi moqalaqeobis wesebs?•
samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifos Seqnis SemTxvevaSi, miiReba Tu ara mxed-•
velobaSi utyuari da efeqturi kavSiri pirsa da saxelmwifos Soris,
piris mudmivi sacxovrebeli adgili samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifos
warmoSobis dros, piris neba-survili, piris teritoriuli warmoSoba
winamorbedi saxelmwifos moqalaqisaTvis moqalaqeobis miniWebis Taobaze
gadawyvetilebis miRebisas?
moqalaqeobis dakargvis Sesaxeb
uzrunvelyofs Tu ara qorwinebis an sxva mizeziT socialuri statusis •
SecvlasTan dakavSirebuli debulebebi moqalaqeobis uqonlobis Tavidan
acilebis garantias?
rogor xdeba moqalaqeobis dakargva? SesaZlebelia Tu ara moqalaqeobis •
uqonlobis winaswar ganWvreta?
efuZneba Tu ara moqalaqeobze uari sxva qveynis moqalaqeobis miRebas •
an miRebis garantias?
ucxo qveyanaSi naturalizaciaze ganacxadis Setana cvlis Tu ara piris •
moqalaqebriv statuss im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aRniSnul pirs ar aqvs garan-
tirebuli sxva qveynis moqalaqeobis miReba?
im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac mosalodnelia moqalaqeobis CamorTmeva, naT-•
ladaa Tu ara gansazRvruli moqalaqeobis CamorTmevis mizezebi? arsebobs
Tu ara proceduruli garantiebi?
moqalaqeobis aRdgenis Sesaxeb
aris Tu ara moqalaqeobis aRdgena gaadvilebuli saxelmwifos terito-•
riaze kanonierad da mudmivad mcxovrebi yofili moqalaqeebisaTvis?
SesaZlebelia Tu ara moqalaqeobis aRdgena im pirisaTvis, romelmac da-•
karga moqalaqeoba qorwinebis an sxva mizeziT statusis Secvlis gamo? am
SemTxvevaSi moxdeba Tu ara moqalaqeobis aRdgena avtomaturad Tu unda
moxdes ganacxadis gakeTeba moqalaqeobis uqonlobis periodSi? arsebobs
Tu ara proceduruli garantiebi?
naturalizaciis Sesaxeb
Tu ucxoeli ganacxads akeTebs naturalizaciaze, moeTxoveba Tu ara mas •
yofil moqalaqeobaze formaluri uaris Tqmis damtkiceba? Tu sakmarisia
garantia imisa, rom igi gaTavisufldeba yofili moqalaqeobisagan axali
moqalaqeobis miRebisTanave?
naTladaa Tu ara gansazRvruli naturalizaciis procesi da natural-•
izaciisaTvis savaldebulo moTxovnebi?
arsebobs Tu ara administraciuli praqtika - magaliTad, gaWianurebuli •
55
procedurebi, gadaWarbebuli gadasaxadebi, iseTi dokumentebis moTxovna,
romelTa wardgenac ganmcxadebels ar SeuZlia da/an ganmcxadeblisaT-
vis araxelsayreladaa SezRuduli vadebi _ rac SeiZleba moqalaqeobis
uqonlobis mizezad iqces?
ratom unda SeuerTdnen saxelmwifoebi moqalaqeobis armqone
pirTa statusis Sesaxeb 1954 wlis da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa
ricxvis Semcirebis Sesaxeb 1961 wlis konvenciebs ?
moqalaqeobis armqone pirebis Sesaxeb 1954 da 1961 wlebis konvenciebTan
SeerTeba erovnul doneze:
aZlierebs adamianis uflebaTa da pirovnebis Rirsebis dacvas;•
naTelyofs utyuari da efeqturi kavSiris aRiarebas pirovnebebsa da •
saxelmwifos Soris;
moqalaqeobis uqonlobis SemTxvevaSi aumjobesebs stabilurobis SegrZne-•
bas da maTi statusis iuridiul dadasturebas;
xelmisawvdoms xdis erovnul dacvas pirebisTvis rogorc movaleobebis •
dakisrebis, aseve uflebebis miniWebis mxriv; da
xels uwyobs erovnul erTianobas da stabilurobas.•
moqalaqeobis armqone pirebTan dakavSirebuli 1954 da 1961 wlebis konven-
ciebTan SeerTeba saerTaSoriso doneze
naTlad gamoxatavs saerTaSoriso sazogadoebasTan TanamSromlobis •
survils moqalaqeobis armqone pirebis ricxvis Semcirebisa da aRmofx-
vris sakiTxSi.
aZlierebs saerTaSoriso akrZalvebs individualuri an masobrivi gaZeve-•
bis winaaRmdeg.
aumjobesebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebsa da stabilurobas. •
naTlad gamoxatavs valdebulebas adamianis uflebaTa da humanitaruli •
standartebis dacvis mimarT.
xels uwyobs xalxis gadaadgilebis Tavidan acilebas, misi gamomwvevi •
mizezebis aRmofxvris gziT.
xels uwyobs saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganviTarebas, romelic exeba mo-•
qalaqeobis miRebas da moqmedi moqalaqeobis SenarCunebas
daxmarebas uwevs gluks• moaxdinos saerTaSoriso daxmarebis mobilizeba
konvenciebis debulebebis dasacavad; da
xels uwyobs moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebuli davebis mogvarebas.•
rogor uerTdeba saxelmwifo konvencias?
saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT SeuerTdnen 1954 da 1961 wlebis konvenciebs nebi-
smier dros gaeros generalur mdivanTan SeerTebis dokumentis wardgeniT.
SeerTebis dokumenti xelmowerili unda iyos saxelmwifos an mTavrobis
meTauris an sagareo saqmeTa ministris mier, xolo Semdeg qveynis warmomad-
56
genlis saSualebiT gadaigzavnos gaeros saTao ofisSi niu iorkSi. (SeerTebis
dokumentis nimuSebi mocemulia me-3 danarTSi).
SeuZlia Tu ara saxelmwifos gaakeTos daTqma konvenciaze?
gansakuTrebuli pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic SesaZlebelia gavr-
celdes calkeul saxelmwifoebze ratificirebis an SeerTebis dros, monawile
saxelmwifoebs konvenciebiT miniWebuli aqvT ufleba konvenciebSi Semaval rig
debulebebze gaakeTon daTqmebi, garda im debulebebisa, romlebic pirveli
wevri saxelmwifoebis mier miiCneva fundamenturad:
moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis Sesaxeb 1954 wlis konvencia: daTqmebi
dauSvebelia Semdeg muxlebze: 1-li (gansazRvreba/gamomricxavi pirobebi), me-3
(diskriminaciis akrZalva), me-4 (religiis Tavisufleba), me-16 (1) (sasamarTlos
ufleba) da 33-edan 42-e muxlebamde (daskvniTi debulebebi).
moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa raodenobis Semcirebis Sesaxeb 1961 wlis
konvencia: daTqmebi dasaSvebia mxolod Semdeg muxlebze: me-11 (saagento),
me-14 (saerTaSoriso sasamarTlosadmi mimarTva davebis gadasawyvetad), an
me-15 (teritoriebi, romelTa mimarTac valdebuleba akisria xelSemkvrel
saxelmwifos).
