Changes in pests, plants and their interactions as g p , p
drivers of emerging plant health risks:
tomato yellow leaf curl disease epidemics in
Spanish protected cultivation a study caseSpanish protected cultivation, a study case.
Enrique MorionesEnrique MorionesInstituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y
Mediterránea (IHSM-UMA-CSIC) “La Mayora” Experimental StationLa Mayora Experimental StationAlgarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
>end 1980’s Bemisia tabaci emergence
Whitefly-transmitted viruses
gwarm and temperate regions
Whitefly transmitted viruses
EMERGING VIRUSES (since late 1980s)• Begomoviruses (Fam. Geminiviridae)• Criniviruses (Fam. Criniviridae)
( )
• Ipomoviruses (Fam. Potyviridae)• Torradoviruses (Picorna-like)CYSDV
CVYV TYLCVTToVToCV
PARADIGM: Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD)
Presence of TYLCD
IRIRIRIR
CAUSAL AGENTSGenus: Begomovirus, Family: Geminiviridae
C4V2
Rep CP
C4V2
Rep CP~2,8Kb
C4V2
Rep CP
C4V2
Rep CP~2,8Kb
REnTrAP
REnREnTrAP
REn
ssDNA genome
Infection at early growth stages: 100% yield loss
TYLCD: complex of viruses associated
T LCVToLCV
TYLCKaV
TYLCGuV
TYLCKaV (bipartite)
TYLCGuVTYLCGuV
TYLCCNV
TYLCTHV833
1000
TYLCMalV
TYLCCNVTYLCCNVTYLCTHV (bipartite)
TYLCMalVTYLCMalV
TYLCAxV
TYLCSV-ES1000
1000
999547
TYLCSV
TYLCAxV
TYLCSV-Sar
TYLCSV-Sic1000
1000
TYLCV-Gez911
1000
TYLCSV
TYLCV-Mld911
TYLCV-IL
TYLCV IR1000
932
1000
TYLCV(Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus)
0.1
TYLCV-IR
TYLCMLV
1000
TYLCMLV
… biological differences exist(Navas-Castillo et al. 1999. Plant Disease 83: 29-32)
ToLCV
TYLCKaV-[TH:Kan1]
TYLCGuV-[CN:G3]
TYLCCNV-[CN:Gua]1000
TYLCKaV
TYLCGuV
TYLCCNV
TYLCGuV
TYLCCNV
ToLCV
TYLCKaV-[TH:Kan1]
TYLCGuV-[CN:G3]
TYLCCNV-[CN:Gua]1000
ToLCV
TYLCKaV-[TH:Kan1]
TYLCGuV-[CN:G3]
TYLCCNV-[CN:Gua]1000
TYLCKaV
TYLCGuV
TYLCCNV
TYLCGuV
TYLCCNV
(Navas Castillo et al. 1999. Plant Disease 83: 29 32)
TYLCCNV [CN:Gua]
TYLCTHV-[TH:1]833
TYLCMalV-[ES:421:99]
TYLCAxV-[ES:Sn8:00]
TYLCSV-ES[ES:1:92]1000
999547
TYLCCNVTYLCCNVTYLCTHV
TYLCMalV
TYLCaXV
TYLCCNV [CN:Gua]
TYLCTHV-[TH:1]833
TYLCMalV-[ES:421:99]
TYLCAxV-[ES:Sn8:00]
TYLCSV-ES[ES:1:92]1000
999547
TYLCCNV [CN:Gua]
TYLCTHV-[TH:1]833
TYLCMalV-[ES:421:99]
TYLCAxV-[ES:Sn8:00]
TYLCSV-ES[ES:1:92]1000
999547
TYLCCNVTYLCCNVTYLCTHV
TYLCMalV
TYLCaXV
TYLCSV-[IT]
TYLCSV-Sic[IT]1000
1000
TYLCV-Gez[SD]
