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Human ParasitologyHuman Parasitology
Shandong UniversityShandong University
Department of ParasitologyDepartment of Parasitology
He ShenyiHe Shenyi(何深一 )(何深一 )
MD, Ph.D. ProfessorMD, Ph.D. Professor
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Introduction to HumanIntroduction to Human
ParasitologyParasitology
Concept of Human ParasitologyConcept of Human Parasitology
The Scope of Human ParasitologyThe Scope of Human Parasitology
Terms of ParasitologyTerms of Parasitology
Parasites’Parasites’ Harms to ManHarms to Man
Human mmunity against ParasitesHuman mmunity against Parasites
CharacteristicsCharacteristics of parasitic diseasesof parasitic diseases
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Human parasitologyHuman parasitology
Human parasitology is the study of thoseHuman parasitology is the study of those
organisms !hich parasitise humans. "ccordingorganisms !hich parasitise humans. "ccording
to the very #road definition of parasitology,to the very #road definition of parasitology,parasites should include the viruses, #acteria,parasites should include the viruses, #acteria,
fungi, proto$oa and meta$oa %multi&celledfungi, proto$oa and meta$oa %multi&celled
organisms' !hich infect their host species.organisms' !hich infect their host species.
Ho!ever, for historical reasons the first threeHo!ever, for historical reasons the first three
have #een incorporated into the discipline ofhave #een incorporated into the discipline of
Micro#iology.Micro#iology.
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2. The Scope of Human Parasitology2. The Scope of Human Parasitology
Parasitology claims those proto$oa %single celled animals',Parasitology claims those proto$oa %single celled animals',
helminths %!orms' and arthropods !hose e(istence dependshelminths %!orms' and arthropods !hose e(istence depends
on the availa#ility of host animals t is also possi#le to argueon the availa#ility of host animals t is also possi#le to argue
a#out !hether certain insects and mites are )temporarya#out !hether certain insects and mites are )temporary
parasites) or )micro&predators), insects as a group #elong toparasites) or )micro&predators), insects as a group #elong to
the discipline of *ntomology, !hile tic+s and mites are thethe discipline of *ntomology, !hile tic+s and mites are the
concern of "carology. The insects that are of most interest inconcern of "carology. The insects that are of most interest in
human parasitology are those that are vectors of severalhuman parasitology are those that are vectors of several
parasitic infectionsparasitic infections.
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H um
an P
ar a si t
ol
o g y
Medical
Helminthology
Medical
Protozoology
Medical
Arthropodology
•
Class Nematoda• Class Trematoda
• Class Cestoda
• Class MetacanthocephalaClass Metacanthocephala
• Class Lobosea
• Class oomastigophorea• Class Sporo!oa
• Class Ciliophora
• Class "nsecta• Class #rachnida
• Class Crustacea
• Class Chilopoda
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Class ZoomastigophoreaClass Zoomastigophorea
Leishmania sp
Trichomonas vaginalisGiardiaGiardia
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Class SporozoaClass Sporozoa
Plasmodium spp
Toxopasma gondiiCryptosporidium
Pneumocycstis carinii
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Class CiliophoraClass Ciliophora
– Balantidium coli
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Class NematodaClass Nematoda
Ascaris
lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiura
Hookworm Enterobius vermicularis
Filaria
Trichinella spiralis
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NematodaNematoda
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Class TrematodaClass Trematoda
Clonorchis sinensis
Fasciolopsis buski
Paragonimus westermani Schistosoma japonicum
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TrematodaTrematoda
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Class CestodaClass Cestoda
Taenia solium
Taenia saginata
*chinococcus granulosus
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CestodaCestoda
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ClassClass MetacanthocephalaMetacanthocephala
Macracanthorhynchus
hirudinaceus
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Class InsectaClass Insecta
Anopheles sinensis Lucilia sericata
-ice
Sandflies , leas
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Class ArachnidaClass Arachnida
Sarcopes scabiei
follicle mite
Ticks; Mites
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Class CrustaceaClass Crustacea
Cambaroides
Potamon
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Class ChilopodaClass Chilopoda
centipede
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4. Terms o Parasitology4. Terms o Parasitology
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SymbiosisSymbiosis
%/'Sym#iosis%/'Sym#iosis ( 共 同 生 活 )( 共 同 生 活 ) T!oT!o
different organisms live together anddifferent organisms live together and
interact, in this association oneinteract, in this association one
partner lives in or on another one’spartner lives in or on another one’s
#ody. including 0 types1Mutualism,#ody. including 0 types1Mutualism,
Commensalism, Parasitism.Commensalism, Parasitism.
