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MCCORMICK THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY

OUT OF THE CHURCH BASEMENTAND

INTO CYBERSPACE

INTERNET-BASED RELIGIOUS EDUCATION FOR YOUTH

A THESIS ARTICLESUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTSFOR THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF MINISTRY IN RELIGIOUS EDUCATION

BY

STUART D. SMITH

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS

APRIL 2001



ii



Abstract

Stuart D. Smith

OUT OF THE CHURCH BASEMENT AND INTO CYBERSPACE:

Intrnt!Bas" R#i$i%us E"ucati%n &%r Y%uth

Mos !"#i$io%s "&%'(o!s) i*+o#+""* i " i*"!*" (s /""* (s ( #('" o os ("/ /!o'%!" o! "i! i*si%io*, o! "(i#, (*& (s (* "*! oi* i*o /oo3so!"s o!#i/!(!i"s. Tis !o4"' i## &"o*s!(" "o&o#o$i"s o %s" " i*"!*" (s ( +"*%" o!!"#i$io%s "&%'(io*5s"'ii'(## !"#i$io%s "&%'(io* o! 16- o 27-"(!-o#& "!so*s o(!" *o "## i*"$!("& i*o !(&iio*(# 'o%*ii"s o (i.

P!o$!"ssi+" !"#i$io%s "&%'(io* is #(!$"# affective education. I is *o &"si$*"&!i(!i# o "(' s3i##s o! ('s /% o ('i#i(" &*(i' "*$($""* i " s%/4"'("!. D%!i*$ " i!s "(!s o " i*"!*")s "8is"*'", "'*i'(# i*o!(io*&oi*("& o*#i*" 'o*"*. R"#"'i*$ ( &"*o(i+" s#", os '%!!"* "/-/(s"&!"#i$io%s i*s!%'io* is (%o!i(!i(* (*& i"!(!'i'(#9 i &o"s *o "*'o%!($" i*"!('io*o*# i*o!(io* &"#i+"!. I is &"'#(!(i+", /% s"#&o "+o'(i+", (*& (#os *"+"!&"si$*"& o ('i#i(" !"so*s" o! i*"!('io*. Co*s":%"*#, os (i-/(s"& si"s!('i'" ( 'o*s"!+(i+" (!(&i$ o #"(!*i*$ "+"* "* " 'o*"* is "o#o$i'(##!o$!"ssi+".

C%!!"* "/ "'*o#o$ ('i#i("s " &is!i/%io* o %#i"&i(, " '!"(io* o!"(#-i" s(## $!o% ""i*$s (*& "ss($" /o(!&s, (*& (* "s o i*"!('io* (*&!"so*s". T"s" '(* (## /" %s"& o $oo& ""' i* (* "&%'(io*(# "*+i!o*"*. T"'%!!"* "'*o#o$ is !i" o! " &"+"#o"* o !"#i$io%s "&%'(io* !"so%!'"s (*&"o&o#o$i"s ( os"! "*$($""* (*& (!" o!" i*"!('i+". Tis !o4"' i##

&"o*s!(" " %s" o " i*"!*" o '!"(" ( 'o%*i o #"(!*"!s. O%! (!i'i(*so! is !o4"' i## /" "*#is"& !o "!so*s o (+" (#i"& o (!i'i(" i* "!o4"' / 'o#"i*$ (*& s%/ii*$ (* (#i'(io* !o P!i&" Mi*is!i"s) "/ si",'("!i&".'o. Tis !o4"')s %#i(" (%&i"*'", o"+"!, i## /" os" "&%'(o!s o(!" /"$i**i*$ o #oo3 o " i*"!*" (s ( #(o! !o i' o !('i'" "i! +o'(io*.

iii



C%ntnts

A/s!('.............................................................................................................................iii

Co*"*s............................................................................................................................i+

Si%(io* A*(#sis..............................................................................................................1

R"s"(!'..........................................................................................................................10

T"o!"i'(# F!("o!3....................................................................................................1;

I*"!+"*io*s....................................................................................................................2<

E+(#%(io*........................................................................................................................<2

Si$*ii'(*'"......................................................................................................................<=

A"*&i8 A - A B!i" Hiso! o C(> P!i&"......................................................................<6

A"*&i8 B ? C(> P!i&")s Si!i%(#i P!o4"'.................................................................=1

Bi/#io$!(...................................................................................................................127

i



OUT OF THE CHURCH BASEMENT AND INTO CYBERSPACE:

Intrnt!Bas" R#i$i%us E"ucati%n &%r Y%uth

Situati%n Ana#'sis

I (## s(!"& i /o!"&o. H" (s #oo3i*$ o! " *"8 %* i*$ (*& #i3" (*

s"+"*""*-"(!-o#& (#" "!" "!" os" o!o*"s " 'o%#&*) :%i" i$*o!". C!%isi*$

" "/ (s @'oo#. I (s (s i "+"! i'%!" (*& "+"! i&"( "+"! "#& i* (*/o&)s

"(& (s o*#i*" o! i o '"'3 o%. H" o%*& si"s "!" " 'o%#& (3" !"" '#(ss"s

o* /%i#&i*$ is o* "/ si", "!" " 'o%#& #is"* o is (+o!i" %si', (*& "!" "

'o%#& 'o##"' " 'oo#"s s'!""* s(+"!s (*& !""(!" $ios o! is 'o%"!. H" "+"*

o%*& si"s "!" " 'o%#& 4oi* !"(#-i" 'o*+"!s(io*s (*& "" o"! 3i&s #i3" i.

Fo! ( 3i& o (s %*'oo!(/#" i* so'i(# $("!i*$s /% o (s (#so "!!i/#

#o*"#, '( !oos "!" ( $!"( #('" o @#is"* i* o* 'o*+"!s(io*s (*& "+"*%(##, (

#('" o '( i " o"! &"*i"*s o @" !oo. T" 'o*+"!s(io*s i* " '(

!oos "!" o!" i*"!"si*$ (* "#"+isio* !o$!(s. T" 'o*+"!s(io* o*#i*" (s

s"8 (*& so"i"s "!" (s (* "#""* o " o!/i&&"* o! o &(*$"!9 /% i* " '(

!oos, " (s (*o*o%s "*o%$ o ""# ( s"*s" o s(". T" "/ "+"* "*(/#"&

i o ! o% *" i&"*ii"s. I* o*" !oo, " &"s'!i/"& is"# i* is !oi#" (s ( 26-

"(!-o#& $%9 i* (*o"!, " (s ( o!-i+"-"(!-o#& (*9 (*& i* ( i!&, " (s 4%s

is"#. ii* ( " ""3s o "*"!i*$ is (+o!i" '( !oos, " (s o!" ( o"

i* " (* (o*$ is '#(ss("s ( s'oo# (*& o!" 'oo!(/#" (#3i*$ i is *"

@'/"! !i"*&s (* i is o* (!"*s.

No ( i (s "+"! "(s o (#3 i (* o is (i# "/"!s. D(& (& /""*

os# o% o " i'%!" o! "(!s. Mo (& "! o* #i", (*& is o#&"! si/#i*$s (&

1



#o*$ ($o $i+"* % o* " /i! (i#. H")& (#so 'o" o !"(#i" ( is (3(!&*"ss

(s ( (! o is /"i*$ &i"!"* !o is '#(ss("s i* &"""! (s. S"8 (s o!"

'o#i'("& o! i (* i s"""& o! " o"! /os i* is $!(&", (*& " 3*" (

(* :%"sio*s o* is (! o%#& o*# "8os" i o !i&i'%#". o 'o%#& " (#3 o I

&i&*) (3" i #o*$ o &is'o+"! " o!" s"'i(#i"& '( !oos (*& "/ si"s "!"

" 'o%#& /!i*$ is s"'i(# :%"sio*s. A i!s, " %s"& (* (#i(s o !o"' is"# /%

/"o!" oo #o*$ ( !o"'io* (s o*# ( "o!. H" so"i"s "# ( is o*# !"(#

#i" (s o*#i*".

Si*'" " s%"! o 17, I (+" /""* i*+o#+"& i* ( is *o 3*o* (s P!i&"

Mi*is!i"s) C(> P!i&" !o4"'. L(" ( s%"!, I s( o%s I (& 3*o* (s ( s!""

i*is"! (!!"s"& o! #oi"!i*$ "!"# /"'(%s" *o 'o"!'i(# "s(/#is"* (s o"* o

" i* " #(" "+"*i*$s. I* D"'"/"! o 17, C(> P!i&" o"*"& i* " /(s""* o

Ho# Co+"*(* U*i"& M"o&is C%!' o /" ( s(" s('" o! "s" o%s. A"! (

"(! i* ( s('", " o+"& o " "##osi (## o L(3" i" P!"s/"!i(* C%!'

"!" " !"(i* o&(.

M #i" (s *o /""* i*"!i*"& i so" o "s" o%s o! o+"! i+" "(!s. I

#is"* o "i! so!i"s9 " "*'o%!($"& " o /%i#& o%! i!s "/ si". A*& o$""! "s"

'o%!($"o%s (*& o%!($"o%s o%*$ "o#" (*& os" o %s o s"!+" (s (&%#

+o#%*""!s (+" os"& (*& i*is"!"& o *"(!# <00 o%s o (+" (*&"!"&

!o%$ s""3i*$ ( s(" s('".

