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Numbering Systems for Alloys
Ref:Engineering Materials Propertieand Selection, K.G. Budinskiand M. K. Budinski, 7th ed., Prentice Hall,
2002 (Chap. 8 16)
SAE AISI
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How can you tell the others exactlywhich kind of material you want?
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Figure 1 (a) In a blast furnace,
iron ore is reduced using coke(carbon) and air to produce liquidpig iron. The high-carbon contentin the pig iron is reduce byintroducing oxygen into the basicoxygen furnace to produce liquid
steel. An electric arc furnace canbe used to produce liquid steel bymelting scrap. (b) Schematic of ablast furnace operation. (Source:www.steel.org. Used with
permission of the American Ironand Steel Institute.)
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What do these codes mean?
AISI 1020 steelASTM A 29 grade 1020 steel
UNS G10200
SAE 1006
6061-T63003-H38
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What You Should Include in theSpecifications of a Material ?
Description: e.g. steel, hot-finished, low-carbon, bar, ASTM A29 grade B
Dimension
Chemical composition
Mechanical properties
Dimension tolerance: LWH, flatness, etc.
Finish: hot-rolled, cold rolled, patterned
Special requirements: heat treatment,texture, etc.
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Ferrous Alloys
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Features of the Fe - Fe3C Diagram
Liquid
Cementite
(Austenite)
g +Liquid2.11
0.02
727
g +Fe C3
Fe C3
+ Fe C3
a0.77
912
1148
4.3
Atomic % Carbon
5 10 15 20 25
1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
Weight % Carbon
1000
1200
1400
1600
40 0
60 0
80 0
Temperatu
re(C)d
g
Austenite
a Ferrite
Fe3CCementite
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Some Specifications applicable to SteelProducts and other Metals
SpecificationsSAE-AISI Society of Automotive Engineers American Iron
and Steel InstituteASTM(UNS)
American Society for Testing and Materials(www.astm.org)
ASME American Society of Mechanical EngineersMIL U.S. Department of DefenseAMS Aerospace Materials SpecificationBS British Standards Institution
(http://www.bsi-global.com/index.xalter)EN European Committee for Standardization
(http://www.cenorm.be)
http://www.astm.org/http://www.bsi-global.com/index.xalterhttp://www.cenorm.be/http://www.cenorm.be/http://www.bsi-global.com/index.xalterhttp://www.bsi-global.com/index.xalterhttp://www.bsi-global.com/index.xalterhttp://www.astm.org/8/2/2019 Numbering Systems for Alloys-1 (1)
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Classifications ofSteel
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The Most Widely Used System
for Designating Steels SAE-AISI
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Unified Numbering System (UNS)
Developed by ASTM andSAE
Not a specification but onlyidentify an alloy coveredby other standards
The 5 digits closely relatedto the original identificationsystem. E.g. AISI 1020 =G10200
Adopted by the CopperDevelopment Associationas official identificationsystem for Cu alloys
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Most Frequently Used Carbon andAlloy Steels in the US
SAE 1010: formed sheet-metal parts
SAE 1020: general machine applications
SAE 1040: flame- or induction-hardenedparts
ASTM A36: structural steel
SAE 4140: high-strength machine partsSAE 4340: high-strength machine parts
SAE 8620: carburized wear parts
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Design the materials and heat treatments for an automobileaxle and drive gear
ExampleDesign of Surface-Hardening Treatments
for a Drive Train
Figure 1 Sketchof axle andgear assembly .
