Impact of Increased Water Capacity on Sustainability of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene
FacilitiesDr. Karen Loeb and Dr. Renée Botta
University of DenverAn Academic, Rotary, and NGO
cooperative project in Kibera, Kenya
www.globalwashes.wordpress.com
Kenya & KiberaAbout 34% of Kenyans live in urban
areas, with approximately 2.5 million living in Nairobi.
The urban poor make up 55% of Nairobi’s total population and occupy 5% of the total residential land area.
Kibera is an informal settlement situated on the southwestern part of the city of Nairobi.
The square mile of Kibera comprises 11 villages and is home to at least half a million people living in slum conditions of single rooms, mostly made of mud and corrugated iron sheets.
Proposed Solution: Community-Run Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Systems
Toilet, Shower (Bathroom), and Hand Washing Facilities… …plus Water, Purifiers, and Liquid Soap
Enterprises
Making it Work!-Liquid Soap Making in Hygiene Training
Usage & Financial Record-Keeping in Business
Training-
Community Governance Decision-Making
Total Usage (Feb-July 2012)Feb-1
2
Mar-
12
Apr-
12
May-
12
Jun-1
2
Jul-
12
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Total Usage
Nyando41JolaMSFKisingaOkereWamunyu
Nu
mb
er
of
Use
s
Expenses & Revenues Feb-July ‘12
At-ten-dant56%
Soap5%
Tissues3%
Water 32%
Misc5%
Total Expenses
Water18%
Toilet69%
Showers13%
Total Revenue
Net Margin: Feb – July 2012
Feb
-12
Mar
-12
Apr
-12
May
-12
Jun-
12
Jul-12
-400.00
-200.00
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1000.00
1200.00
1400.00
1600.00
Net Margin by Facility
Nyando41JolaMSFKisingaOkereWamunyuK
SH
Diagram of Facilities and Plan for Increased Water Capacity Wat/San Facilities in Kibera
(Ndugu School not included)
Nyando with a Platformmm
Area 41
Wamunyu 2 levels
MSF
Existing 5000L Tank New 10,000 L Tank
Jola 2 levels
Okere
Kisinga Existing Pumping Station
50m
250m
Gravitational Flow
100m
150m Pumped Water
50m
100m
Funnel for Rain Water Catchment
New Line
Pump Pump
Pump
Pump
Moving large tanks into place
Clearing a trash dump site for raised tank platform at Nyando
Total Usage (Aug 2012-Jan 2013)A
ug-1
2
Sep-1
2
Oct-
12
Nov-
12
Dec-1
2
Jan-1
3
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Total Usage
Nyando41JolaMSFKisingaOkereWamunyu
Nu
mb
er
of
Use
s
Expenses & Revenues Aug 2012-Jan 2013
At-ten-dant42%
Soap3%
Tissues7%
Water 43%
Misc5%
Total Expenses
Water30%
Toilet49%
Showers17%
Liq Soap4%
Donations0%
Total Revenue
Net Margins (Aug 2012 - Jan 2013)
Aug
-12
Sep
-12
Oct
-12
Nov
-12
Dec
-12
Jan-1
3
-500.00
0.00
500.00
1000.00
1500.00
2000.00
2500.00
3000.00
3500.00
4000.00
Net Margin by Facility
Nyando41JolaMSFKisingaOkereWamunyuK
SH
Alternative Governance Models1. CBO – SDG Hierarchical Model: Sharing Across CBOs
(Kisinga)2. CBO – Organic Operations Model: Independent Decision-
Making (Jola)3. CBO – Early Mobilization Model: Community Decision-
Making (Jollyland)
Conclusions Increasing water capacity and flow to facilities:
Mitigates to some degree impact of water rationingCovers major operational expenses of facilitiesYields positive net margins month-to-monthCreates community access to portable water
More convenient, more economical, potentially safer supplyIncreases water-based services (e.g., showers)Drives greater usage of sanitation facilitiesSupports related entrepreneurial solutions (liquid soap,
purifiers)
Impacts Positively 3 P’s of Sustainability: Profit, People, Planet