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WiMAX/802.16
(Overview)
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Evolution of Wireless Broadband.1.Wireless Local Loop system (WLL).
First application of wireless: Alternative for Voice telephony.
Ex: DECT, CDMA.Internet was commercialized in 1993.
WLL systems had to offer additional value to be competitive.
few hundred of kilobits per second data rate in 900Mhz,
1900Mhz, 2.4Ghz.
2. First Generation Broadband system.DSL and Cable modem began to deployed.
Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Services (MMDS) band
at 2.5Ghz.
This enabled LOS coverage.
3. Second Generation Broadband System.
NLOS coverage using OFDM, CDMA and multichannelantenna processing.
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4. Emergence of Standards - Based technology .In 1998,IEEE formed a group called 802.16 to develop a
standard for WMAN.
Focused on developing 10Ghz to 66Ghz band.Standard approved in December 2001.
This standard (Wireless MAN-SC), specified a physical layer
that used single-carrier modulation techniques AND a Media
Access Control (MAC) layer with a burst time division
multiplexing (TDM) structure that supported both Frequency
Division Duplexing(FDD) and Time Division Duplexing(TDD).
After that, standard work on extending it in the 2Ghz to
11Ghz and IEEE 802.16a, was completed in 2003. this enabled
NLOS coverage also.
Further revisions to 802.16a made and completed in
2004.this revised standard ,IEEE 802.16-2004 replaces 802.16,
802.16a-d.
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In order to develop interoperable solutions using the 802.16
family of standards, the scope of the standard had to be
reduced by establishing consensus on what options of the
standard to implement and test for interoperability.
The Worldwide Interoperable for Microwave Access
(WIMAX) forum was formed to solve this problem and to
promote solutions based on the IEEE 802.16 standards.
NOTE:
WiFi based on the 802.11 family of standards and primarily
a local are networking (LAN) technology designed to provide
in-building Broadband coverage.
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Overview Of Wimax
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Protocol Layers and topologies.802.16 standard applies the OSI seven layer model.
In 802 standard Data Link layer split in to two sub layers.
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In Wimax/802.16 only first two layers defined.
MAC layer
PHYsical layer
The MAC Layer is itself made of three sub layers.
Convergence sublayer (CS)
Common part sublayer (CPS)
Security Sublayer
PHYsical Layer :In 802.16 standard the MAC layer can be
used with OFDM PHY or OFDMA PHY layer.
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Wimax topologies.Point to Multipoint (PMP) topology.
traffic may take place only between a BS and its SSs
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Mesh topology/Mesh mode.
Traffic can be routed through other SSs. Mesh topologyis not yet part of a WiMAX certification profile
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Wimax PHYsical Layer.
Wimax PHYsical Layer based on OFDM and OFDMA.
Wimax/802.16 use digital modulation.Four modulations are supported by the IEEE 802.16 standard:
BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM.
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Generation of OFDM signal (simplified)
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Cyclic prefix insertion in an OFDM symbol
TG = Guard time,
Ts = OFDM symbol time,Td = Data duration,
G = T G/T d
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802.16-2004 using following parameters for single carrier.Number of Orthogonal subcarriers (N):256
Number of used Orthogonal subcarriers (N used ):192
Number of Pilot subcarriers:8
Number of Left & Right guard subcarriers:55
Direct Current (DC), null subscribers:1
Max. Data Rate = number of uncoded bits per symbol
OFDM symbol duration
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Wimax MAC Layer.
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MAC layer consist with three sublayers.
Service Specific Convergence Sublayer(CS) is the Top sublayer of
the MAC Layer in WiMAX/802.16
CS accepts higher-layer PDUs from the higher layers and transmitsthem to the MAC CPS.
Payload Header Suppression (PHS), Classifying and mapping the
MSDUs into appropriate CIDs (Connection IDentifier) also done by
the CS .
The Common Part Sublayer (CPS) resides in the middle of the MAC
layer
Bandwidth allocation, connection establishment, maintenance of
the connection between the two sides are functions of CPS.
Security Sublayer providing authentication, secure key exchange,
encryption and integrity control
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Classification and Mapping based on two fundamental concepts. Connection:
MAC Level connection between a BS and an MS or inversly.
unidirectional mapping between a BS and an SS MAC peers
for the purpose of transporting a service flow's traffic.A
connection is identified by a CID (Connection IDentifier),
an information coded on 16 bits
Service flow:
A Service Flow (SF) is a MAC transport service that
provides unidirectional transport of packets on the
uplink or on the downlink. A service flow is identifiedby a 32-bit SFID (Service Flow IDentifier).
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Service flow allocation
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Classification & Mapping;
A classifier is a set of matching criteria applied to each packet
entering the WiMAX/802.16 network.
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QoS ParametersScheduling service type:BE (default), nrPS, rtPS and UGS
Traffic priority:The value of this parameter specifies the priority
assigned to a service flow
Maximum sustained traffic rate: peak information rate of the
service
Maximum traffic burst: maximum burst size that is accommodated
for the service
Minimum reserved traffic rate: minimum rate reserved for this
service flow
Tolerated jitter: maximum delay variation (jitter) for the
connection
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Maximum latency: maximum latency between the reception of
a packet by the BS or SS on its network interface and the
forwarding of the packet to its RF interface and the forwardingof the packet to its RF interface.
Fixed-length versus variable-length SDU indicator:The value of
this parameter specifies whether the SDUs on the service flow
are of a fixed length or variable length
SDU size: length of the SDU for a fixed-length SDU service flow