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FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION SHEETS FOR FISHERY PURPOSES
_________ FAO REGIONAL OFFICE FOR AFRICA - RAFR
FIELD GUIDE TO THE
COMMERCIAL MARINERESOURCES OF THE GULF OFGUINEA
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RAFR/FI/90/2
FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION SHEETS FOR FISHERY PURPOSES
FIELD GUIDE TO THE COMMERCIAL MARINE RESOURCES OF THE GULF OF GUINEA
by
Wolfgang Schneider Marine Resources Service
Fishery Resources and Environment DivisionFisheries Department, FAO
Prepared and published with the support of theFAO Regional Office for Africa (RAFR)
FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, 1990
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FOREWORD
Despite the long tradition of fisheries in the Gulf of Guinea, the identification of speciesentering the coastal marine landings in this area still poses considerable problems, in particular tostatistical/biological data collectors and to operators in the fish marketing sector. In fact, thelarge variety of species landed, coupled with technical difficulties in their identification, make it
practically impossible to estimate the actual fishing effort exercised on most individual species.Correct identification of species on landing places is hampered by the lack of training in this fieldand by the unavailaility of up-to-date documentation designed to guide the non-specializedfishery worker in this complex task. Furthermore, even in cases of correct identifications, thenames applied to a species often lead to misinterpretations and confusions, because of thepersistence of obsolete scientific nomenclature, the availability of several local names for eachspecies, and the application of the same name to many species.
Having in mind the necessity of upgrading the quality of raw data by species used in thevarious sectors of fisheries, and to standardize species nomenclature throughout the Gulf ofGuinea, the FAO Regional Office for Africa (RAFR) decided to promote and support thepreparation and diffusion of this field guide, which is intended to be widely distributed amonginstitutions and individual fishery workers operating in this area. It is the 8th field guidepublished within the FAO Species Identification Sheet series.
The production of this document was possible thanks to the initiative and personaldedication of Dr. W.Q.-B. West, Senior Regional Fisheries Officer, RAFR. It is based on Dr. W.Schneider's compilation of the information presently available on the species fished in the Gulf ofGuinea (mainly from the FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Purposes for the E.C. Atlantic), his personal field experience on board the research vessel DR F. NANSEN off West Africa, and the contributions of a large number of fishery institutions and individual workers inthe countries concerned, who provided useful first-hand information on their respective workingáreas.
R.T. N'Daw Assistant Director-General
FAO Regional Representative for Africa Accra
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PREPARATION OF DOCUMENT
The present field guide has been prepared at FAO headquarters (FIRM) with the support of the FAORegional Office for Africa (RAFR).
In order to obtain first-hand information on all species believed to be of interest to fisheries in the Gulf ofGuinea, an illustrated questionnaire was sent to fisheries institutions in the countries concerned. The new
information on size, fishing gear, habitat and species distribution retrieved from the completedquestionnaires were incorporated into the final document.
This guide is designed as a practical tool for all fisheries workers in the Gulf of Guinea, particularly thosewho are confronted with the daily task of collecting fisheries statistics and other data by species on landingplaces and in fish markets. It includes those marine and brackish-water species of bony fishes, sharks, batoidfishes, lobsters, shrimps, crabs, bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods and sea turtles considered as regularcomponents of landings in this area.
Correct identification of species entering the catches is of significant importance for the improvement ofthe quality of statistical data utilized by the Fisheries Divisions and other relevant institutions in the countriesconcerned, in order to facilitate an adequate planning of fisheries development and management of theliving marine and brackish-water resources. Because of the great species diversity characteristic of this area,the considerable difficulties in separating similar species, and in establishing meaningful species groupings,and the unavailability of proper taxonomic literature, it is essential to provide national fishery workers withpractical and reliable guidance in this field. Our leading idea was to achieve a compact and easilymanageable booklet that would be at the reach of fishery workers at all levels. Consequently, the guide hadto be based largely on illustrations, while the text was kept as succinct as possible. This obviously impliescertain limitations of the guide as a means of scientific identification of all species. It is therefore stronglyrecommended, in case of doubt, to consult the regional set of FAO Species Identification Sheets for theEastern Central Atlantic, which is more comprehensive in species coverage and gives a much more detailedaccount of the diagnostic characters of each species.
Acknowledgements
The author wishes to extend his gratitude to the following persons who provided valuable informationon size, distribution and habitat of species caught in the Gulf of Guinea and the fishing gear commonly used:T. Ajayi (Lagos), K. Amegavie (Lomé), A.D. Apanpa (Lagos), F.X. Bard (Abidjan), J. Konan (Abidjan), J.B.A.Kothias (Abidjan), G. Mensah (Cotonou), J.C. Njock (Yaoundé), D.W. Ofosi-Adu (Tema), E. Ossinga (Accra), B.Satia (Libreville) and J. Tobor (Lagos).
The author is grateful to the illustrator, P. Lastrico (FAO, Rome) who prepared most of the drawings forthis field guide and to Ms M. Kautenberger-Longo (FAO, Rome) who skillfully assisted with the typing andpage composition of the document, and to W. Fischer (FAO) for the use of his vast knowledge and experiencein the planning and preparation of the field guide.
Special thanks are due to W.Q.-B. West (RAFR, Accra) whose dedication, energy and constant supportmade this field guide possible.
Technical editor : W. FischerSenior Fishery Resources Officer
Marine Resources Service
Fishery Resources and Environment Division
FAO, Rome
Illustrator : P. Lastrico (FAO)
Page composition : M. Kautenberger-Longo (FAO)
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Schneider, W.
FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Field guide to thecommercial marine resources of the Gulf of Guinea. Prepared andpublished with the support of the FAO Regional Office for Africa.
Rome, FAO. 1990. 268 p.
Summary
This field guide includes the marine and brackish-water species of bonyfishes, sharks, batoid fishes, lobsters, shrimps, crabs, cephalopods,bivalves, gastropods and sea turtles of present or potential interest tothe fisheries of the countries bordering the Gulf of Guinea. Each majorresources group is introduced by a general section on technical terms,followed by an annotated and illustrated list of the more importantspecies which includes FAO names, size, fishing gear and habitat. Tofacilitate the identification, the chapters "Bony fishes", "Sharks" and"Batted fishes" are preceded by an illustrated guide to the differentfamilies.
A composite index of scientif ic and vernacular family and species namesis also provided.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PageINTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. xiBONY FISHES .................................................................................................................................................1
TECHNICAL TERMS .................................................................................................................................1GUIDE TO FAMILIES ................................................................................................................................3
Families Acanthuridae - Surgeonfishes, doctorfishes ...........................................................................31,39 Albulidae - Bonefishes ..............................................................................................................3,39 Ariidae - Sea catfishes ..............................................................................................................6,40 Ariommatidae - Driftfishes, ariommas .....................................................................................35, 41 Aulopodidae - Flagfishes ...........................................................................................................8,42 Balistidae - Triggerfishes, durgons ..........................................................................................38,42 Batrachoididae - Toadfishes ....................................................................................................9,43 Belonidae - Needlefishes .......................................................................................................12,44 Bothidae - Lefteye flounders ..................................................................................................36, 46 Branchiostegidae - Tilefishes .................................................................................................19,48 Carangidae - Jacks, pompanos, runners, bumpers, scads, etc. .............................................19, 48 Centracanthidae - Picarels, bonnetmouths ............................................................................21,56 Centrolophidae - Ruffs, barrelfishes, blackfishes ...................................................................35,56
Chlorophthalmidae - Greeneyes ...............................................................................................8,57 Citharidae - Flounders ............................................................................................................35,57 Clupeidae - Sardines, sardinellas, etc .......................................................................................3, 57 Coryphaenidae - Dolphinfishes, "dolphins" ............................................................................21,59 Cynoglossidae - Tonguefishes, tonguesoles ..........................................................................37,59 Dactylopteridae - Flying gurnards ..........................................................................................17,61 Diretmidae - Diretmids ............................................................................................................13, 61 Drepanidae - Sicklefishes .......................................................................................................27,62 Elopidae - Ladyfishes ...............................................................................................................3,62 Emmelichthyidae - Rubyfishes, redbaits, rovers ....................................................................21,63 Engraulididae - Anchovies ........................................................................................................4,63 Ephippididae - Spadefishes ....................................................................................................26,63 Exocoetidae - Flyingfishes .....................................................................................................12, 64 Fistulariidae - Cornetfishes, flutemouths ................................................................................16,67 Gempylidae - Snake mackerels, telfishes, escolars ...............................................................33,67 Gerreidae - Mojarras ..............................................................................................................22,68 Grammistidae - Soapfishes ....................................................................................................18,69 Haemulidae - Grunts, margates, pigfishes, porkfishes ...........................................................22,69 Hemiramphidae - Halfbeaks ...................................................................................................12,72 Holocentridae - Squirrelfishes, soldierfishes ..........................................................................13,73 Istiophoridae - Billfishes, marlins, spearfishes, sailfishes .......................................................34,74 Kuhlidae - Daras .....................................................................................................................18,75 Kyphosidae - Sea chubs ........................................................................................................26,75 Labridae - Wrasses, hogfishes, razorfishes ...........................................................................29,76 Lampridae - Ophas .................................................................................................................15,77 Lethrinidae - Emperors, scavengers ......................................................................................23,77 Lobotidae - Tripletails .............................................................................................................22,78 Lophiidae - Anglerfishes ...........................................................................................................9,78 Lutjanidae - Snappers ............................................................................................................22,79
Macroramphosidae - Snipefishes ...........................................................................................15,80 Macrouridae - Grenadiers ......................................................................................................11,80 Megalopidae - Tarpons ............................................................................................................3,81 Merlucciidae - Hakes ..............................................................................................................10,82 Monodactylidae - Moonies, fingerfìshes .................................................................................26,82 Moridae - Moras .....................................................................................................................10,82 Mugilidae - Mullets .................................................................................................................28,83 Mullidae - Goatfishes, red mullets .........................................................................................25,84 Muraenesocidae - Pike congers ..............................................................................................5.85 Muraenidae - Morays ...............................................................................................................5,85 Ophichthidae - Snake eels, snapper eels, worm eels .............................................................4,87 Ophidiidae - Cuskeels, brotulas .............................................................................................10, 89 Percophidae - Flatheads ........................................................................................................30,89
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Page
Platycephalidae - Spiny flatheads .................................................................................16,90 Polynemidae -Threadfins ..............................................................................................28,90 Pomacanthidae - Angelfishes.........................................................................................27,91 Pomatomidae - Bluefishes ...........................................................................................19,91 Priacanthidae - Bigeyes, glasseyes ...............................................................................18,91
Psettodidae - Spiny turbots ...........................................................................................35,92 Rachycentridae - Cobias ...............................................................................................19,92 Scaridae - Parrotfishes .................................................................................................29,92 Sciaenidae - Croakers, drums, meagres, etc..................................................................24,94 Scombridae - Mackerels, tunas, bonitos, etc ..................................................................32,98 Scorpaenidae - Scorpionfishes, rockfishes, rosefishes ................................................16,101 Serranidae - Groupers, seabasses, hinds, etc..............................................................17,104 Soleidae - Soles ..........................................................................................................36,107 Sparidae - Porgies, seabreams, pinfishes ...................................................................23,112 Sphyraenidae - Barracudas, sennets ..........................................................................28,119 Stromateidae - Harvestfishes, butterfishes ..................................................................34,120 Synodontidae - Lizardfishes ..........................................................................................8,120 Tetraodontidae - Puffers .............................................................................................37,121 Trachichthyidae - Slimeheads .....................................................................................13,122
Trachinidae - Weeverfishes .........................................................................................30,123 Trichiuridae - Cutlassfishes, frostfishes, etc .................................................................33,125 Triglidae - Searobins,gurnards ....................................................................................17,126 Uranoscopidae - Stargazers ........................................................................................30,128 Xiphiidae - Swordfishes ...............................................................................................34,128 Zeidae - Dories ...........................................................................................................13,129
SHARKS ...........................................................................................................................................131 TECHNICAL TERMS ...................................................................................................................131 GUIDE TO FAMILIES ..................................................................................................................132
Families Alopidae - Thresher sharks ........................................................................................134,137 Carcharhinidae - Requiem sharks ..............................................................................135,137 Ginglymostomatidae - Nurse sharks ..........................................................................133,142 Hemigaleidae - Weasel sharks ..................................................................................135,143 Lamnidae - Mackerel sharks ......................................................................................134,143 Leptochariidae-Barbeled houndsharks .......................................................................135,144 Scyliorhinidae - Catsharks .........................................................................................134,144 Sphyrnidae - Hammerhead sharks .............................................................................136,146 Squalidae - Dogfish sharks ........................................................................................132,147 Squatinidae - Angel sharks ........................................................................................133,151 Triakidae - Hound sharks ...........................................................................................135,152
BATOID FISHES ...............................................................................................................................153 TECHNICAL TERMS ...................................................................................................................153 GUIDE TO FAMILIES ..................................................................................................................154
FamiliesDasyatidae - Stingrays ..............................................................................................155,157 Mobulidae - Mantas, sea-devils .................................................................................156,158
Myliobatidae - Eagle rays ..........................................................................................155,159 Pristidae - Sawfishes ................................................................................................154,160 Rajidae - Rays, skates ..............................................................................................155,161 Rhinobatidae - Wedgefishes .....................................................................................154,164 Rhinopteridae - Cownose rays ..................................................................................156,165
CHIMAERAS .....................................................................................................................................167 TECHNICAL TERMS ..................................................................................................................168 GUIDE TO FAMILIES .................................................................................................................167
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Page
LOBSTERS ................................................................................................................................................169TECHNICAL TERMS ...........................................................................................................................169GUIDE TO FAMILIES ..........................................................................................................................169
FamiliesPalinuridae - Spiny lobsters ...............................................................................................169,171 Scyllaridae - Slipper lobsters .............................................................................................170, 172 Callianassidae - Ghost shrimps ................................................................................................ 170
SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS ..........................................................................................................................173TECHNICAL TERMS ...........................................................................................................................173
Sub-order CarideaFamilies
Crangonidae - Crangonidshrimps .............................................................................................174Hippolytidae - Cock shrimps .....................................................................................................174Nematocarcinidae - Spider shrimps ..........................................................................................175Palaemonidae - River prawns, spider prawns ..........................................................................175Pandalidae - Pandalid shrimps .................................................................................................176Pasiphaeidae - Glass shrimps ..................................................................................................177
Sub-order PenaeoideaFamilies
Aristeidae - Aristeidshrimps ......................................................................................................177Penaeidae - Penaeidshrimps ....................................................................................................178Sicyonidae - Rock shrimps .......................................................................................................179Solenoceridae - Steenoceridshrimps ........................................................................................180
CRABS .......................................................................................................................................................181TECHNICAL TERMS .............................................................................................................................181
FamiliesCalappidae - Box crabs .............................................................................................................182Gecarcinidae - Land crabs ........................................................................................................183Geryonidae - Deep-sea crabs, geryons .....................................................................................183Grapsidae - Lightfoot crabs, marsh crabs, matchbox crabs .....................................................183
Homol
idae - Homolid crabs, paromteas ....................................................................................185Majidae - Spider crabs ..............................................................................................................185Ocypodidae - Ghost crabs, fiddler crabs ...................................................................................185Portunidae - Swimming crabs ....................................................................................................186Xanthidae - Mud crabs ..............................................................................................................189
STOMATOPODS ........................................................................................................................................191TECHNICAL TERMS ............................................................................................................................191
Most common species .....................................................................................................................191
CEPHALOPODS ........................................................................................................................................193TECHNICAL TERMS ............................................................................................................................193
Cuttlefishes ........................................................................................................................................195Families
Sepiidae-Cuttlefishes ................................................................................................................195Sepiolidae - Bobtail squids, Mickey mouse squids ....................................................................195
Squids .................................................................................................................................................199Families
Loliginidae-Inshore squids ........................................................................................................199Ommastrephidae- Flying squids ...............................................................................................200Onychoteuthidae- Hooked squids .............................................................................................203Thysanoteuthidae- Rhombted squids .......................................................................................204
Octopuses ..........................................................................................................................................205Families
Octopodidae- Octopuses ..........................................................................................................205
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Page
BIVALVES ................................................................................................................................................ 207TECHNICAL TERMS ................................................ ........................................................ .................. 207
Families Arcidae - Ark clams ................................................................................................................. 208
Cardiidae - Cockles ................................................................................................................. 208Carditidae - Cardita dams ................: ..................................................................................... 209Donacidae - Bean, dorax or wedge clams ............................................................................... 209Garidae - Garies, sanguin clams ............................................................................................. 210Glycymeridae - Bittersweet clams ........................................................................................... 210Hiatellidae - Saxicaveclams, Panopes .................................................. .................................. 211Mactridae - Mactra surf clams ................................................................................................. 211Mytilidae - Sea mussels .......................................................................................................... 212Ostreidae - Oysters ................................................................................................................. 212Petricolidae - Rock boring clams, angel wings ........................................................................ 212Pholadidae - Boring pholad clams, barneas ............................................................................ 213Pinnidae - Penshells ................................................................................................................ 213Solenocurtidae -Tagelusclams ................................................................................................ 214Solenidae - Razor clams, knife clams ................................................... .................................. 214
Tellinidae -Tellìn clams ............................................................................................................ 215Veneridae - Venus clams .............. ....................................................... ................................... 215
GASTROPODS ......................................................................................................................................... 217TECHNICAL TERMS ................................................ ........................................................ .................. 217
FamiliesCassidae - Helmet shells ......................................................................................................... 218Crepidulidae - Slipper and boat shell ....................................................................................... 218Cymatiidae -Tritonshells .......................................................................................................... 218Fissurellidae - Keyhole limpets ................................................................................................ 218Haliotidae - Abalones, Ormers ................................................................................................ 219Melongenidae - Whelks, crown conchs ................................................................................... 219Muricidae - Rock and murex shells ....................................................... .................................. 219Nassariidae - Nassa snails, bullias .......................................................................................... 221Naticidae - Moon snails, Baby's cars ....................................................................................... 221Neritidae - Nerites ................................................................................................................... 223Patellidae -True limpets ........................................................................................................... 223Strombidae - Stromb conchs ................................................................................................... 223Volutidae - Volutes .................................................................................................................. 223
SEA TURTLES .......................................................................................................................................... 225TECHNICAL TERMS ................................................ ....................................................... ................... 225
FamiliesCheloniidae ............................................................................................................................. 226Dermochelyidae ...................................................................................................................... 228
INDEX ........................................................................................................................................................ 229
LIST OF PLATES ...................................................................................................................................... 266
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INTRODUCTION
In the tropical regions of the Atlantic, a stratum of warm (T > 24°C) tropical surface water of usually lowsalinity overlies a cold water mass of south Atlantic central water; both water masses are separated by adiscontinuity layer (thermocline, halocline). As the warm water layer is much thinner in the eastern Atlantic(30 to 40 m) than in the western Atlantic (up to 150 m), the Gulf of Guinea thermocline is always close to thesurface. The seasonal vertical oscillations of this thermocline result in equatorial and coastal upwellings; this
has a major impact on the regional fisheries, and the location of upwelling zones affects the distribution andabundance of fishery resources in the area. Recent studies indicate that this upwelling phenomenon is mainlylinked to zonal winds outside (west of) the Gulf of Guinea; the energy of these winds is transmitted to theGulf via equatorial waves (Picaut, 1984).