TiToeuli konvenciisaTvis dasaSvebia mxolod SezRuduli raodenobis
daTqmebis gakeTeba.
rogor uzrunvelyofen parlamentarebi konvenciebis efeqtur
danergvas?
unda Seicvalos an miRebul iqnas axali erovnuli sakanonmdeblo baza, raTa
moxdes orive konvenciis debulebebis efeqturi danergva. calkeuli saxelm-
wifos samarTlebrivi tradiciebisa da resursebis saerTaSoriso valdeb-
ulebebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, gluks SeuZlia
saxelmwifoebs SesTavazos Tavisi eqspertebis rCevebi.
ra praqtikuli nabijebis gadadgma SeuZliaT parlamentarebs,
raTa waaxalison mTavrobebi, SeuerTdnen konvenciebs?
unda dadgindes, aris Tu ara saxelmwifo erT_erTi an orive konvenciis •
wevri.
Tu saxelmwifo jer ar SeerTebia am konvenciebs, saWiroa mTavrobisadmi •
werilobiTi an zepiri mimarTvis sakiTxis ganxilva an kerZo iniciativiT
SemuSavdes kanonproeqti.
Tu parlaments gonivrul vadaSi waredgina ratifikaciis an SeerTebis •
SemoTavazeba, saWiro informaciis Seswavlis Semdeg, kenWis yris dros
sakiTxi SeerTebis sasargeblod unda gadawydes.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mTavroba gonivrul vadaSi ver axerxebs parlamentis •
winaSe aRniSnuli sakiTxis dayenebas, saWiroa saparlamento proceduris
gamoyenebiT gairkvas, Tu ra mizeziT aferxebs mTavroba am process da
eTxovos mTavrobas dayovnebis gareSe Seudges ratificirebis/SeerTebis
process.
57
Tu mTavrobas xelmowerili aqvs erT_erTi an orive konvencia, magram •
aWianurebs ratificirebis process, saWiroa saparlamento proceduris
gamoyenebiT gairkves, Tu ratom aferxebs mTavroba procesis dasrulebas
da aseve mieces am procesis daCqarebis rekomendacia. saWiroa parlamen-
tis mier sakanonmdeblo iniciativis uflebis gamoyeneba da am sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT kanonproeqtis wardgena.
Tu mTavroba ewinaaRmdgeba ratificireba/SeerTebas, saWiroa amis mizezis •
dawvrilebiTi Seswavla. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, parlamentma unda daex-
maros mTavrobas saeWvo da gaugebari sakiTxebis garkvevaSi da procesis
dasaCqareblad gamoiyenos mis xelTarsebuli politikuri kavSirebi.
ratificirebis/SeerTebis sakiTxis dadebiTad gadawyvetis mizniT saWiroa
muSaoba amomrCevlebTan.
Tu saxelmwifo Seiqmna sxva saxelmwifoTa gamoyofis an daSlis Sedegad, •
xelSekrulebebi, romelTa wevric iyo adre arsebuli saxelmwifo av-
tomaturad ar rCeba ZalaSi. axal saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT SeuerTdnen
adre arsebuli saxelmwifos valdebulebebs, SeuerTdnen rogorc axali
saxelmwifoebi, an mianiSnon sakuTar ganzraxvaze, rom ar surT gaaCn-
deT adre arsebuli saxelmwifoebis mier dadebuli xelSekrulebebidan
gamomdinare valdebulebebi.
konvenciebis ratificirebisa da ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg saWiroa darw-•
muneba imaSi, rom parlamentis mier miRebuli erovnuli kanonmdebloba
Seesabameba konvenciebSi Semaval debulebaTa moTxovnebs. saWiroa sa-
parlamento proceduris gamoyeneba, raTa mTavrobam gonivrul vadaSi
gaugzavnos parlaments axali kanonis an moqmed kanonmdeblobaSi Sesatani
cvlilebebis proeqti.
Tu mTavroba warudgens parlaments winadadebas ratificirebis Taobaze, •
romelsac Tan axlavs xelSekrulebis sagnis SemzRudveli daTqmebi,
SeniSvnebi an ganmartebiTi baraTebi da irkveva, rom amgvari SezRudvebi
usafuZvloa, saWiroa upirveles yovlisa gaTvaliswinebul iqnas zogadi
interesebi da ara calkeuli fraqciebisa, Tu sxva saxis interesebi.
Tu mTavrobis daTqmebs, SeniSvnebs, an ganmartebiT baraTebs, romlebic •
zRudavdnen konvenciebis moqmedebas, gauvida moqmedebis vada, unda mi-
emarTos saparlamento proceduras, raTa gairkves, Tu ra miznebi aqvs
mTavrobas da moxdes am SezRudvebis moxsna.
SeerTebasTan da/an im erovnuli kanonmdeblobis SedgenasTan dakav-•
SirebiT, romelic aZlierebs konvenciaSi Semaval debulebebs, rCevisa
da daxmarebis misaRebad arsebobs mocemul saxelmwifoSi ganlagebuli
an konkretul saxelmwifoze pasuxismgebeli glukis ofisTan (glukis
ofisebis sia ixileT me-4 danarTSi) dakavSirebis saSualeba.
rogor SeuZliaT parlamentarebs aamaRlon cnobierebis done
moqalaqeobis uqonlobis sakiTxebSi?
parlamentarebs, rogorc TavianTi saxelmwifos erovnuli kanonmdeblobis
Seqmnaze pasuxismgebel pirebs, saukeTeso SesaZlebloba aqvT xeli Seuwyon
moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis Semcirebas an aRmofxvras da uzrun-
velyon moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa uflebebis dacva. parlamentarebma ara
58
marto unda mouwodon TavianT mTavrobebs miiRon saerTaSoriso standart-
ebis Sesabamisi kanonebi, aramed amomrCevelTa mxardaWerac unda moipovon.
mxolod mas Semdeg, rac samoqalaqo sazogadoeba gaacnobierebs moqalaqeobis
uqonlobasTan dakavSirebul problemebs, is mzad iqneba mxari dauWiros par-
lamentarebis Zalisxmevas aRniSnul problemaTa mogvarebis sakiTxSi.
parlamentarebs SeuZliaT aamaRlon cnobierebis done sakuTar amomrCevelTa
Soris moqalaqeobis uqonlobis sakiTxebis da moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb srulyo-
fili kanonmdeblobis mniSvnelobis Taobaze moxsenebebis gakeTebiT, aseve
moqalaqeobis uqonlobis aRmofxvris saWiroebaze sagazeTo statiebis gamo-
qveynebiT, arasamTavrobo organizaciebsa da sxva samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
warmomadgenlebTan muSaobis gziT, romlebic exmarebian moqalaqeobis armqone
pirebs da, SeZlebisdagvarad, uWeren mxars moqalaqeobis uqonlobis calkeuli
SemTxvevebis swraf mogvarebas.
parlamentarebs SeuZliaT moqalaqeobis uqonlobis problemis mogvareba
umciresobaTa da mosaxlobis sxva jgufebis uflebaTa xelSewyobis gziT,
raTa isini gaxdnen im moqalaqeTa erTobliobis nawili, romlebic Seadgenen
saxelmwifos, da sazogadoebaSi dialogis xelSewyobis gziT, romelic migviy-
vans moqalaqeobis armqone pirebis moqalaqeebad miRebamde.