A C(> P!i&", " (+" " s"+"!(# o%*$ o"* (*& "* o! o " o*#i*"

o!#& is o!" (* ( (*(s "s'(". T" ""# ( i is "i! o*# s(" #('". No

%*#i3" " s#(+"s i* (*"/"##% A"!i'( o "s(/#is"& s(" #('"s o "" i* " &(!3

2



o *i$ (( !o " +i"5(*& 'o*!o#5o "i! (s"!s, (* o%s (+" o%*&

" "/ o /" "i! @'#"(!i*$ o !""&o Ho&$so*, 1 . ;1 I is "!" " (3"

!i"*&s, "!" " $(i* " s('" o i*3 (*& !o'"ss, "!" " '(* #"(!* o (*&

( " (!" /"'oi*$. T" "/ (s /"'o" o! (* ( '%!'"s, so'i(# s"!+i'"

'"*"!s, ("! s'oo# '#%/s, (*& 'o""o%s"s 'o%#& (+" /""*. I is si$*ii'(* ( "

(4o!i o " *"(!# <00 o%s o (+" si'(## +isi"& P!i&" Mi*is!i"s) C(>

P!i&" (+" o%*& %s o%$ o%! "/ si", (*& i* o+"! i+" "(!s *o o*" (s !"o!"&

( " o! s" o%*& %s o%$ o*" o o%! so*so!i*$ '%!'"s.

Tos" o %s o #i+" i*si&" " C%!' (*& "! +(!io%s s"'i(#i"& s%o!

i*si%io*s "*& o o!$" ( o! (* "!so*s5(!i'%#(!# o%*$ "!so*s5"

'%!' is (* (*('!o*is i +i!%(## *o !"#(io* o 'o*"o!(! +(#%"s, si!i%(#i,

o! "i'(# 'oi'"s. " (i*(i* s#"s o o!si ( "!" 'o&ii"& *"(!# o%!

'"*%!i"s ($o (*& "o&s o o%!"(' ( (&" o!" s"*s" i* ( '"'3"!"& (s.

C%!'"s (!" o"* /""! 3*o* i* " o%#(! '%#%!" (s !i$-o-'"*"! o#ii'(#

i*si%io*s (* (s /"(!"!s o T!%. Y", (s i* (## ($"s, " C%!' is '(##"& o !"('

i*o " (!3"#('" o i&"(s i ( o!& o $!('". B% o '(* " C%!' !"(' "

o%*$ (* i* o%! o"*i*$ (!($!(s Li3" P(%# i* A"*s o+i*$ !o "

'o*$!"$(io*, o " (!3"#('", (*& "* o " '"*"! o i*"##"'%(# &"/(", M(!s)

Hi##, i " (!" o i*"!(' i os" o (+" o%*& *o "*! i*o o%! /!i'3 (*& o!(!

'%!'"s, " *""& o o+" o% /"o*& " (##s o o%! '#(ss!oos i*o " '"*"! o

o&()s i*"##"'%(# (!3"#('"5" i*"!*".

T" '%!' '(**o i$*o!" " o"*i(# o! &oi*$ o%!"(' (*& "&%'(io* o* "

o!#& i&" "/. T" '!%'i(# :%"sio* /"o!" " '%!' is o o %s" is *"

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"&i% o ""'i+"# 'o%*i'(" " $os"#. Ho &o " s"i" " ossi/i#ii"s o

!"(' os" o (!" '!%isi*$ " "/ %*$! o! so"i*$ o!" (* "("! !"o!s,

so'3 !i'"s, (*& !(' i'%!"s o is ""3)s o%#(! Ho##oo& s(!s

Mo+i*$ !"#i$io%s "&%'(io* o% o " '%!' /(s""* (*& i*o '/"!s('"

i*+o#+"s s"+"!(# %!&#"s /o s(## (*& $!"(, i' '(* /" $!o%"& i*o o%! (!"(sJ

♦ T"'*i'(# Iss%"s,

♦ E&%'(io*(# Iss%"s,

♦ D"+"#o"*(# Iss%"s, (*&

♦ T"o#o$i'(# Iss%"s.

Technical Issues

E+"! *" 'o%*i'(io* i*+o#+"s so" *" "'*o#o$. Fo!%*("#, (*o*" o

'(* %s" ( o!& !o'"ssi*$ !o$!( o o!( ( &o'%"* o! ( &"s3o !i*"! '(*

'!"(" ( (ss(/#" "/ si". I* (', *o si*'" " i*+"*io* o " so(/o8 (s i /""*

so "(s (*& i*"8"*si+" o !"(' "o#". T" ":%i"* *""&"& i*'#%&"s ( 'o%"!

i ( 'o**"'io* o " i*"!*" (*& ( s('" o* so" os 'o%"!9 os /"$i**"!s

i## s(! i ( !"" osi*$ s"!+i'" #i3" .!io&.'o o! .$"o'ii"s.'o.

Fo! !"(so*s ( i## /" o/+io%s #("!, ( !"#i$io%s "&%'(io* si" so%#& i*'#%&"

si8 "#""*sJ

♦ "*$($i*$ "8,

♦ #i*3s o o*#i*" "&i( s%' (s %si', +is%(# (!, i'io*, *"s("!s o! +i&"o,

♦ s"#-"+(#%(io* i*s!%"*s,

♦ "(i# #i*3s /('3 o " si")s (&i*is!(o!"('"!,

♦ ( '( !oo, (*&

♦ ( "ss($" /o(!& (#so '(##"& ( $%"s /oo3, o!%, o! "/ /o(!&.

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Mos o "s" "#""*s (!" (i#i(! o (*o*" i ( (ssi*$ (':%(i*(*'" i

" i*"!*". A " &"s"!+" ( /i o!" "8#(*(io*. C( !oos (*& "ss($" /o(!&s

(!" "'*o#o$i"s ( "!i %#i-(! 'o%*i'(io* (o*$ (## " #"(!*"!s i*+o#+"& i*

" o*#i*" "&%'(io*(# "*"!!is". Hosi*$ s"!+i'"s o"* !o+i&" si#" +"!sio*s o

"s" (#i(*'"s. Fo! o!" %## "(%!"& +"!sio*s o '( !oos o! "ss($" /o(!&s,

(&+(*'"& %s"!s ( 'oos" o i*s(## o*" o s"+"!(# !"" so(!" !o$!(s o!

%!'(s" ( !"o!("& (#i(*'". B% "+"* i " si#"s !"" so(!", i i## /"

ossi/#" o! #"(!*"!s o* oosi" si&"s o " #(*" o 'o!!"so*& i* !"(# i" i* ( '(

!oo (*& o! " #"(!*"!s o i*3 o " !i$ i*$ o s( ( &( o! ( ""3 #("! o

'o%*i'(" (*& (!i'i(" o$""! +i( " "ss($" /o(!&.

A "##-/%i# "/ si" i## (#so 'o*(i* s"+"!(# "'(*iss o! "+(#%(io*.

A#o%$ i* !(&iio*(# ('(&"i' s"i*$s i is %s%(## " "('"! o &o"s "

"+(#%(i*$, " #"(!*"! '(* /" "*'o%!($"& (*& "8'i"& / s%''"ss%# s"#-"+(#%(io*s

(*& "ss. T" %s" o " (+(S'!i #(*$%($" (3"s '!"(i*$ "'(*i'(## $!(&"&

:%i"s :%i" "(s. T" "('"! ( "+"* 'oos" o &"si$* " i*s!%"*s o !"'"i+"

"(i# !"'o!&s o " i*&i+i&%(# #"(!*"!s) !o$!"ss o* "s" :%i"s. T" "'*i'(#

'o&i*$ o! s%' :%i"s (#!"(& "8iss i* #i/!(!i"s o*#i*". T" "&%'(o! "!"# *""&s o

s"#"' ( s#" o "+(#%(io* (*& i*s"! " !o"! "8 i*o " "#(".

Educational Issues

T" i!s si$*ii'(* "&%'(io*(# iss%" ( %s /" (&&!"ss"& is ( "!"# !"s"*i*$

i*o!(io* o*#i*" o! i* " '#(ss!oo is *o "&%'(io*. Fo##oi*$ P(%#o F!"i!" (*&

/"## oo3s, "&%'(o!s (+" /"'o" ((!" o " !o/#" o (ss%i*$ ( " (!"

"&%'(i*$ "* " (!" "!"# !"s"*i*$ i*o!(io* (*& *o "*'o%!($i*$ !"so*s",

7



i*"!('io*, (*& "+"* s!%$$#" i " s%/4"' ("!. T" B!(i#i(* F!"i!" (s '(##"&

" %s" o %!" &"'#(!(i+" "8 @" /(*3i*$) 'o*'" o "&%'(io* 1< .72-6;

i' o*# (##os " #"(!*"! o %## o% o is o##o /(*3-#i3" "(& ("+"! "! o! is

"('"! % i*o i. I* ( s"*s", F!"i!" 'o*"*&s " #"(!*"! is "*s#(+"& *o #i/"!("& /

s%' &"osi"& i*o!(io*. R"#i$io%s "/ si"s ( &o *o "*'o%!($" !"so*s",

"*$($""*, (*& "+"* &iss"* "8"#i F!"i!")s '!ii:%". E8(#"s i*'#%&" " "/

si" o " G!""3 O!o&o8 A!'&io'"s" $o(!'.o!$(''"sso!o&o8 i is #o*$

"ss(s &"#i*"(i*$ ( o*" so%#& /"#i"+" (*& ( o " $( s%o!i+" E+(*$"#i'(#s

Co*'"!*"& o!$(*i(io* "'!.o!$, i' o* " :%"sio* o /"#i" si# %/#is"s "

Aos#"s C!""&, " Ni'"*" C!""&, (*& " N(io*(# Asso'i(io* o E+(*$"#i'(#s

S(""* o F(i. T"s" !"s"*(io*s o !"#i$io%s ("!i(# &o *o '!"(" o"*i*$s o!

