8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
1/93
An Introduction toAn Introduction to
RenewablesRenewables
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
2/93
2
Presentation OutlinePresentation Outline
Renewable Energy Drivers Resource/Policy Map Overview
Renewable Energy Technologies
Solar Photovoltaics
Solar Hot Water
Concentrating Solar
Biomass
Wind Technology
OUCs Approach
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
3/93
Renewable Energy DriversRenewable Energy Drivers
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
4/93
4
Social Drivers for RenewableSocial Drivers for Renewable
Energy InvestmentEnergy Investment
The Three Es
Economic Stability
Reduced price volatility
Opportunities for export in global market
Green job creation
Environmental Sustainability
Climate change implications of carbon
Impacts of fossil combustion on human health
NIMBY issues of nuclear
Energy Security
Large % of fossil fuel supply located outside of U.S.
Fossil fuel supply disruptions
Limited access
Fuel diversity provides a hedge against risk
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
5/93
5
Policy Drivers for RenewablePolicy Drivers for Renewable
Energy InvestmentEnergy Investment
Carrots
Feed-in Tariffs and Production Incentives
Provide a fixed payment for energy produced
Utility must purchase energy via power purchase agreement
Not necessarily market pricing
No help with up front costs
Can include the purchase of environmental attributes
Rebates
Provide upfront funds to buy-down the cost of technologies
Doesnt guarantee performance
Doesnt allow for purchase of environmental attributes
Tax Incentives
Must have tax liability to be of value
Sticks
Carbon/Climate Policies
Kyoto Protocol
Carbon Cap and Trade
Carbon Taxation
Renewable Portfolio Standards
Require a % of energy from renewable sources by a certain
date
Can feature technology carve outs (i.e. solar)
Can be state driven or national in scope
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
6/93
6
OUCOUCs Renewable Energy Businesss Renewable Energy Business
ObjectivesObjectives
Balance sustainabilitywith affordabilityand reliability
Provide a hedging strategy againstpotential regulatory requirementsthrough the acquisition of renewableenergy credits (RECs) and Carbon
Offsets
Leverage state and federal incentivesoffered to encourage the developmentof customer-sited assets
Offer an option to customer requests forenvironmentally-friendly energyinvestments
Pursue least-cost planning for futureenergy investments
7% Internal Renewable Goal
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
7/93
7
Key Integration ChallengesKey Integration Challenges
High Utility Reserve Margin
OUC currently maintains 130% required energy capacity
No need for power until 2020 due to slower growth rates andcustomer conservation
Heavy base load generation (coal) Low avoided energy rates (fuel only)
Lack of Government Regulation
No state or federal RPS
No carbon legislation
Higher Cost of Renewable Generation
Biomass and solar currently cost more than primary generation
sources making it more challenging to integrate without regulation
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
8/93
Renewable Energy Resource andRenewable Energy Resource and
Policy MapsPolicy Maps
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
9/93
9
Key TechnologiesKey Technologies
Biomass Energy Resources
Landfill Gas
Municipal Solid Waste
Biomass Residues
Energy Crops (Including Algae)
Solar Energy
Photovoltaics
Solar Hot Water
Concentrating Solar
Wind Energy
Horizontal Axis
Vertical Axis
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
10/93
10
U.S.BiomassResource
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
11/93
11
U.S.WindResource(50m)
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