ra SeiZleba parlamentarebma gaakeTon am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT
saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis xelSesawyobad?
saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba mniSvnelovania msoflios masStabiT mo-
qalaqeobis uqonlobis SemTxvevebis Sesamcireblad. parlamentarebma unda
uzrunvelyon mTavrobebis srulfasovani monawileoba moqalaqeobis uqon-
lobis aRmofxvris an moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa raodenobis SemcirebasTan
dakavSirebul yvela saerTaSoriso Zalisxmevasa da mcdelobaSi, romelic
moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa calkeuli SemTxvevebis mogvarebas Seexeba.
parlamentarebma SesaZloa izrunon mezobeli qveynebis parlamentarebis
mowvevaze moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis regionaluri masStabiT gad-
axedvis mizniT. saxelmwifoebis mier moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb kanonmdeblobis
erTmaneTTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana moqalaqeobis uqonlobis SemTxvevebis
Semcirebis saukeTeso saSualebaa.
59
danarTi 1
moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis Sesaxeb 1954 wlis gaeros konvenciis wevri saxelmwifoebi
ZalaSi Sesvlis TariRi: 1960 wlis 6 ivnisi
wevr saxelmwifoTa saerTo raodenoba: 60 (2006 wlis 25 seqtembris monacemi)
qveyana xelmoweris TariRi
ratifikacia (r)
SeerTeba (S)
samarTalmemkvidreoba (s)
albaneTi 2003 wlis 23 ivnisi(S)
alJiri 1964 wlis 15 ivlisi (S)
antigua da barbuda 1988 wlis 25 oqtomberi (s)
argentina 1972 wlis 1 ianvari (S)
avstralia 1973 wlis 13 dekemberi (S)
azerbaijani 1996 wlis 16 agvisto (S)
barbadosi 1972 wlis 6 marti (s)
belgia 1960 wlis 27 maisi (r)
belizi 2006 wlis 14 seqtemberi (S)
bolivia 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi 1983 wlis 6 oqtomberi (S)
bosnia hercogovina 1993 wlis 1 seqtemberi (s)
bocvana 1969 wlis 25 Tebervali (s)
brazilia 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi 1996 wlis 13 agvisto (r)
germania 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi 1976 wlis 26 oqtomberi (r)
guatemala 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi 2000 wlis 28 noemberi (S)
gvinea 1962 wlis 21 marti (S)
dania 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi 1956 wlis 17 ianvari (r)
didi britaneTi 1959 wlis 16 aprili (r)
ekvadori 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi 1970 wlis 2 oqtomberi (r)
el salvadori 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi
espaneTi 1997 wlis 12 maisi (S)
vatikani 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi
zambia 1974 wlis 1 noemberi (s)
zimbabve 1998 wlis 1 dekemberi (s)
irlandia 1962 wlis 17 dekemberi (S)
israeli 1954 wlis 1 oqtomberi 1958 wlis 23 dekemberi (r)
italia 1954 wlis 20 oqtomberi 1962 wlis 3 dekemberi (r)
iugoslaviis
federaluri resp.
2001 wlis 12 marti (s)
kiribati 1983 wlis 29 noemberi (s)
kolumbia 1954 wlis 30 dekemberi
koreis respublika 1962 wlis 22 agvisto (S)
kosta rika 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi 1977 wlis 2 noemberi (r)
latvia 1999 wlis 5 noemberi (S)
lesoto 1974 wlis 4 noemberi (s)
60
moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusTan dakavSirebuli1954 wlis gaeros konvenciis wevri saxelmwifoebi (gagrZeleba)
qveyana xelmoweris TariRi
ratifikacia (r)
SeerTeba (S)
samarTalmemkvidreoba (s)
liberia 1964 wlis 11 seqtemberi (S)
libia 1989 wlis 16 maisi (S)
litva 2000 wlis 7 Tebervali (S)
lixtenSteini 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi
luqsemburgi 1955 wlis 28 oqtomberi 1960 wlis 27 ivnisi (r)
madagaskari* [1962 wlis 20 Tebervali] (s)
makedonia (yofili
iugoslaviis respub-
lika)
1994 wlis 18 ianvari
meqsika 2000 wlis 7 ivnisi (S)
norvegia 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi 1956 wlis 19 noemberi (r)
rumineTi 2006 wlis 27 ianvari (S)
saberZneTi 1975 wlis 4 noemberi (S)
safrangeTi 1955 wlis 12 ivnisi 1960 wlis 8 marti (r)
senegali 2005 wlis 21 seqtembers (S)
sent vinsenti da
grenadini
1999 wlis 27 aprili s
svazilendi 1999 wlis 16 noemberi (S)
somxeTi 1994 wlis 18 maisi (S)
slovakeTi 2000 wlis 3 aprili (S)
slovenia 1992 wlis 6 ivlisi (s)
trinidadi da to-
bago
1966 wlis 11 aprili (s)
tunisi 1969 wlis 29 ivlisi (S)
uganda 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi 1965 wlis 15 aprili (S)
ungreTi 2001 wlis 21 noemberi (S)
urugvai 2004 wlis 2 aprili (S)
filipinebi 1995 wlis 22 ivnisi
fineTi 1968 wlis 10 oqtomberi (S)
fiji 1972 wlis 12 ivnisi (s)
Cadi 1999 wlis 12 agvisto (S)
CexeTis respublika 2004 wlis 19 ivlisi (S)
SvedeTi 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi 1965 wlis 2 aprili (r)
Sveicaria 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi 1972 wlis 3 ivlisi (r)
xorvatia 1992 wlis 12 oqtomberi (s)
hondurasi 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi
holandia 1954 wlis 28 seqtemberi 1962 wlis 12 aprili (S)
* 1965 wlis 2 aprils generaluri mdivnis mier miRebuli Setyobinebis safuZvelze
madagaskaris mTavrobam moaxdina konvenciis denonsacia. denonsacia ZalSi Sevida
1966 wlis 2 aprils.
