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I. CIVILIZATIONS & EMPIRES
Ancient River Valley Civilizations
Egypt – Nile North Africa
Pyramids – afterlife & tech.
Hieroglyphics
Papyrus Irrigation Pharaohs
ruled – dynasties
Polytheistic
Mesopotamia –Tigris &
Euphrates
Middle East
“Fertile Crescent”
Cuneiform Code of
Hammurabi – legal system
Ziggurats Polytheisti
c The Epic of
Gilgamesh
India – Indus & Ganges
Subcontinent of India
(Harappa)
Planned Cities – set up like grids
Sanskrit Sewage
systems & running water
Caste System – rigid social class system
Hinduism & Buddhism
Dynasties – Tang, Song,
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China – Yellow & Yangtze
Asia
Han Golden Ages
– technological, cultural achievements
Chinese Script
Bronze Casting
Silk Production – Silk Road
II. RELIGIONS, PHILOSOPHIES, & BELIEF SYSTEMS
Hinduism & Buddhism
HINDUISM
INDIA
One god, Vishnu, who comes in many forms
Dharma – one’s duties in life
Karma – how well one carries out their dharma
Reincarnation – rebirth of the soul; based on one’s karma
Moksha – escaping the cycle of reincarnation
Ahimsa – nonviolence
Recognize the Caste System
The Vedas – holy scripture
BUDDHISM
INDIA
Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha or Enlightened One
Spread widely to
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China Dharma, karma,
reincarnation The Eightfold
Path Nirvana NO recognizing of
the Caste System
The Tripitka – holy scripture
MONOtheistic Religions
ISLAM
ARABIA/MIDDLE EAST
Muslims –those who practice Islam
Mosque – house of worship
Five Pillars Jihad – struggle in
the name of Allah Sharia – laws
governing everyday life
Muhammad – prophet
Qur’an/Koran – holy scripture
Sacred Cities: Jerusalem, Mecca
JUDAISM
Jews – those who practice Judaism
Temple – house of worship
Ten
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PALESTINE/MIDDLE EAST
Commandments Jesus of
Nazareth was a prophet, but mortal
Jerusalem – holy city
Torah – holy scripture
“Scapegoat” throughout history (exs. Spanish Inquisition, Holocaust)
CHRISTIANITY
PALESTINE/MIDDLE EAST
Church – house of worship
Ten Commandments
Jesus of Nazareth was a prophet and divine (son of God)
Jerusalem – holy city
Bible – holy scripture
Pope – head of the Christian faith
Most popular religion globally
Asian Philosophies
CONFUCIANISM
CHINA
Confucius – founder
Five Relationships – roles and relationships in society
Filial piety – respect for one’s elders
Rulers must be kind & virtuous
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Primary philosophical belief in China and throughout SE Asia
The Analects – collection of writings
TAOISM
CHINA
Lao Tzu – founder The Way Balance &
harmony with nature and the universe – Yin and Yang
Yin – Earth, dark, female, night
Yang – Heaven, light, male, day
SHINTO
JAPAN
Nature Worship – God (Kami) of Wind (kazi)
The Way of the Gods
Kami – gods/deities
Comparable to Animism (Africa)
III. NONPOLITICAL REVOLUTIONS/TURNING POINTS
NEOLITHIC BEFORE Man hunted &
AFTER Man grows crops
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gathered Nomadic –
moved with the animals and according to seasons
Limited population
Stone tools
& domesticates (tames) animals
Permanent Settlements
Civilizations develop (India, Egypt, China, Mesopotamia)
Population explodes
Metal tools Job
specialization Traditional
Economic System
SCIENTIFIC BEFORE Information was
provided primarily by the Church & the government
Geocentric Universe
AFTER Age of Reason Scientific
Method Heliocentric
Universe – Copernicus
Galileo – telescope
Sir Isaac Newton
COMMERCIAL BEFORE Initiated, in part,
by the Crusades Cultural
Diffusion Barter Trade Black Death –
led to a workers deficit in Europe
AFTER Started in the rich
Italian city-states (exs. Venice, Florence)
Insurance Bills of
Exchange Joint
Partnerships Banks Currency – coins Guilds &
Capitalism
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AGE of EXPLORATION BEFORE Trade was
primarily conducted over the Mediterranean & over land.
The demand for goods increased between Europe and Asia.
The expansion of the Ottoman Empire disrupts trade
Technology leads to Age of Exploration
AFTER Portuguese
sailors led the way in Europe:
Dias, Da Gama Europe wanted a
quicker route to the Spice Islands.