'o*+"!s(io* o! "*$($""*. Tis is "!" " +(#%"s (*& oo!%*ii"s o '( !oos,

"ss($" /o(!&s, (*& "(i# /"'o" o/+io%s. O"*-"*&"& "+o'(i+" :%"sio*s i* (

!(&iio*(# "8 '(* /" %s"%#, /% o %' o!" %s"%# "* " "+o'(i+" :%"sio*

'(* /" o##o"& / $i+" (*& (3" !"so*s"s. T" A!i'(* A"!i'(* "&%'(o! /"## oo3s

o%#& "+"* '#(i ( " "&%'(o! (s o /" i##i*$ o "/!('" '(*$" (*& "

%!/%#"*'" (*& #%i&i o %#i'%#%!(# i&"*i 'o*#i' o /" !%" o " +o'(io* o

"&%'(o! 1= . ==.

A* i"&i"* o "&%'(io* o*#i*" is " (ss%io* ( " "*i!" "8"!i"*'"

o*#i*" is (/o% "8. A#o%$ " o&" s""& *""&"& o &o*#o(& !"(#-i" +oi'"

'o*+"!s(io* (*& !"(#-i" +i&"o is o*# s#o# /"'oi*$ (+(i#(/#", ( s""& is

i*'!"(si*$ (*& /"'oi*$ o!" i&"# (+(i#(/#" 'o*s(*#9 o"+"!, "+"* io% "s"

"'*i'(# (&+(*'"s i is ossi/#" o #i*3 " #"(!*"!s i ( +(!i" o so%!'"s ( '(*

6



"*(*'" " #"(!*i*$ "*+i!o*"* i (%&io+is%(# ("!i(# !"#"+(* o " oi' (

(*&.

Ho(!& G(!&*"! i* is /oo3 Frames of Mind i&"*ii"s ( (s si*'" 'o" o

/" 3*o* (s %#i#" i*"##i$"*'"s5" s"+"!(# (s " /!(i* (3"s i* i*o!(io*,

!o'"ss"s i, (*& !(*sis i i* ( *" o!. A#o%$ " "/ '(**o (&&!"ss (## "

i*"##i$"*'"s G(!&*"! i&"*ii"s1, i &o"s "!i o!" (* ( "8/oo3 o! "+"* (

o!3/oo3 (#o*" (*& !o+i&"s o! %#i"&i( ossi/i#ii"s ( os !"#i$io%s "&%'(io*

'#(ss!oos '%!!"*# #('3. E&%'(io*(## "!" is *o !"(so* ( (* o*#i*" "&%'(io*(#

"8"!i"*'" '(**o /" !i' (*& &i+"!s".

Developmental Issues

O*#i*" "&%'(io* '(* (#so /" s!%'%!"& o (''o%* o! " &i"!"* &"+"#o"*(#

(/i#ii"s ( +(!io%s ($"s !"s"*. Si*'" is !o4"' is &"si$*"& o (3" i*o (''o%*

" i*"!"ss (*& &"+"#o"*(# iss%"s !"#("& o (&o#"s'"*'", i #oo3s (*& @('s

&i"!"* !o o*" ( is (i"& ( " &"+"#o"*(# iss%"s !"s"*"& / ( s"*io!

'ii"*)s o*#i*" Bi/#" s%& o! (* o*#i*" !"-s'oo# !"#i$io%s "&%'(io* '#(ss. B"o*&

" s%!('" iss%"s o 'o#o! 'oi'"s, $!(i's, (*& #"+"# o "*$($""* i " "8, "

o*#i*" !"s"*(io* *""&s o (3" i*o 'o*si&"!(io* " ("*io* s(* o " (%&i"*'",

" *""& o! "*'o%!($i*$ ""&/('3, (*& " io!(*'" o 'o%*(# +"!s%s i*&i+i&%(#

i*"!('io* i " ("!i(#.

1

G(!&*"! i&"*ii"s (*& "8(i*"s #i*$%isi' i*"##i$"*'", %si'(# i*"##i$"*'", #o$i'(#-("(i'(#

i*"##i$"*'", s(i(# i*"##i$"*'", /o&i#-3i*"s"i' i*"##i$"*'", (*& " "!so*(# i*"##i$"*'"s. H" %!"!

(ss%"s ( " #is is i*'o#"".

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Mos "&%'(o!s s!%$$#" i si#"*'" P(!3"!, 1 . 2. I is o"* "(si"! o i##

" +oi& /"""* "('"! (*& #"(!*"! i o!&s (* o (##o s('" o! o%$.

T(3i*$ &"+"#o"*(# iss%"s i*o (''o%*, " "&%'(o! i## 3"" o%*$"! #"(!*"!s

si%#("& (*& "*$($"& i ('io*, so%*&, (*& oio*s o! i*"!('io* i#" " s("

"&%'(o! i$ i*s"! !"#"'i+" %si' '#is o $i+" " o!" o%$%# o#&"! #"(!*"!s (

'(*'" o !o'"ss " "8 ( (s 4%s !"s"*"&.

No*-!"("*i*$ "+(#%(io* !o+i&"s " #"(!*"! (!o!i(" o"%## osii+"

""&/('3 (*& (* oo!%*i o !"'o$*i" ( #"(!*i*$ is $oi*$ o*. T" %s%(# %#i#"-

'oi'" :%i o*#i*" i*'#%&"s ( 'o!!"' (*s"! (*& *o o!" (* o ossi/#"-so%*&i*$

i*'o!!"' (*s"!s (*& so" o/+io%s# i*'o!!"' (*s"!s. T" "&%'(o! %s

!""/"! ( "s" :%i"s (!" *o o i&"*i (s"! /% o &"o*s!(" o "

#"(!*"! ( s" o! " is i* (' #"(!*i*$. L"(!*"!s "s"'i(## 16- 27-"(!-o#& #"(!*"!s

(!" o!" #i3"# o 'o*i*%" i* ( #"sso* i " "8"!i"*'" s%''"ss. I " ""# "

&i&*) #"(!*, (s (* (*o*o%s s%!"!, " (+" #i#" i*'"*i+" o 'o*i*%". O#&"!

#"(!*"!s o* " o"! (*& ( /" i*s%#"& / :%"sio*s ( &o *o '(##"*$" ".

So" o*#i*" (#i(*'"s (##o " #"(!*"! o s"" o is o! "! s'o!"s !"#(" o

o"!s o (+" (3"* " :%i. T"s" "#("s (!" o"* #(/"#"& *o (s :%i"s /%

(s o##s. Tis is io!(* o! o%s o (!" !i*$ o $" ( s"*s" o o " i i*

(*& o "## " (!" ('i"+i*$. A#o%$ i is *o is" o &"## oo "(+i# o* s%'

'o(!iso*s, i is (* o/+io%s ( o !"i*& " #"(!*"!s ( " (!" *o (#o*" i* is

"*&"(+o!. S%' 'o(!iso*s o/+io%s# o%#& /" #"ss io!(* o! o%*$"! #"(!*"!s

o (!" si## #(!$"# s"#-o'%s"&.



Theological Issues

T" os *oo!io%s o " o"*i(# "o#o$i'(# i"&i"*s o is !o4"' is ( i &o"s

*o ('i#i(" 'o%*i, /% !("! '(* /"'o" ( s%/si%" o! 'o%*i. A#o%$

"!" (!" "!so*s o %s" " "/ 'o%#si+"#, " s(" '(* /" s(i& o! (* *%/"!

o "'*o#o$i"s. T" !"so*s" o " (!$%"* ( " "/ '(* '!"(" iso#(io* !("!

(* 'o%*i is o !o+i&" #i*3s o! " %s"!s o ( !"#i$io%s "/ si" o #o'(# #"s-(*&-

/#oo& 'o*$!"$(io*s ( (!" i##i*$ o !o+i&" ('"-o-('" i*is!.

A !"#("& i"&i"* o &oi*$ o*-#i*" !"#i$io%s "&%'(io* o is 3i*& is "

:%"sio* o ""! ( si$*ii'(* *%/"! o #o'(# 'o*$!"$(io*s !"(## (* " o%s

( i## /" !"('"& o%$ o*#i*" "+(*$"#is (*& "&%'(io*. P"!(s " os

'oo* :%"sio* !o " o%s o (+" 'o*('"& " / "(i# o+"! " #(s !""

"(!s o .'("!i&".'o )s "8is"*'" is "!" " '(* i*& ( '%!' "!" th'

i## /" "#'o". Si*'" I ( %s%(## !"#i*$ o o%s o i*o!i s"8%(# o!i"*(io*, I

!":%"*# (+" (& o !""! "s" o%s o 'o*$!"$(io*s ( (!" o%!s (( !o

"i! o"s. A#o%$ " s'o" o is !o4"' is *o o s%& " i*"$!(io* o!

!"i*!o&%'io* i*o 'o%*i ( is ( " "(! o !"#i$io*, I (+" &"'i&"& o i*'#%&" o*

C(> P!i&")s "/ si" #i*3s o 'o*$!"$(io*s ( (+" (&" ( %/#i' &"'#(!(io* o

i*'#%sio*.

I "(!i# ($!"" i M(!3 U. E&(!&s ( " 'o%*i ( is "s(/#is"&

(o*$ #"(!*"!s o*#i*" is *o (* (#"!*(i+" o #"s (*& /#oo& 'o%*ii"s "!"

"o#" "8"!i"*'" (## " *o*-&i$ii(/#" :%(#ii"s (*& (i#i*$s o %(* i*"!('io*.

T" +"! s(!i*$ o " E%'(!is is"# !":%i!"s o!" (* '/"! !"s"*'" 2000 .

1262. I is o" ( "s" o*#i*" "*&"(+o!s5!("! (* !"#('""*s o



'o%*i5'(* /" ( *" " o "+(*$"#is !o%$ "&%'(io* !"+"(#i*$ *o o*#

Go&)s %*'o*&iio*(# #o+" /% (#so " i*'#%si+" #o+" o !"#i$io%s 'o%*ii"s "!" "

o!& is &"'#(!"& (*& " s('!("*s (!" o/s"!+"&.