61
danarTi 2
moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis Semcirebis Sesaxeb 1961 wlis gaeros konvenciis wevri saxelmwifoebi
ZalaSi Sesvlis TariRi: 1975 wlis 13 dekemberi
wevri saxelmwifoTa saerTo raodenoba: 32 (2006 wlis 25 seqtembris
monacemi)
qveyana xelmoweris TariRi
ratifikacia (r)
SeerTeba (S)
samarTalmemkvidreoba (s)
avstralia 1973 wlis 13 dekemberi (S)
avstria 1972 wlis 22 seqtemberi (S)
azerbaijani 2003 wlis 9 ivlisi (S)
albaneTi 1983 wlis 6 oqtomberi (S)
axali zelandia 2006 wlis 14 seqtemberi (S)
bolivia 1996 wlis 13 dekemberi (S)
bosnia hercogovina 1977 wlis 31 agvisto (S)
germania 2001 wlis 19 ivlisi (S)
guatemala 1977 wlis 11 ivlisi (S)
dania 1973 wlis 13 dekemberi (S)
didi britaneTisa da
CrdiloeT irlandiis
gaerTianebuli samefo
1961 wlis 30 agvistos 1966 wlis 29 marti
dominikis respublika 1961 wlis 5 dekemberi
irlandia 1973 wlis 18 ianvari (S)
israeli 1961 wlis 30 agvisto
kanada 1978 wlis 17 ivlisi (S)
kiribati 1983 wlis 29 noemberi (s)
kosta rika 1977 wlis 2 noemberi (S)
latvia 1992 wlis 14 aprili (S)
lesoto 2004 wlis 24 seqtemberi (S)
liberia 2004 wlis 22 seqtemberi (S)
libia 1989 wlis 16 maisi (S)
nigeria 1985 wlis 17 ivnisi (S)
niderlandebi 1961 wlis 30 agvisto 1985 wlis 13 maisi (r)
norvegia 1971 wlis 11 agvisto (S)
rumineTi 2006 wlis 27 ianvari (S)
safrangeTi 1962 wlis 31 maisi
senegali 2005 wlis 21 seqtemberi (S)
svazilendi 1999 wlis 16 noemberi (S)
slovakeTi 2000 wlis 3 aprili (S)
somxeTi 1994 wlis 18 maisi (S)
tunisi 2000 wlis 12 maisi (S)
urugvai 2001 wlis 21 seqtemberi (S)
SvedeTi 1969 wlis 19 Tebervali (S)
Cadi 1999 wlis 12 agvisto (S)
CexeTis respublika 2001 wlis 19 dekemberi (S)
62
danarTi 3
moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis Sesaxeb1954 wlis gaeros konvenciasTan SeerTebis samodelo dokumenti
vinaidan, konvencia moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis Sesaxeb miRebulia
gaeros generaluri asambleis mier aTas cxraas ormocdaToTxmeti wlis oc-
darva seqtembers da 35-e muxlis Tanaxmad Riaa SeerTebisaTvis;
da, vinaidan, zemoT naxsenebi 35-e muxlis me-3 nawili iTvaliswinebs, rom
SeerTebisaTvis saWiroa gaeros generalur mdivanTan SeerTebis aqtis
deponireba;
aqedan gamomdinare, qvemorexelmomweri [saxelmwifos meTauri, mTavrobis
meTauri an sagareo saqmeTa ministri] winamdebare SetyobinebiT acxadebs
[Sesabamisi saxelmwifo]-s konvenciasTan SeerTebis Taobaze;
xelmowerilia Cems mier _________________
-Si, aTas cxraas _________________
wlis
_________________ [ricxvi da Tve] .
[saxelmwifos beWedi da mTavrobis
meTauris sagareo saqmeTa
ministris xelmowera...]
[saxelmwifos meTauris,
pasuxismgebeli piris xelmowera,
Tu esaWiroeba...]
63
moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis Semcirebis Sesaxeb1961 wlis konvenciasTan SeerTebis samodelo dokumenti
vinaidan, konvencia moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa ricxvis Semcirebis Sesaxeb
miRebulia uflebamosil pirTa mier aTas cxraas samocdaerTi wlis ocdaaT
agvistos da me-16 muxlis Tanaxmad Riaa SeerTebisaTvis;
da, vinaidan, zemoT naxsenebi me-16 muxlis me-3 nawili iTvaliswinebs, SeerTe-
bisaTvis saWiroa gaeros generalur mdivanTan SeerTebis aqtis deponireba;
aqedan gamomdinare, xelmomweri [saxelmwifos meTauri, mTavrobis meTauri
an sagareo saqmeTa ministri] winamdebare SetyobinebiT acxadebs [Sesabamisi
saxelmwifo]-s konvenciasTan SeerTebis Taobaze;
xelmowerilia Cems mier _________________
-Si, aTas cxraas _________________
wlis
_________________ [ricxvi da Tve].
[saxelmwifos beWedi da pasux-
ismgebeli piris xelmowera, Tu
esaWiroeba...]
[saxelmwifos meTauris,
mTavrobis meTauris, sagareo
saqmeTa ministris xelmowera...]
64
danarTi 4
glukis warmomadgenlobebi
avstraliaglukis regionaluri
warmomadgenloba
avstraliaSi, axal
zelandiaSi, papaua axal
gvineasa da mimdebare
kunZulebze avstraliaSi
15 Hunter StreetYarralumla ACT 2600Canberratel: +61 2 6273 2733
faqsi: +61 2 6273 6822
avstriaglukis warmomadgenloba
avstriaSi
Vienna International Centre(Building J, 1st fl oor)Wagramerstrasse 5PO Box 5501400 Viennatel: + 431 260604047
faqsi: + 43 1 2634115
avRaneTiglukis warmomadgenloba
avRaneTSi
PO Box 3232Kabul or41 Jadi Solh (Peace Avenue)Kabultel: +92 51 922 11 25
faqsi: +92 51 282 05 11
albaneTiglukis warmomadgenloba
albaneTSi
Rruga “Donika Kastrioti”Tiranatel: +355 42 50 207
faqsi: +355 42 28 492
azerbaijaniglukis warmomadgenloba
azerbaijanSi
3, Azer Aliyev StreetBakutel: +99 412 92 1443
faqsi: +99 412 98 1134
alJiriglukis warmomadgenloba
alJirSi
Boite Postal 444HydraAlgeror20 Rue Emile PayenHydraAlgertel: +213 21 69 1212
faqsi: +213 21 69 2374
angolaglukis warmomadgenloba
angolaSi
C.P. 1342LuandaorRua Eduard Mondlaine/SNLuandatel: +244 2332 046
faqsi: +244 2331 652
argentinaglukis regionaluri
warmomadgenloba samxreT
amerikis samxreTisTvis
Cerrito 83610 Piso _ 1010Buenos Airestel: +54 11 4815 7870
faqsi: +54 11 4815 4352
aSSglukis warmomadgenloba
amerikis SeerTebul
Statebsa da karibis
zRvisTvis
1775 K Street, NW,
Suite 300Washington DC 20006tel: +1 202 296 5191
faqsi: +1 202 296 5660
bangladeSiglukis warmomadgenloba
bangladeSSi
PO Box 3474Dhaka 1000 orHouse N/E (N) 8, Road 90,Gulshan 2, Dhaka 1212tel: +8802 88 2 68 02
faqsi: +8802 88 2 65 57
belgiaglukis regionaluri
warmomadgenloba
belgiis, luqsemburgisa
da evropuli
organizaciebisTvis
Rue Van Eyck 11aB-1050 Bruxellestel: +32 2 649 01 53
faqsi: +32 2 627 17 30
belorusiaglukis warmomadgenloba
belorusiaSi
Prospekt Partizanskij 6 A,6th fl oorMinsk 220033tel: +375 172983335
faqsi: +375 172982369
beniniglukis regionaluri