TYLCV-Mld[IL]911
932
1000
TYLCSV
TYLCGezV
TYLCSV-[IT]
TYLCSV-Sic[IT]1000
1000
TYLCV-Gez[SD]
TYLCV-Mld[IL]911
932
1000
TYLCSV-[IT]
TYLCSV-Sic[IT]1000
1000
TYLCV-Gez[SD]
TYLCV-Mld[IL]911
932
1000
TYLCSV
TYLCGezV
Bean leaf crumple diseasex
0.1
TYLCV-[IL]
TYLCV-IR1000
93
TYLCMLV
1000
TYLCV
TYLCMLV0.1
TYLCV-[IL]
TYLCV-IR1000
93
TYLCMLV
1000
0.1
TYLCV-[IL]
TYLCV-IR1000
93
TYLCMLV
1000
TYLCV
TYLCMLV
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5TYLCV-Mld TYLCV-IL
Resistance break down
(Squash-blot hybridization)Tomás et al. 2011. MPMI (in press)
TYLCD emergence, SPAIN as study case: MIGRATION
1992 .........1997...........1999......................2009
TYLCSV
TYLCSV nucleotide genetic diversity (intergenic region) (Nei, 1987)
High genetic stability of the TYLCSV population (8 years period)
PROVINCE 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
ALMERÍA 0,0000 0,0028 0,0052 - 0,0080 0,0098 - -
g y ( g g ) ( , )
, , , , ,
MÁLAGA - - - 0,0018 0,0058 0,0106 - -
MURCIA 0,0066 0,0043 0,0085 - 0,0101 0,0085 0,0096 0,0314
(Sánchez-Campos et al. 2002. Phytopathology 92:842-849)
1992 ........1997.....1998.............................2009
TYLCSV-ESTYLCV-Mld
DISPLACEMENT of TYLCSV by TYLCV:Tomato - Southern Spain (1996 – 1998)
NO (%) POSITIVE SAMPLES FOR:
YEARNO FIELDS
VISITEDNO SAMPLES COLLECTED
INCIDENCE TYLCD (%) TYLCSV TYLCV TYLCSV+( ) TYLCSV TYLCV TYLCSV+
TYLCV
1996 20 1000 686 (68,6) 398 (39,8) 71 (7,1) 219 (21,9)
1997 12 605 492 (81,3) 103 (17,0) 231 (38,2) 158 (26,1)
1998 11 554 536 (96,7) 10 (1,8) 403 (72,7) 123 (22,2)
Sánchez-Campos, et al. 1999. Phytopathology 89:1038-1043
Host rangeTYLCSV TYLCVPLANT HOST TYLCSV TYLCV
Common bean
+Tomato
PLANT HOST
-+++ +
Rotation tomato – common bean – tomato: purifying selection for TYLCV
Vector transmission
PERCENTAGE INFECTED PLANTSBIOTYPE
B. TABACI
N O
EXPERIMENTS TYLCSV TYLCV
B 4 11,8 c 33,7 b
Q 4 40,1 ab 50,0 a
Navas-Castillo et al. 1999. Plant Disease 83: 29-32.Sánchez-Campos, et al. 1999. Phytopathology 89:1038-1043
1992 ........1997.....1998.............................2009
TYLCSV-ESTYLCV-Mld TYLCV-IL
100les
Murcia
Incidence of TYLCV-IL in TOMATO among TYLCD-infected samples
708090
ed s
ampl Murcia
AlmeríaMálaga
405060
L-in
fect
e
10203040
TYLC
V-IL
010
% T
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Population study: TYLCD in Western Mediterranean Basin(1999 2003)(1999-2003)