12/93
12
U.S.ConcentratingSolarResource
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
13/93
13
U.S. Photovoltaic Solar ResourceU.S. Photovoltaic Solar Resource
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
14/93
14
All Resources
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
15/93
15
Renewable Portfolio Standards
State renewable portfolio standard
State renewable portfolio goal
www.dsireusa.org/ May 2009
Solar water heating eligible *Extra credit for solar or customer-sited renewables
Includes separate tier of non-renewable alternative resources
WA: 15% by 2020*
OR: 25% by 2025 (large utilit ies)5% - 10% by 2025 (smaller utilities)
CA: 20% by 2010
NV: 20% by 2015*
AZ: 15% by 2025
NM: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)10% by 2020 (co-ops)
HI: 20% by 2020
Minimum solar or customer-sited requirement
TX: 5,880 MW by 2015
UT: 20% by 2025*
CO: 20% by 2020 (IOUs)10% by 2020 (co-ops & large munis)*
MT: 15% by 2015
ND: 10% by 2015
SD: 10% by 2015
IA: 105 MW
MN: 25% by 2025(Xcel: 30% by 2020)
MO: 15% by 2021
IL: 25% by 2025
WI : Varies by utility;10% by 2015 goal
MI: 10% + 1,100 MWby 2015*
OH: 25% by 2025
ME: 30% by 2000New RE: 10% by 2017
NH: 23.8% by 2025
MA: 15% by 2020+ 1% annual increase
(Class I Renewables)
RI: 16% by 2020
CT: 23% by 2020
NY: 24% by 2013
NJ: 22.5% by 2021
PA: 18% by 2020
MD: 20% by 2022 DE: 20% by 2019*
DC: 20% by 2020
VA: 15% by 2025*
NC: 12.5% by 2021 (IOUs)10% by 2018 (co-ops & munis)
VT: (1) RE meets any increasein retail sales by 2012;
(2) 20% RE & CHP by 2017
28 states & DChave an RPS
5 states have goals
http://www.dsireusa.org/http://www.dsireusa.org/8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
16/93
16
Rebate Programs for RenewablesRebate Programs for Renewables
www.dsireusa.org/ February 2010
Utility and/or local program(s) only
State program(s) + utility and/or local program(s)
State program(s) only Puerto Rico
DC
19 states+ DC & PR
offer rebatesfor renewables
19 states+ DC & PR
offer rebatesfor renewables
http://www.dsireusa.org/http://www.dsireusa.org/8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
17/93
17
Public Benefits Funds for RenewablesPublic Benefits Funds for Renewables
State PBF supported by voluntary contributions
www.dsireusa.org/ May 2009 (estimated funding)
* Fund does not have a specified expiration date
** The Oregon Energy Trust is scheduled to expire in 2025
RI: $2.2M in 2009$38M from 1997-2017*
MA: $25M in FY2009$524M from 1998-2017*
NJ: $78.3M in FY2009$647M from 2001-2012
DE: $3.4M in 200 9$48M from 1999-2017*
CT: $28M in FY2009$444M from 2000-2017*
VT: $5.2M in FY200 9$33M from 2004-2011
PA: $950,000 in 2009$63M from 1999-2010
IL: $3.3M in FY2009$97M from 1998-2015
NY: $15.7M in FY2009$114M from 1999-2011
WI: $7.9M in 2009$90M from 2001-2017*
MN: $19.5M in 2009$327M from 1999-2017*
MT: $750,000 in 200 9$14M from 1999-2017*
OH: $3.2M in 2 009
$63M from 2001-2010
MI: $6.7M in FY2009
$27M from 2001-2017*
ME: 2009 funding TBD$580,300 from 2002-2009
DC: $2M in FY2 009$8.8M from 2004-2012
DC
OR: $13.8M in 20 09$191M from 2001-2017**
CA: $363.7M in 2009$4,566M from 1998-201 6
State PBF
16 states +DC have public benefits
funds ($7.3 billion by2017)
ME has a voluntary PBF
16 states +DC have public benefits
funds ($7.3 billion by2017)
ME has a voluntary PBF
http://www.dsireusa.org/http://www.dsireusa.org/8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
18/93
18
Property Tax Incentives forProperty Tax Incentives for
RenewablesRenewables
State exemption or special assessment + local government option
www.dsireusa.org/ February 2010
PuertoRico
Local governments authorized to offer exemption (no state exemption or assessment)
State exemption or special assessment only
32 States +PR
offer property
tax incentivesfor renewables
32 States +PR
offer property