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2%3'Mutualism%2%3'Mutualism% 互利共生)互利共生) is ais apermanent association #et!een t!opermanent association #et!een t!o
different organisms that life apart isdifferent organisms that life apart is
impossi#le, t!o partners #enefit eachimpossi#le, t!o partners #enefit eachother, such as termites and flagellates.other, such as termites and flagellates.
The mutuals are meta#olicallyThe mutuals are meta#olically
dependent on one another4 one cannotdependent on one another4 one cannot
survive in the a#sence of the other.survive in the a#sence of the other.
SymbiosisSymbiosis
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%0'%0' CommensalismCommensalism (片利共生或共栖)(片利共生或共栖) is theis the
association of t!o different organisms, inassociation of t!o different organisms, in
!hich one partner is #enefited !hile the!hich one partner is #enefited !hile the
other neither #enefited nor in5ured, such asother neither #enefited nor in5ured, such as*. coli and man.*. coli and man.
%6' Parasitism%6' Parasitism (寄生关系)(寄生关系) is the associationis the association
of t!o different organisms, in !hich oneof t!o different organisms, in !hich onepartner is #enefited !hile the other ispartner is #enefited !hile the other is
in5ured, such as "scaris lum#ricoides andin5ured, such as "scaris lum#ricoides and
man.man.
SymbiosisSymbiosis
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ParasiteParasite
%7' Parasite%7' Parasite ( 寄 生 虫 ) ( 寄 生 虫 ) nn
parasitism, it is the #enefitedparasitism, it is the #enefited
partner. t is an animal organismpartner. t is an animal organism
!hich lives in or on the host in order!hich lives in or on the host in order
to o#tain nourishment and shelterto o#tain nourishment and shelter
from the host as !ell as does harmsfrom the host as !ell as does harms
to the host.to the host.
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ParasiteParasite
endoparasiteendoparasite
ectoparasiteectoparasite
temporary parasitetemporary parasite
permanent parasitepermanent parasite
o#ligatory parasiteo#ligatory parasite
facultative parasitefacultative parasite
accidental parasiteaccidental parasite
opportunistic parasiteopportunistic parasite
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EndoparasiteEndoparasite
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*ctoparasite*ctoparasite
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HostHost
%8' Host%8' Host
(宿主) (宿主) n parasitism, it suppliesn parasitism, it supplies
the parasite !ith nourishment and shelter,the parasite !ith nourishment and shelter,
it is the in5ured partner.it is the in5ured partner.
%9' Carrier%9' Carrier ( 带 虫 者 )
( 带 虫 者 ) " person !ho" person !ho
har#ours parasite has no clinicalhar#ours parasite has no clinicalsymptoms, is an important source ofsymptoms, is an important source of
infection in epidemiology.infection in epidemiology.
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%:' Definitive %final' host%:' Definitive %final' host ( 终 宿( 终 宿主 )主 ) har#ours adult or se(uallyhar#ours adult or se(ually
reproductive stage of a parasite.reproductive stage of a parasite.
%;' ntermediate host%;' ntermediate host (中间宿(中间宿
主)主) har#ours larval or ase(uallyhar#ours larval or ase(uallyreprodctive stage of a parasite,reprodctive stage of a parasite,
according to priority they are classifiedaccording to priority they are classified
into first intermediate host, secondinto first intermediate host, secondintermediate host, third intermediateintermediate host, third intermediate
host.host.
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%/<' =eservoir hosts%/<' =eservoir hosts (保虫宿主)(保虫宿主)are the verte#rate hosts !hichare the verte#rate hosts !hich
har#our the same species of parasitehar#our the same species of parasite
at same stage as a human host. Theyat same stage as a human host. They
are an important source of infectionare an important source of infection
in epidemiology.in epidemiology.
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ZoonosisZoonosis
%//' >oonosis%//' >oonosis (人兽共患病)(人兽共患病) refersrefers
to animal’s diseases !hich can #eto animal’s diseases !hich can #e
transmitted to man. %These animalstransmitted to man. %These animals
infected !ith parasites are calledinfected !ith parasites are called
reservoir hosts.'reservoir hosts.'
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%/3' Paratenic host or transport%/3' Paratenic host or transport
hosthost (转宿主)(转宿主) is an a#normalis an a#normal
host in !hich some parasitic larvaehost in !hich some parasitic larvae
can survive #ut can’t develop intocan survive #ut can’t develop into
adults. f the larvae have a chance toadults. f the larvae have a chance to
enter their appropriate hosts, they canenter their appropriate hosts, they can
continue to develop into adults there.continue to develop into adults there.
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(13)(13) -arva migrans-arva migrans (!虫"#$)(!虫"#$)means that the larvae living in theirmeans that the larvae living in their
a#normal hosts in !hich they cana#normal hosts in !hich they cannot gro! into adults #ut can !andernot gro! into adults #ut can !ander
every!here and cause the local andevery!here and cause the local and
systemic pathological lesions of thesystemic pathological lesions of thehosts.hosts.