Rsarch

So" i*s (/o% " !"s"(!' ( is !o4"' i## i*+o#+" (+" /""* #(i& i* "

!"+io%s ($"s. A#o%$ is i## /", !i(!i#, ( &"o*s!(io* !o4"' &"si$*"& o

!o+" ( " i*"!*" '(* /" %s"& ""'i+"# o! :%(#i !"#i$io%s "&%'(io*, "

s!%'%!" o is !o4"' (s "o#o$i'(# !oos &"" i* C!isi(* !(&iio*, 'o*"o!(!

'%#%!", so'i(# (*(#sis, (*& "!so*(# "8"!i"*'".

Christian Tradition

T" &"'#(!(io* o " $oo& *"s is " "(! o " C!isi(* !(&iio*. F!o (*'i"*

(*& o&"!* issio*(! o+""*s o " o#" &"+"#o"* o " i"#& o !"#i$io%s

"&%'(io*, " C%!' (s so%$ o o/" " G!"( Coissio* (s !"'o!&"& i*

M(" 2J1-20, M(!3 16J17-1, L%3" 2=J=6-=;, (*& A's 1J. Y", "+"* ( '%!so!

(*(#sis o "s" !"#("& (ss($"s i*&i'("s ( "!" (s *o %*io! ($!"""*

(/o% " *(%!" o is 'o!" "('i*$ ii* " "(!# C%!'. S%&&"*# " &"'#(!(io*

o " $os"# /"'o"s ( %' o!" 'o#"8 iss%". A*o*" ("i*$ o &o !"#i$io%s

"&%'(io* o! "+(*$"#is io% (+i*$ (3"* " i" o 'o" o $!is i "s"

&ii'%#i"s !%*s " !is3 o /"i*$ 'o*o%*&"& / ( F!i"&!i' S'#"i"!('"! i* 1;

'(##"& !"#i$io*)s @'%#%!"& &"sis"!s. S'#"i"!('"! is !":%"*# i&"*ii"& (s "

("! o " '%!!"* #i/"!(# o+""* ii* " R"o!"& !(&iio*. As s%', i* "

'o*"8 o ( &is'%ssio* o o*#i*" !"#i$io%s "&%'(io* (*& "+(*$"#i(io*, o"+"!, " is

o*" o " i!s i* is ($" o !"'o$*i" ( "+(*$"#i(io* (s *o "!"# " (s3 o

os" E%!o"(*s (ss"/#i*$ 'o#o*i(# "i!"s. B% ( *" (s o %*&"!s(*&i*$ "

1



""!$i*$ @!i$s o (* !":%i!"& *" (s o &"'#(!" " #o+" o Go&. His %s" o

@#i/"!(# (!o('"s o s'!i%!" (s *o i*"*&"& o /" (* (('3 o* &i+i*" (%o!i /%

(s ( ( o &oi*$ "+(*$"#is i* ( o!#& ( (s (*& si## is i* " !o'"ss o

!"4"'i*$ i"!(!'i'(# "%&(# (%o!i. S'#"i"!('"! '(!"& "*o%$ o %s" "

""!$i*$ (!(&i$s o is i" o &"'#(!" " $os"# i* ( (**"! (!o!i(" o is

!i"*&s5'%#%!"&, i*"##"'%(#s o "!" !"4"'i*$ " $os"# (s " o+"!%!*"& "

&"sis"& "%&(# (!(&i$ o i"!(!'i"s i* (## %(* !"#(io*sis. I* oi*io*,

S'#"i"!('"! *"+"! " /""!-!"(!"& @'%#%!"& &"sis"!s o! o!" Go&-%*$!

o%*$ "o#" (* o&()s MT $"*"!(io*.

"!" o*" "+"*%(## s"#"s i* " s!%$$#" i "s" iss%"s i## &""!i*" (

$!"( &"(# (/o% o o*")s "ss($" i## /" 'o%*i'("&. As ( i*is"! i* "

R"o!"& !(&iio* o " C!isi(* '%!', I /"#i"+" ( ( "!so*)s s(#+(io* is *o

&""*&"* o* (* ('io*s, 'o*s(*', o! i## o " i*&i+i&%(# /% is so#"# " o!3 o

Go& !o%$ "s%s. As ( "/"! o " R"o!"& !(&iio* #i+i*$ i ( 'o*"o!(!

i*"!!"(io* o ( !(&iio* I 'oos" o /"#i"+" (, so"o, " #o$i' o &o%/#"

!"&"si*(io* (*& #ii"& s(#+(io* o " 'o*!(!, &i+i*" $!('" is (#!"(& i* #('" o!

(##, i* " o!&s o Ti%s 2J11, ( @" $!('" o Go& (s ("(!"& /!i*$i*$ s(#+(io* o

(## NRS.

O"* !"(i*i*$ 'o*sis"* i " ('%(# o!&s o ( (ss($" !":%i!"s o*" o

!"(i* !oo"& i* " Fi!s-C"*%! 'o*"8. U*i+"!s(# s%!($" (s *o o* " i*&s o

" !i"!s o " N" T"s("*. E+"* "* " %*i o (## /"#i"+"!s (s &"'#(!"& (s

i is i* G(#(i(*s <J2 "!" is *o i*&i'(io* ( " '%!' oo3 is (ss($" (s (

&"'#(!(io* ($(i*s s#(+"!, s"8is, o! "*i' &i+isio*. As P""! Go"s (s oi*"&

1



o%, P(%# (s "(i' @( i* is #i" &isi*'io*s &o 'o%* . . M "!so*(#

"*$($""* i " Gos"# 'o"#s " o''(sio*(## o '% #oos" !o "s" Fi!s-

C"*%! (ss%io*s (*& "/!('" (* "$(#i(!i(* o&"# o s(#+(io* ( is *o !oo"& i*

'#(ss &isi*'io*s o! " &"'#(!(io*s o (%o!i(i+" 'o%*'i#s.

B"'(%s" o #('""* i* " C!isi(* !(&iio* 'o*'"!*i*$ " *(%!" o

s(#+(io*, I '(* !"so*si/# s!%'%!" ( "/ si" ( is *o i"&i("# o''%i"& i

/"(+io! o&ii'(io* o* " (! o " %*'%!'"& o! &"'%!'"& #"(!*"!. I ( *o

/o%*& o :%i'3# !"ss o! "i"! (* i"&i(" i*"##"'%(# (':%i"s'"*'" o (*

si#ii"& @#(* o s(#+(io*2 o! o! (* i"&i(" "8"!'is" o " s('!("* o /(is.

Tis si" i## /" s!%'%!"& %*&"! " (ss%io* ( " G!"( Coissio* (*& o%!

"+(*$"#isi' issio* is o '!"(" (* (os"!"5(* o"*i*$5( ('i#i("s " Ho#

Si!i)s o!3 o "*(/#i*$ " #"(!*"! o !"'o$*i" (*& "*4o " $i o s(#+(io* (#!"(&

i* #('". I* "s" "!s, !""*(*'" is *o (/o% "8!"ssio* o so!!o o! $%i# o! "+"*

"*i!"# (/o% so" 3i*& o /"(+io! o&ii'(io* (s %' (s (/o% %!*i*$ !o

(#i"*(io* !o Go& o "*4o"* (*& %#i("# $#o!ii'(io* o Go&. I, "!"o!", i## /"

s!%'%!i*$ is si" (*& i*+ii*$ "!so*s o (''"ss i io% !"$(!& o ""! o! *o

" 'o*si&"! "s"#+"s o /" C!isi(*s o! /"#i"+"!s!('iio*"!s o (* !"#i$io*.

2 I &o *o #i$# &is(!($" " %s" o s'!i%!" o 'o*"*& i ( s""3"!)s s!%$$#". I &o, o"+"!,

&is($!"" i " %s" o !($"*s o P(%#)s 'o#"8 &is'o%!s"s s!i"& !o "i! oo!i*$s o #"(& o (

oo i$# $%i&"& i*"##"'%(# (ss"*5'o*+"!sio* / @"sis %si*$. I ( %!"! (**o"& / !"*(*s

o C!isi(* '%#%!(# i"!i(#is "8"#ii"& i* ("s ( 'o*+"!sio* / s(i*$. I o%#& 'o*"*& (

.(#"##.'o is ( "## &"si$*"& (*& #(!$"# i*o"*si+" si" &oi*$ " o!"! (*& (

.$o&("s($s.'o(i* is ( /"(%i%## &"si$*"& " i*"*io*(## o"*si+" si" &"o*s!(i*$ "

#("!.

1



M 'o*"*io* i* !ii*$ '%!!i'%#% is *o so #i/"!(# (s o !"s"' *o /o%*&(!i"s

/% !("! is i##i*$ o !"'o$*i" ( " #"(!*"!s ( *o (## /" "!so*s o o%#& /"

'oo!(/#" i* o! (* (!o!i(" (' i " 'o*$!"$(io* "!" I o!si. T"

/o%*&(!i"s o (* i*&i+i&%(# 'o*$!"$(io* *""& *o /" " /o%*&(!i"s o ( $i+"*

"&%'(io*(# s"i*$. No (## s%o!i+" '%!'"s (+" " s(" '(!('"! o! o#"!(*'".