Christopher Columbus (1492) initiates the Columbian Exchange
Ferdinand Magellan – first to circumnavigate the globe
Inventions: astrolabe, compass, caravel
Triangular Trade
Imperialism – expansion for raw materials; mercantilism
RENAISSANCE BEFORE Monarchs and
divine rulers reigned without question
Arts (paintings, sculpture, literature) was based entirely on religion and gov’t
Europe suffered through the Dark Ages
The Church dominated everyday life
AFTER Humanism – the
arts were based on human beauty and the physical world
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Leonardo da Vinci, Michaelangelo, Rafeal, Donatello
“Rebirth” – Europe emerged from the Dark Ages
REFORMATION BEFORE AFTER
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Martin Luther 95 Theses –
corruption, selling of indulgences
Luther excommunicated
The Church loses power
Luther – Lutheranism
John Calvin – predestination
The Church begins the Counter-Reformation
Johannes Gutenberg – the printing press helps spread Luther’s ideas
ENLIGHTENMENT BEFORE Monarchs and
divine rulers reigned without question
Nobles possessed all the power and money
Peasants were taxed heavily and could not vote
AFTER Philosophers
began to question authority:
John Locke – natural/human rights
Voltaire – free speech
Baron de Montesquieu – separation of powers
Jean-Jacques Rousseau – social contract
Constitutions Suffrage Revolutions:
American, French, Haitian
Governments adopt legislative bodies (exs. Congress, Parliament, Diet)
IV. EMPIRES & GOLDEN AGES
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Classical Civilizations
ANCIENT GREECE
GREEK PENINSULA
Long, jagged coastline – depended on the Mediterranean Sea
Birthplace of Democracy
Age of Pericles Architecture:
column, pillar Arts: theatre,
trilogies, comedies, tragedies
Homer – The Iliad & the Odyssey
Olympic Games Coined money Polytheistic –
Zeus
ROMAN EMPIRE
ITALIAN PENINSULA & SURROUNDING MEDITERRANEAN
Emperors - Julius Caesar, Augustus Caesar, Marcus Aurelius
Paved Roads – military & trade
“bread & circuses”
Coliseum Architecture:
dome, aqueducts Law of the
Twelve Tables – law code; innocence presumed
Pax Romana Nero –
persecuted Christians
Christianity
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adopted as official religion
Fall – too large to defend borders from invaders
Golden Ages
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE
Eastern Roman Empire after Rome falls
Preserved Greco-Roman culture
Emperor Diocletian
Byzantine influences extended into Russia; Byzantine missionaries spread Orthodox Christianity in Russia
Cyrillic alphabet Emperor
Justinian – Justinian’s Code
HELLENISTIC WORLD
GREEK PENINSULA TO INDUS VALLEY
Alexander the Great
Greek, Egyptian, Persian culture
Influenced the culture of both Roman and Byzantine Empires
PERSIAN EMPIRE
IRAN/MIDDLE EAST
Advanced military techniques
Improved farming techniques
Golden Ages: Cyrus the Great, Darius I, Xerxes I
Strong Islamic influences
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ISLAMIC EMPIRE
MIDDLE EAST
Originated in Arabian Peninsula and spread to Northern Africa, India, Sicily, and Spain
Abbassid Dynasty – Golden Age
Glass production, algebra, anesthesia and surgery
Literature – Arabian Nights
CHINESE EMPIRE
ASIA
Han Dynasty – Golden Age
Trade with Rome – Silk Road
Paper (wood pulp) production
Gun powder
MONGOL EMPIRE
ASIA
Golden Horde Genghis Khan &
Kublai Khan – brutal military tactics
Cavalry – invention of the stirrup
Conquered the Chinese
Largest “landed” empire in history
Mongolia Diversity
MAURYAN EMPIRE Chandragupta
Maurya Gupta Dynasty
– Golden Age Concept of zero,
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INDIAdecimal system, plastic surgery, Arabic numerals
Strong Hindu & Islamic influences
Stupas Literature –
Aladdin and his Magic Lamp
WEST AFRICAN TRADING KINGDOMS
MALI, GHANA, SONGHAI
Controlled and prospered from Trans-Saharan Trade
Camel caravans Gold & Salt Strong Islamic
influences Taxes on goods M ali – Mansa
Musa was a Muslim who had lots of Money and made a famous hajj to Mecca
Timbuktu – famous trading center in Mali
Mali developed iron weapons
MESOAMERICAN TRIBES(MAYA, AZTEC, INCA)
CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICAS
Maya – modern Mexico
Pictograms – writing
Planned city-states
Disappeared Aztec – Yucatan
Peninsula Complex
calendar, pyramids, human sacrifice
Spanish conquistador –
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Hernan Cortez Inca – modern
Peru Terrace
farming Suspension
bridges & intricate road network
Complex trade network
Spanish conquistador – Francisco Pizarro
The Spanish brought: disease (smallpox), guns, horses, armor
Spanish establish: plantations, encomienda
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
CURRENT TURKEY
Constantinople Strong Islamic
influences Suleiman the
Magnificent Balkan Region Link between
Europeand the Middle East