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Life cycleLife cycle
%/6'%/6' -ife cycle-ife cycle
(生活%)
(生活%) is the process ofis the process of
a parasite’s gro!th, development anda parasite’s gro!th, development and
reproduction, !hich proceeds in one orreproduction, !hich proceeds in one or
more different hosts depending on themore different hosts depending on thespecies of parasites.species of parasites.
%/7'nfective Stage%/7'nfective Stage ( & ' ( )( & ' ( ) is a stageis a stage
!hen a parasite can invade human #ody!hen a parasite can invade human #ody
and live in it .and live in it .
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Life cycleLife cycle
(16)(16) nfective =outenfective =oute ( & ' ) * )( & ' ) * ) is theis the
specific entrance through !hich thespecific entrance through !hich the
parasite invades the human #ody.parasite invades the human #ody.
(17)(17) nfective Modenfective Mode
(&'+,) (&'+,) meansmeans
ho! the parasite invades human #ody,ho! the parasite invades human #ody,
such as the cercariae of the #lood flu+esuch as the cercariae of the #lood flu+e
actively penetrate the s+in of a s!immingactively penetrate the s+in of a s!imming
man and the infective ascaris eggs areman and the infective ascaris eggs are
s!allo!ed #y man.s!allo!ed #y man.
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Life cycleLife cycle
%/:' "lternation of ?eneration1%/:' "lternation of ?eneration1
n life cycles of some parasites, theren life cycles of some parasites, there
are the regular alternations of se(ualare the regular alternations of se(ualand ase(ual reproductions , thisand ase(ual reproductions , this
phenomenon is called alternation ofphenomenon is called alternation of
generation, such as the life cycle ofgeneration, such as the life cycle ofPlasmodium viva(Plasmodium viva(..
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%/;'%/;' Mechanical Transmission1Mechanical Transmission1
"rthropods play a role of the"rthropods play a role of the
transportation of pathogens, !hichtransportation of pathogens, !hichis not indispensa#le for the diseaseis not indispensa#le for the disease
transmission, such as flies carrytransmission, such as flies carry
typhoid #acilli, ascarid eggs andtyphoid #acilli, ascarid eggs and
amoe#ic cysts.amoe#ic cysts.
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%3<' @iological Transmission1 Pathogens have to%3<' @iological Transmission1 Pathogens have to
spend a part of their life cycle in the vectorspend a part of their life cycle in the vector
arthropods in !hich they multiply or developarthropods in !hich they multiply or develop
into the infective stage and then invade theinto the infective stage and then invade the
human #ody under the help of the arthropod,human #ody under the help of the arthropod,
such as "nopheles mosAuitoes transmitsuch as "nopheles mosAuitoes transmit
malariamalaria..
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$%olution of Parasitism
%olution of Parasitism
endoparasite ree living
ectoparasite Commensalism (片利共生)
temporary parasite Sym#iosis Mutualism (互利共生)
permanent parasite Parasitismo#ligatory parasite carrier
facultative parasite parasite Host
accidental parasite Patient
opportunistic parasite
inal host ntermediate host =eservoir host Paratenic host
>oonosis -arva migrans
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&. Parasites' Harms to Man&. Parasites' Harms to Man
Mechanical effectsMechanical effects of parasites on host tissuesof parasites on host tissues
and organs1 e. g. , #iliary ascariasis and larvaand organs1 e. g. , #iliary ascariasis and larva
migrans.migrans.
Depriving nourishmentDepriving nourishment from hosts1 e.g.from hosts1 e.g.
hoo+!orms suc+ #lood.hoo+!orms suc+ #lood.
To(ic effect1To(ic effect1 e. g., mosAuitoes, spiders and tic+se. g., mosAuitoes, spiders and tic+s
introduce venom !hen they insert their mouth partsintroduce venom !hen they insert their mouth parts
into the s+in.into the s+in. mmuno&pathological lesionmmuno&pathological lesion e.g. schistosomae.g. schistosoma
liver cirrhosis4 !hen hydatid fluid is released from theliver cirrhosis4 !hen hydatid fluid is released from the
rupture of a hydatid cyst anaphyla(is often results.rupture of a hydatid cyst anaphyla(is often results.