tax incentivesfor renewables
DC
http://www.dsireusa.org/http://www.dsireusa.org/8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
19/93
19
Renewable Energy TechnologyRenewable Energy Technology
OptionsOptions
Technology Availability Cost
perKWH
Current
Viability inFlorida
Landfill Gas Recovery Baseload $0.04 High
Solar Hot Water Peak/Shoulder $0.10 High
Waste to Energy Baseload $0.11 HighDirect Fired Biomass Baseload $0.14 High to Medium
Co-Fired Biomass Baseload $0.09 High to Medium
Solar Photovoltaics (Rooftop) Peak/Shoulder $0.25 Medium
Biomass Gasification Baseload $0.12 Medium
Solar Photovoltaics (CommercialScale)
Peak/Shoulder $0.20 Medium
Solar Thermal Electric Peak/Shoulder $0.18 Medium to Low
Wind (Offshore) Varies $0.22 Low
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
20/93
20
Current Renewable EnergyCurrent Renewable Energy
Resources in FloridaResources in Florida
Solar hot water
Solar photovoltaics
Solar thermal electric
Landfill gas
MSW
Dry Biomass
Wet Biomass
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
21/93
Renewable Energy TechnologiesRenewable Energy Technologies
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
22/93
Photovoltaic (Solar Electric)Photovoltaic (Solar Electric)
SystemsSystems
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
23/93
23
Solar (Electric and Thermal)Solar (Electric and Thermal)
Benefits:
No fuel costs
Carbon free Can be distributed near the user
Thermal is low cost
Creates local jobs
Challenges:
Not dispatchable
Intermittent resource PV is still expensive comparedwith conventional fuels
Minimal impact to winter peak
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
24/93
24
PV Versus Solar ThermalPV Versus Solar Thermal
PV uses photochemicalreactions to create an electriccurrent
Primary component is silicon orother semiconductor
Cost per KWH is around $0.21
Average system cost is around$8,000/KW
Can power electric loads
Can work in any climate
Must use batteries to storeelectricity for evening use
Solar Thermal relies onthermodynamic heat transfer towarm fluids
Primary components are glassand copper tubing
Cost per KWH is around $0.10
Average system cost is around$4,000
Cant directly power electricloads
Works best in warmer climates
Stores hot water in thermally
insulated tank for evening use
Two Different Solar Technologies
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
25/93
25
Levelized Cost Reductions for SolarLevelized Cost Reductions for Solar
TechnologiesTechnologies
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
26/93
26
History of PhotovoltaicsHistory of Photovoltaics
1839, Edmund Becquerel, a French physicist,discovered the photovoltaic effect while
experimenting with an electrolytic cell made up oftwo metal electrodes placed in an electricity-
conducting solution--generation increased whenexposed to light. Photovoltaic Effect -- Light falling on certainmaterials can produce electricity
Technology commercialized by Bell Laboratories in1951
Sharp built first solar system in 1963 ARCO released the first amorphous solar thin filmproduct in 1984
Eastman Kodak developed the first organic cell in1986
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
27/93
27
How Does PV Generate Electricity?How Does PV Generate Electricity?
Individual PV Cell
The built-in electric fieldpushes the electron across
and it is collected by thegrid on the surface
Photons pass through
surface and areabsorbed within thecell
The absorbedphoton gives its
energy to an
electron, whichbreaks free
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
28/93
28
and in parallel
to increase current
PV Cells are wired in
series to increase voltage...
PV Cells
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
29/93
29Cells are assembled into modules... and modules into arrays.