The major surface current. systems that directly affect the hydrography of the Gulf of Guinea are theBenguela, the South Equatorial and the Guinea Currents. The latter flows eastward from Senegal to theBight of Biafra and is fed by the Equatorial Counter Current and a branch of the Canary Current (Figs. 1 and2). The Equatorial Undercurrent transports cold Atlantic central water to the Gulf which replaces the warmlayers of tropical surface water during seasonal upwellings.
As the Gulf of Guinea is under inf luence of both, the northern and southern climate, four marine seasonscan be evidenced in the surface-water layer: a long, warm season from February to May, a long, cold seasonfrom June to October, a short, warm season from November to mid-December, and finally, a short, cold
season from mid-December to January. The long, cold season features an upwelling along the equator("equatorial divergence") and along the north and south coasts of the Gulf of Guinea. These seasonalvariations are characterized by the shift of position of two active oceanic fronts which define the northernand southern limits of the extensions of the warm water layer. The upwelling follows them in the direction ofthe poles. The areas swept by the passage of these fronts are called alternation zones. One of these, to theNorth, extends from Cape Verga (Guinea) to Cape Blanc (Mauritania). Its southern counterpart stretches fromCape Lopez (Gabon) to Cape Frio (Angola). During the northern winter, the northern front is located aroundCape Verga, the southern front around Cape Frio (Fig. 1). During the southern winter these frontal zones areshifted, the first up to Cape Blanc, the second as far as Cape Lopez (Fig.2). At the same time, upwelling is alsoobserved between Cape Palmas (Côte d'ivoire) and Cotonou (Benin).
Fig.1 Surface currents and surface temperatures
in January (modified from Wauthy, 1983)
Fig.2 Surface currents and surface temperatures
in July (modified from Wauthy, 1983)
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The location of these fronts and alternation zones corresponds to changes in the distribution of speciesand species assemblages. In fact, Cape Verga, Cape Palmas, Cape St. Paul and Cape Lopez are importantbiogeographic limits. Those sections of the Gulf of Guinea which are permanently covered by a layer of warmsurface water (Grain Coast and Bight of Biafra), have a coastal fauna that is intertropical (equatorial) innature, and are characterized by slight seasonal variations in the hydroclimate, a moderate productivity(except in estuaries), and the presence of a large number of species ("multispecies nature"). The coastaltropical fauna is gradually replaced by a more sub-tropical one toward the extreme positions of thealternation zones (Cape Verga and Cape Lopez).
Another feature of the fauna of the Gulf of Guinea is the bipolar concent ration of fishery resources.There are two areas of high production that correspond to the northern and southern alternation zones, inaddition to the Côte d'Ivoire/Ghana section which benefits from seasonal upwelling. The migration of someimportant fish stocks is clearly correlated with the shift of these fronts.
The Gulf of Guinea is a traditional fishing ground for its bordering countries, especially as far as artisanalfisheries are concerned. In the past decades, industrial fisheries have gradually developed, including someforeign long-distance fleets operating under licence agreements. The total marine catch from the Gulf ofGuinea (Côte d'Ivoire to Gabon) reported to FAO in 1988 totalled 630 315 metric tons, of which only 1 772 twere taken by foreign fleets. The shares in the 1988 landings of the countries bordering the Gulf of Guineawere as follows: Ghana, 302 935 t; Nigeria, 157 039 t; Cameroon, 62 529 t; Côte d'Ivoire, 60 764 t; Gabon,10 000 t; Togo, 14 755 t; Benin, 9 693 t and Equatorial Guinea, 36 000 t.
Principal References
FISCHER, W. & G. BIANCHI (eds), 1984. FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. EasternCentral Atlantic. (Fishing area 34 and part of 47). FAO, Rome. Vols. 1-7:pag.var.
INGHAM, M.C., 1970. Coastal upwelling in the northwestern Gulf of Guinea. Bull.Marine Sci., 20(1):1-34
LONGHURST, A.L., 1962. A review of the oceanography of the Gulf of Guinea. Butt.lnst.fr.Afr.noire, Ser.A,24(3):633-63
PICAUT, J., 1984. On the dynamics of thermal variations in the Gulf of Guinea. Océanogr.trop., 19(2):127-53
TROADEC, J.-P. & S. GARCIA (eds), 1980. The fish resources of the Eastern Central Atlantic. Part 1: Theresources of the Gulf of Guinea from Angola to Mauritania. FAO Fish.Tech.Pap., (186.1):166 p.
WAUTHY, B., 1983. Introduction à la climatologie du Golfe de Guinée. Océanogr.trop., 18(2):103-38
Preparation and Format
Each of the major commercial groups is introduced by a schematic illustration showing the main parts of atypical representative and some measurements and technical terms of general use to fishery workers Inorder to facilitate identification, the chapters on bony fishes, sharks and batoid fishes are preceded by anillustrated guide to the different families. The arrangement of families within a resource group and of
genera and species within a family is strictly alphabetical (by scientific name).
The information by species contains valid scientific names, synonyms or other scientific names still in use,FAO names (English, French and Spanish), size (maximum size and/or common size), fishing gear and habitat.Each species is represented by a line-drawing, on which the most important diagnostic characters areindicated. Furthermore, the identification of many species is facilitated by the presentation of colourillustrations.
In view of the numerous languages and dialects spoken in the area and of the fact that for many speciesunequivocal names are not yet available, it was decided not to incorporate any local/national names, but toleave a space for this information to be filled in by users. After the document has been used in the field forsome time, an addendum to the field guide, giving local/national names, is planned by RAFR.
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pelvic fin
upper jaw
1
BONY FISHES
TECHNICAL TERMS
Principal Measurements Used
(shortest distance between the points marked)
General Nomenclature of the External Morphology
1st dorsal finopercle
2nd dorsal fin
pre-
o ercle
caudal fin(lower lobe)
operclepectoral fin anal fin
eye
standard length
fork length
total length
head length
pre-orbitallength
postorbital
1st dorsal
fin base
interdorsal space
depth of body
length of caudalpeduncle
length of pectoral fin anal fin base
2nd dorsal fin base
length depth of 2nd
nape
nos-
premaxilla
chin
dorsal fin
membrane (upper lobe)
caudal peduncle
sub-opercle
lower jaw
anus
lateral linebranchio-
stegal rays
suborbital
plate
inter
caudal fin
maxilla
trils
opercular
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most common types of caudal fin
2
BONY FISHES
Details
(all schematic examples)
incisor-like
terminal
protrusible
subterminal
mouth
inferior
retracted
protracted
canine-like
soft rays(segmented,
usuallybranched
example of a continuous dorsalfin of a spiny-rayed fish
adipose fin
posteriormarginsmooth
posteriormargin spiny
finlets
gill arch (upper part)
gillfilaments
cycloid ctenoid
gilirakers
schematic examples of "normal" scales
gill arch (lower part)
first left gill arch
rounded truncate emarginate lunate forked pointed
pointed and
separated from thedorsal and anal fins
cardiform
teeth
molar-like
spines(unsegmented,
always
unbranched)
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3
BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILIES
GUIDE TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF FAMILIESOCCURRING IN THE GULF OF GUINEA
The purpose of this guide is to ensure the correct identification of all families that may enter the catches in the Gulf ofGuinea. in order to avoid erroneous identification, it was necessary to include also certain families of no interest tofisheries, but which might be confused with important ones.
Apart from the identification of famil ies, this guide often allows the identification of genera, some of which areillustrated in the case of high pteymorphic families.
Note :
Page numbers are given for those families that are treated in more detail. All features utilized in this guide apply onlyto species occurring in the Gulf of Guinea.
To 90 cm; coastal marine waters, estuaries andfreshwater; mainly pelagic.
MEGALOPIDAE
To 250 cm; in coastal marine waters, estuaries andfreshwater; pelagic. A single species in the area.
ELOPIDAE Ladyfishes page 62
Tarpons page 81
Tarpon atlanticus
page 39
HERRINGS AND ALLIES - Clupeiformes
Fin-spines absent; a single dorsal fin located abovemiddle of body; pelvic fins in abdominal position;lateral line absent; a row of scutes along ventralprofile (except in Engraulididae); colour silvery.
Bonefishes
To 80 cm; mainly in coastal marine waters, sometimesentering estuaries; demersal.
Pterothrissus belloci
To 60 cm, but most species less than 25 cm; in coastalmarine waters, estuaries and freshwater; mainlypelagic.
CLUPEIDAE Sardines, sardinellas, etc. page 57
TARPONS AND ALLIES - Elopiformes
Fin-spines absent; a single-dorsal fin located abovemiddle of body; pelvic fins in abdominal position;cteour silvery.
ALBULIDAE
shortsmall scales
long
large scales
very small scales
large mouth
notch
scutes
2 supramaxillae
short
Ethmalosa fimbriata
Albula vulpes
Elops
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BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILIES
EELS - Anguilliformes
Body very elongate; fin-spines absent; pelvic finsabsent; usually scaleless.
CONGRIDAE Conger eels
scutes Ilisha africana To over 200 cm, but usually not exceeding 60 cm; marine,from the shore to about 2000 m depth; benthic. Severalspecies taken occasionally.
gill slit
Snake eels,snapper eels,
worm eels
To 245 cm; marine, from shallow coastal waters tobelow 750 m depth; occasionally in estuaries; mostbenthic, some pelagic. Several species occurring incatches.
opercle smooth
OPHICHTHIDAE page 87
Sardinella
ENGRAULIDIDAE Anchovies page 63top of head
To 12 cm; coastal marine waters, to 400 m depth; off-bottom to pelagic. A single species in the area.
Echelus other genera
types of tail
long
1 supramaxilla
maxilla
scutes
pectoral fin present
buccal fold
posterior nostril
medianpore
posterior nostril on lip
2 last rays longer
top of head
2 fleshy flaps
no scutes
pectoral fin present or absent
Pellonula leonensis
scutes
Engraulis encrasicolus
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Echidna peli Lycodontisteeth on roof of mouth
5
BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILIES
MURAENESOCIDAE
To 200 cm; marine, from shallow coastal waters to atleast 200 m depth; benthic. A single species in the area.
Pike congers page 85 conspicuouslower jaw bands
longer
uppertooth
teeth serrated,resembling those
of sharks
Gymnothorax maderensis
MORINGUIDAE
To at least 50 cm; marine, mostly inshore waters;benthic (burrowing) by day, but pelagic at night; astrong sexual dimorphism.
Channomuraena vittata
Spaghetti eels
MURAENIDAE Morays page 85
lower jawprojecting
To over 200 cm; marine, from shallow coastal waters tobeyond 500 m depth; benthic.
mature adults
False morays
To about 50 cm; marine, from the shore to at least 350m depth; benthic.
nape region elevated
gill opening round
both nostrilstubular
juveniles and immature adults
jaws arched, teethalways visible
XENOCONGRIDAE
lateral line poresrestricted to head
gill opening small, rounded
Muraena
teethblunt
Enchelycore nigricans
teethIongand
pointed
post. nostril inside mouth, onupper lip or just above mouth
2 widely diverging rowsof vomerine teeth
large teeth alongmidline of palate
large gill slits
pectoral fins present
head elongate
anterior
nostriltubular
pectoral fins absent
anterior
nostriltubular
pectoral fins
present or absent
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6
BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILIES
HETERENCHELYIDAE HeterenchelidsSea catfishesARIIDAE page 40
To about 150 cm; in marine coastal waters andestuaries; benthic; burrowing in mud or sand.
eyes small
pectoral fins absent
dorsal and anal fins covered by thick skin
SPINY EELS - Notacanthiformes
Body very elongate; snout projecting; either a seriesof spines along back, or a single short-based and soft-rayed dorsal fin; anal fin long.
To over 120 cm; in coastal marine waters, estuaries andfreshwaters; benthic.
top of head
exposed headshield
Arius
barbels
ARGENTINES AND ALLIES - Salmoniformes
A diverse assemblage of famil ies characterized by theinclusion of the maxilla in the gape of mouth; finspines absent; adipose fin often present.
NOTACANTHIDAE Spiny eels
To 45 cm; marine, from coastal waters to below 800 mdepth; benthic.
spines
To about 30 cm; marine, from 80 to about 400 m depth;benthopelagic and pelagic. A single species present inthe area.
ARGENTINIDAE Argentines
smallmouth
a single dorsal fin
HALOSAURIDAE Halosaurs
adipose fin
To about 55 cm, marine, from about 400 to below3000 m depth; benthic.
CATFISHES - Siluriformes
Barbels present around mouth; a strong spine usuallypresent at front of dorsal and pectoral fins; anadipose fin often present; scales absent, but a bonyhead shield often present.
To about 20 cm; marine, from the surface to below 2000 mdepth; epipelagic to mesopelagic and bathypelagic.
pectoral finslow on body
BATHYLAGIDAE
Glossanodon polli
Deep-sea smelts
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BONY FISHES
GUIDE TO FAMILIES
GONOSTOMATIDAE Bristlemouths
To about 25 cm; mostly in deep water (usually below200 m), but some species coming up to about 50 m at
night; mesopelagic to bathypelagic.
photophores
LANTERNFISHES AND ALOES - Myctophiformes
Fin-spines absent; adipose fin present; light organs(photophores) sometimes present.
MYCTOPHIDAE Lanternfishes
To 30 cm, but most species less than 10 cm; from thesurface (at night). to below 2000 m depth; mesopetagicto bathypelagic. Many genera and species, mainly ofpotential interest.
photophores
PARALEPIDIDAE Barracudinas
To 50 cm; marine, from the surface to below 800 m;mesopelagic to bathypelagic. Many species occasionallytaken.
dorsal fin far back
mouth largeDiplophos
Triplophos
adipose fin
Ichthyococcus
ASTRONESTHIDAE Snaggletooths
To about 20 cm; marine, from about 150 to below 2000 mdepth; mesopetagic.
often ventral adipose fin
ALEPOCEPHALIDAE Slickheads
To about 55 cm; oceanic waters, most species below1000 m depth; benthopelagic to pelagic.
head usuallyscaleless
Several other genera occur in the area.
ALEPISAURIDAE Lancetfishes
To over 200 cm; marine, from about 40 m (mainly atnight) to great depths; pelagic. Two species occasionallytaken in offshore waters.
adipose keel
pectoral fins lowon body
dorsal fin far backParalepis
ventral adipose fin Lestidiops
adipose fin absent
palatineteeth
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ANOTOPTERIDAE Dagger tooths
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BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILIES
To at least 45 cm; marine, pelagic. A single species in thearea.
NEOSCOPELIDAE Neoscopelids
To about 30 cm; marine, from the surface to below 500 mdepth; pelagic or benthopelagic.
photophorespresent or
absent
AULOPODIDAE Flagfishes page 42
To 45 cm; marine; from about 75 to at least 300 m
depth; benthic. A single species in the area.
2 supra maxiliae
maxilla
Teethrecurved
SYNODONTIDAE Lizardfishes page 120
To 55 cm; marine, from shallow waters to below 500 mdepth; benthic.
8 or 9 rays
CHLOROPHTHALMIDAE Greeneyes page 57
To 30 cm; marine, from about 75 m to abyssal depths;benthic.
Bathypterois sp.
Chlorophthalmus atlanticus
TOADFISHES - Batrachoidiformes
Head large and depressed, body compressed; twodorsal fins, the first with 2 or 3 spines; pelvic fins underthroat; gill, openings restricted to sides of head; one toseveral lateral lines on body.
Saurida brasiliensis
long
Trachynocephalus myops
external
ray
Saurida Synodus, Trachinocephalus
pelvic fins
adipose fin
Aulopus cadenati
head lizard-like
needle-liketeeth
8 or 9 rays
adipose fin
Synodus saurus
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gill opening Lophiodes kempi dorsal view Dibranchus atlanticus
9
BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILIES
BATRACHOIDIDAE Toadfishes page 43
To about 45 cm; in coastal marine waters to at least 250 mdepth; also in estuaries and freshwaters; benthic. Twospecies in the area.
