8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
1/39
Munich Personal RePEc Archive
Fast and Furious (and Dirty): HowAsymmetric Regulation May HinderEnvironmental Policy
Cristian Huse
Stockholm School of Economics
2014
Online athttp://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/48909/
MPRA Paper No. 48909, posted 11. February 2014 04:27 UTC
http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/48909/http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/48909/http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
2/39
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
3/39
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
4/39
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
5/39
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
6/39
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
7/39
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
8/39
pe 0.7pg
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
9/39
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
10/39
yit= 1{t}1{i } +1{t} +1{i } +xit+uit
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
11/39
t = 1,...,T i = 1,...,N yit 1{A} xit
i t 1{t }
i t
1{t } 1{t SR}
1{tLR}
1{tLR1} 1{tLR2}
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
12/39
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
13/39
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
14/39
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
15/39
SR LR LR1 LR2
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
16/39
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
17/39
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
18/39
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
19/39
Qe(pe, pg,y,kple,kplg, N) = Neqee (pe,y,kple) pe/pg > k
=
Neq
ee (pe,y,kple),
=a,e
Nqe (pe,y,kple)
pe/pg =k
= =a,e
Nq
e (pe,y,kple) :=Qe
e +Qa
e pe/pg < k
pe/pg k
tvktit i= e, g, a
g qg|g = vktgt /kplg e qe|e = vktet /kple a qf|a = 1{pet/pgt > k}vktat /kplg + 1{pet/pgt k
Qet = eNt
kple+
aNtkple
Qgt = gNt
kplg+qG
pet/pgt < k
E cheap E dear t t e a
:= (a, e, g) = kpleNt QEcheapet QEdearet , kpleNt QEcheapet , 1 e a kple
QEcheapet QEdearet
qG
kple
Nt
Nt
= (a, e, g)
t t
QEcheapet QEdearet
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
21/39
= 1500,1750 2000
kple = 8 kple = 6, 7, 10
kpl
kple kplg
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
22/39
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
23/39
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
24/39
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
25/39
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
26/39
http://www.riksdagen.se/Webbnav/index.aspx?nid=3911&bet=2005:1248http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/10/biofuels/did-you-know-learnhttp://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/119/a/110590http://www.regeringen.se/sb/d/586/a/798668/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
27/39
http://www.trafikverket.se/PageFiles/25435/nov10/04-2011_PM%20uppdaterade%20reduktionsv%C3%A4rden110308.pdfhttp://www.trafikverket.se/PageFiles/25435/nov10/04-2011_PM%20uppdaterade%20reduktionsv%C3%A4rden110308.pdfhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/2753506/Ford-Model-T-reaches-100.htmlhttp://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/news/2753506/Ford-Model-T-reaches-100.htmlhttp://www.riksdagen.se/Webbnav/index.aspx?nid=3911&bet=2007%3A3808/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
28/39
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
29/39
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
30/39
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
31/39
1{y2008} 1{i } 28.47 27.78
[4.16] [13.89] [13.82] [0.06]
9, 686 8, 110 8, 110 6, 594 6, 498 .012 .143 .147 .007 .011
1{y= 2008} 1{i } 34.14 (2.75) (1.43) (1.50) (2.11) (0.51)
[11.40]
1{y= 2009} 1{i } 25.86 28.77 26.43 19.85 5.76(5.56) (3.07) (2.80) (2.25) (0.42)
[4.96] [13.79] [13.11] [3.10] [1.32]
9, 686 8, 110 8, 110 6, 594 6, 498 .014 .143 .147 .008 .012
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
32/39
1{tSR} 1{i }
[1.48] [0.93] [0.89] [1.31] [1.11] [2.58]
