HISTORY and
PERSPECTIVE of
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING
History of Engineering and Development of
Industrial Engineering
Industrial and Systems Engineering
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Science and Engineering
Engineering and science have developed in a parallel, complementary fashion, although not always at the same pace.
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Whereas science is concerned with the quest for basic knowledge,
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engineering is concerned with the application of scientific knowledge to the solution of problems and to the quest for a “better life”.
Obviously, knowledge cannot be applied until it is discovered, and once discovered, it will soon be put to use.
In its efforts to solve problems, engineering provides feedback to science in areas where new knowledge is needed.
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Although “science” and “engineering” each have distinguishing characteristics and are regarded as different disciplines, in some cases a “scientist” and an “engineer” might be the same person.
This was especially true in earlier times when there were very few means of communicating basic knowledge. The person who discovered the knowledge also put it to use.
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Is Engineering a Job, or an Occupation, or a
Profession?
What is the
difference
between a job,
occupation and
a profession?
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Job- definition
regardless of skill level and responsibility,
any work for you are paid for.
“a piece of work; especially : a small
miscellaneous piece of work undertaken
on order at a stated rate” (Merriam-
Webster Dictionary)
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Occupation- definition
Being employed and making a living.
An activity that serves as one's regular source of livelihood; a vocation.
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Profession?
We now know the
difference
between a job
and an
occupation so
what makes up a
profession?
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Attributes of a Profession
Special
organizations set
and enforce
various standards
for members of the
profession
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Professional or Not?
So what can we conclude?
Athletes and carpenters DO NOT meet the
standards required to be considered
professions
Medicine,Law, and Engineering ARE
professions
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ENGINEERING
“ the profession in which a knowledge of the
mathematical and natural sciences gained by
study, experience, and practice is applied with
judgement to develop ways to utilise,
economically, the materials and forces of nature
for the benefit of mankind ”
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The Modern Era
We choose 1750 as the beginning of modern engineering for two reasons:
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1. Engineering schools
appeared in France in the
eighteenth century.
2. The term civil engineer was
first used in 1750.
Principles of early engineering were first taught in military academies and were concerned primarily with road and bridge construction and with fortifications.
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This portion of academic training was referred to as military engineering. When some of the same principles were applied to nonmilitary endeavors, it was only natural to refer to these as civilian engineering, or simply civil engineering.
An important advancement was the development of a practical steam engine that could perform useful work.
Once such an engine was available (approximately 1700), many mechanical devices were developed that could be driven by the engine.
These efforts culminated in the emergence of mechanical engineering as a distinct branch in the early nineteenth century.
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The first significant application of electrical science was the development of the telegraph by Samuel Morse (approximately 1840). Thomas Edison’s invention of the carbon-filament lamp (approximately 1880) led to widespread use of electricity for lighting purposes.
This, in turn, spurred very rapid developments in the generation, transmission, and utilization of electrical energy for a variety of laborsaving purposes. Engineers who choose to specialize in this activity were naturally labeled electrical engineers.
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Along with the developments in mechanical and electrical technology were accompanying developments in the understanding of substances and their properties.
The science of chemistry is concerned with understanding the nature of matter and in learning how to produce desirable changes in materials. The field of engineering endeavor naturally became known as chemical engineering.
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As industrial organizations merged to capitalize on the rapidly developing array of technological innovations, the size and complexity of manufacturing units increased dramatically. Mass production was made possible through two important concepts:
1. Interchangeability of parts.
2. Specialization of labor.
Through mass production the unit cost of consumer products was reduced dramatically.
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During the early part of this movement it
was recognized that business and
management practices that had worked
well for small shops and farms simply
were inadequate for large, complex
manufacturing organizations.
The need for better management systems
led to the development of what is now
called “industrial engineering”.
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This five major engineering disciplines (civil, chemical, electrical, industrial, and mechanical) were the branches of engineering that emerged prior to the time of World War I.
These developments were part of the industrial revolution that was occurring worldwide, and the beginning of the technological revolution that is still occurring.
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The Engineering Process
Engineers solve problems, but so do mathematicians.
Engineers analyze, but so do statisticians and economists.
Engineers design systems. Do others?
We can say that the distinguishing characteristic of engineering is that it is concerned with the design of systems.
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What is design? Certainly, design involves a considerable amount of creativity.
Is design then simply an art that one learns through experience? Or are there design principles that can be learned and applied?