A @"#'oi*$ U*i(!i(* C%!' i## /" :%i" &i"!"* !o ( @Mo!" Li$ P!"s/"!i(*

C%!' (*& /o i## /" &i"!"* !o (* i*'#%si+" i$-'%!' Eis'o(# 'o*$!"$(io*

o! (* i*'#%si+" R"o!"& "is 'o*$!"$(io*. T"s" (i 'o%*ii"s (!" /o

'(!"(3"!s o 'o#"8 '%#%!(# !(&iio*s an" 'o%*ii"s i i*"$!(# "o&s o

'o%*i'(i*$ os" +(#%"s (*& /"#i" ss"s. Fo! "8(#", " s"!! o%! i* (*

Eis'o(# (!is (*& " '(!! i* &i**"! o* " $!o%*&s ( ( !%!(# P!"s/"!i(*

'o*$!"$(io* "(' "(' i %*i:%" i*"$!i " "*!(*'", #ii*(# s($"s, (*& %##

"/"!si ii* ( 'o%*i. A#o%$ I /!oo3 *o &is(!($""* o " #('" o

o!(# !"#i$io%s "&%'(io* i* "(' 'o%*i, *o o!(# "&%'(io*(# s"i*$

'o%*i'("s " 'o#"8 i#i'i (*& *%## '%!!i'%#( " ( ( s(!"& "(# &o"s.

O*#i*" !"#i$io%s "&%'(io* '(* "*$($" o%*$ $(, #"s/i(*, /is"8%(#, (*& !(*s$"*&"!

o%s !o (## o "s" s"i*$s ( " s(" i", /% "+"* " /"s o*#i*" "8"!i"*'"

is *o s%/si%" o! ( S"&"!.

E+(*$"#is i %*&"!soo& !o ( !("o!3 o #i/"!(io* "o#o$, (&&!"ss"s *o

"!"# #('3 o 3*o#"&$" o Go& (s i* !(&iio*(# o!o&o8 "o#o$ o! ( *""& o

"8"!i"*'" Go&s #o+" i* ("!i(# o! s'oso'i(# (s (s i* %!"# #i/"!(# "o#o$,

/% (* ('3*o#"&$"* o Go&s #o+" o! (## '!"(io* (*& " i*&i+i&%(#s 'o**"'io* o

(## " o"! #i#" o*"s i' o i /"#o*$. T!(&iio*(# "+(*$"#is is (/o%

1



(/so#+i*$ $%i# /"o!" (* (/so#%is Go&. Li/"!(# "+(*$"#is is (/o% o+"!'oi*$

i$*o!(*'" o o%! !"#(io*si o Go&. Li/"!(io* "+(*$"#is is (/o% !"'o*i$%!i*$

'o**"'io*s. Do!o"" So## (s (%$ 10 . 66-6; ( #i/"!(io* "+(*$"#is

(o*$ (!$i*(#i"& "!so*s is ( !o'"ss, *o o attacking !i&", (s R"i*o#& Ni"/%!

(%$ 1=1 . 1-1, /% o building !i&". E+(*$"#is (o*$ s"8%(# i*o!i

"!so*s is o!" (* "('i*$ ( " "*i"* is #o+"& / Go&9 i is "('i*$ "(' o

%s o %!* !o s(" (*& !"4"'io* o Go&s '!"(io* i* o%!s"#+"s o s"# (''"(*'"

an" i*"$!(io* i (## Go&s $oo& '!"(io*.

Contemporary Culture and Social Analysis

M%' (s (#!"(& /""* s(i& i* is ("! (/o% " *""& o! (i#i(!i (*& "*$($""*

i " 'o*"o!(! "*o"*o* 3*o* (s " i*"!*". T"!" (!", o"+"!, o"!

"#""*s o " 'o*"o!(! '%#%!" ( %s /" (&&!"ss"& (s "##.

Ro/"! B"##( (*& is s%&"*s (+" &o*" %' o (3" %s ((!" o "

i*&i+i&%(#isi' *(%!" o 'o*"o!(! A"!i'(* !"#i$io*. M(* !"#i$io* !i"!s (+"

&"'!i"& " iso#(io* (*& (#i"*(io* '!"("& "* "!so*s 'oos" o s"(!(" !o

o!sii*$ 'o%*ii"s (*& "*$($" i* so#o si!i%(# 4o%!*"s5( B"##( '(##s

@S"i#(is . 221. Gi+"* " *(%!" o !"'"* %*"(# 'o%*i ('i+i (o*$

(* !"#i$io%s $!o%s, !o " '!"(io* o ((!"i& i* So% A!i'( o " s('3 o

Koso+o, o"+"!, (* (i%# "!so*s %s o*&"! ( is (s C!isi(* '"*%!)s

$#o!ii'(io* o o!$(*i"& !"#i$io%s $!o%s i (''"ss o o"!. Ao*$ " o%s (

C(> P!i&" o ""# " (+" /""* &!i+"* !o " '%!' (*& /("!"& i* " *(" o

Go&, " C%!' is *o o"* s""* (s " +"i'#" o Go&)s #o+" /% !("! (s " '"*"!

o !i$-i*$ o#ii'(# o!$(*ii*$ (*& o''(sio*(## " #(i! o "/o&i"& (".

1



I is ( 'oo* o/s"!+(io* ( "!so*s (3i*$ ('(&"i' '#(ss"s i* !"#i$io* (*&

"+"* (* 'o##"$" $!(&%("s 'oi*$ o s"i*(! *""& i!s o /" s!i"& o " (%#

@!"#i$io%s "&%'(io* " (+" (/so!/"& !o " 'o*"o!(! '%#%!". T" "o#o$

o " %#i is *o (#(s " !o/#" "!". T" o#3 "o#o$ ( "8iss i* "

'o%*i s%!!o%*&i*$ " C%!' is o"* :%i" o"!%# (*& "!+(si+". B% "+"*

@'%!' "o#o$ (s &o*" is &(($"9 (* o"* o "!" (%$ s"#-(/(s""*,

(* !('i(# i*o!i "!so*s o "!" (%$ (ssi+i, (*& (* s"8%(# i*o!i

"!so*s o "!" (%$ s(" !"'"i+"& is i*s!%'io* &i!"'# !o ( %#i. io%

i$*o!i*$ o! &""(*i*$ " issio* o " C%!', i is o"* "(si"! o &o !"#i$io%s

"&%'(io* i "!so*s o &o *o /!i*$ " @/($$($" o #i" i* !"#i$io%s 'o%*i.

Tis !o4"' (s ( i$"! ossi/i#i o s%''"ss /"'(%s" (#o%$ (* o%s (+"

(/so!/"& so" o " *"$(i+" (s"'s o " '%#%!")s o#3 "o#o$ os %*-'%!'"&

s""3"!s (!" *o (#!"(& oss"ss"& o " !"'o*'"io*s (*& !"4%&i'"s ( (*

o%s ii* " '%!' /!i*$.

A*o"! 'o*"o!(! iss%" ( is 'o*'%!!"* i is !o4"' is " '!(+i*$ o!

si!i%(#i (o*$ " o%s ( I (+" "*'o%*"!"&. T" !is" i* !i/(# (oos9 "

s(#"s o E(s"!* (*& @N" A$" '(*&#"s, /oo3s, (*& (!("!*(#i(9 " o%#(!i o

"#"+isio* sos i si!i%(#is (s ( ""9 (*& "+"* o%)s !"o''%(io* i

o"#"ss# !o(*i' #o+" i*&i'(" ( o%*$ "!so*s o"* s""3 so"i*$ &"""! (*

" "!" (':%isiio* o i*$s. To B"(%&oi*, i* is /oo3 Virtual Faith, (3"s (s is

'"*!(# !"is" ( (* o%*$"! "!so*s ar ('i+"# s""3i*$ "(*i*$ (*& &""#

'!(+" " si!i%(# "+"* i#" !"4"'i*$ " i*si%io*(# '%!'. P"!so*s i* "i! #("

""*s (*& "(!# "*i"s ar o"* (s3i*$ " i#osoi'(#, "i'(#, (*& "o#o$i'(#

1



:%"sio*s "i! $!(*&(!"*s "!" (!(i& o (s3 /% is $"*"!(io* is s"#&o (s3i*$

os" :%"sio*s o " C%!'.

Personal Experience

Si*'" 17, #i" (s /""* i*"!i*"& i "s" o%s. I #is"* o "i! so!i"s9 "

"*'o%!($"& " o /%i#& o%! i!s "/ si". " (+" #(%$"& (*& '!i"& o%$ ( /i (*&

/"'o" !i"*&s (*& %%(# s%o!.

O*" o o%*$ !i"*&s, ( si8""*-"(!-o#& /o, (s !o* o% o is o" i*

B(!'"#o*(, S(i* "* is ("! o%*& o% " o%*$ (* (s $(. His o"! /o%$

i (* (i!#i*" i'3" o Ci'($o o #i+" i* s(" i (* (%*. i#" is #(*" (s o+"!

" A#(*i' s" "* o*o " i*"!*" (*& s"(!'"& o! ( s(" #('" i* Ci'($o o! "!

so*. S" o%*& .'("!i&".'o (*& '(##"& i "* " #(*&"& o "## i (/o%

" #('" ( %s /" s(" /"'(%s" i (s i* ( '%!'. O (*& o* o! o "(!s, "

("*&"& " C(>. So" o o%! o%*$ "* (%$ i o &o is o* #(%*&!, (*& "

(%$ " o 'oo3 (%"*i' S(*is '%isi*". Tis (s H(##o""*, o*" o o%! (&%#

+o#%*""!s i ( #(o 'o%"! (*& ( &i$i(# '("!( oo3 i'%!"s ( " C(>)s

'os%" (! (*& "(i#"& " o o%! (/s"* !i"*& ('!oss " A#(*i' (*& " ""* i*

E%!o" "(i#"& /('3 o os" o %s i* Ci'($o is '!ii:%" o "(' o o%! 'os%"s.

T" o%*$ (* is *o (!i(## !"'o*'i#"& i is ("!, ("*&i*$ 'o##"$", (*&

#(**i*$ o* (3i*$ " o*#i*" '#(ss &"s'!i/"& i* is ("! !o is 'o##"$" &o!io!

!oo (# ( o!#& ((.