warmomadgenloba beninSi
burkina faso, nigeria da
togo
Boite Postale 08-1066Lot 01 Patte d’OieCotonoutel: +229 30 28 98
faqsi: +229 30 28 90
65
bosnia hercogovinaglukis regionaluri
warmomadgenloba
UNIS Building Fra AndjelaZvizdovica 171000 Sarajevotel: +387 33 666 160
faqsi: + 387 33 290 333
bocvanaglukis misiis
xelmZRvanelis ofisi
bocvanaSi
PO Box 288GabaroneorUN House – Plot 22Khama CrescentGabaronetel: +267 35 21 21
faqsi: + 267 57 09 96
braziliaglukis warmomadgenloba
braziliaSi
Setor Comercial NorteQuadra 02, Bloco A11th Floor – Ed. CorporateFinancial CenterCEP 70712-901Brasilia – DFtel: +55 61 3038 9272
faqsi: +55 61 3038 9279
bulgareTiglukis warmomadgenloba
bulgareTSi
19 Denkoglu str,1000 Sofi atel: + 359 2 98 02 453
faqsi: + 359 2 98 01 639
burundiglukis warmomadgenloba
burundSi
B.P. 307, BujumbaraorNo. 1, Avenuedu Large4620 Bujumbaratel: + 257 22 3245
faqsi: + 257 22 95 23/24
19 87
gaboniglukis regionaluri
warmomadgenloba gabonSi
BP 20472LibrevilleorQuartier SotegaLibrevilletel: +241 77 8262
faqsi: +241 77 8278
gaero (niu iorki)glukis ofisi niu iorkSi
PO Box 20Grand CentralNew YorkNY 10017or220 East 42nd StreetSuite 3000New YorkNY 10017tel: +1 212 963 00 32
faqsi: +1 212 963 00 74
gambiaglukis misiis
xelmZRvanelis ofisi
gambiaSi
PO Box 4249Bakauor6th Street East Kotu LauoutBakautel: +220 4 460 850
faqsi: +220 4 464 169
ganaglukis warmomadgenloba
ganaSi
№25 sir Arku Korsah StreetRoman Ridge,Airport Residential Area Accratel: +233 21776 108
faqsi: +233 21 773 3158
germaniaglukis warmomadgenloba
germaniaSi
Wallstrasse 9 – 13
10179 Berlintel: +49 302022020
faqsi: +49 30 2022 0220
gvineaglukis warmomadgenloba
gvineaSi
B.P. 4158Coleah Corniche-SudConakrytel: +224 46 47 09
faqsi: +224 46 58 08
didi britaneTiglukis warmomadgenloba
gaerTianebul samefoSi
Stand Bridge House138-142 StrandLondonWR2R 1HHtel: + 44 20 7759 80 90
faqsi: + 44 20 7759 81 19
egvipteglukis regionaluri
warmomadgenloba
egviptis arabeTis
respublikaSi
PO Box 1844Cairo orNo 8 el Fawakeh StreetMohandessin, GizaCairotel: +20 2 762 1570
faqsi: +20 2 762 1576
eTiopiaglukis warmomadgenloba
eTiopiaSi
PO Box 1076Addis Ababa OrBole Road, Wereda 1Kebele 23House No 1255/01-02Addis Ababatel : + 251 1 612 222
faqsi: + 251 1 611 666
ekvadoriglukis warmomadgenloba
ekvadorSi
66
Avenida Amazonas 2889y la GranjaEdifi cio Naciones UnidasPiso 2 Quitotel: +593 2 2460 272
faqsi: +593 2 2460 280
erayiglukis warmomadgenloba
eraySi
PO Box 10141 KarradaBaghdad orDistrict Number 904Hay Al-WahdaStreet Number 42Building Number 52Baghdadtel: +964 1 719 0670
faqsi: + 1 212 963 3009
eriTreaglukis warmomadgenloba
eriTreaSi
PO Box 1995, AsmaraOr House Number 108Emperor Yohanned Avenue Asmaratel: +291 1 12 61 21
faqsi: +291 1 12 72 55
espaneTiglukis warmomadgenloba
espaneTSi
Avenida General Pero 32-2ЄPO Box 36-121E-28020 Madridtel: +34 91 556 36 49
faqsi: +34 91 417 5345
venesuelaglukis regionaluri
warmomadgenloba
samxreT amerikis Crdi-
loeTisaTvis
Apartado Postal 69045Caracas 1062-A OrParque Cristal, Torre OestePiso 4, Ofi cina 4-4, 4-5 y 4-6Av. Francisco de MirandaUrbanizaciуn Los PalosGrandesCaracas
tel: +58 212 286 3883
faqsi: +58 212 286 9687
vietnamiglukis warmomadgenloba
vietnamis socialistur
respublikaSi
60 Rue Nguyen Thai HocBa Dinh DistrictHanoitel: +84 4 845 78 71
faqsi: +84 4 823 20 55
zambiaglukis warmomadgenloba
zambiaSi
P.O. Box 3254210101 Lusaka or17C Leopards Hill RoadKabulonga10101 Lusakatel: +260 1 265 619
faqsi: +260 1 265 914
zimbabvemisiis xelmZRvanelis
glukis ofisi zimbabveSi
P.O. Box 4565Harare Or2nd Floor, Takura House67-69 Union AvenueHararetel: +263 4 793 274
faqsi: +263 4 708 528
TurqeTiglukis warmomadgenloba
12. Cadde, 212. Sokak No 33 Sancak Mahallesi,CankayaAnkaratel: +90 312 409 7000
faqsi: +90 312 441 2173
TurqmeneTiglukis warmomadgenloba
TurqmeneTSi
40, Galkynysh Street744013 Ashgabattel: +993 12 425 684
faqsi: +993 12 425 691
iaponiaglukis warmomadgenloba
iaponiaSi
UNU Bldg., 6F – 5-53-70,JingumaeShibuya-ku, Tikyo 159-0001tel: + 81 33 499 20 11
faqsi: + 81 33 499 22 72
iemeniglukis warmomadgenloba
iemenis respublikaSi
PO Box 12093Sana’aorAlgeria Street, No. 38Building No 2Sana’atel: +967 1 469 771
faqsi: +967 1 469 770
indoneziaglukis regionaluri
warmomadgenloba
indoneziaSi
PO Box 6602/JKPWKJakarta 10310Menova RavindoJ1. Kebon Sirih Kav.75Jakarta Pusat 10340tel: +62 21 391 28 88
faqsi: +62 21 391 27 77
iordaniaglukis regionaluri
warmomadgenloba
iordaniaSi
PO Box 171011195 AmmanOr5 Hafez Abdul-Haija StreetDeir GhbarAmmantel: +962 6 550 20 30
faqsi: +962 6 592 46 58
israeliglukis sapatio
warmomadgenloba
israelSi
PO Box 3489
67
Jerusalem orShlomztsion Ha Malka 10Jerusalemtel: +972 2 621 4109
faqsi: +972 2 623 4392
italiaglukis regionaluri
warmomadgenloba
italiaSi
Via Caroncini 1900197 Romatel: +39 06 802121
faqsi: +39 06 802123/24
iranis islamuri respublikaglukis warmomadgenloba
iranis islamur
respublikaSi
No 5, East Emdad Street,Vanak sq.North Shiraz Ave.Tehran 19917tel: +98 21 8805 72 01
faqsi: +98 21 8805 72 12
irlandiaglukis warmomadgenloba
irlandiaSi
Suite 4Merrion House1/3 Lower Fitzwilliam StreetDublin 2tel: +353 1 631 4510
faqsi: +353 1 631 4610
kambojaglukis warmomadgenloba
kambojaSi
PO Box 539House No 2, Street No 352Beung Keng KangPhnom Penhtel: + 855 23 216005
faqsi: +855 23 216274
kameruniglukis warmomadgenloba
kamerunSi
Boite Postale 7077YaoundéOr Quartier NlongkakRue No 1032 Batiment no 46Yaoundétel: +237 20 29 54
faqsi: +237 21 35 91
kanadaglukis warmomadgenloba
kanadaSi
280 Albert Street, Suite 401OttawaOntarioKIP 5G8tel: + 1 613 232 09 09