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( Human "mmunity against Parasites
Human "mmunity against Parasites
ts intensity and specificity are usually at a lo!er levelts intensity and specificity are usually at a lo!er levelthan those produced #y #acteria and viruses. t refersthan those produced #y #acteria and viruses. t refers
to on&sterili$ing immunity %Premunitionto on&sterili$ing immunity %Premunition 带 虫 - .带 虫 - .// Concomitant immunityConcomitant immunity 01-.01-. '. The host may'. The host may
#e protected from superinfection#e protected from superinfection 23&'23&' as long asas long asthe parasites remain in the #ody. This situation isthe parasites remain in the #ody. This situation is
+no!n as premunition%+no!n as premunition% 带 虫 - .带 虫 - . '. This may #e of'. This may #e of
great importance in endemic areas in limiting thegreat importance in endemic areas in limiting the
severity of infection !ith Plasmodium, Schistosome ,severity of infection !ith Plasmodium, Schistosome ,
hoo+!orms and other parasites.hoo+!orms and other parasites.
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!"H#$ % Priority &iseases!"H#$ % Priority &iseases
/. Schistosomiasis/. Schistosomiasis
3. Malaria3. Malaria
0. ilariasis0. ilariasis
6. Trypanosomiasis6. Trypanosomiasis
7. -eishmaniasis7. -eishmaniasis
8. -eprosy %replaced #y HB"DS'8. -eprosy %replaced #y HB"DS'
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hy !ere they selectedEhy !ere they selectedE
Schistosomiasis & 3<<,<<<,<<< infectedSchistosomiasis & 3<<,<<<,<<< infected
7<<,<<<&/,<<<,<<< deathsyear7<<,<<<&/,<<<,<<< deathsyear
Malaria & 7<<,<<<,<<< infectedMalaria & 7<<,<<<,<<< infected
3,7<<,<<< deathsyear3,7<<,<<< deathsyear
ilariasis & 37<,<<<,<<< infectedilariasis & 37<,<<<,<<< infected
Trypanosomiasis & 37,<<<,<<< infectedTrypanosomiasis & 37,<<<,<<< infected
87,<<< deathsyear87,<<< deathsyear
-eishmaniasis & /,3<<,<<< infected-eishmaniasis & /,3<<,<<< infected -eprosy & /,0<<,<<< infected-eprosy & /,0<<,<<< infected
"ppro(imately 37F of !orldGs population infected #y one"ppro(imately 37F of !orldGs population infected #y one
of these.of these.
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General CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics
/. Chronic diseases/. Chronic diseases
3. o effective vaccine3. o effective vaccine0. o practical chemotherapy0. o practical chemotherapy
6. "ffect young6. "ffect young
7. "ffect underprivileged7. "ffect underprivileged8. Bector&#orne8. Bector&#orne
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?eographic Distri#ution?eographic Distri#ution
actors %*ndemicity'1actors %*ndemicity'1
/. Presence of a suita#le host/. Presence of a suita#le host
3. Ha#its of the host3. Ha#its of the host
0. *scape from the host0. *scape from the host
6. avora#le conditions outside of host6. avora#le conditions outside of host
7. *conomic and social conditions7. *conomic and social conditions
P f Di iP f Di i
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Presence of Diseases in aPresence of Diseases in a
Population %Prevalence'1Population %Prevalence'1
actors reAuired1actors reAuired1
/. Source/. Source
infected personsinfected persons
carrierscarriers
animalsanimals
P f Di iP f Di i
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Presence of Diseases in aPresence of Diseases in a
Population %Prevalence'1Population %Prevalence'1
3. Mode of transmission3. Mode of transmission
directdirect
indirectindirect
vectorsvectors
0. Suscepti#le host0. Suscepti#le host
immunityimmunity
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Three +ey lin+s of disease transmissionThree +ey lin+s of disease transmission
/.Source of infection 3. =oute of transmission 0. Suscepti#le people/.Source of infection 3. =oute of transmission 0. Suscepti#le people
e(crement mouthe(crement mouth
secretion food, !ater, finger s+in or !oundsecretion food, !ater, finger s+in or !ound
#lood direct or indirect contact mucosa#lood direct or indirect contact mucosafocus of placentafocus of placenta
infection #lood transfusion, in5ection,infection #lood transfusion, in5ection,
intermediate host,intermediate host,
insects suc+ing #lood,insects suc+ing #lood,
congenital ,congenital ,
touch soil, !ater, grasstouch soil, !ater, grass
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Diagnosis of ParasiticDiagnosis of Parasitic
nfections1nfections1
/. Clinical diagnosis/. Clinical diagnosis
3. -a#oratory diagnosis3. -a#oratory diagnosis
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Treatment of ParasiticTreatment of Parasitic
nfections1nfections1
/. Medical and surgical/. Medical and surgical
3. Chemotherapy3. Chemotherapy
0. "deAuate nutrition0. "deAuate nutrition
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Prevention and Control1Prevention and Control1
/. =eduction in sources/. =eduction in sources
3. *ducation3. *ducation
0. Destruction andor control of reservoir0. Destruction andor control of reservoir
hosts and vectorhosts and vector
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