Ro&!i$o)s o"! is *o " o*# o*" #oo3i*$ o! !"so%!'"s o*#i*". I* " i!s

o!-i+" &(s o (+i*$ " @Si!i%(#i P!o4"' o*#i*" " !"'"i+"& =,012 +isio!s !o

o+"! "* 'o%*!i"s i*'#%&i*$ <7 +isis !o " '(%s o o* "s!(*$"& (#( ("!

1



Bo/ o*"s U*i+"!si. M "!so*(# "8"!i"*'" i*o!s " ( (so!(# i*is!,

!"#i$io%s "&%'(io*, (*& "+(*$"#i(io* '(* /" &o*"5i* (' is /"i*$ &o*" *o5i

" (i& o " i*"!*", ( "!" (!" "o#"5(## 3i*&s o "o#"5s"(!'i*$ '/"!s('"

o! !"#i$io%s !"so%!'"s, (*& ( 'o%*i '(* i*&""& /" "s(/#is"& (*& (i*(i*"&

!o%$ " '!"(i+" %s" o is *" "&i(.

Th%rtica# Fram(%r)

Tis !o4"', i#" !i(!i# ( &"o*s!(io* o o :%(#i !"#i$io%s "&%'(io* '(* /"

&o*" o+"! " i*"!*" i*+o#+i*$ #"(!*"!s !o (## o+"! " o!#&, is (#so (* i*"$!(# (!

o P!i&" Mi*is!i"sC(> P!i&"9 'o*s":%"*#, i is ( (! o o%! "+(*$"#isi' o%!"(' (s

"## (s ( &"o*s!(io* !o4"' o! " #(!$"! 'o%*i o !"#i$io%s "&%'(o!s.

Theological Mandate

Go& %s"s " C%!' i* " o!3 o !"so!i*$ (*& !"'o*'i#i*$ /o i* " +isi/#" !"(# o

'!"(io* (*& i* " i*+isi/#" !"(# o " "(! (*& so%#. I* " #(s '"*%!, " '("

i*o oss"ssio* o !""*&o%s *" "'(*iss i i' o 'o%*i'(" "

"ss($" o Go&)s #o+" o!" i&"# (* "+"!. Y", " "(!# '"*%!)s (ss

'o%*i'(io* "o!s !o%$ oio* i'%!"s, !(&io, (*& "#"+isio* o"* (i#"&

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!"#(io* o "8isi*$ !"#i$io%s 'o%*ii"s. Mi*is!i"s 'o*'"*!(i*$ so#"# o* "s"

"&i( "*&"& o iso#(" o*" o M(!i( H(!!is)s (s"'s o !"#i$io%s '%!!i'%#% <53"!$(

o! !o'#((io*5(*& o %s" i o '!"(" !"#i$io%s 'o%*i. I*s"(& o "*'o%!($i*$

"*$($""*, I 'o*"*& ( "s" "&i( os"!"& (ssi+i (*& ( s"'(o! "*(#i.

< H(!!is i&"*ii"s i+" (s"'s o! '%!!i'%#(, ( o$""!, (!" " +o'(io* o !"#i$io%s 'o%*i. T" i+"

(!" 3oi*o*i(J " '%!!i'%#% o 'o%*i, L"i%!$i(J " '%!!i'%#% o !("!, &i&('"J " '%!!i'%#% o

"('i*$, 3"!$(J " '%!!i'%#% o !o'#((io*, (*& &i(3o*i(J " '%!!i'%#% o s"!+i'". 1 .7-6

1



o!si is *o #o*$"! " o!3 o " "o#" i is " !"#i$io%s so ( is s%''"ss%# i*

!"#(io* o o "## i o%'"s " (%&i"*'")s "oio*s.

I is " !"('io* o is s"'(o! "*(#i i* !"#i$io%s #i" (*& " !"4"'io* o "

i*si%io*s ( (+" /""* (sso'i("& i i ( (s $i+"* s!"*$ o i*&i+i&%(#isi'

"o#o$ (*& is (* !"#("& !o/#"s. T"s" "'*o#o$i"s "#& $!"( !ois", /%, I

'o*"*&, " (+" o"* &(($"& " C%!'.

" &i& &%!i*$ is (s '"*%!, o"+"!, #"(!* o %s" " "#"o*" o

s!"*$"* (*& /%i#& (i 'o%*ii"s. F" A"!i'(* '%!'"s *o ("! o

iso#("& (+" *o %s"& " "#"o*" o 3"" i* o%' i s%-i*s, o s(!" !("!

!":%"ss ( i"s o '!isis, (*& o o!$(*i" (*& s'"&%#" i*'i&"*(# ""i*$s. T"

'!%'i(# &i"!"*'" /"""* i#, !(&io, (*& "#"+isio* (*& " "#"o*" is i*"!('i+i.

T" i*"!*", #i3" " "#"o*", i' is !i(!i# ( "!so* o "!so*5#is"* (*&

(*s"!5"'*o#o$, "!is, "*'o%!($"s, (*& "+"* &"(*&s i*"!('io* (*&

!"so*s". C( !oos, "ss($" /o(!&s, i*"!('i+" :%i"s, o##s, i*"!('i+" $("s,

"(i#, (*& *o ""!$i*$ (%&io (*& +i&"o !"'o!&i*$ (*& osi*$s (##o o! "!so*-o-

"!so* !"so*s"s. T" "#"+isio* o! !(&io "+(*$"#is &o"s*) 3*o ""! I ( i* "

!oo o! *o. T" &i!"'o! (*& !o&%'"! o " i*si!(io*(# i# &o"s*) "(! " i I (s3

o! (* "8#(*(io*. M(ss "&i( '(* *"+"! /" ("*i+" o " (%s"s, (*& #"(&i*$

:%"sio*s o "+"! i*&i+i&%(# (%&i"*'" "/"!. B% " &i!"' :%"sio*, " o(# #('3 o

!"so*s", (*& " !"$*(* (%s" "+i&"* o* " "#"o*", " '( !oo, (*& i*

+(!io%s (s i* "(' o "s" i*"!('i+" "'*o#o$i"s (##os " "&%'(o! (*& "

"+(*$"#is o o&i " !"s"*(io* o /"s !"(' "(' #"(!*"!. B ('i#i(i*$

i*"!('io*, "s" "'*o#o$i"s /%i#& 'o%*i.

1



O*" o " os "8'ii*$ iss%"s !"#("& o 'o%*i (*& i*"!('i+i is "

!"#"(s" i* F"/!%(! 2001 o Phantasy Star Online, (* o*#i*" $(" ( (##os "!so*s

%si*$ &i"!"* #(*$%($"s o i*"!(' (*& '( i* !"(# i" %si*$ !(*s#(io* (!i'"s (

(!" /%i# i* o " $(". Tis @i*s(* !(*s#(io* (#i'(io* is " *"8 $"*"!(io* o

'oo* o*#i*" !(*s#(io* !o$!(s s%' (s A#( is()s B(/"#is

/(/"#is.(#(+is(.&i$i(#.'o. I* ( " "(!s i i## /" ossi/#" (*& I o" :%i"

'oo* o (+" !"#i$io%s "&%'(io* o* " i*"!*" (+(i#(/#" si%#(*"o%s# o #"(!*"!s

i* s"+"!(# #(*$%($"s. Tis "'*o#o$ i## (##o " C%!', ( #"(s o* ( o!&-o!-o!&

/(sis i *o " ( '%#%!(# /(sis, o "*$($" i* " 3i*& o o%!"(' ( (s (! o "

i!('#" o is /i! ( P"*"'os. Tis "'*o#o$ (s " o"*i(# o /%i#& ( 'o%*i

o #"(!*"!s ( is o!#&i&".

Behavioral Challenges

M +isio* o! is !o4"' is o s"" !"#i$io%s "&%'(o!s ( (## #"+"#s /!i*$ " +(s (*&

&i+"!s" '!"(i+" (/i#ii"s " (#!"(& oss"ss (s "('"!s o is *" +"*%" (*& o

(3" (&+(*($" o " %#i"&i( 'o%*i'(io* ossi/i#ii"s (+(i#(/#" !o%$ "

i*"!*" o "8(*& "i! i*is!i"s. Fo! "(!s, " !"#i$io%s "&%'(o! (s /""* !i*$ (*&

'!"(i+"# %si*$ &i+"!s" "o&o#o$i"s o (3" " $oo& *"s (''"ssi/#". F!o "

/#('3/o(!& (*& #(**"# $!(, o " i#s!i, o+i" !o4"'o!, (" !"'o!&"! (*& +i&"o

!"'o!&"!, !"#i$io%s "&%'(o!s (+" /""* " #"(&"!s i* " '!"(i+" %s" o "&i( i* "

'%!'. No i is i" o "*"! is *" i"#&. i *o o!" ":%i"* (* os

'%!'"s (#!"(& oss"ss5( 'o%"! i (* i*"!*" #i*35" "&%'(o! '(* !"('

(!o%*& " o!#& ( " s""& o #i$ i " "ss($" o " $os"#.

1



A* (s"' o " i*"!*" ( ( /" (* i"&i"* o o!" i&"s!"(& %s" is

" "'*oo/i( ( (## *" "&i( "*$"*&"!s. A#o%$ I "*& o /"#i"+" ( os

!%" "&%'(o!s (!" "8'i"& / " !os"' o *" "'*o#o$i"s (*& /!o(&"! (%&i"*'"s,

i is ossi/#" ( !o##i*$ ( '(! i ( +i&"o !"'o!&"! (*& ( "#"+isio* i*o ( '#(ss!oo is

" #ii o %#i"&i( (&+"*%!" o! so" o 'o##"($%"s. I* ( '(s", I o" o

&"o*s!(" ( o*" *""& *o /" ( "'*i'(# i(!& o '!"(" $oo& o*#i*" "&%'(io*(#

"*+i!o*"*s.