9 rays
first dorsal fin with 2 or 3spines lateral lines
gillopening
8 rays
Lophius vaillanti
gill opening small
CLINGFISHES - Gobiesociformes
A sucking disc under anterior part of body (formed bypectoral and pelvic fins); a single dorsal fin withoutspines.
GOBIESOCIDAE Clingfishes
To 15 cm, but most species less than 8 cm; littoral marine,also in estuaries and freshwater.
no spines
sucking disc
ANGLERFISHES AND ALLIES - Lophiiformes
Body globose or depressed; first spine of dorsal finmodified to form a "fishing pole", gill openings smalland circular, usually located below or behind pectoralfins.
LOPHIIDAE Anglerfishes page 78
ANTENNARIIDAE Frogfishes
To 28 cm; marine, from coastal and surface waters tobelow 100 m depth; mostly benthic.
gill opening
OGCOCEPHAUDAE Batfishes
To 15 cm; marine, from 100 to 300 m depth; benthic. A single species in the area. (Probably anotherundescribed species which is larger and occurs atdepths between 1250 and 2350 m).
gill opening
To about 100 cm; marine, from coastal waters to below800 m depth; benthic.
8 rays
6 rays
pectoralfin
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BONY FISHES
GUIDE TO FAMILIES
HIMANTOLOPHIDAE Footballfishes
To about 60 cm; marine, from near the surface to below500 m depth; pelagic.
gill opening
CUSKEELS, BROTULAS ANDALLIES - Ophidiiformes
No sharp spines in fins; pelvicfins absent in some species;when present, these fins areplaced anterior to pectoral fins,sometimes far forward onunderside of head; they are
always close together andfilamentous, each with no morethan 22 rays; caudal fin separateor joined to dorsal and anal fins;snout without barbels (exceptfor a single species).
OPHIDIIDAE Cuskeels, brotulas page 89(including Brotulidae)
To 150 cm; but most around 30 cm; marine, from theshore to 8000 m depth; benthic.
Brotula barbata
Other poorly known genera occur in the area.
CARAPIDAE Pearlfishes
To about 20 cm; marine from shallow coastal waters tothe continental slope; mostly benthic, living in seacucumbers, clams, sea urchins, tunicates and starfish, but Ispecies free-living.
MERLUCCIIDAE Hakes page 82
To 130 cm; marine, from coastal waters to about 1000 mdepth; benthopelagic or pelagic. A single, species in thearea.
V-shaped ridge onupper side of head
Merluccius
MORIDAE Moras page 82
To over 50 cm; marine, from 200 to below 1000 m depth;benthopelagic.
Antimora rostrata
pelvic fins closetogether when
present
underside of head
no pelvicfins
CODS, HAKES AND ALLIES -Gadiformes
No sharp spines in fins(except in dorsal fin of somemacrourids); pelvic finsbelow or anterior topectoral fins and widely
separated from each other,usually entire, but reducedto filaments in some species;barbels often present onchin (on snout of a singlespecies).
pelvic fins widelyseparated
underside of head
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Atherina
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BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILIES
Main genera occurring in the area:
Brosmiculus imberbis
Laemonema
Brosmiculus
smooth spine fossa
light organ
anus
terminalscute
spinousridge
spine smoothor serrated
Coelorinchus
ventral view
Malacocephalus
serrated
light organ.spinoustubercle
pelvic fir fossa anus
mouthsmall
anus
underside
BREGMACEROTIDAE Codlets
ventral view
Malacocephalus, Nezumia
Nezumia
To 10 cm, but usually smaller; marine in oceanic watersfrom the surface to below 1000 m depth; pelagic.
MACROURIDAE Grenadiers page 80
To about 60 cm; marine, from about 250 to below 2000 mdepth; benthopelagic. Several species taken in bottomtrawls.
Trachyrincus
SILVERSIDES AND ALLIES - Atheriniformes
Small fishes; 2 well separated dorsal fins, the first spiny,but often inconspicuous; a silvery stripe on sides.
ATHERINIDAE Silversides
To about 15 cm, but usually smaller; coastal marinewaters, estuaries, coastal lagoons and freshwater.
first dorsal fin spiny,
fossanaked
strong, keeled scutes
first dorsal finwith a single ray
notch
dorsal fin high
pelvic finsbelow head
Bregmaceros
large mouth
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BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILIES
FLYINGFISHES AND ALLIES - Beloniformes
Either snout beak-like with upper and/or lower jawsgreatly prolonged (except in 2 genera), or with enlarged,wing-like pectoral, and sometimes also pelvic fins; lateralline near ventral profile of body; a single dorsal fin
consisting of soft rays; pelvic fins abdominal.
EXOCOETIDAE Flyingfishes page 64
To 40 cm; marine; pelagic in surface waters. Capable of jumping out of the water and gliding for long distances;several species taken accidentally in trammel nets anddrifting set nets.
Fodiator acutus
high, middlerays longest
Parexocoetus brachypterus
Exocoetus
Hirundichthys
2 unbranched rays
Prognichthys gibbifrons
HEMIRAMPHIDAE Halfbeaks page 72
To about 40 cm; marine, coastal and offshore waters,estuaries and freshwater, near the surface.
nostrils in an open pit
lateral line low on body
To about 130 cm; marine coastal and offshore waters,estuaries, coastal lagoons and freshwater; pelagic, closeto the surface.
1 unbranched ray
Cypselurus
scalespreorbital ridgewell developed
top of headlateral view of head
no scales
Hyporamphus picarti
caudal fin
no preorbital
ridge
top of headlateral view of head
Hemiramphus brasiliensis
caudal fin
Euleptorhamphus velox
pectoral fins long
BELONIDAE
Oxyporhamphus micropterus
Needlefishes page 44
both jawsprolonged, toothed
keel
Platybelone argalus
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vertical bars
13
BONY FISHESGUIDE TO FAMILIES
mucouscavities
and crests
opercular spine 6 widely spacedstrong spines
12-17 rays
Ablennes hians
Tylosurus
SCOMBERESOCIDAE Sauries
To 50 cm; marine, pelagic in surface waters. A singlespecies possibly present in the area.
finlets
SQUIRRELFISHES AND ALLIES - Beryciformes
Head spines and/or crests well developed; fin-spineswell developed except in Diretmidae; scales heavy andstrongly ctenoid (rough).
HOLOCENTRIDAE Squirrelfishes, page 73 soldierfishes
To at least 45 cm; marine, from shallow coastal waters tobelow 200 m depth; benthic.
DIRETMIDAE Diretmids page 61
To about 40 cm, but usually smaller; marine, from about400 to below 1000 m depth; benthic. Three species takenoccasionally.
dorsal fin long,without spines
no spines
no keel 21-25 rays
Strongylura senegalensis
lateralkeel
preopercularspine 3 spines
ventral keel with 9-16 scutes
Nannichthys simulans
eye large
ventral keel ofscutes
Diretmoides
first dorsal fin long,with 10 or 11 spines soft dorsal
fin short,with 13 rays
Diretmus argenteus
often withpreopercular
spine
1 spine and 7 soft rays
TRACHICHTHYIDAE Slimeheads page 122
To about 60 cm; marine, from about 100 to 1000 m depth,rarely below 600 m; benthic. Three species takenoccasionally.
DORIES AND ALLIES - Zeiformes
Body usually compressed and deep; jaws greatlydistensible; prominent spines in anterior part of dorsalfin.
ZEIDAE Dories page 129
To about 65 cm; marine, coastal waters to about 600 mdepth; benthic to benthopelagic.
4 spines
9 rays
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Zenion hololepis
1 spine
6 rays
2 spines
Grammicolepis
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BONY FISHES
GUIDE TO FAMILIES
spinousbony plates
CAPROIDAE Boarfishes
To about 30 cm; marine, from 65 to about 600 m depth;benthic to benthopelagic. Two species occasionally takenin trawls.
scutes
mouthverysmall
scales stronglyspinulated
Zeus faber
large
bonyplates
Zenopsis conchifer
no bonyplates orscutes
Cyttopsis roseus
ZENIONTIDAE Zeniontids
Body rather elongate, always scaled; eyes very largeabout half of head length; insertions of pelvic finsbehind bases of pectorals. A single species in the area.
GRAMMICOLEPIDAE Grammicolepids
To about 20 cm; marine, from about 200 to below 500 mdepth; benthopelagic.
Capros aper
Antigonia capros
5-7 spines
scales linear, elongatedvertically in all species
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BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILIES
OPAHS AND ALLIES - Lampridiformes
Body shape highly variable with the families; nospines in fins; jaws protrusible.
LAMPRIDAE Opahs page 77
To 185 cm; marine, from the surface to about 200 mdepth; pelagic. A single species.
pectoral fin badehorizontal
TRACHIPTERIDAE Ribbonfishes
To about 200 cm; marine, from about 180 to nearly
1000 m depth; pelagic. A single species.
upperlobe of
caudal fin
turnedupward
Trachypterus tachypterus
ATELEOPODIDAE Ateleopids
To 180 cm; marine, from 200 to 600 m depth;benthopelagic. Several genera and species present inthe area.
dorsal fin short
anal and caudalfind fused
PIPEFISHES AND ALLIES - Gasterosteiformes
Body elongate, snout tube-like; scales sometimesmodified to form series of body plates.
SYNGNATHIDAE Pipefishes
To about 30 cm; in freshwater, estuaries, coastallagoons, littoral pools and coastal marine waters toabout 90 m depth; mostly benthic (at least one speciespelagic).
body encased in numerous joined bony r idge d
Syngnathus
Hippocampus
MACRORAMPHOSIDAE Snipefishes page 80
To about 15 cm; marine, from 25 to 600 m depth;benthopelagic. A single species in the area.
Macrorhamphosus scolopax
AULOSTOMIDAE Trumpetfishes
To 75 cm; marine, in shallow and clear coastal waters;often drifting head down. A single species in the area.
Aulostomus strigosus
Lampris guttatus
mouthinferior
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BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILIES
Cornetfishes,FISTULARIIDAE flutemouths page 67
To 200 cm; marine, shallow coastal waters.
The most important genera:
firstsuborbitary
bone pointed
firstsuborbitarybone wideposteriorly
Fistularia
SCORPIONFISHES AND ALLIES - Scorpaeniformes
Cheeks with a bony strut (posterior extension ofsuborbital bone to preopercle); usually welldeveloped spines on head and prominent spines indorsal fin; pectoral fins usually rounded; membranesbetween lower rays often incised; caudal fin rarelyforked.
PLATYCEPHALIDAE Spiny flatheads page 90
To 20 cm; marine, from 20 to about 200 m depth; asingle species in the area.
head spiny
Grammoplites gruveli
Remarks : do not confuse with Percophidae.
Scorpionfishes,SCORPAENIDAE rockfishes, page 101
rosefishes
To over 50 cm; marine, from the coastline to below600 m depth; benthic; often with venimous spines.
11-16 dorsal spines
dorsal fin continuous,notched
Helicolenus
scales normal
Scorpaena
Setarches
scales tubular
Pontinus, Scorpaena
lateral lines
Helicolenus
8 lower raysfree for
about 113 oftheir length
Scorpaena
lower rayssometimes
free, but onlyat their tips
all raysunbranched
spinysuborbital
ridge
preoperclespiny
caudal finusuallyrounded3 spines
Pontinus
pectoral fins
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BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILY
TRIGLIDAE Searobins, gurnards page 126
To about 45 cm; marine, from the coastline to about 200 mdepth; benthic.
3 lowermost rays free
PERISTEDIIDAE Armoured searobins
To 35 cm; marine, from about 50 to 500 m depth;benthic. A single species in the area.
spiny scutes
CYCLOPTERIDAE (including Liparididae)
Lumpfishes, snailfishes
To about 30 cm, but usually smaller; marine, from thecoastline to below 1400 m depth; benthic tobenthopelagic.
FLYING GURNARDS - Dactylopteriformes
Greatly enlarged pectoral fins; head encased in a bonyshield with a spiny crest from nape to below base offirst dorsal fin.
DACTYLOPTERIDAE Flying gurnards page 61
To at least 45 cm; marine, in shallow coastal waters;benthic. A single species.
spiny ridge
dorsal view
PERCH-LIKE FISHES - Perciformes: Percoidei
Shape extremely variable; either 2 dorsal fins, or 1 dorsalfin with the anterior elements being sharp spines; pelvicfins with 1 spine and 5 soft rays, placed well forward onventral surface of body; maxillary bone not included ingape of mouth but dorsal to the tooth-bearingpremaxilla.
SERRANIDAE (including subfamily page 104 Anthiinae)
Groupers, hinds, hamlets, seabasses, combers, creolefishes
To over 300 cm; marine, from the coastline to depthsbelow 300 m; also in the lower reaches of estuaries;mostly benthic.
deep occipitalgroove
no deepoccipitalgroove
Lepidotrigla Chelidonichthys
long spine pectoral fin
Trigla lyra
rostral spines barbel 2 lowermostrays free
Dactylopterus volitans
Peristedion cataphractrum
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Serranus
9 spines
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BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILIES
3 spines
14-16 rays
8-10 rays
11 spines
Cephalopholis
3 spines14-18 rays
7-8 rays
11 spines
Epinephelus
3 spines
16 rays
Anthias anthias
GRAMMISTIDAE Soapfishes page 69
To about 32 cm; marine, from shallow coastal waters toabout 50 m depth; benthic.
3 spines
KUHLIIDAE Daras page 75
To 20 cm; marine, coastal waters to about 20 m depth.
A single species in the area.
11 spines + 1
16 rays
Parakuhlia macrophthalmus
PRIACANTHIDAE Bigeyes, glasseyes page 91
To 40 cm; marine, from the coastline to about 200 m
depth; benthic.
no spines Rypticus
10-11 rays
crest insteadof spines
11-12 spines
Mycteroperca rubra
11-13 rays
8-9 rayons
3 spines
10 spines
Polyprion americanus
13-15 rays
7-8 rays
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10 spines
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BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILIES
eye large RACHYCENTRIDAE Cobias page 92
To 200 cm; marine, pelagic in offshore waters (near thesurface) but also over shallow reefs and occasionally inestuaries. A single species.
mouthoblique
7 to 9 short separate spines
pelvic fins united tobody by a membrane
3 spines
Priacanthus
2 spines
APOGONIDAE Cardinalfishes
To about 20 cm, but most species smaller than 12 cm;marine, from the coastline to about 1000 m depth; also
in brackish waters and freshwater; mostly benthic.6 or 7 spines
BRANCHIOSTEGIDAE Tilefishes page 48
To 70 cm; marine, from about 20 to 200 m depth;benthic. A single species in the area.
1 or 2 spines
Branchiostegus semifasciatus
POMATOMIDAE Bluefishes page 91
To 110 cm; marine, surface waters; pelagic. A singlespecies in the area.
ECHENEIDIDAE Remoras, shark-suckers, disc fishes
To about 100 cm; marine, pelagic and attached to largermarine organisms (sharks, turtles, marine mammals,etc.).
The most important genera
sucking disk
Echeneis naucrates
(see Plate IV, 29)
Remora
CARANGIDAE page 48
Jacks, pompanos, runners, bumpers, scads,pilotfishes, rudderfishes, lookdowns, moonfishes,
amberjacks, leatherjacks
To about 140 cm; marine, from the coastline to below200 m depth; a few species entering brackish waters;benthic, coastal-pelagic or oceanic-pelagic.
anal fin
2 spines separatedfrom anal fin
(often hidden under skin)
Rachycentron canadum
eye large
opercularspine
2 spines Apogon
predorsalridge
6 spines
eyesmall
7 or 8 spines + 1
pointedteeth 2 spines
7-8 rays
Pomatomus saltatrix
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Hemicaranx bicolor
6 or 7 spines
6 spines
4 or 5 spines
pelvic finslonger thanpectorals
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BONY FISHES
GUIDE TO FAMILIES
Naucrates ductor
Seriola
2 keels
23-56 scutes
Caranx
no keels
41-53 scutes
1 double-rayed finlet
Elagatis bipinnulata
simple finlet
scutes
Decapterus
enlarged scales
scales similar to scutes
2 keels
Uraspis helvola
Campogramma glaycos
Trachinotus
keel
scutes
Trachurus
scutes
enlarged scales
Selar crumenophtalmus
scouts
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first dorsal fin notvisible in adults
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BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILIES
bony ridgein male
2 keels
scutes
Alectis (adult)
6-12 weak scutes
Chioroscombrus chrysurus
Lichia amia
Selene dorsalis
BRAMIDAE Pomfrets
Coryphaena
To about 100 cm; marine, mostly epi- or mesopelagic tobelow 300 m depth; one genus (Eumegistus), possibly
deep benthic.
maxillascaled
Several other genera occur in the area.
Brama
ventralprofile
stronglyconvex
CENTRACANTHIDAE Picarels, page 56 bonnetmouths
To 30 cm; marine, to about 200 m depth; benthic.
upper jaw(premaxilla)protrusible
11-13 spines
8 spines
operclewithoutspines
Spicara
EMMELICHTHYIDAE Rubyfishes, redbaits, page 63 rovers
pelvic fins short
To 30 cm; marine, from about 100 to 300 m depth;bentho-pelagic. A single species in the area.
Dolphinfishes,CORYPHAENIDAE "Dolphins" page 59
To 200 cm; marine, oceanic-pelagic, but sometimesapproaching the coast.
maxilla distinctlyscaly
supramaxilla(mouth protracted)
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Apsilus fuscus
11 spines
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BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILIES
median keel (in individualsof 30 cm and longer)
Erythrocles monodi
GERREIDAE Mojarras page 68
To 25 cm; coastal marine waters to about 60 m depth; alsoestuaries, coastal lagoons and freshwater; benthic.