Systematic survey:
1,900 samples from Italy and Spain
(tomato / common bean)
(Collaboration : GP Accotto. IVA, Torino, Italy)
780 nt (30% genome)
V2
Rep
IR
80 t ( g )
Random selection:111 isolates analyzed
C4 CP
(García-Andrés, et al. 2007. Virology 359:302-312)
100
75
55
5270
ES:T245:03-F5 ES:T387:03-F8ES:T398:03-F9
ES:T323:03-F1ES:T239:03-F5
ES:T249:03-F5 ES:T15:03-F3
ES:T223:03-F4
TYLCV-[IL] IT:T568:02-F4IT:T573:02-F4IT:T570:02-F4IT:T535:02-F2IT:T529:02-F2TYLCV-[IT:Sic:05]
Great genetic diversity:
6 virus types present:• TYLCV: IL / MldTYLCV-IL100
78
53
ES:T177:03-F2 ES:T341:03-F3
ES:T6:03-F2ES:T318:03-F1ES:T383:03-F7ES:T365:03-F6
ES:T158:03-F1
ES:T3:03-F2ES:T409:03-F9ES:T206:03-F7 ES:B437:03-F5ES:T190:03-F3
ES:T333:03-F2ES:T162:03-F1
ES:T84:03-F8
ES:T80:03-F8
• TYLCSV: Sar / Sic / ES• TYLCMalV
98
50
100
62
ES:T188:03-F3 ES:T28:03-F4
ES:T16:03-F3ES:T48:03-F1ES:T281:03-F8
ES:T196:03-F3 ES:T167:03-F1
ES:T337:03-F3ES:T327:03-F2ES:B434:03-F4TYLCV-[ES:Alm] ES:T400:03-F9ES:T70:03-F7ES:T268:03-F6
ES:T305:03-F9
ES T362 03 F5
TYLCSV-Sar
TYLCV- Mld62
76
97
99
90
100
56
81
98
100 ES:T362:03-F5ES:T377:03-F7
ES:T357:03-F5ES:B122:03-F3
ES:B139:03-F1ES:T21:03-F4TYLCV-Mld[ES:72:97]
IT T292 99 F2IT:T306:99-F3IT:T289:99-F2
IT:T284:99-F1IT:T548:02-F3
IT:T561:02-F3IT:T511:02-F1IT:T310:99-F4IT:T538:02-F2
ES:T50:03-F6
Geographic and host STRUCTURATION
TYLCSV-ES
TYLCSV-Sic
O Italy (tomato)
74
88
70
64
100
60
100
99
100
IT:T287:99-F1IT:T315:99-F4
IT:T313:99-F4IT:T293:99-F2IT:T304:99-F3TYLCSV-Sic[IT]
IT:T500:02-F1IT:T558:02-F3IT:T286:99-F1IT:T506:02-F1
ES:T36:03-F5
TYLCSV-ES[ES:92:1]
TYLCSV-[IT:Sar] IT:T303:99-F3IT:T292:99-F2
ES:T57:03-F6
Geographic and host STRUCTURATION
TYLCMalV
y ( )O Spain (common bean)O Spain (tomato)52
61
52
100
TYLCSV ES[ES:92:1] ES:B117:03-F2ES:B109:03-F2
ES:B104:03-F1ES:B130:03-F3ES:T31:03-F5ES:B428:03-F4ES:B145:03-F2ES:B152:03-F2ES:B115:03-F2ES:B101:03-F1ES:B99:03-F1ES:B110:03-F2
ES:B143:03-F1ES:B121:03-F3ES:B123:03-F3
ES:B106:03-F1
(García-Andrés, et al. 2007. Virology 359:302-312)62
0.05
ES:B106:03 F1ES:B416:03-F2ES:B98:03-F1ES:B422:03-F3ES:B134:03-F1ES:T64:03-F7
ES:B423:03-F3ES:B432:03-F4ES:B147:03-F2ES:B138:03-F1ES:B142:03-F1ES:B119:03-F3TYLCMalV-[ES:421:99]
ES:B111:03-F2
ToLCV-[AU] ToLCV-[AU]
Mixed infections occur in natural populations: risk of RECOMBINATION
Within single plantsTYLCV-Mld[ES:72:97]
1000