PV is Modular
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
30/93
30
Single Crystal
Polycrystalline
Thin-Film
Module Types
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
31/93
31
Organic Solar CellsOrganic Solar Cells
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
32/93
32
Crystalline vs. Thin FilmCrystalline vs. Thin FilmCrystalline Thin-Film
Area Efficiency(Watts/SQ FT)
14-21% 8-11%
Impact of
Diffuse Light
Moderate Minimal
Impact of Heat Moderate Minimal
Useful Life 25-35 Years 15-25 YearsCost per Watt $3 to $4 $2 to $3
Production Style Wafer or GlassProduction Print/Roll Production
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
33/93
33
PV Daily Energy Production: Rule ofPV Daily Energy Production: Rule of
ThumbThumb
1-kW PV arrayproduces 5 kWh/dayDC
1-kW grid-tied systemproduces 4 kWh/dayAC
1-kW system producesapproximately 1400kWh annually
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
34/93
34
World PV Market DemandWorld PV Market Demand
Grew 110% over
previous year (recordgrowth)
Spain overtook
Germany with 285%growth
U.S. pulled ahead of
Japan with 0.36 GW
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
35/93
35
Solar Cell (PV) ProductionSolar Cell (PV) Production
World solar productionreached 6.85 GW in 2008
up from 3.44 GW in 2007
China has begun todominate the PV Marketwith 44% global share
U.S. market growth hasbeen minimal
Thin film production
increased by 123% in 2008to 0.89 GW
Solar still accounts for lessthan 1% of world energysupply
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
36/93
36
PV Market PerformancePV Market Performance
Industry generated $37.1billion in 2008
Raised $12.5 billion inequity and debt in 2008
Investment up 11% over2007 despite rougheconomic landscape
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
37/93
37
Module Cost Reductions for PVModule Cost Reductions for PV
TechnologiesTechnologies
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
38/93
38
Prices Fall, Volumes RisePrices Fall, Volumes Rise
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
39/93
39
Crystalline PVCrystalline PV
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
40/93
40
ThinThin--Film PVFilm PV
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
41/93
41
Using PV in Our CommunityUsing PV in Our Community
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
42/93
42
TheThe WalWal--MartMart of PVof PV
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
43/93
43
Cost Reduction TargetsCost Reduction Targets
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
44/93
Solar Thermal (Hot Water)Solar Thermal (Hot Water)SystemsSystems
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
45/93
45
Passive Solar Hot WaterPassive Solar Hot Water
No moving parts
Uses gravity and pressureto move water
Collector is storage tank
Usually least cost option
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
46/93
46
Many Types of Solar CollectorsMany Types of Solar Collectors
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
47/93
47
Active Solar Hot WaterActive Solar Hot Water
Active pump circulates water
Can be PV powered Slimmer profile than passivesystem
Can be open or closed loop
Can use water or glycol for heattransfer
Tend to be more expensive thanpassive system
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
48/93
48
Growth of Solar ThermalGrowth of Solar Thermal
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
49/93
49
Commercial Hot WaterCommercial Hot Water
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
50/93
50
Residential Hot WaterResidential Hot Water
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
51/93
Concentrating Solar PowerConcentrating Solar Power
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
52/93
52
Solar Concentrating SystemsSolar Concentrating Systems
Concentrate solar energy through
use of mirrors or lenses.
Concentration factor (number ofsuns) may be greater than 10,000.
Systems may be small
(e.g. solar cooker)
Or really large
Utility scale electricity generation(up to 900 MWe
planned)
Furnace temperatures up to 3800oC(6800oF)
E l f CSP A li tiE l f CSP A li ti
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
53/93
53
Examples of CSP ApplicationsExamples of CSP Applications
Power Generation: Utility Scale: 64 MW Nevada Solar One (2007) Buildings: 200 kW Power Roof
Thermal Needs: Hot Water and Steam (Industrial & Commercial Uses)
Air Conditioning Absorption Chillers
Desalination of seawater by evaporation
Waste incineration
Solar Chemistry Manufacture of metals and semiconductors Hydrogen production (e.g. water splitting)
Materials Testing Under Extreme Conditions e.g. Design of materials for shuttle reentry
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
54/93
54
Primary Types of Solar CollectorsPrimary Types of Solar Collectors
Parabolic Trough
Compact Linear FresnelReflector
Solar Furnace
Parabolic Dish & Engine
Solar Central Receiver (SolarPower Tower)
Lens Concentrators
Concentrating PV
FRESNEL REFLECTOR
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
55/93
55
CENTRAL RECEIVER
SOLAR FURNACE
PARABOLIC DISH
PARABOLIC TROUGH
FRESNEL REFLECTOR
LENS CONCENTRATORS
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
56/93
56
Parabolic TroughsParabolic Troughs
Most proven solar concentrating
technology
The nine Southern CaliforniaEdison plants (354 MW total)constructed in the 1980s are
still in operation
Basis for FPL and HarmonyProjects
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
57/93
57
Parabolic TroughsParabolic Troughs -- OperationOperation
Parabolic mirror reflects solar
energy onto a receiver (e.g. aevacuated tube).