LUTJANIDAE Snappers page 79
To 80 cm; mostly marine, from the coastline to 450 mdepth; some species enter estuaries and even rivers; a fewmay enter hypersaline lagoons; benthic.
no scalesbetweeneye andmouth
LOBOTIDAE Tripletails page 78
To over 100 cm; marine, oceanic-pelagic, drifting near thesurface. A single species in the area.
12 spines
3 spines
Lobotes surinamensis
HAEMULIDAE Grunts, margates, page 69 ( = POMADASYIDAE) pigfishes, porkfishes
To 80 cm; mostly marine, from the coastline to about200 m depth, and in brackish waters; benthic.
11 to 13 spines
scales oncheek
nomolars
hind margin ofsuborbital bone
concealed
2 pores
groove
Brachydeuterus Pomadasys Plectorhynchus,Parapristipoma
underside of head
head almostentirely scaly
9 spinesscaly sheath
mouthwhen
protracted
concave
axillary process
13 to 19 rays
scaly sheaths
molarsabsent
Lutjanus
3 spines7 to 13 rays
scales on cheek
2 pores
pit
6 pores
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BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILIES
SPARIDAE Porgies, seabreams, pinfishes page 112
To 75 cm; marine, from the coastline to about 150 mdepth; occasionally entering estuaries; benthic.
Brachydeuterus auritus
noscaleshere
Pomadasys
17 to 19 rays
Plectorhynchus
14 or 15 rays
Parapristipoma
maxillahidden
preopercularmargin smooth
canines
7 to 9 rays
Pagrus
11 or 12 rays
Sparus aurata
Diplodus
molars
LETHRINIDAE Emperors, scavengers page 77
To 50 cm; marine, in coastal waters to about 50 m depth. A single species in the area.
molars
incisors
9 soft rays
cheek andpreoperclescaleless Lethrinus atlanticus
axillaryscale
10 spines
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BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILIES
11-12 spines
4-8 fang-like canines
lateral teeth pointed
molars
lateral teeth pointed
Pagellus
4-6 rows ofpointed
teeth
Sarpa salpa
Boops boops
one row ofincisors
13-15 spines
Dentex
scales
incisors
at least 8canine
like teeth
Oblada melanura
anterior limitof scalation
Lithognathus mormyrus
Spondyliosoma cantharus
SCIAENIDAE Croakers, drums, meagres, page 94 weakfishes, stardrums
To 200 cm; marine, from the coastline to about 350 mdepth; also in estuaries, and some species in freshwater;benthic.
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BONY FISHESGUIDE TO FAMILY
lateral line extending tohind margin of caudal fin
(family character)
1 barbel
2 spines(family character)
Umbrina
8-10 spines
Argyrosomus
10-11 spines
Pseudotolithus
mouth inferior,horizontal
lower jawprojecting
Sciaena umbra
top of head
mouthstronglyoblique
Pteroscion peli
simple arborescent tubular arborescentappendices appendices appendices
Sciaena, Pteroscion Pseudotolithus Argyrosomus
Umbrina
Miracorvina Pentheroscion Atractoscion
swimbladder (internal character)
Pseudotolithus Pentheroscion(Fonticulus)
Miracorvina
anal fin
MULLIDAE Goatfishes, red mullets page 84
To 55 cm; marine, from the coastline to about 100 mdepth; occasionally in estuaries; benthic. A single speciesin the area.
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8 spines
1 spine + 8 rays
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BONY FISHES
GUIDE TO FAMILIES
mouth verticalno spines
2 spines
Pseudupeneus prayensis
MONODACTYLIDAE Moonies, fingerfishes page 82
To 20 cm; in coastal marine waters, estuaries andfreshwater. A single species in the area.
8graduating
spines
Psettias sebae
PEMPHERIDIDAE Sweepers
To about 15 cm; marine, from the coastline to about 80 mdepth; some enter river estuaries; mostly benthic.
4 or 5 spines
3 spines
BATHYCLUPEIDAE Bathydupeids
To about 20 cm; marine, mostly between 350 and 800 m,but occasionally at lesser depth; oceanic mesopelagic.
1 spine
KYPHOSIDAE Sea chubs page 75
To 76 cm; marine, shallow coastal waters (usually less than50 m), on seagrass beds and reefs, or pelagic amongfloating sargassum weeds.
teeth
EPHIPPIDIDAE Spadefishes page 63
To about 30 cm; marine, in shallow waters (to about 30 m
depth); benthic.
9 spines
Chaetodipterus goreensis
palate
bases ofteethplaced
horizontally
11 spines
incisor-like hockey-stick shaped teeth
3 spines Kyphosus
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BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILIES
DREPANIDAE Sicklefishes page 62
8 to 15 spines
To about 40 cm; marine, from about 20 to 50 m depth. Asingle species in the area.
8-9 spines
Pomacanthus paru
POMACENTRIDAE Damselfishes gregories,majors, sergeants, chromis
Drepane africana
To 25 cm; marine in coastal waters, usually at less than15 m depth; also in estuaries; mostly benthic. Severalspecies taken occasionally.
CHAETODONTIDAE Butterflyfishes
To about 20 cm; marine, usually in shallow waters butoccasionally extending to about 100 m depth; benthic.
12 to 14 spines
10-14 spines
a singlenostril
vertical barthrough
eye usually
present
jaws stronglyprotrusible
2 spines
mouth small,protrusible
pelvic axillaryprocess
3 spinesChaetodon
CIRRHITIDAE Hawkfishes
To about 9 cm; marine, in shallow waters, usually less than20 m depth; benthic.
10 spines
cirri
POMACANTHIDAE Angelfishes page 91
To 40 cm; marine, from the coastline to about 50 mdepth; benthic.
3 spines
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BONY FISHESGUIDE TO FAMILIES
CEPOLIDAE Bandfishes
To 70 cm; marine, to below 200 m; benthic.Occasionally taken in bottom trawls. A single species in
the area.
snoutblunt
BARRACUDAS - Perciformes: Sphyraenoidei
Body elongate, generally silvery on sides; head andsnout both very long; teeth. strong; 2 dorsal fins.
SPHYRAENIDAE Barracudas, sennets page 119
To 200 cm; marine, from the coastline to about 100 mdepth; ranging from just off the bottom to pelagic.
mouth large, teeth pointedanal fin longCepola pauciradiata
MULLETS - Perciformes: Mugiloidei
Body elongate; head flattened, mouth small; pectoralfins high on body; 2 dorsal fins, sides silvery; no lateralline.
MUGILIDAE Mullets page 83
To about 120 cm; freshwaters, estuaries, brackish andhypersaline lagoons and coastal marine waters at shallowdepths (less than 20 m); mostly benthic in their foodhabits, but usually found near the surface.
THREADFINS - Perciformes: Polynemoidei
Snout conical, projecting beyond mouth; pectoral finsin two parts, the lower with 3 or more free filamentousrays.
POLYNEMIDAE Threadfins page 90
To about 200 cm; marine coastal waters (usually less than30 m depth), estuaries, coastal lagoons and freshwater;benthic.
5 spines
lower jaw protruding
1 spine
2 spines Sphyraena
often anadiposeeyelid
4 spines
no lateral line
1 spine
mouthsmall
pectoralfin highon body
3 spines
adipose tissue partiallycovering pupil
underside of head
adipose tissue notextending unto eye
underside of head
large axillary scale
small axillary scale
upperlip thin
Mugil
9 or 10 short,free rays Galeoides decadactylus
maxillapad
Liza
4 or 5free rays Polydactylus quadrifilis
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BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILIES
snoutpointed
lateral lineregularly curved
Bodianus
lateral line abruptly curved,but continuous
12 spines
4 or 5 very longfree rays
8 spines
Pentanemus quinquarius
WRASSES AND ALLIES - Perciformes: Labroidei. Welldeveloped teeth, coalesced into plates in theparrotfishes; scales usually large and cycloid (smooth);body compressed; usually colourful species.
LABRIDAE Wrasses, hogfishes, razorfishes page 76
To 50 cm; marine, from the coastline to about 120 mdepth; benthic.
(adults)
Thalassoma pavo(male)
SCARIDAE Parrotfishes page 92
To 60 cm; marine, in shallow waters rarely below 60 mdepth; benthic.
teethfused
3 spines
fused at fused, but contours of entirely fusedbases teeth visible
Nicholsina Sparisoma Scarus
teeth
WEEVERFISHES AND ALLIES - Perciformes: Trachinoidei
A diverse assemblage of famil ies diff icult to characterizeas a group; this suborder must be regarded asprovisional.
19-21 spines lateral lineregularly curved
Acantholabrus palloni
9 spines
snoutpointed
9 spineslateral line
abruptly curved
scales large
canine-liketeeth
(feature ofthe family)
Caris lulls
snoutsteep and
blunt
9 spines lateral line interrupted
Xyríchtys novacula
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BONY FISHES
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PERCOPHIDAE Flatheads page 89
To at least 30 cm; marine, from about 100 to 400 m depth;
benthic. 6 spines
head not spiny
Remarks : do not confuse with Platycephalidae.
TRACHINIDAE Weeverfishes page 123
To about 45 cm; marine, in coastal waters to about 200 mdepth; benthic.
BLENNIIDAE Combtooth blennies
To 20 cm; marine coastal waters (usually at less than 20 mdepth), estuaries and coastal lagoons; benthic; a fewspecies to 400 m depth.
tentacle at hindtip of maxilla
pelvic fins under throat Bembrops
fewer spines than soft rays some rays ofcaudal finbranched
2 spines
TRIPTERYGIIDAE Threefin blennies
no scales
venimousopercular
spine
5-7 venimousspines
21-32 rays
1 or 2 spines25-32 rays
Trachinus
To about 15 cm; marine, in shallow coastal waters; benthic.
CLINIDAE Clinids
To about 20 cm; marine, usually in shallow waters, but afew species in deeper water (to below 100 m); benthic.
more spines than soft rays all caudal fin raysunbranched
Echiichthys Trachinus
URANOSCOPIDAE Stargazers page 128
To about 40 cm; marine, from the coastline to below 200 m
depth; benthic.
Uranoscopus
BLENNIES AND ALLIES - Perciformes: Blennioidei
Dorsal fin long; pelvic fins reduced, with 1 hiddenspine and 2 to 4 soft rays, located ahead of pectoralfins; tentacles often present on head; two anal-finspines (one of them sometimes difficult to see).
SANDLANCES - Perciformes: Ammodytoidei
Body very elongate; dorsal fin long; lateral line high onbody, close to dorsal profile; teeth absent; pelvic finsusually absent.
AMMODYTIDAE Sandlances
To about 30 cm; marine, from the coastline to about 50 mdepth; benthic, burrowing in sand, or pelagic; a cold-water group rarely entering the Gulf of Guinea from thenorth.
cirres
mouthlarge,
vertical
eyes on topof head
cleithral spinepelvic fins
before pectorals only 2 spines
pelvic fins under throat
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BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILIES
DRAGONETS - Perciformes: Callyonimoidei
A sharp preopercular spine; a small gill opening onupper part of head; size usually under 30 cm.
CALLIONYMIDAE Dragonets
To about 30 cm; marine, from coastal waters to about650 m depth; benthic. A single species in the area.
gill openingreduced to asmall pore
preopercularspine
GOBIES AND ALLIES - Perciformes: Gobioidei
Usually small fishes with pelvic fins either very closetogether, or united into a single cup-like structure.
GOBIIDAE Gobies
To about 36 cm, but most species less than 10 cm; marineand brackish waters, occasionally freshwaters; usually invery shallow waters, but a few species to below 150 mdepth; benthic.
1 spine and 8-17 rays
To about 30 cm; adults generally in freshwater, butentering brackish and coastal marine waters andhypersaline lagoons; benthic.
1 spine and
8-10 rays
Several genera occur in the area.
PERIOPHTHALMIDAE Mudskippers
To 25 cm; littoral; amphibious in shallows and on exposedintertidal mud flats of estuarine mangrove swamps. Asingle species in the area.
Periophthalmus papilio
MICRODESMIDAE Wormfishes
To 28 cm; marine, in shallow coastal waters (less than 40 mdepth); benthic, burrowing.
dorsal fin continuous
no spines
SURGEONFISHES - Perciformes: Acanthuroidei
Small scales; a strong, movable, forward-projectingspine mid-laterally on caudal peduncle.
ACANTHURIDAE Surgeonfishes, page 39 doctorfishes
To about 45 cm; marine, in shallow waters, usually at lessthan 50 m depth; benthic.
ELEOTRIDAE Sleepers, sleeper gobies
Synchiropus phaeton
6-8 spines
pelvic fins underthroat
pelvic finsfused into asucking disc
1 spine and 8-17 rays
dorsal fin continuous
Gobius
15-21rays
Gobioides
A large number of other genera occur in the area.
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Scomber Sarda sarda
8 or 9 spines
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BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILIES
sharp peduncular spine
8 f inlets
7 finlets
Auxis
3 spines Acanthurus monroviae
3 spines Acanthocybium solandri
snout long snout short
maxilla hidden maxilla visible
Acanthocybium Scomberomorus
Prionurus biafarensis
TUNAS AND ALLIES - Perciformes: Scombroidei
Finlets frequently present at posterior ends of dorsaland anal fins; 1 to 3 keels on either side of caudalpecuncle (except in most species of Gempylidae).
SCOMBRIDAE page 98
Mackerels, tunas, wahoos, bonitos, ceros, albacores
To over 300 cm; marine, from surface waters to below100 m depth; pelagic.
Scomberomorus tritor
adiposeeyelid
5 finlets
5 finlets
Scomber japonicus
Euthynnus alletteratus
14-16 spines
2 keels Katsuwonus pelamis
median keel
2 keels
margin. straight, 20-22 spines
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BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILIES
dorsal fin black, 12-14 spines dorsal fin low
2 finlets
corseletcovered
with scales
no scales
pelvic fins well
developedscaly keel
first dorsal fin low
Ruvettus pretiosus
Orcynopsis unicolor4-6 finlets
pelvic fins welldeveloped lateral line
sinuous
corseletof largerscales
Snake mackerels,GEMPYLIDAE escolars, oilfishes page 67
To about 300 cm; marine, from the surface (at night) tobelow 200 m depth; pelagic.
Lepidocybium flavobrunneum
TRICHIURIDAE Cutlassfishes, frostfishes, page 125 scabbardfishes. hairtails
To 250 cm; marine, from the surface (mainly at night) tobelow 1500 m depth; benthic and pelagic.
spiny part half thelength of soft part
pelvic fins reduced
small scales; nocolour markings
Thunnus
notch
2 lateral lines
pelvic fins reduced Diplospinus multistriatus
5 to 7 finlets spiny part slightlyshorter than soft part
Benthodesmus tenuis
notch
Gempylus serpens
pelvic fins absent in adults
fleshyappendix pelvic fins welldeveloped
lateral line straight
2 free spines
dorsal fin black
Nesiarchus nasutus
9 spines
crest
pelvic fins with asingle spine
resembling a scale
Aphanopus carbo
Trichiurus lepturus
2 finlets
pelvic finreduced to asingle spine
Nealotus tripes
pelvic fins rudimentary (adults)
2 finlets
3 spines,no notch
Prometichthys prometeus
pelvic finsabsent
caudal fin absent
Lepidopus caudatus
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BONY FISHES
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SWORDFISHES AND ALLIES - Perciformes: Xiphioidei
Upper jaw prolonged, sword-like.
XIPHIIDAE Swordfishes page 128
To 450 cm; marine, from surface waters to below 800 mdepth; pelagic. A single species.
teeth absent
pelvic finsabsent
ISTIOPHORIDAE Billfishes, marlins, page 74spearfishes, sailfishes
To 400 cm; marine, pelagic oceanic, usually above thethermocline.
LOUVARS - Perciformes: Luvaroidei
Head large with a steep dorsal profile; origin of dorsalfin behind pectoral fins; pelvic fins under throat.
LUVARIDAE Louvars
To about 190 cm; marine, from the surface to below150 m depth; pelagic oceanic. A single species.
mediankeel
anus far forward
HARVESTFISHES AND ALLIES - Perciformes:
StromateoideiShape variable; snout blunt and thick; toothedsaccular outgrowths (pharyngeal sacs) present in thegullet immediately behind the last gill arch; teethsmall, approximately uniserial.
TETRAGONURIDAE Squaretails
To about 30 cm; marine, in surface waters to below1000 m depth; mesopelagic to epipelagic.
strong scales ingeodesic pattern
box-like mouth
STROMATEIDAE Harvestfishes, page 120butterfishes
To about 50 cm; marine, from near the surface to about200 m depth; pelagic. A single species in the Gulf ofGuinea.
usually 3spines
pelvic finsabsent
section flat scales absent
1 keel
Xiphias gladius
Luvarus imperialis
sectionrounded
2 keels
pelvic fin
Istiophorus albicans
longshorter
keels
profilenearly flat
rounded
profile
steep
Tetrapturus
Makairamouthsmall
3 spines Stromateus fiatola
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BONY FISHESGUIDE TO FAMILIES
CENTROLOPHIDAE Ruffs, barrelfishes, page 56blackfishes
To about 120 cm; marine, from near the surface tobelow 200 m depth; pelagic.
7-9 spines
5-7 weak,graduating
spines
Schedophilus pemarco
NOMEIDAE Man-of-war fishes
To 100 cm; marine, from near the surface (especially theyoung) to below 200 m depth; usually, pelagic, but somespecies may be deep benthic.