faqsi: + 1 613 230 18 55
kviprosiglukis warmomadgenloba
kviprosSi
PO Box 16421590 Nicosia orSouth: C/O UNFICYPSecretariat UNPANicosiatel: +357 2 35 90 25
faqsi: +357 2 35 90 37
keniaglukis warmomadgenloba
keniaSi
in KenyaPO Box 43801, Nairobior Chiromo Road(next to Caltex Station)By Consulata churchWestlandsNairobitel: +254 20 444 2000
faqsi: +254 20 423 2080
kolumbiaglukis warmomadgenloba
kolumbiaSi
Calle 114 No 9-01 Offi ce 601Edifi cio Teleport Torre ABogotatel: + 571 658 06 00
faqsi: + 571 658 06 02
kongos respublikaglukis warmomadgenloba
kongos respublikaSi
BP 1093Brazzaville or6, Rue 18 Mars 1977Quartier CathedraleBrazzavilletel: +242 811 169
+242 815 763 (UNDP)
faqsi: +242 815 912
kongos demokratiuli respublikaglukis regionaluri
warmomadgenloba
centraluri
afrikisaTvis kongos
demokratiul
respublikaSi
PO Box 7248Kinshasa 1or6729 Avenue de l’OUAKinshasatel: +243 81 880 1245
faqsi: + 243 81 301 0435
kot divuariglukis warmomadgenloba
kot divuarSi
Cocody, II PlateauxAbidjan 01 0rAngle Rue Des JardinsBoulevardLatrilleCocody, II PlateauxAbidjantel: +225 22 515 577
faqsi: +225 22 515 588
koreis respublikaglukis warmomadgenloba
koreis respublikaSi
7F Kumsegi Bldg.16, Euljiro 1 GaJoong-KuSeoul 100-191tel: +82 2 773 7011
faqsi: +82 2 773 7014
68
kosta rikaglukis warmomadgenloba
kosta rikaSi
Edifi cio Torre del Este – 5єPiso Frente a la facultadde Derecho de la UCRApartado Postal 12-1009 – FECOSASan Pedrotel: + 506 225 0049
faqsi: + 506 224 4891
libaniglukis warmomadgenloba
libanSi
PO Box 7332BeirutOr Michel Bustrus StreetNasr BuildingAchrafi ehtel: +961 1 560 699
faqsi: +961 1 560 717
libiaglukis mTavari misiis
ofisi libiaSi
PO Box 80708TripoliOr Uthman Ibn Aff an StBen AshourTripolitel: + 218 21 361 9662
faqsi: + 218 21 361 9661
liberiaglukis warmomadgenloba
liberiaSi
PO Box 9077MonroviaorHaider BuildingMamba PointMonroviatel: +231 22 6233
faqsi: +231 22 6235
luqsemburgiglukis korespondentis
ofisi luqsemburgSi
1 rue Jean Pierre Brasseurb.p. 567
2015 Luxembourgtel: +352 454 018
faqsi: +352 454 303
mainmariglukis warmomadgenloba
mainmarSi
PO Box 1485, Yangonor 287 Pyay RoadSanchaung TownshipYangontel: +951 524022
faqsi: +951 524 031
mavritaniaglukis misiis ufrosis
ofisi mavritaniaSi
C/O UNDP, BP 4405,Nouakchott orIlot K No 159-160-161Route de la CornicheNouakchotttel: +222 5 257 414
faqsi: +222 5 256 176
makedonia (yofili iugoslaviis respublika)glukis warmomadgenloba
makedoniaSi, yofil
iugoslaviis
respublikaSi
PO Box 873 1000 SkopjeorZeleznicka 53 1000 Skopjetel: +389 2 31118 641
faqsi: +389 2 3131 040
marokoglukis sapatio
warmomadgenloba
marokoSi
12, Rue de Fes-HassanRabattel: +212 377 676 06
faqsi: +212 377 661 96
malaiziaglukis warmomadgenloba
malaiziaSi
PO Box 1018550706 Kuala Lumpuror 570 Jalan Bukit Petaling50460 Kuala Lumpurtel: + 60 3 2141 1322
faqsi: + 60 32 141 1780
malaviglukis warmomadgenloba
malaviSi
PO Box 30230Lilongwe 3 or 7th FloorKang’ombe BuildingCity CentreLilongwe 3tel: +265 177 2155
faqsi: +265 177 4128
meqsikaglukis regionaluri
warmomadgenloba
meqsikis, centraluri
amerikasa da kubaSi
Presidente masaryk 29sexto pisoColonia Polanco11570 Mexico, D.F.tel: +52 5 55263 9851
faqsi: +52 5 55250 9360
mozambikiglukis misiis ufrosis
ofisi mozambikSi
PO Box 1198Maputo orAvenida dos Presidentes 33Maputotel: +258 1 490 242
faqsi: +258 1 490 635
moldovaglukis warmomadgenloba
moldovis respublikaSi
31 August 1989 Street, #57
69
MD-2012 Chisinautel: +373 22 271 853
faqsi: +373 22 271 953
namibiaglukis warmomadgenloba
namibiaSi
Private Bag 13310,Windhoek or2nd Floor, Sanlam BuildingIndependence AvenueWindhoektel: +264 61 237 143
faqsi: +264 61 230 055
nigeriaglukis warmomadgenloba
nigeriaSi
UN House Plot no 617/618Diplomatic ZoneCentral Area DistrictPMB 2851, GarkiAbujatel: +234 9 461 8569
faqsi: +234 9 461 8598
nepaliglukis warmomadgenloba
nepalSi
PO Box 2374, KathmanduorDhara Marga Anil KutiMaharajgunjKathmandutel: +977 1441 2521
faqsi: +977 1441 2853
pakistaniglukis warmomadgenloba
pakistani
PO Box 1263Islamabad orNo 2 Diplomatic EnclaveQUAID-E-AZAM, UniversityRoadSector G-4Islamabadtel: +92 51 282 9502
faqsi: +92 51 227 9455
panamaglukis warmomadgenloba
panamaSi
La Ciudad del SaberGaillard Street,Building 812-BPanama Citytel: +507 317 1630
faqsi: +507 317 1633
papua axali gvineaglukis warmomadgenloba
papua axal gvineaSi
PO Box 1909, Port Moresbyor4th Floor – ADF House(Next St. Mary’sCatholic Church)Musgrave Street, TownPort Moresby.tel: + 675 321 7422
faqsi: + 675 321 5977
poloneTiglukis warmomadgenloba
poloneTis respublikaSi
2, Aleja RozPL-00 556 Warsawtel: +48 22 628 69 30
faqsi: +48 22 625 61 24
ruandaglukis warmomadgenloba
ruandaSi
BP 867KigaliorBd de L’umugandaCommune KacyiruSecteur KimihururaCellule KamukinaKigalitel: +250 58 5107
faqsi: +250 58 3485
rumineTiglukis warmomadgenloba
rumineTSi
25, Armeneasca Street,Sector 270228 Bucharest
tel: +40 1 211 29 44
faqsi: +40 1 210 15 94
ruseTis federaciaglukis warmomadgenloba
ruseTis federaciaSi
United Nations Offi ce6 Obukh PereulokMoscow 103064tel: +7 503 232 30 11
faqsi: +7 503 232 30 16
saberZneTiglukis warmomadgenloba
saberZneTSi
23 Taygetou StreetPalaio Psychico15452 Athenstel: +30 210 672 64 62
faqsi: +30 210 672 64 17
samxreT afrikaglukis regionaluri
warmomadgenloba samxreT
afrikaSi
PO Box 12506The TramshedPretoriaor8th fl oorMetro Park Building351 Cnr. Schoaman& Prinsloo Str.Pretoria 0002Gauteng Provincetel : +27 12 354 8303
faqsi:+27 12 354 8390
safrangeTiglukis warmomadgenloba
safrangeTSi