Heat transfer fluid such as oil or
water is circulated through pipeloop. (250oF to 550oF)
Collectors track sun from east to
west during day.
Thermal energy transferred frompipe loop to process.
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
58/93
58
Thermal StorageThermal Storage
Uses high heat capacity fluids as heat transferstorage mediums
12 to 17 hours of storage will allow plants to have upto 60% to 70% capacity factors.
Thermal Output of HybridThermal Output of Hybrid
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
59/93
59
Thermal Output of HybridThermal Output of Hybrid
Plant with Thermal StoragePlant with Thermal Storage
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
60/93
Biomass Energy ResourcesBiomass Energy Resources
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
61/93
61
Range of Biomass EnergyRange of Biomass Energy
OptionsOptions
Trees
Grasses
Agricultural
CropsResidues
AnimalWastes
MunicipalSolidWaste
Algae
FoodOils
EnzymaticFermentation
Gas/liquidFermentation
Acid
Hydrolysis
FermentationGasification
Combustion
Cofiring
Transesterification
BiomassBiomassFeedstockFeedstock
ConversionConversionProcessesProcesses
ProductsProducts
Fuels
Ethanol
Biodiesel
Power
Electricity
Heat
Chemicals
Plastics
Solvents
ChemicalIntermediates
Adhesives
Fatty
Acids
AceticAcid
Paints
Dyes,Pigments,andInk
Detergents
FoodandFeed
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
62/93
62
Biomass EnergyBiomass Energy Value ChainValue Chain
Production
Harvesting, collection
Handling
Transport
Storage
Pre-treatment (e.g.,
milling)
Feeding
Conversion
S C f
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
63/93
63
Supply Chain Economics ofSupply Chain Economics of
Woody BiomassWoody Biomass
Elements of the supply chain cost
Stumpage to the landowner
Brokerage fee to the wood dealer
Material harvest and in-forest handling to producer
Transportation to end user
Further on-site processing cost by user if required
Material cost + transportation cost sets the supply radius from site
Economic Flow
End User
Wood Producer Transportaion
Material Flow
Wood Dealer
Timberland Owner
$$ $ $
C i f P d W d
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
64/93
64
Comparison of Processed WoodyComparison of Processed Woody
Feedstock CostFeedstock Cost
Harvest Whole tree
Pulp Wood Residue fuel chips
Stumpage $6 $1 $6
Production $10 $17 $9Transportation $6 $6 $6
Brokerage $2 $2 $2
On-site chipping $7 $0 $0Total $31 $26 $23
$/green ton
Utilit S l C b ti
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
65/93
65
UtilityUtility--Scale CombustionScale Combustion
TechnologiesTechnologies
Stoker Boilers
Developed in the 1920s and 1930s
Fuel burned on a grate and heat
transferred to water
Limited ability to switch fuels
Need consistent moisture content andfree of impurities
Fluidized Bed Combustion
Burns fuel in a bed of sand suspended by
updrafts of air
Reduces SOx and NOx emissions andallows a wider range of fuels
Currently in commercial use for biomass
More costly than stoker boilers
Co-firing in existing boilers
Add wood to the fuel supply
Sawmills and furniture manufacturers
Reduces SOx emissions
Can raise efficiency of biomassconversion at lower cost
Can create more maintenance costsbecause of slagging
S fP i F l d S l ti f
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
66/93
66
Primary Fuel and Selection ofPrimary Fuel and Selection of
TechnologyTechnology
Source: Babcock & Wilcox
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
67/93
67
Biomass GasificationBiomass Gasification Gasification reaction:
Syngas typically hasrelatively low heating value:100 to 150 Btu/scf
Fired in close-coupled boilersor reciprocating engines
Syngas
may be cleaned prior
to injection into boiler