I o%#& (#so #i3" o s"" "&%'(o!s *o o*# /%i#& $oo& ($"s, /% (#so #i*3 o o"!

"/ si"s "!" (#"*"& "&%'(o!s (+" % o$""! (!o!i(" si"s. T"'*i'(##

(&+(*'"& "('"!s 'o%#& '!"(" (*& os "#("s o! ($"s i /%i# i* i*"!('i+i

!o%$ o!s, :%i"s, (*& o##s ( i## "*(/#" " #"ss (&+"*%!o%s o /"$i*

o&ii*$ (*& /%i#&i*$ "i! o* ($"s "+"* :%i'3"!. O*#i*" %/#isi*$ o! "&%'(o!s

'(* $!o !o " s(!i*$ o #"sso* #(*s ( is $oi*$ o* *o o s(!i*$ #i*3s, ($"

&"si$*s, (*& o!i$i*(# (!o!3 o! ($"s, (*& $"*"!(## "*'o%!($i*$ o*" (*o"! i* "

!('i'" o %si*$ is *" "&i%. So" s"'%#(! "&%'(io* ("!i(#s o! o*#i*"

"&%'(io* (!" (#so %s"%#, *o(/# T" G"o!$" (si*$o* U*i+"!si "&%'(io*(# TIP

'"*"! .$%."&%i, S!('%s" U*i+"!si)s M(*(# E#-Ti$i)s s%& o o*#i*"

"&%'(io* "/.s!."&%("#i$i, (*& T" U.S. D"(!"* o E&%'(io*)s

E&%'(io*(# R"so%!'"s I*o!(io* C"*"! ERIC "!i'i!.s!."&%.

O*" i*si%io*(# /"(+io! ( I o%#& #i3" o s"" o&ii"& !":%i!"s "

!"'o$*iio* ( /%i#&i*$ ( $oo& o*#i*" "&%'(io*(# si" is i*&""& ( i*is! (*&

&"s"!+"s " ("*io*, i", (*& s%o! o s(. Tis is *o so"i*$ ( '(* /"

os"& (*& o!$o"* #i3" #(s o*)s s"!o*. I *o o*# (3"s i" o '!"("9 i (3"s

2



i" o (i*(i*. T" "&%'(o! i## /" o&"!(i*$ '( !oos, (*s"!i*$ "(i#,

%&(i*$ #i*3s, (*& $"*"!(## 'o*i*%i*$ o "(' ( '#(ss (s #o*$ (s " si" !"(i*s o*

" "/. R"#i$io%s i*si%io*s *""& o o##o " #"(& o s"'%#(! "&%'(io* i*si%io*s

(*& " !(i*i*$ &i+isio*s i* i*&%s! (*& '(*$" "i! (i%&"s !"$(!&i*$ " %s" o

%*&s (*& s( i" o (!o!i("# %s" is *" "&i%. S(*&i*$ i* so#" (*& $o*

i* !o* o ( 'o*$!"$(io* o! i '(#3 i* (*& /"o!" ( '#(ss is *o #o*$"! " o*# i"

(* "&%'(o! is ('i+"# !"s"*i*$ " $os"#.

T" !i(! "!so*s ( i## &i!"'# (!i'i(" i* is !o4"' (!" os" o &o

*o *""& o /" 'o*+i*'"& o " %i#i o " "/. T" (!" o%s o (+" s"#

s"#"'"& o (!i'i(" i* is s%& (*& o i* (* '(s"s &is'o+"!"& is !o4"'

/"'(%s" o "i! o* s"(!' o! o*#i*" si!i%(#i !"so%!'"s. T" %#i(" (%&i"*'" o!

is &"o*s!(io*, o"+"!, is !"#i$io%s "&%'(o!s i* s"i*(!i"s (*& 'o*$!"$(io*s

o '%!!"*# #ii "i! i*is!i"s "i"! ii* ( si*$#" /!i'3-(*&-o!(! '#(ss!oo o! o

!(&iio*(## %/#is"& i*3-(*&-("! ("!i(#s.

Change Theory

Si*'" is is ( &"o*s!(io* !o4"', " '(*$" "o! i## %i#i" ( '(*$" s!("$

( is !i(!i# "&%'(io*(# (*& o''(sio*(## '%#%!(#. I i## !o+i&" ( s"!i"s o oio*s

(*& &"o*s!(" o "(' '(* /" %s"& i* " "*"!!is" o !"#i$io%s "&%'(io*. Fo!

os !"#i$io%s "&%'(o!s " 'o*'" o /%i#&i*$ '!"(i+" (*& i**o+(i+" "&%'(io*(#

si"s o*#i*" is ( &!"(. So" (#!"(& (+" is &!"( /% &o*) 3*o o o! "!" o

%!s%" i (*& o"!s (!" si## i* " !o'"ss o o'%si*$ i* o* " &!"(. Fo! o"!s

(!i'%#(!# o#&"! "!so*s, o"*, (*& A!i'(* A"!i'(*s, " i*"!*" is oo (sso'i("&

i o%*$ i" (#" i*"!"ss (*& (s /""* o%si&" "i! %*&"!s(*&i*$ o

2





'o*$!"$(io* o* Ci'($o)s so% si&", i' (s /!o(&'(s is s"!+i'"s o*#i*" si*'"

1. Sii#(! $(i*s '(* (#so /" i&"*ii"& (o*$ His(*i' A"!i'(*s (#o%$,

(''o!&i*$ o " U.S. D"(!"* o Co"!'", (#o*$ i N(i+" A"!i'(*s " (!"

si## si$*ii'(*# %*&"!!"!"s"*"& o*#i*". T" &i+i&" ("(!s o /" /"'oi*$ o!" (

!%!(#%!/(* "*o"*o* !("! (* ( %!"# !('i(# o*" &i$i(#&i+i&".$o+.

Tis &"o*s!(io* !o4"' so%#& s(!3 i&"(s. B% " '(*$" I ( 'o*'"!*"&

i (s o &o i " "8"!i"*'" o /"i*$ !o"* i*o o#&"! o!s o 'o%*i'(io*,

!o"* i* " ('" o %*(i#i(! "'*o#o$, !o"* i* " i"!(!'i"s o o so%#& /"

o!3i*$ i is "'*i'(# ("!i(# "&%'(o!s o! "'*i'(# "*$i*""!s (*& !o"* i*

&o%/s (/o% o "## ("'i+" "&%'(io* '(* /" &o*" i is "&i%. T!o%$ is

("! (*& " %/#i'(io* o P!i&" Mi*is!i"sC(> P!i&" Si!i%(#i P!o4"'

.'("!i&".'osi!i, I o" o &"o*s!(" is *" "'*o#o$ (*& /"$i* "

!o'"ss o !"!""i*$ " i*"*&"& (%&i"*'" i*o 'o*i&"* (''"(*'" o " %i#i (*&

ossi/i#ii"s o o*#i*" "&%'(io* i* "i! s"i*$s.

Intr*nti%ns

T" "&%'(io*(# !o'"ss"s I i## /" ("i*$ o &"o*s!(" o*#i*" (!"J

♦ E*$($""* !o%$ !"(#-i" &"/(" (*& osi*$s '!"(i*$ %#i(!&is'%ssio*s ( "*(/#" " #"(!*"!s o /"'o" %## (!i'i(*s i* " "&%'(io*(#"*+i!o*"*, (s oos"& o /"i*$ (ssi+" !"'ii"*s (s P(%#o F!"i!" (*& /"##oo3s (+" '!ii:%"&.

♦ P!"s"*(io* o ( '!oss s"'io* o " ("!i(#s ( (#!"(& "8is o* " i*"!*"

(*& ( '(* /" /!o%$ i*o " "&%'(io*(# s"i*$. A#o%$ I '(**o "*$($"(## " i*"##i$"*'"s ( Ho(!& G(!&*"! (s &"#i*"("&, I '(* i*!o&%'" (+(!i" o "&i( ( i## "*!i' " #"(!*i*$ s"i*$.

♦ D"o*s!(io* o "o&s o ""&/('3 ( 3"" is ( #i+i*$ "&%'(io*(#"8"!i"*'" !o%$ "(i# (*& o*#i*" "+(#%(io* i*s!%"*s.

I i## (#so /" (*s"!i*$ " o##oi*$ :%"sio*sJ

2



♦ Ho 'o#i'("& is " !o'"ss

♦ Ho "8"*si+" is " !o'"ss

♦ Ho i" 'o*s%i*$ is " !o'"ss (*&

♦ Ho '(* " %/#is " !o&%' so ( " (+"!($" s""3"! '(* i*& i

T" !%" o/4"'i+" o! is !o4"' is o &"o*s!(" ( :%(#i !"#i$io%s

"&%'(io* '(* /" &o*" %si*$ " "8isi*$, !"#(i+"# i*"8"*si+" "'*o#o$i"s (#!"(&

(+(i#(/#" (*& " "8isi*$ +is%(# (*& (%&io !"so%!'"s o " i*"!*". Tis o/4"'i+" i##

/" " !o%$ " !"s"*(io* o ( s"!i"s o #"sso*s, i'5(#o%$ %s"%# i* (*& o

"s"#+"s i## !i(!i# &"o*s!(" " %s" o "s" !"so%!'"s. E(' o "s"

#"sso*s /"$i**i*$ ( .'("!i&".'osi!i i## /" /o (* i*"!+"*io* (*& (*

"8(#".

E(' #"sso* i## 'o*(i* "8 !"s"*i*$ " 'o*'"s ( (*&9 #i*3s o ( +(!i" o

(!o!3, +oi'" !"'o!&i*$s, %si' i#"s, (*i(io* (*& i'io* si"s, (*& ( s" o !"+i"

:%"sio*s. A ( %%(## ($!""& %o* i", (## " #"(!*"!s i## (+" /""* i*+i"& o

'o" o$""! i* " '( !oo o! ( !"(#-i" &is'%ssio* o " oi's (*& " !"#"+(*

@s%!i*$. T!o%$o% " "*i!" "!io& o " !o4"' " i## /" (/#" o os #o*$"!,

o!" "!(*"* o/s"!+(io*s (*& :%"sio*s o* " "ss($" /o(!&.