Psenes
ARIOMMATIDAE Driftfishes, ariommas page 41
FLATFISHES - Pleuronectiformes
Flattened body shape; eyes present on one side of bodyonly.
CITHARIDAE Flounders page 57
To 25 cm; marine, to about 300 m depth; benthic. Asingle species in the Gulf of Guinea.
Citharus linguatula
PSETTODIDAE Spinyturbots page 92
To 60 cm; marine, from coastal waters to about 150 mdepth. A single species in the Gulf of Guinea.
spinousrays
Hyperoglyphe moselii
To about 25 cm; marine, from the surface (the young) tobelow 500 m depth; mostly benthic to benthopelagic.
10-12 spines
maxilla hidden
3 spines
2 fleshy
keels
Ariomma
about 10 thin spines1 spine
1-3 spinesCubiceps
1-2 spines Nomeus gronovii
mouth Iarge,teeth strong
Psettodes belcheri
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BONY FISHESGUIDE TO FAMILIES
BOTHIDAE Lefteye flounders page 46
To about 75 cm; marine, from the coastline to below200 m depth; benthic.
gillrakersgillrakers
female
male
first gill arch
Syacium Citharichthys
female
Bothus podas africanus
Arnoglossus
Citharichthys stampfili
Monolene
2 series of teethon lower jaw
male
elevated arch
mouthverylarge
Chascanopsetta lugubris
SOLEIDAE Soles page 107
To about 70 cm; marine, from the coastline to below100 m depth; some species in estuaries and freshwater;benthic.
caudal findistinct
eyes onright side
snout
rounded
Arnoglossus, Citharichthys,Bothus, Syacium,
Chascanopsetta Monolene
pelvic fins, ventral view (arrows show towards head)mouth
inferior
no free preopercularmargin
dorsal, analand caudal
fins confluent
caudal finmore or less
separated
male
1 series of teethon lower jaw
female
Syacium micrurum Synaptura Other genera
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caudal fins
pectoral finsunequal, that ofblind side less
developed
37
BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILIES
lateral tines lateral linesabsent
mouth
Vanstraelenia chirophthalmus Microchirus
mouth
pelvic fin pelvic fin
Cynoglossus Symphurus
PUFFERFISHES AND ALLIES - Tetraodontiformes
Pelvic fins absent or strongly reduced; a small mouthwith strong teeth frequently coalesced into a bitingplate; a small gill opening; skin thick or rough,sometimes with prickles, spines or scaly plates.
TETRAODONTIDAE Puffers page 121
To about 100 cm; coastal marine waters, estuaries, brackishand hypersaline lagoons and occasionally freshwater; fromthe coastline to about 180 m depth; benthic.
CYNOGLOSSIDAE Tonguetishes, page 59 tonguesoles
To about 60 cm; marine, from shallow coastal waters toabout 300 m depth; benthic.
anterior nostrilenlarged
anterior nostrilnormal
blind side of head
Pegusa Dicologoglossa
2 tooth-plates ineach jaw
no typical scales, but oftenspiny prickles
Dicologoglossa
body inflatable
opening
eyes andmouthsmall
no free preopercularmargin Lagocephalus, Sphoeroides Ephippion
nasal papilla
eyes onleft side pectoral fins absent
Sphoeroides Lagocephalus Lagocephaluslagocephalus laevigatus
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BONY FISHES GUIDE TO FAMILIES
BALISTIDAE Triggerfishes, durgons page 42
To about 50 cm; from the coastline to about 100 m depth;mostly benthic.
8 teeth ineach jaw
MONACANTHIDAE Filefishes, leatherjackets
To about 60 cm; marine, from the coastline to about100 m depth; mostly benthic. Two species caughtoccasionally.
OSTRACIIDAE Trunkfishes, boxfishes, cowfishes
To about 35 cm; marine, from the coastline to about100 m depth; benthic. Many genera and speciescaptured occasionally for ornamental purposes.
MOLIDAE Malas, ocean sunfishes, headfishes
To about 400 cm; marine, from the surface to about360 m depth; pelagic oceanic. Three species caughtoccasionally.
3 spinesvisible
skin thick, withconspicuous plate-
like scalesno spiny
dorsal fin
rigid shell withscaly plates
about 15 teethin each jaw
first spineprominent
second spineminute
6 or fewerteeth in
each jaw
skin rough, withminute scales
DIODONTIDAE Porcupinefishes, spiny puffers, burrfishes
To about 100 cm; from the coastline to about 100 mdepth; benthic to pelagic. Four species capturedoccasionally for ornamental purposes.
a singletooth-platein each jaw spines
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BONY FISHES
Acanthurus monroviae Steindachner, 1876 ACANTHURIDAE
FAO names : En - Monrovia doctorfish;Fr - Chirurgien chas-chas; Sp - Navajón.
Size: 50 cm.
Fishing gear : traps, fixed bottom nets, setnets, trawls and line gear.
Habitat : on rocky and coral bottoms from 0to 60 m.
Loc.name(s):
Prionurus biafraensis (Blache & Rossignol, 1961)
Synonyms: Xesurus biafraensis Blache & Rossignol,1961.
FAO names : En - Biafra doctorfish; Fr - Chirurgienbiafra; Sp - Navajón de Biafra.
Size: 20 cm, common to 15 cm.
Fishing gear : gill nets, bottom trawls.
Habitat : demersal, in coastal waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Albula vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Bonefish; Fr - Banane de mer;Sp - Macabí.
Size : 70 cm, common to 35 cm.
Fishing gear : purse seines, beach seines.
Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms in coastalwaters, estuaries and bays.
Loc.name(s) :
Pterothrissus belloci Cadenat, 1937
FAO names : En - Longfin bonefish; Fr - Bananegisu; Sp- Macabí badejo.
Size : about 45 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, set nets.
Habitat : found from 70 to 500 m depth, morecommon on the continental slope.
Loc.name(s) :
caudal peduncle spinesurrounded by a bright
orange-yellow spot
(see Plate 1, 1)
2 pale barson head
13 spines
ALBULIDAE
dorsal fin short
snout conical, extending
beyond lower jaws;mouth subterminal
mouthsubterminal
sides silvery
dorsal fin long
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BONY FISHES
Arius gigas Boulenger, 1911
FAO names : En - Giant sea catfish; Fr - Mâchoirongéant; Sp - Bagre gigante.
Size : more than 120 cm.Fishing gear : artisanal fishing gear.
Habitat : known only from northern affluents ofthe Gulf of Guinea. Probably found in rivers,estuaries and adjoining coastal waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Arius heudeloti Valenciennes, 1840
Synonyms: Arius mercatoris Poll, 1946.
FAO names : En - Smoothmouth sea catfish;Fr - Mâchoiron banderille; Sp - Bagre bocalisa.
Size : about 70 cm, common to 35 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom setgillnets, surrounding purse seines, longlines.
Habitat : known only from northern affluentsof the Gulf of Guinea. Probably found in rivers,estuaries and adjoining coastal waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Arius latiscutatus Günther, 1864
Synonyms: Arius gambensis Cadenat, 1950;Tachysurus gambensis Fowler, 1936; Tachysuruslagoensis Fowler, 1936.
FAO names : En - Rough-head sea catfish;Fr - Mâchoiron de Gamble; Sp - Bagre deGambia.
Size : about 70 cm, common to 40 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom setgillnets, surrounding purse seines.
Habitat : coastal marne and brackish waters,
common during winter.Loc.name(s) :
ARIIDAE
dental plates onroof of mouth
base of supra-occipitalprocess moderately wide dorsal view of head
dental plates onroof of mouth
base of supra-occipitalprocess moderately narrow
dorsal view of head
dental plates on
roof of mouthbase of supra-
occipital processwide
dorsal view of head
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dorsal view of head
41
BONY FISHES
Arius parkii Günther, 1864
Synonyms: Arius capellonis Steindachner, 1867; Ariusheudeloti [Boulenger, 1911] (non Valenciennes, 1840);Tachysurus capellonis [Fowler, 19361; Tachysurusheudelotii [Fowler, 1936]; Arius granulatus Peters, 1868.
FAO names : En - Guinean sea catfish; Fr - Mâchoiron deGuinée; Sp - Bagre de Guinea.
Size: 60 cm, common to 40 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, set gillnets, purse seines.
Habitat : shallow coastal waters and estuaries, prefersbrackish and marine areas,
Loc.name(s) :
Ariomma bondi Fowler, 1930
Synonyms: Paracubiceps ledanoisi Belloc, 1937;Cubiceps nigriargenteus Ginsburg, 1954; Ariommaaledanoisi (Belloc, 1937).
FAO names : En - Silver-rag driftfish; Fr - Ariommegrise ; Sp - Arioma lucia.
Size : 30 cm, common to 20 cm.Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : deep waters (100-300 m), mostly onmuddy bottoms.
Loc.name(s) :
Ariomma melanum (Ginsburg, 1954)
Synonyms: Paracubiceps multisquamis Marchal,1961; Ariomma mult isquamis (Marchal, 1961)
FAO names : En - Brown driftfish; Fr - Ariommebrune; Sp - Arioma parda.
Size : 25 cm, common to 20 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : deep waters, from 200 to 600 m, on thecontinental shelf, usually on soft bottoms.
Loc.name(s) :
ARIIDAE
dental plates onroof of mouth
base of supra-occipital process wide
with median keel
dorsal view ofhead
dorsal view of head
ARIOMMATIDAE
fleshy keel
scales large, 30-40 on lateral line
scales small, 50-65 on lateral line
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BONY FISHES
Aulopus cadenati Poll, 1953
FAO names : En - Guinean flagfin; Fr - Limbertguinéen; Sp - Lagarto real de Guinea.
Size : 27 cm, common to 26 cm.
Fishing gear : trawls.
Habitat : benthic on outer continental shelf andupper slope, from 100 to 270 m (16 - 14.5°C).
Loc.name(s) :
Abalistes stellatus (Lacepède, 1798)
FAO names : En - Starry triggerfish; Fr - Balisteétoilé; Sp - Pejepuerco estrellado.
Size: 60 cm.
Fishing gear :
Habitat : on muddy and sandy bottoms, to 50 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Balistes capriscus Gmelin, 1788
Synonyms : Balistes carolinensis Gmelin, 1788;Balistes forcipatus Gmelin, 1788
FAO names : En - Grey triggerfish; Fr - Baliste cabri;Sp - Pejepuerco blanco.
Size : about 50 cm, common to 20 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, traps, handlines, beachseines.
Habitat : on sandy and rocky bottoms, to 60 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Balistes punctatus Gmelin, 1788
Synonyms: usually misidentified as Balistes forcipatusGmelin, 1788.
FAO names : En - Bluespotted triggerfish; Fr - Baliste àtaches bleues; Sp - Pejepuerco moteado.
Size: about 60 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, traps, bottom set nets,
handlines, beach seines.
Habitat : shallow coastal waters, mostly on sandybottoms; a solitary species.
Loc.name(s) :
AULOPODIDAE
adipose fin
2 supramaxillae
deep groove
BALISTIDAE
caudal peduncleflat, wider than high
colour usually olivegreen, with bluish spots
3 irregular barson back and sides
(see Plate I, 2)
dark spots
yellow blotch(in live fish)
(see Plate I, 3)
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BONY FISHES
Balistes vetula Linnaeus, 1758
FAO names : En - Queen triggerfish; Fr - Balisteroyal; Sp - Pejepuerco cachúo.
Size : about 50 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, traps, Iines.
Habitat : adults near the bottom, especially aroundcoral reefs and sand and vegetated grounds.
Loc.name(s) :
Canthidermis maculatus (Bloch, 1786)
FAO names : En - Rough triggerfish; Fr - Balisterude; Sp - Calafate áspero.
Size : more than 50 cm.
Fishing gear : trawls.
Habitat : coastal waters, but often found welloffshore.
Loc.name(s) :
Melichthys niger (Bloch, 1786)
FAO names : En - Black triggerfish; Fr - Balistenoire; Sp - Calafate negro.
Size : 50 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, traps, lines.
Habitat : in shallow coastal waters to about 30 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Batrachoides liberiensis (Steindachner, 1867)
Synonyms: Batrachus liberiensis Steindachner,1867; Batrachoides beninensis Regan, 1915.
FAO names : En - Hairy toadfish; Fr - Crapaud poilu;Sp - Sapo peludo.
Size: at least 25 cm, perhaps a total length of 46 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines andother artisanal fishing gear.
Habitat : bottom-living, especially in littoral andcoastal waters to about 30 m; also in brackishwaters.
Loc.name(s) :
BALISTIDAE
2 bluelines
all fins dark
colour usually dark with
elongate white spots
bluish
band (inlive fish)
body blackish
BATRACHOIDIDAE
frontal region (dorsal view)
short filaments
usually 4 browncrossbars
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BONY FISHES
BATRACHOIDIDAE
Halobatrachus didactylus (Schneider, 1801)
Synonyms : Batrachus didactylus Schneider, 1801.
FAO names : En - Lusitanian toadfish; Fr - Crapaudlusitanien; Sp - Sapo lusitánico.
Size : 45 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, artisanal fishing gear.
Habitat : bottom-living, especially in shallow coastalwaters, to about 50 m depth,
Loc.name(s) :
Perulibatrachus elminensis (Bleeker, 1861)
Synonyms: Batrachus elminensis Bleeker, 1863;Parabatrachus elminensis (Bleeker, 1863);Batrachus budkeri Roux, 1957.
FAO names : En - Guinean toadfish; Fr - Crapaudguinéen; Sp - Sapo guineano.
Size : 35 cm, common to 20 cm.
Fishing gear : artisanal fishing gear, trawls.
Habitat : bottom-living, in coastal waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Perulibatrachus rossignoli (Roux, 1957)
Synonyms : Batrachus rossignoli Roux, 1957.
FAO names : En - Rossignol toadfish; Fr - Crapaudde Rossignol; Sp - Sapo de Rossignol.
Size : at least 30 cm (possibly 40 cm).
Fishing gear : artisanal fishing gear, trawls.
Habitat : bottom-living on the continental shelf.
Loc.name(s) :
Ablennes hians (Valenciennes, 1846)
frontal region (dorsal view)pectoral fin
pulled forward
axillary
pore
small dark spots on head and body
pectoral finpulled forward
axillarypocket
frontal region (dorsal view)
a network of brown lines on body
frontal region (dorsal view)
pectoral finpulled forward
axillarypocket
dark spots and vermiculationson head and body
FAO names : En - Flat needlefish; Fr - Orphie plate; Sp - Agujónsable.
Size : about 105 cm, common to 90 cm.Fishing gear : purse seines, lines, set nets.
Habitat : mainly in offshore surface waters, but also in brackishwaters of estuaries and in backwaters of rivers.
Loc.name(s) :
BELONIDAE
anterior dorsal and anal fin rayselongate, forming a falcate lobe
dark blue line with 12-14 dark spots
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BONY FISHES
Platybelone argalus annobonensis Collete & Parin, 1970
FAO names : En - Keeltail needlefish; Fr - Orphiecarène; Sp - Agujón de quilla.
Size : standard length at least to 38.2 cm and body
length (without beak and caudal): 25.6 cm. Commonstandard-length to 80 cm.
Fishing gear : cast nets, trolling gear, trammelnets.
Habitat : pelagic in surface waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Strongylura senegalensis (Valenciennes, 1846)
Synonyms: often misidentified as Strongylura marina(Waldbaum, 1792).
FAO names : En - Senegal needlefish; Fr - Aiguillettesénégalaise; Sp - Agujón senegalés.
Size : about 150 cm, common to 60 cm.
Fishing gear : cast nets, trolling gear, purse seines, lines.
Habitat : coastal and brackish waters.
Loc. name(s) :
Tylosurus acus rafale Colette & Parin, 1970
FAO names : En - Agujon needlefish; Fr - Aiguillevoyeuse; Sp - Marao ojón.
Size : 140 cm.
Fishing gear : no exact data available.
Habitat : pelagic, inhabiting offshore waters, but alsofound in coastal waters.
Loc. Name(s) :
Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus (Peron & LeSueur, 1821)
Synonyms: Tylosurus raphidoma (Ranzani, 1842).
FAO names : En - Hound needlefish; Fr - Aiguillecrocodile; Sp - Marao lisero.
Size : 100 cm.
Fishing gear : cast nets, trolling gear, purse seines, setnets, lines.
Habitat : pelagic in nearshore surface waters.
Loc.name(s) :
BELONIDAE
dark blue band
strongly flattened;with large keels
12-16 rays
14-17 rays no keels
caudal fin forked
20-26 rays black keel
pectoral and pelvic fins short
21-33 rays black keel
lower lobe ofcaudal fin longer
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BONY FISHES
Arnoglossus capensis Boulenger, 1898
Synonyms: Arnoglossus entomorhynchus Stauch,1967?
FAO names : En - Cape scaldfish; Fr - Arnoglossedu cap; Sp - Peludilla del Cabo.
Size: 20 cm.
Fishing gear : beach seines, trawls.
Habitat : very little information available; taken atdepths between 70 and 200 m on sandy or muddybottoms.
Loc.name(s) :
concave space
between eyes62-66 scaleson lateral line
BOTHIDAE
eyed side brownish;faint brown markings
Arnoglossus imperialis (Rafinesque, 1810)
Synonyms: Arnoglossus biachei Stauch, 1965.
FAO names : En - Imperial scaldfish; Fr - Arnoglosseimpérial; Sp - Serrandel imperial.
Size: 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls, beachseines.