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Tool Steel Categories
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Tool Steel Types
High alloy content and thus high hardenability
Melted by electric furnace for cleanliness andalloy content control
Melted in small heats and subjected to tightquality control
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Stainless Steel Family
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Crucial Properties of Stainless Steels
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A Repertoire of Stainless Steels
Type Uses430
S43000
For rust resistance on decorative annonfunctional parts
416
S41600
Hardened to 30 HRC and use for jigs, fixtures
and base plates420
S42000
Harden to 50-52 HRC for tools that do notrequire high wear resistance (e.g. injection-molding cavities, nozzles, holding blocks, etc)
440C
S44004
Harden to 58-60 HRC for cutting devices,punches and dies
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A Repertoire of Stainless Steels
Type Uses
303
S30300
For fasteners and shafts where only rust orsplash and spill resistance are needed
304/L All types of chemical immersion
316/L All types of chemical immersion where 304 isnot adequate
17-4 PH
S17400
High stress fasteners, shafting, agitators andmachine supports; age hardened
17-7 PH
S17700
Harden to condition CH900 for chemical-resistant springs
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Aluminium Alloys
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Wrought Aluminium Alloys AluminumAssociation designation system
Major Alloying Elements Series
Commercially pure aluminium (99% min) 1000
Copper (major alloying element) 2000
Manganese 3000Silicon 4000
Magnesium 5000
Magnesium and silicon 6000Zinc 7000
Other elements 8000
Unused series 9000
Second digit designatesmill control on specificelements
The last two digitshave no significance,
except
Indicate the Al contentabove 99%, e.g. 1040
has 99.40% Al
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Cast Aluminium Alloy Designations
Major Alloying Elements SeriesAluminium + silicon 1-99 (old system)
99.5 min. aluminium 1xx.x
Copper 2xx.x
Silicon + copper or magnesium 3xx.x
Silicon 4xx.x
Magnesium 5xx.x
Unused series 6xx.xZinc 7xx.x
Tin 8xx.x
Other Element 9xx.x
The last digit indicatesproduct form: 0 for a
casting, 1 for ingotform
Addi i l D i i f h
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Additional Designation of thestate of the Aluminium Alloy
Al alloys can be precipitation hardenedand work-hardened to different extents.
xxxx-F As fabricated, no special controlxxxx-W Solution heat-treated (used only on alloys
that naturally age harden)
xxxx-O Annealed (Wrought alloys only)
xxxx-H Strain hardened (cold worked to increasestrength), wrought alloys only
xxxx-T Thermally treated to produce effects otherthan F, O, or H
T f St i H d i d
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Types of Strain Hardening andthermal treatment
xxxx-H1 Strain hardened only
xxxx-H2 Strain hardened and partially
annealed
xxxx-H2 Strain hardened and stabilized bylow-temperature thermal
treatmentxxxx-H4 Strain hardened and lacquered or
painted
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Degree of Strain Hardening
The second digit indicate the degree of strainhardening
1 indicates smallest amount of cold-work and8 indicates maximum of cold work
xxxx-H_2 Quarter-hard
xxxx-H_4 Half-hard
xxxx-H_6 Three-quarters hard
xxxx-H_8 Full-hard
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Temper Designations
xxxx-T1 Cooled from a hot working temperatureand naturally aged
xxxx-T2 Cooled from an elevated temperature,cold worked, and naturalled aged (means
annealed for cast products)xxxx-T3 Furnace solution heat treated, quenched
and cold worked
xxxx-T4 Furnace solution heat treated, quenched,
and naturally aged
xxxx-T5 Quenched from a hot-work temperatureand furnace aged
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Temper Designations
xxxx-T6 Furnace solution heat treated quenchedand furnace aged
xxxx-T7 Furnace solution heat treated andstabilized
xxxx-T8 Furnace solution heat treated, quenched,cold worked, and furnace aged
xxxx-T9 Furnace solution heat treated, quenched,furnace aged and cold-worked
xxxx-T10 Quenched from an elevated temperatureshaping process, cold worked, andfurnace aged
Other variations can be denoted by adding more digits after
these designations
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Examples
3003-H38: 3003 alloy cold finished to fullhard temper and stress relieved by a lowtemperature treatment
6061-T6: 6061 alloy, solution heat treated andfurnace aged hardened.
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Most commonly used Aluminium alloys
Wrought alloys
1100 (pure Al)
2024*
3003 5052
6061*
6063*
7075*
Sand Cast
355.0*
Die Cast 380.0
*: can be age hardened
Blue shaded: mainly foraerospace applications
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More to come
Steels and Al alloys are the most widely usedalloysOther important classes are Cu alloys, Mg
alloys, Ni alloys and Ti alloys, etc.ASM Metals Handbook or ASTMyearbooks are always good places to start
when looking for the alloys information
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Thank You!!Discussions?