9, rue KepplerF-75016 Paristel: +33 1 44 43 48 58
faqsi: +33 1 40 70 07 39
saqarTveloglukis warmomadgenloba
saqarTveloSi
a. yazbegis gamziri, 2a
0160 Tbilisi
70
tel: +995 32 779 612
faqsi: +995 32 441 302
siera leoneglukis warmomadgenloba
siera leoneSi
PO Box 475, FreetownOr 29 Wilkinson RoadFreetowntel: +232 22 234 321
faqsi: +232 22 234 347
somaliglukis warmomadgenloba
somaliSi
PO Box 43801, NairobiorLion PlaceWaiyaki Way(Next to St Marks Church)WestlandsNairobiKenyatel: +254 20 422 2200
faqsi: +254 20 422 2280
somxeTiglukis warmomadgenloba
somxeTSi
14 Petros Adamyan Str.Yerevan 375010tel: +37 41 56 47 71
faqsi: +37 41 56 78 17
saudis arabeTiglukis regionaluri
warmomadgenloba saudis
arabeTSi
PO Box 94003Riyadh 11693 orFazari SquarePension Fund CommercialComplexBlock C-13Dipomatic QuartersRiyadhtel: +966 1 482 8835
faqsi: +966 1 482 8737
sudaniglukis warmomadgenloba
sudanSi
PO Box 2560, Khartoum orMohammed Nageeb Road(North of Farouk Cemetery)Khartoum No 2tel: +249 11 47 11 01
faqsi: +249 11 47 31 01
siriis arabuli respublikaglukis warmomadgenloba
siriaSi
PO Box 30891Damascus orAl MalkiMohamed Al BazmStreet No 14Al Nabelsi BuildingDamascustel: +963 11 373 5940
faqsi: +963 11 373 6108
senegaliglukis regionaluri
warmomadgenloba
senegalSi
BP 3125, 59 rue DocteurThezeDakartel: +221 823 66 03
faqsi: +221 823 66 00
serbeTi da montenegroglukis warmomadgenloba
serbeTsa da
montenegroSi
Krunska 5811000 Belgradetel: +381 38 308 2100
faqsi: +381 38 344 2947
slovakeTis respublikaglukis warmomadgenloba
slovakeTis respublikaSi
Sturova 6811 02 Bratislavatel: +421 2 52 92 78 75
faqsi: +421 2 52 92 78 71
sloveniaglukis warmomadgenloba
sloveniaSi
Miklosiceva Cesta 18/II1000 Ljubljanatel: +386 1 4328 240
faqsi: +386 1 4328 224
timor-lesteglukis warmomadgenloba
timor-lesteSi
PO Box 456 Dilior Estrada de BalidoDili tel: +670 33 13 547
faqsi: +670 33 13 554
tunisiglukis sapatio
warmomadgenloba tunisSi
BP 863 1035 Tunis or61 Boulevard Bab Benat1035 Tunistel: +216 715 73586
faqsi: +216 715 70168
tailandiglukis regionaluri
warmomadgenloba
tailandis, kambojiisa da
vietnamisaTvis
PO Box 2-121Rajdamnern AvenueUnited Nations Building3rd Floor, Block ABangkok 10200tel: +66 2 288 1234
faqsi: +66 2 280 0555
tanzania (gaerTianebuli respublika)glukis warmomadgenloba
tanzaniis gaerTianebul
respublikaSi
PO Box 2666Dar-es-Salaamor
71
Plot 18 Kalenga StreetDar-es-Salaamtel: +255 22 215 00 75
faqsi: +255 22 215 28 17
tajikeTiglukis warmomadgenloba
tajikeTSi
Prospekt Drujba Naradov 106Dushanbe, 734013tel: +992 372 214406
faqsi: +992 372 510039
ugandaglukis warmomadgenloba
ugandaSi
PO Box 3813, KampalaorPlot 18 Prince Charles DriveKololo,Kampalatel: +256 41 231 231
faqsi: +256 41 256 989
uzbekeTiglukis warmomadgenloba
uzbekeTSi
14 Mahmood Torobi Str700090 Tashkenttel: +998 71 120 68 93
faqsi: +998 71 120 68 91
ukrainaglukis regionaluri
warmomadgenloba
ukrainaSi
PO Box 122Kyiv 01015 or 32A, SichnevogoPovstannya Str.Kyiv 01015tel: +380 44 573 9424
faqsi: +380 44 288 9850
ungreTiglukis warmomadgenloba
ungreTSi
Felvinci ut 271022 Budapesttel: +36 133363062
faqsi: +36 13363080
filipinebiglukis warmomadgenloba
filipinebSi
PO Box 2074 (MCPO)G. Puyat Avenue1260 MakatiMetro Manila or3rd Floor, JAKA II Building150 Legaspi Street1200 Makati, Metro Manilatel: +63 2 818 5121
faqsi: +63 2 817 4057
quveiTiglukis sakavSiro ofisi
PO Box 2874213148 SafatKuwait City orKhaitan AreaBlock No 04Al Walid Ebin Abdel MalekStreet No 206Building No 90009Kuwait Citytel: +965 476 4982
faqsi: +965 476 4257
yazaxeTiglukis warmomadgenloba
yazaxeTSi
67 Tole biAlmaty – 480091tel: +7 3272 791244
faqsi: +7 3272 583982
yirgizeTiglukis warmomadgenloba
yirgizeTSi
UN House (3rd foor)160 Chui AvenueBishkek 720010tel: +996 312 611 264
faqsi: +996 312 611 271
Sveicariaglukis sakavSiro
ganyofileba Sveicariisa
da lixtenSteinisaTvis
Case Postale 250094 Rue MontbrillantCH-1211 Geneve 2
tel: +41 22 739 8755
faqsi: +41 22 739 7379
SvedeTiglukis regionaluri
warmomadgenloba
skandinaviisa da
baltiispireTis
qveynebisaTvis SvedeTSi
Ynglingagatan 14 – 6th FloorS-11347 Stockholmtel: +46 8 457 4880
faqsi: +46 8 457 4887
Sri lankaglukis warmomadgenloba
Sri lankaSi
97 Rosmead PlaceColombo 07tel: +94 11 268 3968
faqsi: +94 11 268 3971
Cadiglukis warmomadgenloba
CadSi
B.P. 906 N’Djamena orQuartier Cardalй, AvenueFelix EbouéImmeuble STATN’Djamenatel: + 235 51 86 10
faqsi: + 235 51 5340
CineTis saxalxo respublikaglukis regionaluri
warmomadgenloba CineTSi
1-2-1, Tayan DiplomaticOffi ce, Building 14Liang Ma He Nan LuBeijing 100600tel: +86 10 6 532 68 06
faqsi: +86 10 6532 16 47
CexeTis respublikaglukis warmomadgenloba
CexeTis respublikaSi
Namesti Kinskych 6
72
PO Box 210150 00 Prague 5tel: +420 2 571 998 66
faqsi: +420 2 571 998 62
centraluri afrikis respublikaglukis warmomadgenloba
centraluri afrikis
respublikaSi
Boite Postale 950Bangui orRue Joseph Degrain(Route de Sofi tel)Bangui
tel: + 236 61 40 76
faqsi: + 236 61 98 34
jibutiglukis warmomadgenloba
jibutSi
BP 1885DjiboutiOrRue Abdoulkader Waberi,HeronLot # TF 1148Quartier MaraboutDjiboutitel: + 253 35 22 00
faqsi: + 253 35 86 23
xorvatiaglukis warmomadgenloba
xorvatiaSi
3rd fl oor24 Slovenska Ulica10000 Zagrebtel: +385 1 3713 555
faqsi: +385 1 3713 588
+385 1 3713 565
73
mokled glukisa da parlamentTaSorisi kavSiris Sesaxeb
gluki
gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariati. (gluki) uflebamosilia uxelmZ-
Rvanelos da kooordinireba gauwios saerTaSoriso saqmianobas ltolvilTa
dacvisa da ltolvilTa problemebis mogvarebis saqmeSi msoflios masStabiT.