Typically employ fluidized
bed reactors to gasifybiomass
biomass + limited oxygenbiomass + limited oxygen
syngassyngas + heat+ heat
Biomass Gasifier SystemBiomass Gasifier System
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
68/93
68
SCR
ESP
Separated
Biomass Ash Co-Product SeparatedCoal Ash Co-Product
SeparatedBIOMASS
Gas Feedto Boiler
SeparateCOAL Feed
ExistingPowerBoiler
Alternative Re-burn Fuel Mitigated Volatile Alkali Risk Mitigated Chloride Risk Gasifier retrofit < new FB boiler
o ass Gas e Systey
Source: B&V
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
69/93
69
CoCo
--firing Methodsfiring Methods
Direct Co-firing Methods
Solid biomass combusted with coal in existing boiler systems
Examples include:
Fuel Blending
Separate Injection
Indirect Co-firing Methods
Solid biomass processed in a separate combustor or reactor, with
products
of the process utilized in existing thermal systems
Examples include:
Separate Combustion
Pyrolysis
primary product: bio-oil
Gasification
primary product: syngas
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
70/93
70
CoCo
--firing Methodsfiring Methods
Fuel BlendingFuel Blending
Mixing of coal and biomass prior to injection into the boiler
Mixed on existing fuel pile via mobile equipment
For pulverized coal systems, fuel blending results in co-milling of fuels inexisting pulverizers
Simplest and least expensive method of co-firing
Limits of co-firing via fuel blending:
PC boilers: 2% to 3%(by heat input)
Cyclone and FB boilers:
10% to 20% (heat input)
Source: B&V
CC fi i M th dfi i M th d S tS t
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
71/93
71
CoCo--firing Methodsfiring Methods
SeparateSeparate
InjectionInjection
Requires separate biomass handling system and boilermodification
Allows biomass to provide greater proportion of heat input:
For PC units: 10% or greater
For cyclone or fluidized bed units: 20% or greater
Existing Boiler
Turbine
Steam
ExistingMills
BiomassSizing
Source: B&V
CC fi i M th dfi i M th d I di t CI di t C
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
72/93
72
CoCo--firing Methodsfiring Methods
Indirect CoIndirect Co--
firing via Gasificationfiring via Gasification
Reduces quantity of biomass ash introduced into existingboiler systems
Syngas may be utilized as a NOx re-burning fuel
Significantly higher capital costs relative to direct co-firing
Gasifier Cyclone
Turbine
SteamExisting Boiler
Syngas
Source: B&V
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
73/93
73
Benefits of Biomass CombustionBenefits of Biomass Combustion
Can be a least cost option
Allows for fuel switching
Can be used 24 hours/day
Carbon neutral or negativefuel (depending onfeedstock)
Feedstock can be burnedas solid or gas usingconventional technologies
Challenges of Biomass CombustionChallenges of Biomass Combustion
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
74/93
74
Challenges of Biomass CombustionChallenges of Biomass Combustion
Lower BTU content than coal
Lower density/higher moisturecontent
Competing uses
Short-term vendor contracts
Handling challenges
Supply costs can vary greatlydepending on feedstock sourceSpecialized handling and firingequipment
Modifications to air quality controlsystems
Multiple suppliers to deal with
Fugitive dust and odor issues
Fuel flexibility and fluctuatingsupplies
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
75/93
75
Waste to EnergyWaste to Energy
Solves two problems at once by
reducing waste stream andcreating electricity
Common Methods ofConversion
Direct Combustion Gasification
Anaerobic Digestion
Requires pre-processing
Feedstock handling can bechallenging
Heterogeneous feedstock meaninconsistent fuel quality
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
76/93
76