Habitat : on mud, sand, shell and corals, takenbetween 40 and 200 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
eyes separatedby a bony ridge
female blackspot male
58-63 scaleson lateral line
3 more or less well defined
spots on lateral line
elongated in males
(see Plate I, 4)
eyed side greyish or brownish,with irregular dark markings
Bothus guibei Stauch, 1966
FAO names : En - Guinean flounder;Fr - Rombou de Guinée; Sp - Lenguadode Guinea.
Size: 28 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beachseines, hook-and-line, hand-held fishingpoles.
Habitat : bottom-living between 15 and
40 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
female
anterior profile
of head rounded
eyed side marbled,brownish or greenish
male
Bothus podas africanus Nielsen, 1961eyes widely separated
FAO names : En - Wide-eyed flounder; Fr - Romboupodas; Sp - Podas.
Size : 45 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, dipnets,set bottom nets, dredges.
Habitat : bottom-living on sand, mud shells andcorals, from 15 to 200 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
female
spine on snoutmale
anterior profilealmost vertical
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BONY FISHES
Chascanopsetta lugubris Alcock, 1894
Citharichthys stampflii (Steindachner, 1894)
Monolene mertensi (Poli, 1959)
Synonyms: Leaps mertensi Poll, 1959
FAO names : En - Merten's moonflounder;Fr - Monolène de Mertens; Sp - Monolena deMertens.
Size : 8 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : muddy bottoms from 100 to 700 mdepth.
Loc. name(s) :
mouth very large, extending to behind level of eyes
lateral line withoutdistinct anterior curb
FAO names : En - Pelican flounder; Fr - Perpeirepélican; Sp - Lenguado pelícano.
Size: 30 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : on the continental shelf from 120 to 600 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
BOTHIDAE
FAO names : En - Smooth flounder; Fr - Perpeire
lisse; Sp - Lenguadoliso.Size : 15 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines.
Habitat : coastal waters to 50 m depth, also inestuaries; enters freshwater.
Loc. name(s) :
concave
2 rows ofteeth in
lower jaw dark spots
eyes very small
102-106 rays
no pectoral fin
on blind side
about 80 scaleson lateral line
Monolene microstoma (Cadenat, 1937)
FAO names : En - Small mouth moonflounder;Fr - Monolène à petite bouche; Sp - Monolenabocachica.
Size: 20 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : muddy bottoms from 25 to 400 m
depth.
Loc.name(s) :
eyes large,maxilla
shorter thaneye diameter
77-83 scales on lateral line
102-112 rays
no pectoral fin
on blind side
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Syacium micrurum Ranzani, 1840
48
BONY FISHES
Synonyms: Syacium guineensis (Bleeker, 1853).
FAO names : En - Channel flounder; Fr - Fausselimande paté; Sp - Lengúado pate.
Size : about 40 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, set bottom nets,beach seines, lines.
Habitat : sand and mud bottoms from 15 to 200 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
lateral line almost straight BOTHIDAE
male
one row of teeth in lower jaw
female
Branchiostegus semifasciatus (Norman, 1931)
Synonyms: Latilus semifasciatus Norman, 1931.
FAO names : En - Zebra tilefish; Fr - Tile zèbre;Sp - Blanquillo cebra.
Size : 60 cm, common to 35 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, longlines.
Habitat : sandy muddy bottoms from 100 to 300 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Alectis alexandrinus (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)
Synonyms: Scyris alexandrins (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire,
1817); Hynnis goreensis Cuvier, 1833FAO names : En - Alexandria pompano; Fr - Cordonnierbossu; Sp - Jurel de Alejandria.
Size : at least 90 cm, common to 45 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls, boat seines,purse seines, lines.
Habitat : adults demersal in shallow waters (to 70 mdepth), forming small schools.
Loc.name(s) :
young of 16 cm (standard length)
Alectis ciliaris (Bloch, 1788)
Synonyms: Alectis crinitus (Mitchill, 1826).
FAO names : En - African pompano; Fr - Cordonnierfil; Sp - Pámpano de hebra.
Size : perhaps a total length of 130 or 150 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls, boatseines, purse seines, lines.
Habitat : adults usually near the bottom to about60 m depth; young normally pelagic and drifting.Usually solitary.
Loc.name(s) :
predorsal crestBRANCHIOSTEGIDAE
16-20 violet-
grey crossbars
(see Plate I, 5)
dorsal spines not
visible in adults
CARANGIDAE
20-22 rays
keels
(see Plate I, 6 & 7)
dorsal spines notvisible in adults
18-19 rays
scutes
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BONY FISHES
Campogramma glaycos (Lacepède, 1801)
Synonyms: Campogramma lirio Dollfus, 1955;Campogramma vadigo (Risso, 1810); Solagmedensafricana (Delsman, 1941).
FAO names: En - Vadigo; Fr - Liche lirio; Sp - Lirio.Size : at least 50 cm, rarely exceeding 40 cm.Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls.
Habitat : adults demersal or pelagic in coastalwaters.
Remarks : presence in the Gulf of Guinea to beconfirmed.
Loc.name(s)
Caranx crysos (Mitchill, 1815)
Synonyms : Caranx fusus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817.
FAO names : En - Blue runner; Fr - Carangue coubali;Sp - Cojinua negra.
Size : at least 55 cm, common to 40 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls, ringnets,purse seines, set nets, line gear.
Habitat : usually close inshore, but also in deeperwaters (over 100 m depth).
Loc.name(s) :
mouth large
6 or 7 spines
CARANGIDAE
distinctdark lobes
(see Plate I, 8)
46-56 scutes
breastentirelyscaled
black spot
(see Plate II,9)
Caranx hippos (Linnaeus, 1766)
FAO names : En - Crévalle jack ; Fr - Caranguecrevalle; Sp - Jurel común.
Size : common to 75 cm, might exceed 100 cm.
Fishing gear : trawls, purse seines, set nets, lines.
Habitat : pelagic to demersal, forming schools incoastal waters and estuaries.
Loc.name(s) :
Caranx latus Agassiz in Spix & Agassiz, 1831
FAO names : En - Horse-eye jack; Fr - Caranguemayole; Sp - Jurel ojón.
Size : at least 80 cm.
Fishing gear : no exact information available.
Habitat : coastal waters along sandy beaches; alsobrackish waters and rivers.
Loc.name(s) :
profileblunt 23-27 scutes
median plateof scales
no scales
(see Plate II, 10)
ventral view
breast scalelessexcept fora
median plateof scales
32-39 scutes
breast scaleless
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BONY FISHES
Caranx lugubris Poey, 1860
Synonyms: Caranx ascensionis [Bloch & Schneider,1801] (non Osbeck)
FAO names : En - Black jack; Fr - Carangue noire;
Sp - Jurel negro.Size : 99 cm.
Fishing gear : trawls.
Habitat : usually trawls, purse seines, lines. In clearwaters, from 25 to at least 65 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Caranx senegallus Cuvier, 1833
Synonyms: Caranx africanus Steindachner,
1883
FAO names : En - Senegal jack; Fr - Caranguedu Sénégal; Sp - Jurel senegalés.
Size : at least 50 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : trawls, purse seines, lines.
Habitat : coastal waters from the surface to atleast 90 m depth.
Loc.name(s)
Chloroscombrus chrysurus (Linnaeus, 1776)
FAO names : En - Atlantic bumper; Fr - Sapater ;Sp - Casabe.
Size : common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, setnets.
Habitat : coastal waters, forming schools; also inestuaries and mangrove-lined lagoons; the youngoccur at times far offshore.
Loc.name(s)
Decapterus macarellus (Cuvier, 1833)
FAO names : En - Mackerel scad; Fr - Comètemaquereau; Sp - Macarela caballa.
Size: about 35 cm; common to 20 cm.
Fishing gear : pelagic and bottom trawls.
Habitat : offshore waters between 40 and 200 mdepth, occasionally on outer reefs; schooling.
Loc.name(s) :
CARANGIDAE
26-32 scutes
breast scaleless
(see Plate II,11)
40-45 scutes
elongated rays
black spot
6-12 weak scutes
body laterally compressed
finlet
23-32 weak scutes
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51
BONY FISHES
Decapterus punctatus (Cuvier, 1829)
Synonyms: Decapterus sanctaehelenae (Cuvier,1833).
FAO names : En - Round scad; Fr - Comète quiaquia;
Sp - Macarela chuparaco.Size: at least 25 cm, common to 15 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, purse seines.
Habitat : demersal in coastal waters to about 100 mdepth; also pelagic, more common in winter.
Loc.name(s) :
"Decapterus" rhonchus (Goeffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)
Synonyms: Caranx rhonchus Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire,
1817; Caranx angolensis Fowler, 1919.
FAO names : En - False scad; Fr - Comète coussut;Sp - Macarela real.
Size : at least 45 cm, common to 30-36 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, purse seines, set nets.
Habitat : frequently near the bottom, between 30and 60 m depth; also pelagic and near the surface attimes.
Loc.name(s) :
Elagatis bipinnulata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)
FAO names : En - Rainbow runner; Fr - Comètesaumon; Sp - Macarela salmón.
Size : possibly to 120 cm, common to 80 cm.
Fishing gear : purse seines, trolling lines and otherline gear.
Habitat : warm coastal surface waters; alsoestuaries.
Loc.name(s) :
Hemicaranx bicolor (Günther, 1860)
FAO names : En - Two-colour jack; Fr - Caranguebicolore; Sp - Casabe bicolor.
Size : 70 cm; common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, purse seines, bottomset nets, line gear.
Habitat : mainly coastal, entering brackish water;apparently in mid-water or near the bottom than
at the surface; not forming large schools.
Loc name(s) :
CARANGIDAE
finlet
10-14 small black spots on lateral line
30-38 scutes
(see Plate II,12)
black spot
finlet
24-32 scutes
(see Plate II,13)
1 double-rayed finlet
2 light blue bands
1 olive-yellowish band
distal part black
no keels
anterior arch oflateral line shortand pronounced
young of 17.5 cm(standard length)
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gill chamber
52
BONY FISHES
CARANGIDAE
Lichia amia (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms: Hypacanthus amia (Linnaeus, 1758).
FAO names : En - Leerfish; Fr - Liche né-bé;
Sp - Palometón.
Size: at least 180 cm, common to 100 cm.
Fishing gear : trawls, purse seines, beach seines,Iine gear.
Habitat : pelagic in coastal waters and estuariesto 60 m depth; regularly caught but not veryabundant.
Loc.name(s) :
Naucrates ductor (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Pilotfish; Fr - Poisson-pilote;Sp - Pez piloto.
Size : 70 cm, common to 45 cm.
Fishing gear : pelagic trawls.
Habitat : mainly pelagic; often associated withlarge sharks, rays, turtles, ships and floating logs.
Loc.name(s) :
Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793)
Synonyms : Trachurops crumenophthalmus(Bloch, 1793).
FAO names : En - Bigeye scad; Fr - Selarcoulisou; Sp - Chicharro ojón.
Size: 60 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, purse seines, setgillnets, line gear.
Habitat : shallow coastal waters, more regularlyfound during the hot season.
Loc.name(s) :
black spot
lateral line wavy
black spot
(see Plate II, 14)
usually 6-7 black crossbars in life
4 or 5 spinesgroove
fleshy keel
scales slightly enlarged
scutes
gill filaments
gill arch
small papilla
large papilla
groove
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BONY FISHES
CARANGIDAE
Selene dorsalis (Gill, 1863)
Synonyms : Vomer gibbiceps Gilchrist & Thompson,1914; often misidentified as Vomer setapinnis (Mitchill,1815).
FAO names : En - African moonfish; Fr - Musso africain;Sp - Jorobado africano.
Size : common to 20 cm, never reaching large sizes.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, purse seines, set nets, linegear.
Habitat : coastal waters to 60 cm depth; forms schools;regularly found in winter (May-October).
Loc.name(s) :
Seriola carpenteri Mather, 1971
FAO names : En - Guinean amberjack; Fr - Sérioleguinéenne; Sp - Medregal de Guinea.
Size : at least 54 cm.
Fishing gear : pelagic and bottom trawls, purse seines,set gillnets.
Habitat : adults pelagic and demersal in coastal waters,from the surface to at least 200 m depth.
Remarks : this species is often confused with Seriola
dumerili.
Loc.name(s) :
Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810)
Synonyms : Seriola rhombica Smith, 1959.
FAO names : En - Greater amberjack; Fr - Sériolecouronnée; Sp - Pez de limón.
Size : to 90 cm, common to 80 cm.
Fishing gear : pelagic and bottom trawl, line gear.
Habitat : adults pelagic, not common in coastal waters.
Remarks : presence in the Gulf of Guinea to beconfirmed.
Loc.name(s) :
8 spines
weak scutes
pelvic fin small
(see Plate II, 15)young of 5.5 cm
(standard length)
7 or 8 spines
groove
adults with 22
or 23 gillrakersno scutes
(see Plate II,16)
6 or 7 spines
groove
adults with 1119 gillrakers
no scutes
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(see Plate III,19)
54
BONY FISHES
Trachinotus goreensis Cuvier, 1832
Synonyms : Trachinotus myrias Cuvier, 1832.
FAO names : En - Longfin pompano; Fr – Pompaneautacheté; Sp - Pámpano cojonovo.
Size : 40 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls, purseseines.
Habitat : coastal waters to 60 m depth and estuaries.
Loc.name(s) :
verticalblackblotch
elongated raysCARANGIDAE
rounded snout
3-5 spots
young of 13 cm(standard length)
Trachinotus maxillosus Cuvier, 1832
FAO names : En - Galloon pompano; Fr - Pompaneauchevron; Sp - Pámpano galonero.
Size : 60 cm, common to 35 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls, purseseines, beach seines.
Habitat : shallow coastal waters and estuaries.
Loc.name(s) :
(see Plate Ill, 17)
profile steep lobe usuallylonger than head
Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms : Caesiomorus glaucus Fowler, 1936.
FAO names : En - Pompano; Fr - Palomine;Sp - Pámpano blanco.
Size : about 40 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls, purseseines, beach seines, line gear.
Habitat : clear coastal waters, forming schools.Loc.name(s) :
Trachinotus terai a Cuvier, 1832
FAO names : En - Terai pompano; Fr - Pompaneauné-bé; Sp - Pámpano terayo.
Size : 68 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls, purseseines.
Habitat : coastal waters; often present in estuariesand occasionally even in rivers.
Loc.name(s) :
3-5 oval blotches black spot
body slenderblack spot
(see Plate III,18)
lobe shorter than head
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front view of head(see Plate III, 21)
55
BONY FISHES
Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms : Trachurus capensis Castelnau,1861.
FAO names : En - Atlantic horse mackerel;Fr - Chinchard d'Europe; Sp - Jurel.
Size : about 40 cm (fork length), commonto 25 cm.
Fishing gear : pelagic and bottom trawls,purse seines.
Habitat : sandy bottoms from 100 to 200 mdepth; sometimes pelagic; forms schools.
Loc.name(s) :
Trachurus trecae Cadenat, 1949
FAO names : En - Cunene horse mackerel;Fr - Chinchard cunène; Sp - Jurel cunene.
Size : at least 35 cm.
Fishing gear : pelagic and bottom trawls,purse seines.
Habitat : coastal waters from 20 to 100 mdepth; sometimes pelagic, forms schools.
Loc.name(s) :
Uraspis helvola (Forster, 1801)
CARANGIDAE
end of accessory lateral line
scales as large as scutes scutes
lateral line
end of accessory lateral line
scales smaller than the scutes
lateral line
scutes
(see Plate III, 20)
scutes
Synonyms : formerly identified as Uraspis secunda
(Poey, 1860); Uraspis cadenati Blache & Rossignol,1961.
FAO names : En - Cotton mouth jack; Fr – Carangue-coton; Sp - Jurel volantín.
Size : 50 cm, common to 35 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : an oceanic species, pelagic in surface watersas well as demersal; solitary or forming small schools.
Loc.name(s) :
2 keels
palate
mouth black tongue
floor
white
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BONY FISHES
Spicara alta (Osorio, 1917)
Synonyms: Smaris macrophthalmus Cadenat, 1937.
FAO names : En - Bigeye picarel; Fr - Picarel à grosyeux; Sp - Chucla ojona.
Size : 30 cm, common to 20 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : trawlable grounds from 100 to 300 mdepth, mainly taken by industrial fisheries, butpresently discarded.
Loc.name(s) :
Spicara nigricauda (Norman, 1931)
Synonyms : Coleosmaris nigricauda Norman,1931; often misidentified as Spicara melanurus(Valenciennes, 1830).
FAO names : En - Blacktail picarel; Fr - Picarelqueue noire; Sp - Chucla rabo negro.
Size : 20 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : continental shelf from 50 to 100 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Hyperoglyphe moselii (Cunningham, 1910)
Synonyms : Palinurichthys pringlei Smith, 1949;Palinurichthys matthewsi Smith, 1960.
FAO names : En - African barrelfish; Fr – Rouffeafricain; Sp - Rufo africano.
Size : 80 cm, common to 50 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls (bycatch).
Habitat : waters of the continental slope.
Loc.name(s) :
Synonyms : Palinurichthys pemarco Poll, 1959.
FAO names : En - Pemarco blackfish; Fr - Roufferayé; Sp - Rufo pemarco.
Size : 50 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, set nets.
Habitat : shelf and slope waters from 100 to 500 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
mouth stronglyprotractile
CENTRACANTHIDAE
anal fin short,
with 8 rays
(see Plate III, 22 & 23)
black saddle
anal fin long,with 15 or 16 rays
profilesteep
8 weak spines CENTROLOPHIDAE
Schedophilus pemarco (Poll, 1959)5-7 weak spines
increasing in length blue lines
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BONY FISHES
Chlorophthalmus atlanticus Poll, 1953
FAO names : En - Atlantic greeneye; Fr - Eperlan dularge de l'Atlantique; Sp - Ojiverde del Atlántico.