gluki miiswrafis imis uzrunvelsayofad, rom yovelma pirma isargeblos
usafrTxo TavSesafris Ziebis uflebiT sxva saxelmwifoSi da nebayoflo-
biT daubrundes saxls. ltolvilebi sakuTar qveyanaSi dabrunebiT an sxva
qveyanaSi gadasaxlebiT gluki cdilobs problemebis grZelvadian mogvarebas.
glukis aRmasrulebelma komitetma da gaeros generalurma asambleam aseve
ufleba mianiWa organizacias, daxmareba gauwios sxva jgufebs da maT Soris
moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs da iseT pirebs, romelTa moqalaqeobac sadavod
rCeba da aseve konkretul SemTxvevebSi qveynis SigniT iZulebiT gadaadg-
ilebul pirebsac. gluki cdilobs, moiZios gzebi iZulebiTi gadaadgilebis
SemTxvevebis Sesamcireblad, mouwodebs saxelmwifoebsa da institutebs
Seqmnan pirobebi, romelic Seesabameba adamianis uflebaTa dacvas da davebis
mSvidobian mogvarebas.
organizacia mikerZoebis gareSe sTavazobs dacvasa da daxmarebas ltolvi-
lebs da sxvebs maTi saWiroebebis safuZvelze rasis, kanis, feris, religiis,
politikuri msoflmxedvelobis an sqesis ganurCevlad. gluki monawileobis
principis erTgulia da awarmoebs konsultaciebs ltolvilebTan yvela im
gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebiT, rac gavlenas axdens maT cxovrebaze. gluki
TanamSromlobs mTavrobebTan, regionul, saerTaSoriso da arasamTavrobo
organizaciebTan.
parlamentTaSorisi kavSiri
1889 wels Seqmnili parlamentTaSoriso kavSiri saerTaSoriso organizaciaa,
romelic aerTianebs suverenuli saxelmwifoebis parlamentebis warmomad-
genlebs. 2006 wlis seqtemberSi parlamentTaSoris kavSirSi warmodgenili
iyo 146 qveynis parlamenti parlamentTaSorisi kavSiri muSaobs xalxTa
Soris mSvidobisa da TanamSromlobisaTvis warmomadgenlobiTi institute-
bis gaZlierebis mizniT. am mizniT parlamentTaSorisi kavSiri xels uwyobs
urTierTobis damyarebsa da gamocdilebis gacvlas qveynebis parlamentebsa
da parlamentarebs Soris, ganixilavs saerTaSoriso interesis sakiTxebs
da gamoxatavs sakuTar azrs am sakiTxebze, xels uwyobs adamianis ufle-
baTa dacvasa da popularizacias da aseve zogadad zrdis sazogadoebis in-
formirebulobis dones warmomadgenlobiTi institutebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb.
parlamentTaSorisi kavSiri iziarebs gaeros miznebs da mWidrod muSaobs
gaeros sxva saagentoebTan. aseve msgavsi idealebiT motivirebul regionul
parlamentTaSoris da saerTaSoriso, samTavrobaTaSoriso da arasamTavrobo
organizaciebTan.
74
© parlamentTaSorisi kavSiri 2005
gamocemulia parlamentTaSorisi kavSiris mier
gaeros ltolilTa umaRles komisarTan erTad
yvela ufleba daculia. dauSvebelia am publikaciis romelime nawilis gamo-
cema, Senaxva aRdgeniT sistemaSi an raime formiT da saSualebiT gadacema
– eleqtronuli, meqanikuri, fotoasliT, CaweriT an sxva gziT – parla-
mentTaSorisi kavSiris an gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisris winaswari
nebarTvis gareSe.
publikacia vrceldeba im pirobiT, rom igi aranairi saxiT ar iqneba gayiduli,
gaqiravebuli an raime sxva formiT gavrcelebuli gamomcemlis winaswari
Tanxmobis gareSe. dauSvebelia pirvandeli ydis dizainis an garekanis Secvla.
igive pirobebi vrceldeba yvela Semdgom gamomcemelze.
ISBN 92-9142-284-3 (IPU)
parlamentTaSorisi kavSiris
saTao ofisi
parlamentTaSorisi kavSiri
Chemin du Pommier 5safosto yuTi 330
CH-1218 Le Grand SaconnexJeneva
Sveicaria
tel: +41 22 919 41 50
faqsi: +41 22 919 41 60
el-fosta:
[email protected]: www.ipu.org
parlamentTaSorisi mudmivi
damkvirvebeli gaeroSi
Inter-Parliamentary Union220 East 42d StreetSuite 3002New York, N.Y. 10017USATel: +1 212 557 58 80Fax: +1 212 557 39 54E-mail: ny-offi [email protected]
gaeros ltolilTa umaRlesi
komisari
safosto yuTi 2500
1211 Jeneva 2
Sveicaria
tel: +41-22-739-8111
faqsi: +41-22-739-7353
veb-gverdi: www.unchr.org
qarTuli versia iTargmna da daibeWda
glukis warmomadgenlobis mier
saqarTveloSi
yazbegis gamziri 2a
0160 Tbilisi, saqarTvelo
tel.: (+995 32) 386202
faqsi: (+995 32) 385422
el. fosta: [email protected]