Landfill Gas CaptureLandfill Gas Capture
Benefits:
Can be co-fired
Can be used 24 hours/day
Extremely low cost
Carbon reduction benefits
Challenges:
Slightly lower BTU value thannatural gas
May need to be cleaned
Location specific
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
77/93
Wind PowerWind Power
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
78/93
78
Wind PowerWind Power
Benefits:
No fuel costs
Carbon free
Can be low cost whereresources are available
Can allow for multiple uses ofland
Challenges:
Not dispatchable Intermittent resource
Very location specific
Minimum wind speeds requiredfor operation
Classes of Wind Power Density atClasses of Wind Power Density at
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
79/93
79
Classes of Wind Power Density atClasses of Wind Power Density at
Heights of 10 m and 50 mHeights of 10 m and 50 m
Wind PowerClass*
10 m (33 ft) 50 m (164 ft)
Wind PowerDensity(W/m2) Speed m/s
(mph)
Wind PowerDensity(W/m2) Speed m/s
(mph)
1 100 4.4 (9.8) 200 5.6 (12.5)
2 150 5.1 (11.5) 300 6.4 (14.3)
3 200 5.6 (12.5) 400 7.0 (15.7)
4 250 6.0 (13.4) 500 7.5 (16.8)
5 300 6.4 (14.3) 600 8.0 (17.9)
6 400 7.0 (15.7) 800 8.8 (19.7)
7 1,000 9.4 (21.1) 2,000 11.9 (26.6)
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
80/93
80
Wind Technology BasicsWind Technology Basics
Winds are created by uneven heating of theatmosphere by the sun, irregularities of the
Earth's surface, and the rotation of the Earth.
Winds are strongly influenced and modified bylocal terrain, bodies of water, weather patterns,vegetative cover, and other factors.
Vertical extrapolation of wind speed based on the
1/7 power law
The wind profile power law is a relationship betweenthe wind speeds at one height, and those atanother.
Power in the area swept by the wind turbine rotor:
P = 0.5 x rho x A x V3
where:
P = power in watts
rho = air density (about 1.225 kg/m3 at sea level,less higher up)
A = rotor swept area, exposed to the wind (m2)
V = wind speed in meters/sec
Wind Turbine ComponentsWind Turbine Components
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
81/93
81
Wind Turbine ComponentsWind Turbine Components
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
82/93
82
OUCOUCs Approachs Approach
O l dO l d G F t AlliG F t Alli
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
83/93
83
OrlandoOrlandos Green Future Alliances Green Future Alliance
Received USDOE Solar CitiesGrant to promote solar
Established an integrated
energy alliance with the City ofOrlando and Orange CountyGovernment to promote greenmarket transformation inCentral Florida
Conducting a series of energytraining courses and
stakeholder workshops todetermine best practices andneeds of our community
Goal of 15 MW of Solar by 2015
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
84/93
84
Biomass Energy ProjectsBiomass Energy Projects
Landfill Methane Recovery Projects
Orange County Landfill displaces 3% offuel required for either of Stantons coal
units ~ expanding to 22 MW
St. Cloud Landfill 1 MW project beingplanned
Holopaw Landfill Project recentlyapproved (~ 15 MW)
Harmony Hybrid Solar/BiomassPower Plant
5 MW Plant will be located in HarmonysFlorida Sustainable Energy ResearchPark
Uses biomass gasifiers andconcentrating solar to generate electricity
Includes educational partnership withFSU
MSW Gasification with City of Orlando
Net Metered System
Turns trash to Syngas
in a closed loop
system
No dioxins produced
Will provide co-generation to City watertreatment facility
1 to 2 MW in scale
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
85/93
85
OUCOUCs Existing Solar Projectss Existing Solar Projects
Solar Production Incentive
Provides incentives for producing energy fromsolar hot water and PV