Size : to about 25 cm, common to 20 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : demersal, on the continental shelf.
Loc.name(s) :
Citharus linguatula (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms: Citharus macrolepidotus (Bloch, 1787).
FAO names : En - Spotted flounder; Fr - Feuille;Sp - Solleta.
Size : 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, occasionally inbeach seines.
Habitat : soft bottoms from the coastline to about300 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Ethmalosa fimbriata (Bowdich, 1825)
Synonyms: Ethmalosa dorsalis (Valenciennes, 1847).
FAO names : En - Bonga shad; Fr - Ethmalosed'Afrique; Sp - Sábalo africano.
Size: 40 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : purse seines, beach seines, gillnets.
Habitat : coastal marine waters, estuaries, lagoonsand even rivers.
Loc.name(s) :
Ilisha africana (Bloch, 1795)
Synonyms : Clupea africana Bloch, 1795.
FAO names : En - West African ilisha ; Fr - Aloserasoir; Sp - Sardineta africana.
Size : 21 cm, common to 12 cm.
Fishing gear : trawls, purse seines, beach seines.
Habitat : coastal marine waters and estuaries; maybe demersal.
Loc.name(s) :
eye large, green
CHLOROPHTHALMIDAE
adipose fin
20 or 21 lowergillrakers on first arch
origin of dorsalfin in front of
upper eye
no spines
CITHARIDAE
anus oneyed side
black spot
black spot
mouthterminal
CLUPEIDAE
anal fin short
(see Plate III, 24)
mouth directed upwards
pelvic fins small
anal fin very long
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BONY FISHES
Pellonula leonensis Boulenger, 1916
Synonyms : Microthrissa miri Daget, 1954.
FAO names : En - Guinean sprat; Fr - Spratelle deGuinée; Sp - Sardinita de Guinea.
Size : 9 cm.
Fishing gear : purse seines (poli nets), beach seines.
Habitat : mainly in freshwaters, but also in estuariesand lagoons of moderate salinity; reproductionoccurs in rivers and lakes, and may be also in estuariesand coastal lagoons.
CLUPEIDAE
no scutes before pectoral fins
Remarks : another species, Pellonula vorax Günther, 1868, is often found with young Sardinella maderensis inestuaries and lagoons. P. vorax has scutes before pectoral fins.
Loc.name(s) :
Sardinella aurita Valenciennes, 1847
Synonyms : Alosa senegalensis Bennett, 1831.
FAO names : En - Round sardinella; Fr - Allache;Sp - Alacha.
Size : 35 cm, common to 18 cm.
Fishing gear : purse seines (poli nets), gillnets,beach seines, midwater trawls.
Habitat : upwelling areas (cold and saline waters).
Loc.name(s) :
Sardinella maderensis (Lowe, 1839)
Synonyms : Pellonula modesta Fischer, 1885;Sardinella granigera Valenciennes, 1847;Sardinella eba Valenciennes, 1847; Sardinellacameronensis Regan, 1917.
FAO names : En - Madeiran sardinella; Fr - Grandeallache; Sp - Machuelo.
Size : 30 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : ringnets, purse seines (poli nets),
beach seines, cast nets, midwater trawls.
Habitat : warm coastal waters, from the surface to50 m depth, sometimes in estuaries and lagoons.
Loc.name(s) :
Sardinella rouxi (PolI, 1953)
Synonyms : Harengula rouxi Poll, 1953.
FAO names : En - Yellowtail sardinella; Fr - Sardinelleà queue jaune; Sp - Alacha rabo amarillo.
Size : 16 cm, common to 13 cm.
Fishing gear : beach seines, purse seines, giIInets.
Habitat : littoral and coastal waters, often caughttogether with young S. maderensis.
Loc.name(s) :
black spot onmargin of opercle
black spot
behind opercle
grays
(see Plate IV, 25)
black spotcaudal fin dark grey,
tips almost black
more than
70 gillrakers rays white onblack background
7 rays
(see Plate IV, 26)
black spot
34-40 gillrakers 7 rays caudal fin
pale yellow
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Coryphaena equiselis Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms : Coryphaena equisetisLinnaeus, 1758.
FAO names : En - Pompanodolphinfish; Fr - Coryphène dauphin;Sp - Dorado.
Size : 75 cm, common to 50 cm.
Fishing gear : floating longlines, purseseines, trolling.
Habitat : a pelagic species, occasionallyfound in coastal waters.
59
BONY FISHES
toothpatch
Coryphaena equiselis Coryphaena hippurus
dorsal surface of tongue
CORYPHAENIDAE
pectoral fins long (more
than half the head length)
58-66 rays
concaveCoryphaena equiselis
Remarks : another species, C. hippurus Linnaeus, 1758, has an oval patch of teeth on the tongue, and 52 to 59 dorsalfin rays.
Loc.name(s) :
Cynoglossus browni Chabanaud, 1949
FAO names : En - Nigerian tonguesole; Fr - Languenigérienne ; Sp - Lengua nigeriana.
Size: 60 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines.
Habitat : coastal waters on muddy and sandybottoms to about 30 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Cynoglossus cadenati Chabanaud, 1947
FAO names : En - Ghanian tonguesole; Fr - Sole-langue du Ghana; Sp - Lengua de Ghana.
Size: 20 cm, common to 15 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, bottom
set nets.
Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms from 10 to 30 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Cynoglossus canariensis Steindachner, 1882
Synonyms : Cynoglossus lagoensis Regan, 1915.
FAO names : En - Canary tonguesole, Fr – Sole-langue canarienne; Sp - Lengua de Canarias.
Size : 60 cm, common to 40 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets.
Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms from 15 to300 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
115-125 rays CYNOGLOSSIDAE
12 rays
2 lateral lines on eye side; none on blind side
96-99 rays
109-115 rays
10 rays
2 lateral lines on eyed side; none on blind side
87 or 88 rays
3 lateral lines
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body fairly deep, dorsal and ventral profiles convex
60
BONY FISHES
Cynoglossus monodi Chabanaud, 1949
FAO names : En - Guinean tonguesole; Fr - Sole-langue de Guinée; Sp - Lengua de Guinea.
Size : at least 40 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, bottomset nets.
Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms from 10 to 25 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Cynoglossus senegalensis (Kaup, 1858)
Synonyms : Cynoglossus goreensis Steindachner, 1882.
FAO names : En - Senegalese tonguesole; Fr - Sole-langue sénégalaise; Sp - Lengua del Senegal
Size: about 40 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, bottom setnets.
Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms from 10 to 110 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Symphurus ligulatus (Cocco, 1844)
Synonyms : ? Symphurus vanmellae Chabanaud,1952.
FAO names : En - Elongate tonguesole; Fr - Plagusielongue; Sp - Pelada tirrena.
Habitat : on mud bottoms of the continental slope.
Remarks : according to some authors S. vanmellae isthe metomorphosed stage of S. ligulatus.
Loc.name(s) :
Symphurus nigrescens Rafinesque, 1810
FAO names : En - Spotted tonguesole; Fr - Plagusiesombre; Sp - Pelada.
Size : to 12 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawl, dredges.
Habitat : on mud or sand bottoms of thecontinental slope and shelf, from 20 to 1140 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
CYNOGLOSSIDAE
12-14 rays of scales between lateral lines
snoutlong
(see Plate IV, 27)
2 lateral lines on eyed side, 1 on blind side
15-20 rows of scales between lateral lines
2 lateral lines on eyed side, 1 on blind side
more than 95 dorsal raysno lateral lineon eyed side
Size : to 10 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
mouthalmost
terminal
pelvic fin separated from anal fin
body elongate, dorsal andventral profiles almost parallel
90 or fewer scales
mouthalmost
terminal
less than 95 dorsal rays
pelvic fin separated from anal fin
no lateral lineon eyed side
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BONY FISHES
Symphurus normani Chabanaud, 1950
FAO names : En - Norman's tonguesole;Fr - Plagusie de Norman; Sp - Pelada deNorman.
Size : 70 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : on mud and sand bottoms from50 to 80 m depth.
Loc.name(s)
Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus, 1758)
more than 95 scales CYNOGLOSSIDAE
mouthalmost
terminal
pelvic fin separated from anal fin
no lateral lineon eyed side
bony shield
Synonyms: Cephalacanthus volitans (Linnaeus,1758).
FAO names : En - Flying gurnard; Fr - Poule demer; Sp - Alón.
Size : at least 45 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets, lines.
Habitat : demersal on shallow sandy and muddybottoms.
Loc.name(s) :
Diretmoides parini Post & Quéro, 1981
FAO names : En - Parin's spinyfin; Fr - Dirette deParin; Sp - Malcarado de Parin.
Size : 40 cm.
Fishing gear : trawls (bycatch).
Habitat : mesopelagic; young near the surface,aged adults often descend below 1000 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Diretmoides pauciradiatus (Woods, 1973)
FAO names : En - Longwing spinyfin; Fr - Dirette aile longue;Sp - Malcarado alón.
Size : 14 cm.
Fishing gear : trawls (bycatch).
Habitat : mesopelagic; young near the surface, aged adultsoften descend below 1000 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
DACTYLOPTERIDAE
pectoral finsvery long
dorsal view
27 or 28 rays DIRETMIDAE
21 or 22 rays
24 or 25 rays
18-20 rays
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BONY FISHES
DIRETMIDAE
Diretmus argenteus Johnson, 1863
FAO names :
En - Silver spinyfin ; Fr - Diretteargentée; Sp - Malcarado plateado.
Size : 15 cm.
Fishing gear : trawls (bycatch).
Habitat : mesopelagic; juveniles from near surfaceto about 250 m depth; adults mainly in a depthrange from 500 to 700 m.
Loc.name(s) :
Drepane africana Osorio, 1892
FAO names : En - African sicklefish; Fr - Forgeron ailé;Sp - Catemo africano.
Size : 40 cm, common to 35 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls,. beach seines, purse seines.
Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms from 20 to 50 mdepths.
Loc.name(s) :
spiny scutes
body disc-like
often about 8narrow dark bands
DREPANIDAE
8 or 9 spines
(see Plate IV, 28)pectoral fins very long
Elops lacerta Valenciennes, 1846
FAO names : En - West African ladyfish; Fr - Guinéecopace; Sp - Malacho copace.
Size : 90 cm, common to 60 cm.
Fishing gear : purse seines, beach seines, encircling
gillnets.
Habitat : shallow coastal waters in summer,estuaries throughout the year.
Loc.name(s) :
ELOPIDAE
scales larger, 72-85 on lateral line
17-19 gillrakers
(see Plate IV, 30)
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(see Plate IV, 32)
63
BONY FISHES
Elops senegalensis Regan, 1909
FAO names : En - Senegalese ladyfish; Fr - Guinéedu Senegal; Sp - Malacho senegalés.
Size : 90 cm, common to 60 cm.Fishing gear : beach seines, purse seines and bottomtrawls
Habitat : shallow coastal waters in summer,estuaries and lagoons throughout the year.
Loc.name(s) :
Erythrocles monodi Poll & Cadenat, 1954
FAO names : En - Atlantic rubyfish; Fr - Poissonrubis; Sp - Pez rubí.
Size : 55 cm, common to 35 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : continental shelf from 100-300 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
(see Plate IV, 31)
Engraulis encrasicolus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms : Anchoa guineensis Rossignol & Blache,1961; Engraulis guineensis (Rossignol & Blache, 1961).
FAO names : En - European anchovy; Fr - Anchoiscommun; Sp - Anchoa europea.
Size : 15 cm, common to 8 cm.
Fishing gear : purse seines (poli nets), beach seines.
Habitat : coastal pelagic, but may descend to 400 mdepth (cold waters).
Loc.name(s) :
Chaetodipterus goreensis (Cuvier, 1831)
Synonyms: Ephippus goreensis Cuvier, 1831.
FAO names : En - African spadefish; Fr - Chèvrede mer; Sp - Paguala africana.
Size : 30 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : set nets, seines, trawls.
Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms of estuaries.
Loc.name(s) :
scales smaller, 92-100 on lateral line
ELOPIDAE
mouth stronglyprotractile
11-15 gillrakers
11 spines
EMMELICHTHYIDAE
maxilla scaly 1 medio-lateral keeladults of 30 cm and
larger (standard length)
ENGRAULIDIDAE
no lateral line
mouth inferior,maxilla very long
no scutes silvery stripe
3rd to 5th or 6thspine elongate
6 or 7 crossbars, one of
them crossingthe eye
EPHIPPIDIDAE
pectoral fin short
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BONY FISHES
Chaetodipterus lippei Steindachner, 1895
Synonyms : often confused with Chaetodipterusgoreensis (Cuvier, 1831).
FAO names : En - West African spadefish; Fr - Chèvrede mer noire; Sp - Paguala negra.
Size : 30 cm, common to 20 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines.
Habitat : on sandy or muddy bottoms in coastalwaters from 10 to 45 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Cypselurus cyanopterus (Valenciennes, 1846)
Synonyms : Cheilopogon cyanopterus (Valenciennes,1846).
FAO names : En - Marginated flyfish; Fr - Exocetcodène; Sp - Volador bordiblanco.
Size : 35 cm standard Iength.
Fishing gear : purse seines, drift nets, pelagic trawls.
Habitat : pelagic in coastal waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Cypselurus melanurus (Valenciennes, 1846)
Synonyms: Cypselurus lutkeni (Jordan & Meek,1896).
FAO names : En - Atlantic flyingfish; Fr - Exocetatlantique; Sp - Volador atlántico.
Size : 26 cm standard length.
Fishing gear : purse seines, driftnets, pelagic trawls.
Habitat : pelagic, mainly in coastal surface waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Cypselurus milleri Gibbs & Staiger, 1970
FAO names : En - Guinean flyingfish; Fr - Exocet deGuinée; Sp - Volador de Guinea.
Size : 28 cm standard length.
Fishing gear : purse seines, driftnets, pelagic trawls.
Habitat : pelagic in oceanic and coastal surfacewaters.
Loc.name(s) :
only 3rd spine elongate EPHIPPIDIDAE
33-41 predorsal scales
EXOCOETIDAE
triangularblack spot
27-35 predorsal scales
36-45 predorsal scales
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BONY FISHES
Fodiator acutus (Valenciennes, 1846)
FAO names : En - Sharpchin flyingfish; Fr - Exocetbécune; Sp - Volador picudo.
Size : 15 cm.Fishing gear : purse seines, driftnets, pelagictrawls.
Habitat : pelagic in surface waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Hirundichthys affinis (Günther, 1866)
FAO names : En - Fourwing flyingfish; Fr - Exocethirondelle; Sp - Volador golondrina.
Size : 25 cm standard length.
Fishing gear : purse, seines, driftnets, pelagictrawls.
Habitat : pelagic in coastal surface waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Hirundichthys speculiger (Valenciennes, 1846)
FAO names : En - Mirrorwing flyingfish; Fr - Exocetmiroir; Sp - Volador espejo.
Size : 25 cm standard length.
Fishing gear : purse seines, driftnets, pelagic trawls.
Habitat : pelagic in coastal surface waters
Remarks : presence in the Gulf of Guinea to beconfirmed.
Loc.name(s) :
Parexocoetus brachypterus (Richardson, 1846)
FAO names : En - Sailfin flyingfish; Fr - Exocetvoilier; Sp - Volador aletón.
Size : 19 cm standard length.
Fishing gear : purse seines, driftnets, pelagictrawls.
Habitat : pelagic in surface waters.
Loc.name(s) :
snout longer thaneye diameter
EXOCOETIDAE
pointed
short
narrow white margin
broad white margin
very long, middle rays longest
black spot
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BONY FISHES
Prognichthys gibbifrons (Valenciennes, 1846)
FAO names : En - Bluntnose flyingfish; Fr - Exocet jibeux; Sp - Volador jorobada.
Size : 20 cm standard length.
Fishing gear : purse seines, driftnets, pelagictrawls.
Habitat : pelagic in surface waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Fistularia petimba Lacepède, 1803
Synonyms: Fistularia serrata Cuvier, 1817; Fistulariavillosa Klunzinger, 1871.
FAO names : En - Red cornetfish; Fr - Cornette rouge;Sp - Corneta colorada.
Size : 150 cm, common to 100 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, gillnets, Iine gear.
Habitat : demersal in coastal waters from 10 to 40 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Fistularia tabacaria Linnaeus, 1758
FAO names : En - Bluespotted cornetfish;Fr - Cornette à taches bleues; Sp - Corneta.
Size : about 180 cm, common to 100 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, artisanal gear,set gillnets.
Habitat : rocky, coralline and vegetatedbottoms throughout the year.
Loc.name(s) :
Lepidocybium flavobrunneum (Smith, 1849)
Synonyms : Xenogramma carinatum Waite,1904; Nasogrammus thompsoni Fowler,1923.
FAO names : En - Escolar; Fr - Escolier noir;Sp - Escolar negro.
Size : 200 cm, common to 150 cm.
Fishing gear : longlines, pelagic trawls(bycatch).
Habitat : oceanic, in surface and mid-waters,to depths of at least 200 m.