1000T535/02 P2T570/02 P4T573/02 P4T529/02 P2
1000
TYLCV-[IT:Sic:05]
TYLCV-Mld[ES:72:97]
1000
1000T535/02 P2T570/02 P4T573/02 P4T529/02 P2
1000
TYLCV-[IT:Sic:05]
TYLCV-IL pGEM-TBglII digestion
pGEM T
1Kb
TYLCSV -Sar
TYLCSV -Sic
TYLCVUn cu
t
1Kb
TYLCSVTYLCSV-
SicTYLCVUncu
t
1Kb
TYLCSV -Sar
TYLCSV -Sic
TYLCVUn cu
t
1Kb
TYLCSV -Sar
TYLCSV -Sic
TYLCVUn cu
t
1Kb
TYLCSVTYLCSV-
SicTYLCVUncu
t
Bgl II digestionRFLP differentiation
g p
TYLCV-[ES:Alm]
TYLCMalV-[ES:421:99] TYLCSV-[IT:Sar]
T284/99 P1991
T568/02 P4
TYLCV-[ES:Alm]
TYLCMalV-[ES:421:99] TYLCSV-[IT:Sar]
T284/99 P1991
T568/02 P4TYLCV IL ppGEM-T
T561/02 P3T548/02 P3
T538/02 P2
T310/99 P4T511/02 P1
991
T303/99 P3
1000
999
577
T561/02 P3T548/02 P3
T538/02 P2
T310/99 P4T511/02 P1
991
T303/99 P3
1000
999
577
SICILY
TYLCSV-Sar
1kb 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10[Ty304:99]
TYLCSV-Sar
T303/99 P3T306/99 P3T289/99 P2T292/99 P2
999
TYLCSV-ES[ES:1:92]T506/02 P1
961
999 T303/99 P3T306/99 P3T289/99 P2T292/99 P2
999
TYLCSV-ES[ES:1:92]T506/02 P1
961
999
TYLCSV-Sic
TYLCSV-Sic
TYLCSV-Sic[IT:Sic]T500/02 P1T558/02 P3
T293/99 P2T304/99 P3T286/99 P1
1000TYLCSV-Sic[IT:Sic]
T500/02 P1T558/02 P3
T293/99 P2T304/99 P3T286/99 P1
1000
TYLCSV-Sic
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101kb[Ty570:02]
TYLCSV-SarTYLCV-IL
0.1
T286/99 P1T315/99 P4T287/99 P1
T313/99 P40.1
T286/99 P1T315/99 P4T287/99 P1
T313/99 P4
(García-Andrés, et al. 2007. Virology 359:302-312)TYLCSV-Sic
1992 1997 1998 2009TYLCD emergence, SPAIN as study case: RECOMBINATION
1992 ........1997.....1998.............................2009TYLCV-Mld TYLCV-IL
TYLCSV-ES
TYLCMalV TYLCAxV
(García-Andrés et al. 2006. Virology 350:433-442)
(Monci et al. 2002. Virology 303: 317-326)
Ch i h t
Emergence of recombinants: increased host range / virulence
TYLCV TY CSV ES TYLCM lV TYLCA V
Changes in host range (detection by molecular hybridization)
Recombinant virusesParental viruses
TYLCV TYLCSV-ES TYLCMalV TYLCAxVTomato + + + +Common bean + + +-Solanum nigrum - + + +
Changes in virulencecommom bean
seve
rity
3
4
5 tomato
3
4
5 S. nigrum
3
4
5
seve
ri ty
common bean tomato Solanum nigrumcommom bean
seve
rity
3
4
5 tomato
3
4
5 S. nigrum
3
4
5
seve
ri ty
common bean tomato Solanum nigrum
Changes in virulence
Sym
ptom
s
0
1
2
3
0
1
2
3
0
1
2
3
S ym
p to m
sS
ympt
om s
0
1
2
3
0
1
2
3
0
1
2
3
S ym
p to m
s
Days post-inoculation15 3015 3015 30S