$.03 to $.05/KWH Currently re-evaluating
incentive levels
Solar Billed Solution
Provides no/low interest loans through theOrlando Federal Credit Union (OFCU)
OUC buys down interest
Preparing to re-bid
Solar Electric Vehicle Charging Station at OUC
2.8 KW
Provides 80% solar fraction for charging
Solar on Utility Poles
Partnership with PetraSolar
Uses micro-inverters
10 systems installed
Jetport/Stanton Solar PPA
9.31 MW DC
22% Capacity Factor
In negotiations with vendor
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
86/93
86
New Solar Business ModelsNew Solar Business Models
Community Solar Farm
500 KW to 1 MW depending oncustomer participation
OUC holds PPA with vendorand acts as billing agent
No upfront cost to participate
Fixed monthly rate for 20+years
Virtual net metering
Allows for multi-familyparticipants
Removes siting barriers
OUC owns RECs
Commercial Solar Aggregation
Pilot
OUC holds PPA with vendorand acts as billing agent
No upfront cost to participate
Fixed monthly rate for 20+years
Customer retains demandsavings and any net metering
Sited on the customers rooftop
Price reductions from projectaggregation
OUC owns RECs
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
87/93
87
New Biomass OpportunitiesNew Biomass Opportunities
Biomass Co-Firing
Possibly up to 10% of boilercapacity (90 MW)
Ship biomass feedstock viarail cars from longerdistances
Consider torrefaction toimprove BTU content and
moisture content
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
88/93
88
New Biomass OpportunitiesNew Biomass Opportunities
Algae Biomass Project
Opportunities to use algae totreat wastewater
Fed CO2 from post-
scrubbed flue gas
Algae is cracked
to obtain
biofuels and biomassfeedstock for co-firing.
Summer Peak DaySummer Peak Day
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
89/93
89
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
HR1HR2
HR3
HR4HR5
HR6HR7
HR8
HR9
HR10
HR11
HR12
HR13
HR14
HR15
HR16
HR17
HR18
HR19
HR20
HR21
HR22
HR23
HR24
STN A 06/22/2009
STN #2 06/22/2009
STN #1 06/22/2009
MP #3 06/22/2009
IR CTD 06/22/2009
IR CTC 06/22/2009
IR CTA 06/22/2009 Natural Gas
Coal and LandfillLandfill
Gas
Summer Peak Day with RenewablesSummer Peak Day with Renewables
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
90/93
90
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
HR1HR2
HR3
HR4HR5
HR6HR7
HR8
HR9
HR10
HR11
HR12
HR13
HR14
HR15
HR16
HR17
HR18
HR19
HR20
HR21
HR22
HR23
HR24
PhotovoltaicsSTN A 06/22/2009
STN #2 06/22/2009
STN #1 06/22/2009
MP #3 06/22/2009
IR CTD 06/22/2009
IR CTC 06/22/2009IR CTA 06/22/2009
PV Contribution
Biomass Co-FiringOpportunities
BiogasOpportunities
y
Winter Peak DayWinter Peak Day
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
91/93
91
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
HR1
HR2
HR3
HR4
HR5
HR6
HR7
HR8
HR9
HR10
HR11
HR12
HR13
HR14
HR15
HR16
HR17
HR18
HR19
HR20
HR21
HR22
HR23
HR24
STN A 01/11/2010
STN #2 01/11/2010
STN #1 01/11/2010
MP #3 01/11/2010
IR CTB 01/11/2010
IR CTA 01/11/2010
yy
Winter Peak Day with RenewablesWinter Peak Day with Renewables
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
92/93
92
yy
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
HR1
HR2
HR3
HR4
HR5
HR6
HR7
HR8
HR9
HR10
HR11
HR12
HR13
HR14
HR15
HR16
HR17
HR18
HR19
HR20
HR21
HR22
HR23
HR24
Photovoltaics
STN A 01/11/2010
STN #2 01/11/2010
STN #1 01/11/2010
MP #3 01/11/2010
IR CTB 01/11/2010
IR CTA 01/11/2010
PV Contribution
BiogasOpportunities
Biomass Co-FiringOpportunities
8/9/2019 OUC Introduction to Renewables 3-2010
93/93
Additional ResourcesAdditional Resources
www.solarbuzz.com
www.greenbiz.com www.fsec.ucf.edu
www.nrel.gov
www.irecusa.org www.solarelectricpower.org
www.ases.org
www.cleantech.org www.cleantech.com
www.prometheus.org