Synthesis is a term whose meaning is almost the same as design. Perhaps we can develop an understanding of design by discussing the two terms synthesis and analysis.
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Analysis is concerned with resolving
something into its basic elements;
synthesis is concerned with combining
elements into a whole.
Typically, analysis is concerned with
existing systems. Synthesis is usually
concerned with a new or improved
system.
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Problem symptom
or expression
of need
Problem definition,
including statement
of desired outcome
Analysis
Synthesis of
alternative
solutions
Decision
(selection of one
alternative)
Solution, system,
or method
Fig. 1.1.
Basic engineering
process
Industrial Engineering emerged as a profession as a result of the industrial revolution and the accompanying need for technically trained people who could plan, organize, and direct the operations of large complex systems.
The need to increase efficiency and effectiveness of operations was also an original stimulus for the emergence of industrial engineering.
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Evolution of Operations Management
Craft production
process of handcrafting products or services for individual customers
Division of labor
dividing a job into a series of small tasks each performed by a different worker
Interchangeable parts
standardization of parts initially as replacement parts; enabled mass production
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Evolution of Operations
Management (cont.)
Scientific management
systematic analysis of work methods
Mass production
high-volume production of a standardized product for
a mass market
Lean production
adaptation of mass production that prizes quality and
flexibility
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Historical Events in Operations Management
Era Events/Concepts Dates Originator
Industrial
Revolution
Steam engine 1769 James Watt
Division of labor 1776 Adam Smith
Interchangeable parts 1790 Eli Whitney
Scientific
Management
Principles of scientific
management 1911 Frederick W. Taylor
Time and motion studies 1911 Frank and Lillian
Gilbreth
Activity scheduling chart 1912 Henry Gantt
Moving assembly line 1913 Henry Ford
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Historical Events in Operations
Management (cont.)
Era Events/Concepts Dates Originator
Human
Relations
Hawthorne studies 1930 Elton Mayo
Motivation theories
1940s Abraham Maslow
1950s Frederick Herzberg
1960s Douglas McGregor
Operations
Research
Linear programming 1947 George Dantzig
Digital computer 1951 Remington Rand
Simulation, waiting
line theory, decision
theory, PERT/CPM
1950s Operations research
groups
MRP, CIM 1960s,
1970s
Joseph Orlicky, IBM
and others
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Historical Events in Operations
Management (cont.)
Era Events/Concepts Dates Originator
Quality
Revolution
JIT (just-in-time) 1970s Taiichi Ohno (Toyota)
TQM (total quality
management) 1980s
W. Edwards Deming,
Joseph Juran
Strategy and
operations 1990s
Wickham Skinner,
Robert Hayes
Business process
reengineering 1990s
Michael Hammer,
James Champy
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Historical Events in Operations
Management (cont.)
Era Events/Concepts Dates Originator
Globalization European Union, and other
trade agreements
1990s
2000s
Numerous countries
and companies
Internet
Revolution
Internet, WWW, ERP,
supply chain management
1990s ARPANET, Tim
Berners-Lee SAP,
i2 Technologies,
ORACLE,
PeopleSoft
E-commerce 2000s Amazon, Yahoo,
eBay, and others
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Eli Whitney
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Born 1765; died 1825
In 1798, received government
contract to make 10,000
muskets
Showed that machine tools
could make standardized parts
to exact specifications
Musket parts could be used
in any musket © 1995 Corel Corp.
Frederick W. Taylor
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Born 1856; died 1915
Known as ‘father of scientific
management’
In 1881, as chief engineer for
Midvale Steel, studied how tasks
were done
Began first motion & time studies
Created efficiency principles
Taylor: Management Should Take More Responsibility for
Matching employees to right job
Providing the proper training
Providing proper work methods and tools
Establishing legitimate incentives for
work to be accomplished
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Frederick W. Taylor is credited with
recognizing the potential improvements to
be gained from analyzing the work content
of a job and designing the job for
maximum efficiency.
Taylor’s methods brought about significant
and rapid increases in productivity.
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Frank & Lillian Gilbreth
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Frank (1868-1924); Lillian
(1878-1972)
Husband-and-wife
engineering team
Further developed work
measurement methods
Applied efficiency methods
to their home & 12 children!
(Book & Movie: “Cheaper by
the Dozen,” book: “Bells on
Their Toes”)
© 1995 Corel Corp.
Frank B. Gilbreth extended Taylor’s work considerably.
Gilbreth’s primary contribution was the identification, analysis, and measurement of fundamental motions involved in performing work.