Days post-inoculation15 3015 3015 30S
TYLCSV-ESTYLCAxVTYLCV-IL
(García-Andrés, et al. 2006. Virology 350:433-442)(Monci et al. 2002. Virology 303: 317-326)
Emergence of recombinants: Resistance break down
V2
C4C2
C1V1
IR Plant number
Resistance break downTYLCV-Mld vs. TYLCV-IL
1.0
0.5
A
C3C4 IR
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5TYLCV-Mld TYLCV-IL
0.0 I II I(Squash-blot hybridization)
Region I Region IITGMV
ToLCKavToLCBV1000
TYLCSV
TGMV
TYLCV-IL1000
TYLCSVTYLCV-IR
TYLCV-MILD
1000
1000
ToLCBV
ToLCKaVTYLCV-IR
9501000
772
TYLCSV
0.1 0.1
TYLCV MILDTYLCV-IL TYLCV-MILD1000
614
(Navas-Castillo et al. 2000. J Gen Virol 81: 2797-2801)
100
75
55
5270
ES:T245:03-F5 ES:T387:03-F8ES:T398:03-F9
ES:T323:03-F1ES:T239:03-F5
ES:T249:03-F5 ES:T15:03-F3
ES:T223:03-F4
TYLCV-[IL] IT:T568:02-F4IT:T573:02-F4IT:T570:02-F4IT:T535:02-F2IT:T529:02-F2TYLCV-[IT:Sic:05]
Emergence of recombinants: Population structure change
TYLCV-IL100
78
53
ES:T177:03-F2 ES:T341:03-F3
ES:T6:03-F2ES:T318:03-F1ES:T383:03-F7ES:T365:03-F6
ES:T158:03-F1
ES:T3:03-F2ES:T409:03-F9ES:T206:03-F7 ES:B437:03-F5ES:T190:03-F3
ES:T333:03-F2ES:T162:03-F1
ES:T84:03-F8
ES:T80:03-F8
(Spain – common bean)
98
50
100
62
ES:T188:03-F3 ES:T28:03-F4
ES:T16:03-F3ES:T48:03-F1ES:T281:03-F8
ES:T196:03-F3 ES:T167:03-F1
ES:T337:03-F3ES:T327:03-F2ES:B434:03-F4TYLCV-[ES:Alm] ES:T400:03-F9ES:T70:03-F7ES:T268:03-F6
ES:T305:03-F9
ES T362 03 F5
Displacement of TYLCV by
TYLCSV-Sar
TYLCV- Mld62
76
97
99
90
100
56
81
98
100 ES:T362:03-F5ES:T377:03-F7
ES:T357:03-F5ES:B122:03-F3
ES:B139:03-F1ES:T21:03-F4TYLCV-Mld[ES:72:97]
IT T292 99 F2IT:T306:99-F3IT:T289:99-F2
IT:T284:99-F1IT:T548:02-F3
IT:T561:02-F3IT:T511:02-F1IT:T310:99-F4IT:T538:02-F2
ES:T50:03-F6
TYLCMalV in common bean
TYLCSV-ES
TYLCSV-Sic
O Italy (tomato)
74
88
70
64
100
60
100
99
100
IT:T287:99-F1IT:T315:99-F4
IT:T313:99-F4IT:T293:99-F2IT:T304:99-F3TYLCSV-Sic[IT]
IT:T500:02-F1IT:T558:02-F3IT:T286:99-F1IT:T506:02-F1
ES:T36:03-F5
TYLCSV-ES[ES:92:1]
TYLCSV-[IT:Sar] IT:T303:99-F3IT:T292:99-F2
ES:T57:03-F6
TYLCMalV
O Spain (common bean)O Spain (tomato)52
61
52
100
TYLCSV ES[ES:92:1] ES:B117:03-F2ES:B109:03-F2
ES:B104:03-F1ES:B130:03-F3ES:T31:03-F5ES:B428:03-F4ES:B145:03-F2ES:B152:03-F2ES:B115:03-F2ES:B101:03-F1ES:B99:03-F1ES:B110:03-F2
ES:B143:03-F1ES:B121:03-F3ES:B123:03-F3
ES:B106:03-F1 TYLCMalV
(García-Andrés, et al. 2007. Virology 359:302-312)