T" s"$"*s "s"#+"s (!"J

♦ ( &o"s i "(* o /" si!i%(#

♦

( &o"s i "(* o /" (! o ( 'o%*i♦ Ho '(* I 3*o !"(# #o+"

♦ Ho '(* I (3" s"*s" o (i* (*&

♦ Ho '(* I i$%!" o% %%!"

2



Ho Complicated Is the Process!

T" i!s "/ si" ( C(> P!i&" (& (s o* G"o'ii"s.'o, ( !"" os. I &"si$*"& i

%si*$ o*# " $!(i's (*& &"si$* i&"(s ( "!" (+(i#(/#" !o G"o'ii"s.'o o! (

I o%*& o* o"! si"s. Bo G"o'ii"s.'o (*& T!io&.'o, (*o"! !""-osi*$ si",

o"! ( "(# o (&+i'", !"" (#i(*'"s, (*& o*#i*" "&ii*$ !o$!(s so ( i o%#& /"

ossi/#" o '!"(" ( $oo& si" i *o o"! i*%. A!$%(/#, "+"! '%!' i (

'o%"!, o&", o*" #i*", (*& i*"!*" (''"ss "+"* !"" (''"ss #i3" N""!o.*"

'(* (+" ( "/ si" i *o %!"! "8"*s" /"o*& s( i". I, o"+"!, o*" is

*o (* i"&i(" i"&i"* (*& o%)& #i3" o $o (* "+"* "(si"! !o%", Co"!'i(#

osi*$ si"s i /%i#-i* (#i(*'"s (*& "(s o #"(!* 'o"!'i(# "/ (%o!i*$

!o$!(s #i3" Mi'!oso)s F!o*P($", M('!o"&i()s D!"("(+"!, o! A##(i!")s

Ho"Si" si#i %' o " o!3 o /%i#&i*$ (* (!('i+" si". T"!" (!" (#so !""

so(!" !o$!(s o (i& o% i* "/ &"si$* (*& i* " '!"(io* o $!(i's o! " "/.

Fo! "8(#"s, s"" &o*#o(&.'*".'o&o*#o(&s. A&&iio*(## o! ( s"!io%s o%#( o

'(s V<000 s%$$"s"& !"(i# M('!o"&i()s "/ L"(!*i*$ S%&io is s"'ii'(##

&"si$*"& o /%i#& o*#i*" #"(!*i*$ (*& !(i*i*$ si"s i*'o!o!(i*$ "+"!i*$ !o "8

(*& $!(i's o (*i(io*, (%&io, (*& +i&"o.

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♦ C(> P!i&" '(* ""'i+"# &o i*is! (o*$ o*# o*" ($" $!o% o s"8%(#i*o!i "!so*s.

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"+(*$"#is.

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o!$(*i(io* P!i&" Mi*is!i"s.

Pri" Ministris /isi%n0Missi%n Statmnt

P!i&" Mi*is!i"s is &"&i'("& o " !oosiio* ( " Goo& N"s o Go&s #o+" is

/!o(&"! (* (* o*" &"*oi*(io*(# '!""& o! !"#i$io%s %*&"!s(*&i*$. I is, "!"o!",

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s"!+" o"!s.

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♦ To 'o*s%# i !"#i$io%s 'o%*ii"s &"si$*i*$ o! !"&"si$*i*$ s"8%(# i*o!io%!"(' !o$!(s o! (* " o !(&i'(## i*'#%si+" i*is!.

♦ To $%i&" !"#i$io%s 'o%*ii"s i* " s%& o %!/(* i*is! i* $"*"!(# /#"(&i*$ $%i&"& s!"" (#3s, / !o+i&i*$ !"so%!'" "!so*s o! s%& $!o%sS%*&( S'oo# '#(ss"s, o% $!o%s, o! ('(&"i' '#(ss"s, / !ii*$ s%&$%i&"s, (*& / o"!i*$ o!" i*"*si+" 'o*s%#(io*.

Ca&- Pri"s Missi%n Statmnt

C(> P!i&" is ( !"#i$io%s o%!"(' o P!i&" Mi*is!i"s ( "8iss

♦ To !o+i&" s"8%(# i*o!i o%s i ( s(" s('" o! "##osi i ""!s (*&

o i*"!(' i (&%#s o (!" i*"$!("& i*o " 'o%*i.♦ To '(##"*$" " "8'#%sio* i' $(, #"s/i(*, /is"8%(#, (*& !(*s$"*&"! o%s

o"* "8"!i"*'" !o !"#i$io%s 'o%*ii"s (*& " ("*&(* si!i%(# (#i"*(io*( (* s"8%(# i*o!i "!so*s "8"!i"*'".

♦ To o"! " i&"! 'o%*i (* "8(#" o i*'#%si+" i*is!.

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A++n"i, B 2 Ca&- Pri"3s S+iritua#it' Pr%4ct

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.'("!i&".'osi!i %si*$ " !i* %*'io*s o Mi'!oso I*"!*" E8#o!"! 7.7.

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("!i(# is o% o &(", oo!# !"$(!&"& / is (%o!, o! o"!is" *o &"s"!+i*$ o

!"s"'.

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Bib#i%$ra+h'

B"(%&oi*, To. Virtual Faith: he Irreverent S!iritual "uest of #eneration $% S(*F!(*'is'oJ oss"-B(ss P%/#is"!s, 1.

B"##(, Ro/"! " (#. &abits of the &eart: Individualism and 'ommitment in (merican

)ife% N" Yo!3J H(!"! (*& Ro, 17.

B!o*i*$, F!(*3. he 'ulture of *esire: Parado+ and Perversity in #ay )ives oday% N" Yo!3J i*($" Boo3s, 1=.

E&(!&s, G"o!$" R. #ay,)esbian )iberation: ( Biblical Pers!ective. N" Yo!3J Pi#$!iP!"ss, 1=.

E&(!&s, M(!3 U. @i!%(# o!si. 'hristian 'entury , D"'"/"! 6, 2000.

Fo!%*(o, o*. -mbracing the -+ile% N" Yo!3J S"(/%! P!"ss, 12.

F!"i!", P(%#o. Pedagogy of the O!!ressed: .e/ Revised 01 th (nniversary -dition.N" Yo!3J Co*i*%%, 1.

G(!&*"!, Ho(!&. Frames of Mind: he heory of Multi!le Intelligences2enth (nniversary -dition. N" Yo!3J B(si'Boo3s, 1<.

G(!&*"!, Ho(!&. Multi!le Intelligences: he heory in Practice. N" Yo!3JB(si'Boo3s, 1<.

Go"s, P""!. he #ood Book: Reading the Bible /ith Mind and &eart% N" Yo!3Ji##i( Mo!!o (*& Co(*, 16

G%!i(*, Mi'("#. ( Fine 3oung Man: 4hat Parents5 Mentors and -ducators 'an *o toSha!e (dolescent Boys into -+ce!tional Men% N" Yo!3J "!" P. T(!'"!P%*(, 1.

H(!!is, M(!i(. Fashion Me a Peo!le: 'urriculum in the 'hurch% Lo%is+i##"J "si*s"!o* K*o8, 1

H"ss, C(!o# L(3". 'aretakers of Our 'ommon &ouse: 4omen6s *evelo!ment in'ommunities of Faith. N(s+i##"J A/i*$&o*, 1;

Ho&$so*, P""! C. Revisioning the 'hurch: -cclesial Freedom in the .e/ Paradigm% Mi**"(o#isJ Fo!!"ss P!"ss, 1.

Ho##(*&, o" (*& P""! H"*!io, S.. Social (nalysis: )inking Faith and 7ustice5 !"+. "&.M(!3*o##, N.Y.J O!/is Boo3s, 1<.

oo3s, /"##. eaching to ransgress: -ducation as the Practice of Freedom . N" Yo!3JRo%#"&$", 1=.

127



I*si%" o! Hi$"! E&%'(io* Po#i'. "uality on the )ine: Benchmarks for Success inInternet8Based *istance -ducation% .i".'o, A!i# 2000.

Ni"/%!, H. Ri'(!&. 'hrist and 'ulture% N" Yo!3J H(!"! W Ro, 171.

M"i!o, ('3. ransformative *imensions of (dult )earning . S(* F!(*'is'oJ oss"-B(ss P%/#is"!s, 11.

P(#"!, P(!3"! . he 'ourage to each: -+!loring the Inner )andsca!e of aeacher6s )ife. S(* F!(*'is'oJ oss"-B(ss P%/#is"!s, 1.

P(#"!, P(!3"! . o 9no/ as 4e (re 9no/n: -ducation as a S!iritual 7ourney% S(*F!(*'is'oJ H(!"!Co##i*s, 1<.

R(s%ss"*, L(!! L. Moral Fragments Moral 'ommunity: ( Pro!osal for 'hurch andSociety% Mi**"(o#isJ Fo!!"ss P!"ss, 1<.

S"o%!, ('3. Ma!!ing 'hristian -ducation: (!!roaches to 'ongregational )earning%N(s+i##"J A/i*$&o* P!"ss, 1;.

SX##", Do!o"". hinking (bout #od: (n Introduction to heology% Lo*&o*J SCMP!"ss, 10.

Ti"(**, Ro*(#& F. (*& i##i( C. P#('"! "&s. 4hy (re 4e &ere; -veryday"uestions and the 'hristian )ife% H(!!is/%!$, P"**.J T!i*i P!"ss I*"!*(io*(#,1.

126