1{tLR} 1{i } 24.60 22.35 19.22 16.75 23.46 1.555
[6.08] [4.74] [3.77] [4.04] [4.97] [1.08]
1{tSR} 1{i } 2.65 7.29 7.30 2.17 1.88 10.70(0.41) (
0.72) (
0.76) (0.48) (0.26) (
0.62)
[1.48] [0.93] [0.89] [1.31] [1.11] [2.58]
1{tLR1} 1{i } 21.12 16.07 12.48 13.36 20.06 2.84(6.20) (1.88) (1.20) (2.29) (4.46) (0.20)
[5.28] [3.32] [2.24] [3.19] [4.29] [2.14]
1{tLR2}.1{i } 32.44 32.86 30.44 25.60 31.67 17.96(3.67) (3.84) (3.46) (5.25) (3.14) (1.40)
[7.88] [7.13] [6.32] [6.29] [6.61] [3.09]
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
33/39
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
34/39
e a g
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
35/39
0
.2
.4
.6
.8
1
MarketShares
2004m1 2006m1 2008m1 2010m1Month
GCR starts GCR ends
RFVs >120gCO2/km RFVs
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
36/39
170
180
190
200
210
AvgEmissions(gCO2/km)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Year
RFVs AFVs
Note: RFVs: Regular Fuel Vehicles; AFVs: Alternative Fuel Vehicles
Supply side Emissions : Regular vs. Alt. Fuel Vehicles
170
18
0
190
200
AvgEmis
sions(gCO2/km)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009Year
RFVs AFVs
Note: RFVs: Regular Fuel Vehicles; AFVs: Alternative Fuel Vehicles
Sales weighted Emissions : Regular vs. Alt. Fuel Vehicles
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
37/39
0
10000
20000
3
0000
EthanolSales(000cubicmeters
)
0
50000
100000
150000200000
FFVFleet
2005
m1
2006
m1
2007
m1
2008
m1
2009
m1
2010m1
2011m1
Month
FFV fleet Ethanol Sales
Ethanol Sales and FFV Fleet
0
10000
20000
30000
EthanolSales(000
cubicmeters)
3
2
1
0
1
2
pgpe(energy
adjusted)
2005
m1
2006
m1
2007
m1
2008
m1
2009
m1
2010m1
2011m1
Month
Gasoline Price Premium Ethanol Sales
Ethanol Sales and Gasoline Price Premium
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
38/39
j j e a
8/12/2019 MPRA Paper 48909
39/39
TABLE A1Supply-side Summary Statistics
CO2 Emissions (gCO2/km)
Fuel 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Total mean 210.8 210.4 205.6 199.5 198.8 191.3
se(mean) 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.2
median 205 205 197 186 188 181
IQ range 175-239 172-239 167-234 159-226 161-225 155-216.5
Total 120g mean 107.1 106.8 113.6 114.4 113.7 114.1
se(mean) 3.1 2.9 0.9 1.1 0.9 0.7
median 114.5 113 116 118 116 118IQ range 90-118 90-116 109-119 109-119 109-119 109-119
Gasoline mean 218.0 218.3 215.4 213.0 212.4 206.0
se(mean) 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.9 1.7 1.7
median 213 211 207 197 199 193
IQ range 184-246 182-249 180-244 170-242 173-238 167-232
Gasoline 120g mean 116.3 115.3 112.1 111.1 112.1 113.1
se(mean) 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.9 1.0
median 116 116 111 109 109 112
IQ range 113-119 113-116 109-116 109-113 109-116 109-119
Diesel mean 188.8 188.1 183.0 172.2 174.8 168.3
se(mean) 2.1 2.0 1.8 1.8 1.6 1.3
median 185.5 187 174 162 169 160
IQ range 153-215 153-216 154-210 145-189 148-193 146-184Diesel 120g mean 97.1 101.3 114.8 115.8 114.6 115.2
se(mean) 5.2 4.5 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.0
median 90 100 118 119 119 119
IQ range 90-116 90-116 115-119 116-119 114.5-119 112-119
FFV Mean 165.0 185.3 185.4 184.4 194.2 195.1
se(mean) 0.0 6.8 6.8 4.6 3.7 3.1
median 165 172 172 175.5 184.5 191.5
IQ range 165-165 169-179 169-179 169-206 174-213 177-214
FFV 120g No models available
Gasoline/CNG Mean 199.5 198.0 164.4 150.4 147.6 156.9
se(mean) 12.4 12.2 7.9 6.3 9.7 4.5
median 213 215 164 157 155 157
IQ range 150-231 150-228 148-183 136.5-164 138-160 144-167Gasoline/Electric Mean 104.0 104.0 147.8 147.8 161.8 171.3
se(mean) . . 23.9 23.9 23.3 21.3
median 104 104 147.5 147.5 185 188.5
IQ range 104-104 104-104 106.5-189 106.5-189 109-192 109-219
Note: This table reports sample statistics of the distribution of engine CO2 emissions (measured in gCO2/km) disaggregated by fuel segment. For a given
year, a model is a combination of brand-model-fuel. Sample statistics reported are mean emission levels and their standard errors, median emission levels
and the interquartile range of emissions.
Recommended