62
0.05
ES:B106:03 F1ES:B416:03-F2ES:B98:03-F1ES:B422:03-F3ES:B134:03-F1ES:T64:03-F7
ES:B423:03-F3ES:B432:03-F4ES:B147:03-F2ES:B138:03-F1ES:B142:03-F1ES:B119:03-F3TYLCMalV-[ES:421:99]
ES:B111:03-F2
Recombination as source of genetic diversity
During co-infections of a single plant
TYLCSV ESTYLCSV-ES+
TYLCV-Mld
Tomato plantsMoneymaker
TY-1SMmBMmA
Tomato plants
------130 dpi
------60 dpi
------20 dpiVirus population analysis[days post-infection (dpi)]
400 dpi400 dpi400 dpi
IRV2
CP RepTrAP
REnC4
RFLP analysis
TYLCV-Mld
TYLCSV-ES
TYLCV-Mld
Hind IIIBgl II Bgl I Kpn IKpn ISac II
Pml IDra III Sph I Eco NI
25 clones/date
MoneymakerTY-1S
MmBMmAMoneymaker
TY-1SMmBMmA
TYLCSV-ESTYLCV-Mld
R1R2R3R4400 dpi400 dpi400 dpi
------130 dpi
------60 dpi
------20 dpi
400 dpi400 dpi400 dpi
------130 dpi
------60 dpi
------20 dpi
R4
400d i400 d i400 d i130 d i60 d i20 d i
Ty-1SMm BMm AHaplotypeRestriction
pattern
Sequence analysis
3----------V--3109----IVR2 1----------IIIR1 --3--696IITYLCV12151371619ITYLCSV
400dpi400 dpi400 dpi130 dpi60 dpi20 dpipattern
--4--------XI------2----XR3 1----------IX1----------VIII5----------VII2----------VI
13/257/2512/2512/250/250/25
----21----XIIR4
4XI
Incidence of recombinants 12/25 12/25 7/25 13/25
(García-Andrés, et al. 2007. Virology 365:210-219)
migration
Factors driving emergence of TYLCD-associated viruses in SPAIN
TYLCV-Mld TYLCV-ILTYLCSV-ES
1992 ........1996.....1998.............................2009
recombination
TYLCMalV TYLCAxV
TYLCSV-ES TYLCSV-ES+
TYLCV Mld
TYLCSV-ES +
TYLCV IL
TYLCSV-ES+
TYLCV Mld
TYLCSV-ES+
TYLCV Mld TYLCV-Mld+
TYLCV-IL+
TYLCMal
TYLCV-IL+
TYLCV-Mld+
TYLCMal
TYLCV-Mld TYLCV-Mld+
TYLCV-IL
TYLCMal +TYLCAxV
AYVVES:Sn29:00
AYVVES:Sn29:00
WILD RESERVOIRS: Solanum nigrum populations as a study case(Málaga, Spain, 2000-2003)
TYLCSV-ES[ES:1:92]ES:Sn8-1:00ES:Sn30-1:00
ES:Sn16:00
ES:Sn4-1:03ES:Sn15-1:03
ES:Sn34:00
1000
947
TYLCSV-ES[ES:1:92]ES:Sn8-1:00ES:Sn30-1:00
ES:Sn16:00
ES:Sn4-1:03ES:Sn15-1:03
ES:Sn34:00
1000
947
TYLCMalV-[ES:421:99] ES:Sn27:00
ES:Sn10-1:00ES:Sn2:02
ES:Sn28-1:00
ES:Sn34:00
ES:Sn13:01ES:Sn6-1:00997
970
959
TYLCMalV-[ES:421:99] ES:Sn27:00
ES:Sn10-1:00ES:Sn2:02
ES:Sn28-1:00
ES:Sn34:00
ES:Sn13:01ES:Sn6-1:00997
970
959
TYLCV-[ES:Alm]
TYLCV-Mld[ES:72:97]ES:Sn6 1:00
ES:Sn5-1:00ES:Sn11:00ES:Sn10-2:00
ES:Sn8-2:00
886
TYLCV-[ES:Alm]
TYLCV-Mld[ES:72:97]ES:Sn6 1:00