By classifying motions as “reach”, “grasp”, “transport”, and so on, and by using motion pictures of workers performing their tasks, Gilbreth was able to measure the average time to perform each basic motion under varying conditions. (THERBLIG)
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Henry Ford
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Born 1863; died 1947
In 1903, created Ford
Motor Company
In 1913, first used
moving assembly line
to make Model T
Unfinished product
moved by conveyor
past work station
Paid workers very well for 1911 ($5/day!)
© 1995 Corel
Corp.
W. Edwards Deming
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Born 1900; died 1993
Engineer & physicist
Credited with teaching Japan
quality control methods in
post-WW2
Used statistics to analyze
process
His methods involve workers
in decisions
Another early pioneer in industrial engineering was Henry L. Gantt, who devised the so-called Gantt chart.
The Gantt chart was a significant contribution in that it provided a systematic graphical procedure for preplanning and scheduling work activities, reviewing progress, and updating the schedule.
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W.A. Shewhart developed
the fundamental principles of
statistical quality control in
1924. This was another
important development in
providing a scientific base to
industrial engineering
practice.
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Many other industrial engineering pioneers contributed to the early development of the profession. During the 1920’s and 1930’s much fundamental work was done on economic aspects of managerial decisions, inventory problems, incentive plans, factory layout problems, material handling problems, and principles of organization.
Although these pioneers are too numerous to mention in this brief chronology, more complete historical accounts are available elsewhere.
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Definition of Industrial Engineering
The following formal definition of industrial
engineering has been adopted by the IIE:
Industrial Engineering is concerned with the
design, improvement, and installation of integrated
systems of people, materials, information,
equipment, and energy. It draws upon specialized
knowledge and skill in the mathematical, physical,
and social sciences together with the principles
and methods of engineering analysis and design
to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to be
obtained from such systems.
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Industrial Engineering Education
Topics that later evolved into industrial
engineering subjects were initially taught
as special courses in mechanical
engineering departments.
The first separate departments of
industrial engineering were established
at Pennsylvania State University and at
Syracuse University in 1908.
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Industrial Engineering Education
An IE option in mechanical engineering was
established at Purdue University in 1911.
The practice of having an IE option within a
mechanical engineering department was the
predominant pattern until the end of World War II.
Following the World War II, separate IE
departments were established in colleges and
universities throughout the country.
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The American Institute of Industrial Engineers was founded in 1948. The AIIE provided, for the first time, a professional organization devoted exclusively to the interests and developments of the industrial engineering profession.
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Impact of Related Developments
The evolution of the industrial and systems engineering profession has been affected significantly by a number of related developments.
Operations Research
Digital Computers
Emergence of service industries
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Impact of Operations Research (OR)
This approach originated in England and the United States during World War II and was aimed at solving difficult war-related problems through the use of science, mathematics, behavioral science, probability theory, and statistics.
Following World War II the concepts of OR were extended to problems in industry and commerce.
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Impact of Digital Computers
Another development that has had a
significant impact on the IE profession is
the digital computer.
Digital computers permit the rapid and
accurate handling of vast quantities of
data, thereby permitting the IE to design
systems for effectively managing and
controlling large, complex operations.
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Computer simulation is emerging as the most widely used IE technique.
A recent development that is having a profound (although still uncertain) impact on industrial engineering is computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM).
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Emergence of Service Industries
In the early days of the industrial
engineering profession, IE practice was
applied almost exclusively in
manufacturing organizations.
After World War II there was a growing
awareness that the principles and
techniques of IE were also applicable in
nonmanufacturing environments.
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Relationship to Other Engineering Disciplines
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Military Engineering
Civilian Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Industrial Engineering
Industrial and Systems
Engineering
Mathematics
and Physics
Electrical
Engineering
Computer
Science
Social Sciences
Chemical
Engineering
Chemistry
Psychology
Early Management Philosophy
Statistics
Operations
Research
Challenges of the Future
The world has a finite amount of nonrenewable resources. One of the major challenges for future engineers is to learn to accomplish the engineer’s mission in recognition of these constraints.
Another major challenge facing the engineering profession is to design systems and processes that are compatible with our natural environment.
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A major challenge that future engineers will
encounter is that of designing products that are safe
and reliable.
There is also an icreasing emphasis on improved
quality.
Perhaps the greatest challenge facing the
engineering profession is to become involved in
political issues and to provide assistance to
lawmakers in the design of social systems.
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