ES:Sn5-1:00ES:Sn11:00ES:Sn10-2:00
ES:Sn8-2:00
886
ES:Sn5-2:00
ES:Sn30-2:00ES:Sn15-2:03
ES:Sn35:03ES:Sn25:00
ES:Sn3-1:01
ES:Sn15-3:00
998
939
ES:Sn5-2:00
ES:Sn30-2:00ES:Sn15-2:03
ES:Sn35:03ES:Sn25:00
ES:Sn3-1:01
ES:Sn15-3:00
998
939
V2IR
V2IR
V2IR
V2IR
V2IR
V2IR
V2IR
ES:Sn5-3:00ES:Sn8-3:00
ES:Sn32:00ES:Sn3-2:01
ES:Sn30-3:00
ES:Sn12:01
ES:Sn4-2:03
989
ES:Sn5-3:00ES:Sn8-3:00
ES:Sn32:00ES:Sn3-2:01
ES:Sn30-3:00
ES:Sn12:01
ES:Sn4-2:03
989C4
V2
Rep CP750 nt
C4V2
Rep CP
C4V2
Rep CP300nt
C4V2
Rep CP
C4V2
Rep CP750 nt
C4V2
Rep CP
C4V2
Rep CP300nt300nt
ES:Sn28-2:00
ES:Sn6-2:00
ES:Sn1:03
ES:Sn19:03
ES:Sn30-3:00
0.05
ES:Sn28-2:00
ES:Sn6-2:00
ES:Sn1:03
ES:Sn19:03
ES:Sn30-3:00
0.05
TrAP REnTrAP REnTrAP REnTrAP REnTrAP REnTrAP REnTrAP REn
(García-Andrés, et al. 2006. Virology 350:433-442) TYLCAxV-[ES:Alg:00]
TYLCD emergence: use of GENETIC RESISTANCE
TYLCD complexResistance genes can be selective:
ToLCV
TYLCKaV-[TH:Kan1]
TYLCGuV-[CN:G3]
TYLCCNV-[CN:Gua]
TYLCTHV-[TH:1]833
1000
TYLCKaV
TYLCGuV
TYLCCNV
TYLCGuV
TYLCCNVTYLCTHV
ToLCV
TYLCKaV-[TH:Kan1]
TYLCGuV-[CN:G3]
TYLCCNV-[CN:Gua]
TYLCTHV-[TH:1]833
1000
ToLCV
TYLCKaV-[TH:Kan1]
TYLCGuV-[CN:G3]
TYLCCNV-[CN:Gua]
TYLCTHV-[TH:1]833
1000
TYLCKaV
TYLCGuV
TYLCCNV
TYLCGuV
TYLCCNVTYLCTHV
TYLCD complex
Plant number
Ty-1 RESISTANCE: near isogenic lines (UPV, Valencia):
TYLCTHV [TH:1]
TYLCMalV-[ES:421:99]
TYLCAxV-[ES:Sn8:00]
TYLCSV-ES[ES:1:92]
TYLCSV-[IT]
TYLCSV-Sic[IT]1000
1000
1000
999
TYLCV-Gez[SD]
1000
547
TYLCMalV
TYLCSV
TYLCaXV
TYLCGezV
TYLCTHV [TH:1]
TYLCMalV-[ES:421:99]
TYLCAxV-[ES:Sn8:00]
TYLCSV-ES[ES:1:92]
TYLCSV-[IT]
TYLCSV-Sic[IT]1000
1000
1000
999
TYLCV-Gez[SD]
1000
547
TYLCTHV [TH:1]
TYLCMalV-[ES:421:99]
TYLCAxV-[ES:Sn8:00]
TYLCSV-ES[ES:1:92]
TYLCSV-[IT]
TYLCSV-Sic[IT]1000
1000
1000
999
TYLCV-Gez[SD]
1000
547
TYLCMalV
TYLCSV
TYLCaXV
TYLCGezV V
V
VVV
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 C
V
V
VVV
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 C
TYLCV
TYLCSVR (Ty1ty1)
TYLCV
TYLCSV
TYLCV
TYLCSVR heterozygous(Ty1ty1)
TYLCV
TYLCSVAnastasia (resistant, R)
0.1
TYLCV-Mld[IL]911
TYLCV-[IL]
TYLCV-IR1000
932
TYLCMLV
1000
TYLCV
TYLCMLV0.1
TYLCV-Mld[IL]911
TYLCV-[IL]
TYLCV-IR1000
932
TYLCMLV
1000
0.1
TYLCV-Mld[IL]911
TYLCV-[IL]
TYLCV-IR1000
932
TYLCMLV
1000
TYLCV
TYLCMLV
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
TYLCV
TYLCSVR (Ty1Ty1)
TYLCV
TYLCSVSusceptible (ty1ty1)
TYLCV(Ty1ty1)
TYLCV
TYLCSVR homozygous(Ty1Ty1)
TYLCV
TYLCSVSusceptible (ty1ty1)
TYLCV(Ty1ty1)
V
V
V
V
TYLCV
TYLCSVMoneymakerTYLCV
TYLCSVMoneymaker
squash blot (30 days post inoculation)
García-André et al. . 2009. Virus Res 146: 66-72.
TYLCV vs. TYLCSV in COMMERCIAL HYBRIDS resistant to TYLCD (Ty-1 gene?):
Yamile TYLCVTYLCSV
1 2 3 4 5 9876 10 1 2 3 4 5 9876 10 1 2 3 4 5 9876 10
TYLCSVYanira
Anastasia
Dulcinea
TYLCVTYLCSV
TYLCVTYLCSV
TYLCVTYLCSV
Moneymaker
15 dpi 30 dpi 45 dpi
TYLCV
TYLCVTYLCSV
TYLCV
change in virus population structure
resistance breakdown???
Susceptible Resistant (Ty-1 gene)
EVOLUTION OF POPULATION STRUCTURE: Effect of use of resistance
Susceptible Resistant (Ty 1 gene)
>1998>1998
Year Variety Nº of samples
Nº (%) samples positive for
TYLCSV TYLCV TYLCSV+TYLCV
1996 Susceptible 13 13 (100) 0 0Samplings
1996 Susceptible 13 13 (100) 0 0
1997 Susceptible 25 25 (100) 0 0
1998 Susceptible 80 43 (66,1) 12 (18,5) 10 (15,4)
Resistant 62 4 (6,5) 41 (66,1) 17 (27,4)
1996-2002
2001 Susceptible 63 0 (0) 48 (98) 1 (2)
Resistant 67 0 (0) 55 (100) 0 (0)
2002 Susceptible 125 8 (8,9) 77 (85,6) 5 (5,5)
Resistant 126 0 (0) 43 (100) 0 (0)
(García-Andrés, et al. 2009. Virus Res 146:66-72)
Several factors are driving emergence of virus diseases
Main conclusions
- Several factors are driving emergence of virus diseases (migration, transmission, virus recombination, human manipulation,..)
Emergence can result in great epidemiological alterations- Emergence can result in great epidemiological alterations
- Understanding emergence can help durable virus control
FUTURE WORK
Virus emergence
Understanding virus-hosts interactions associated with of
host range
Understanding mechanisms associated with recombination
Understanding virus-vector interactions and emergenceUnderstanding virus-vector interactions and emergence
who performed the work…..
SPAIN (CSIC, Málaga) pHD students. Sonia Sánchez-Campos (population
studies). Enrique Moriones. Jesús Navas-Castillo
studies). Susana García-Andrés (population
studies, resitance studie). Francisco Monci (recombination
studies). Diego M. Tomás (recombination
)
ITALY (IVV, Torino)
studies, resistance studies)
Gian Paolo Accotto (population studies)(p p )
Plant Virus LaboratoryPlant Virus LaboratoryInstituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”
Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, SPAIN