Loc.name(s) :
2 unbranched rays
EXOCOETIDAE
FISTULARIIDAE
crest with forwardpointing spines
bony plates dorsal fin
sector of back in front of dorsal fin
smooth crestblue spots
(see Plate V, 33)
8 or 9 spines16-18 rays
GEMPYLIDAE
lateral line wavy
caudal keels
4-6 finlets
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BONY FISHES
Promethichthys prometheus (Cuvier, 1832)
FAO names : En - Promethean escolar; Fr - Escolier
clair; Sp - Escolar prometeo.Size : 50 cm, common to 40 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : benthopelagic from 100 to 800 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Ruvettus pretiosus Cocco, 1829
Synonyms: Ruvettus tydemani . Weber, - 1913;
Ruvettus whakari Griffin, 1927.
FAO names : En - Oilfish; Fr - Rouvet; Sp - Escolarclavo.
Size : 200 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, longlines.
Habitat : benthopelagic, mainly in coastal waters,sometimes oceanic, to depths of at least 200 m.
Loc.name(s) :
Eucinostomus melanopterus (Bleeker, 1863)
Synonyms: Gerres melanopterus Bleeker, 1863.
FAO names : En - Flagfin mojarra; Fr - Blanchedrapeau; Sp - Mojarrita de ley.
Size : 30 cm, common to 23 cm.
Fishing gear : beach seines, set nets, handlines,bottom trawls.
Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms in coastal waters,rarely beyond 25 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Gerres nigri Günther, 1859
Synonyms : Gerres octatis Bleeker, 1863.
FAO names : En - Guinean striped mojarra;Fr - Friture rayée; Sp - Mojarra guineana.
Size : 20 cm, common to 15 cm.
Fishing gear : trawls, artisanal fishing gear.
Habitat : coastal waters, estuaries and coastallagoons.
Loc.name(s) :
membrane black, 17-19 spines
GEMPYLIDAE
18-21 rays
2 finlets
pelvic fins reduced to 1 spine
13-15 spines15-18 rays
2 finlets
belly keeled between pelvic and anal fins
black spot
GERREIDAE
7 rays
longitudinal bands, often also crossbars
8 rays
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69
BONY FISHES
Rypticus saponaceus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
FAO names : En - Greater soapfish; Fr - Grandsavon; Sp - Jabonero.
Size : 32 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : hook-and-line, traps, beach seines,bottom trawls.
Habitat : shallow waters (to 50 m depth), onchalky and rocky bottoms mixed with sand, oftenaround coral reefs.
Loc.name(s) :
Rypticus subbifrenatus Gill, 1861
FAO names : En - Spotted soapfish; Fr - Savontacheté; Sp - Jabonero machado.
Size : 13 cm.
Fishing gear : no information available.
Habitat : coastal waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Brachydeuterus auritus (Valenciennes, 1831)
Synonyms : Otoperca aurita (Valenciennes, 1831).
FAO names : En - Bigeye grunt; Fr - Lippu pelon;Sp - Burro ojón.
Size : 27 cm, common to 20 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, purseseines, set nets.
Habitat : coastal waters from 10 to 100 m depth, butmore common between 15 and 40 m.
Loc.name(s) :
Parapristipoma humile (Bowdich, 1825)
Synonyms : Pristipoma humilis Bowdich, 1825;Pristipoma viridens Cuvier, 1830; Diagrammaaeneum Peters, 1869; Diagramma (Diagramella)macrops Pellegrin, 1912; Genyatremus latifrons Troschel, 1866; Genyatremus angustifrons Troschel,1866; Parapristipoma latifrons [Fowler, 1936];Parapristipoma macrops [Poll, 1954].
FAO names : En - Guinea grunt; Fr - Grondeurbouche d'or; Sp - Burro boca de oro.
Size : 40 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : sandy bottoms, from the coastline to 100 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
3 spines, 23-25 rays, heightregularly increasing backwards
GRAMMISTIDAE
colour grey-brown with pale spots1 spine, 15 rays
4 spines
head with red-brown spots
black spot onmargin of opercule
background colour of body paleolive green to pale red brown
HAEMULIDAE( = POMADASYIDAE)
(see Plate V, 34)
13 spines
15 rays
colour uniform violet brown
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BONY FISHES
Parapristipoma octolineatum (Valenciennes, 1833)
Synonyms : Pristipoma octolineatum Valenciennes,1833; Diagramma octolineatum (Valenciennes, 1833)
FAO names : En - African striped grunt; Fr – Grondeur
rayé; Sp - Burro listado.
Size : 36 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammel nets, lone gear.
Habitat : rocky bottoms to about 60 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Plectorhynchus macrolepis (Boulenger, 1899)
Synonyms : Diagramma macrolepis Boulenger,1899.
FAO names : En - Biglip grunt; Fr Diagramme àgrosses lèvres; Sp - Burro labiogrueso.
Size : 45 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, set gill nets, lines.
Habitat : shallow coastal waters, estuaries andcoastal lagoons.
Loc.name(s) :
Plectorhynchus mediterraneus (Guichenot, 1850)
Synonyms : Diagramma mediterraneurn Guichenot,1850; Parapristipoma mediterraneum (Guichenot,1850).
FAO names : En - Rubberlip grunt; Fr – Diagrammegris; Sp - Burro chiclero.
Size : 60 cm, common to 40 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls, bottom setnets, lines.
Habitat : rocky, sandy and sandy/muddy bottoms to60 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Pomadasys incisus (Bowdich, 1825)
Synonyms : Pomadasys bennetti Lowe, 1841.
FAO names : En - Bastard grunt; Fr - Grondeurmétis; Sp - Ronco mestizo.
Size : 30 cm, common to 20 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, set nets.
Habitat : hard bottoms from 1 to 50 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
13 spines HAEMULIDAE( = POMADASYIDAE)
14 or 15 rays
4 longitudinalblue bands
14 spines
(see Plate V, 35)
lips very thick
16 rays
7 rays
(see Plate V, 36)
12 spines
18 or 19 rays
8 or 9 rays
black spot
(see Plate V, 37)
12 or 13 rays
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BONY FISHES
Pomadasys jubelini (Cuvier, 1830)
FAO names : En - Sompat grunt; Fr - Grondeursompat; Sp - Ronco sompat.
Size : 60 cm, common to 40 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines,purse seines, lines.
Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms in coastalwaters and estuaries, most common between20 and 50 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Synonyms : Pomadasys perotoei (Cuvier, 1830).
FAO names : En - Parrot grunt; Fr - Grondeurperroquet; Sp - Ronco loro.
Size : 40 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines,purse seines, lines.
Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms in coastalwaters; also in estuaries.
Loc.name(s) :
Pomadasys rogerii (Cuvier, 1830)
5 rows of scales
above lateral line
HAEMUUDAE( = POMADASYIDAE)
round spots
maxilla8 or 9 rays
Pomadasys peroteti (Cuvier, 1830)
(see Plate V, 39)
7 rows of scalesabove lateral line
maxilla narrowand sickle-shaped
9 or 10 rays
Synonyms : Pomadasys suillus (ou P. suillum)(Valenciennes, 1833).
FAO names : En - Pigsnout grunt; Fr - Grondeurnez de cochon; Sp - Ronco trompudo.
Size : 60 cm, common to 45 cm.
Fishing gear : pelagic and bottom trawls, beachseines, set nets.
Habitat : demersal and pelagic in coastal waters
to 60 m depth; also in estuaries.
Loc.name(s) :
oblique or horizontalbroken lines
chin with3 pores
yellow spot
10 rays
(see Plate V, 40)
very broad
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BONY FISHES
Euleptorhampus velox Poey, 1868
FAO names : En - Flying halfbeak; Fr - Demi-becvolant ; Sp - Agujeta voladora.
Size : common to 35 cm.
Fishing gear : pelagic trawls, beach seines, purseseines.
Habitat : pelagic in coastal and oceanic waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Hemiramphus balao Le Sueur, 1825
FAO names : En - . Balao halfbeak; Fr - Demi-becbalaou; Sp - Agujeta balajú.
Size : at least 40 cm.
Fishing gear : pelagic. trawls, beach seines, purseseines.
Habitat : coastal surface waters, forming largeschools.
Loc.name(s) :
Hemiramphus brasiliensis (Linneaus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Ballyhoo half beak; Fr - Demi-becBrésilien; Sp - Agujeta brasileña.
Size : 55 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : pelagic trawls, beach seines, purseseines, set nets, line gear.
Habitat : coastal pelagic, forming schools.
Loc. name(s) :
Hyporhamphus picarti (Valenciennes, 1846)
Synonyms : Hyporamphus unifasciatus (nonRanzani, 1842) [Fowler, 1936].
FAO names : En - African halfbeak; Fr – Demi-bec africaine; Sp - Agujeta africana.
Size : 18 cm, common to 10 cm.
Fishing gear : pelagic trawls, beach seines, purseseines, set nets.
Habitat : pelagic in coastal waters, formingschools; often enters estuaries.
Loc.name(s) :
lower jaw very long
HEMIRAMPHIDAE
21-25 rays
very long, 19-24 rays
11-15 rays
upper lobe bluishviolet, tip red
10-13 rays
upper jaw very short
upper lobeyellow-orange
tip of beak red
12-14 rays
upper jawscaled
(see Plate VI, 41)
preorbital creststrongly developed
13-17 rays
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BONY FISHES
FAO names : En - False halfbeak; Fr - Faux demi-bec; Sp - Falsa agujeta.
Size : 18 cm standard length.
Fishing gear : purse seines, driftnets.
Habitat : pelagic in inshore waters.
Loc. name(s) :
Oxyporhamphus micropterus similis (Bruun, 1935) HEMIRAMPHIDAE
pectoral fins relatively long, but not reaching to origin of dorsal fin
mouth terminal
Holocentrus ascensions (Osbeck, 1765)
FAO names : En - Squirrelfish; Fr - Marignan coq;Sp - Candil gallito.
Size : at least 34.5 cm standard length.
Fishing gear : traps, set nets, trawls.
Habitat : coral reefs in coastal waters; also in offshorewaters to 90 m depth; a nocturnal species.
Remarks : presence in the Gulf of Guinea to beconfirmed.
Loc.name(s) :
Myripristís jacobus Cuvier, 1829
FAO names : En - Blackbar soldierfish; Fr - Marignanmombin; Sp - Candil colorado.
Size : 21.6 cm.
Fishing gear : traps, set nets, trawls.
Habitat : coral reefs in coastal waters; also inoffshore waters to 90 m depth; a nocturnal species.
Loc.name(s) :
Sargocentron hastatus (Valenciennes, 1829)
Synonyms : Adioryx hastatus (Valenciennes, 1829);Holocentrus hastatus Valenciennes, 1829.
FAO names : En - Red squirrelfish; Fr - Marignanrouge; Sp - Candil africano.
Size : 46 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : traps, set nets, trawls.
Habitat : rocky and coralline bottoms from theshoreline to 200 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
11 spinesHOLOCENTRIDAE
14-16 rays
preopercularspine longer thanopercular spine
broadrectangularblack bars
10 spines
1 spine, 12-15 rays
no spines
black spot
10 or 11 spines(see Plate VI, 42)
opercular spine 13 rays
preopercular spine as long or
shorter than opercular spine
scalesveryrough
colour: red with white
and yellow stripes
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BONY FISHES
Istiophorus albicans (Latreille, 1804)
Synonyms: Histiophorus albicans (Latreille, 1804);Histiophorus americanus Cuvier, 1832; Makaira
albicans Latreille, 1804.
FAO names : En - Atlantic sailfish; Fr - Voilier del'Atlantique; Sp - Pez vela del Atlántico.
Size : about 300 cm, common to 200 cm.
Fishing gear : surface longlines; trolling, driftnets.
Habitat : pelagic in surface waters; strongly migratoryduring winter.
Loc.name(s) :
Makaira indica (Cuvier, 1832)
Synonyms : Makaira marlina Jordan & Hill, 1926;lstiompax marlina (Jordan & Hill, 1926); Istiompaxindicus (Cuvier, 1832).
FAO names : En - Black marlin; Fr - Makaire noire;Sp - Aguja negra.
Size : to 460 cm, common to 300 cm.
Fishing gear : surface longlines, trolling, driftnets.
Habitat : pelagic in surface waters above thethermocline, mainly oceanic and strongly migratory.
Loc.name(s) :
Makaira nigricans Lacepède, 1802
Synonyms : Makaira ampia (Poey, 1860).
FAO names : En - Blue marlin; Fr - Aguja azul;Sp - Makaire bleu .
Size : to 400 cm, common to 300 cm.
Fishing gear : surface longlines, trolling, driftnets.
Habitat : pelagic in oceanic surface waters, usuallyfound above the thermocline; highly migratory.
Loc.name(s) :
Tetrapturus albidus Poey, 1860
Synonyms: Makaira albida (Poey, 1860);Lamontella albida (Poey, 1860).
FAO names : En - White marlin; Fr - Makaireblanc; Sp - Aguja blanca.
Size : 300 cm, common to 200 cm.
Fishing gear : surface longlines, trolling, driftnets.
Habitat : pelagic in surface waters, above thethermocline.
Loc.name(s) :
lateral line simple
pectoral fin rigid, not foldable against body
lateral line reticulated
small black spots
anus far from anal fin
dorsal fin very high
ISTIOPHORIDAE
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BONY FISHES
Tetrapturus pfluegeri Robins & de Sylva, 1963
Synonyms: Tetrapturus belone (non Rafinesque,1810) [Fowler, 1936].
FAO names : En - Longbill spearfish; Fr - Makaire
bécune; Sp - Aguja picuda.Size : to 200 cm, common to 180 cm standardlength.
Fishing gear : longlines, driftnets.
Habitat : pelagic in oceanic surface waters, usuallyabove the thermocline; highly migratory.
Loc.name(s) :
Parakuhlia macrophthalmus (Osorio, 1894)
FAO names : En - Dara; Fr - Crocro à gros yeux;Sp - Dara.
Size : 20 cm, common to 15 cm.
Fishing gear : beach seines, set nets, hook-and-line.
Habitat : rocky and sandy bottoms to about 30 m.Present throughout the year.
Loc.name(s) :
Kyphosus incisor (Cuvier, 1831)
FAO names : En - Yellow sea chub; Fr - Calicagère jaune; Sp - Chopa amarilla.
Size : 67 cm, common to 45 cm.
Fishing gear : set nets, hook-and-tine.
Habitat : rocky bottoms in shallow coastal waters.
Remarks : presence in the Gulf of Guinea to beconfirmed.
Loc.name(s) :
Kyphosus sectatrix (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Bermuda sea chub;Fr - Calicagère blanche; Sp - Chopa blanca.
Size : 76 cm, common to 50 cm.
Fishing gear : set nets, hook-and-line.
Habitat : shallow coastal waters.
Loc.name(s) :
ISTIOPHORIDAE
anus near anal fin
11 spines + 1 KUHLIIDAE
dorsal fin deeply incised
mouthoblique
16 rays
19-22 gillrakerson lower limb
of first gill arch
all fins yellowish to bright orange
11 spines, 13-15 raysKYPHOSIDAE
16-18gillrakers onlower limb offirst gill arch
54-62 scales on lateral line
11 spines, 11-13 rays
51-58 scales on lateral line
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BONY FISHES
LABRIDAE
Acantholabrus palloni (Risso, 1810)
FAO names : En - Scale-rayed wrasse; Fr - Roucaou;Sp - Tae rocas.
Size : 30 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : in coastal waters near rocky or sandybottoms, from 30 to 500 m depth; solitary.
Loc.name(s) :
Bodianus scrofa (Valenciennes, 1839)
FAO names : En - Barred hogfish; Fr - Pourceau;Sp - Vieja.
Size : 43 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, hook-and-line.
Habitat : prefers rocky bottoms from 20 to 100 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Bodianus speciosus (Bowdich, 1825)
Synonyms: Diastodon speciosus Bowdich, 1825.
FAO names : En - Blackbar hogfish; Fr - Pourceaudos noir; Sp - Vieja lomonegro.
Size : 50 cm, common to 40 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets, lines.
Habitat : rocky and coralline bottoms from 3 to 70 mdepth. Present throughout the year, but fished mainlyduring the warm season.
Loc.name(s) :
FAO names : En - Rainbow wrasse; Fr - Girelle;Sp - Doncella julia.
Size: 30 cm, common between 18 and 25 cm.Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets, lines.
Habitat : most common on rocky bottoms andalong vegetated grounds, from 1 to 120 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
19-21 spines
lateral line regularly curved
dark brown blotchon caudal peduncle
profilealmoststraight
black spot
12 spines46-50 small scales on lateral line
dark bars
33 or 34 largescales onlateral line
12 spines black-violet bar
orange dotson cheeks
Loris julis (Linnaeus, 1758)
(see Plate VI, 44)
(see Plate VI, 43)
black spoton marginof opercle
9 spines
lateral lineabruptly curved
73-80 small scales on lateral line
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77
BONY FISHES
Thalassoma pavo (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Ornate wrasse; Fr - Girelle
paon; Sp - Fredi.Size : 25 cm, common to 18 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, lines.
Habitat : coastal waters near rocky andvegetated bottoms, from 1 to 150 m depth, butusually at less than 50 m; solitary or in smallgroups.
Loc.name(s) :
Xyrichthys novacula (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms : Xyrichthys psittacus (Linnaeus, 1758);Hemipteronotus novacula [Randall, 1965].
FAO names : En - Pearly razorfish; Fr - Donzellelame; Sp - Doncella cuchilla.
Size : 26 cm, common to 20 cm.
Fishing gear : hook-and-line, bottom trawls.
Habitat : clear waters on sandy bottoms, oftenassociated with vegetated grounds or. corals.
Loc.name(s) :
Lampris guttatus (Brünnich, 1788)
Synonyms : Lampris regius (Bonnaterre, 1788);Lampris luna (Gmelin, 1789).
FAO names : En - Opah; Fr - Opah; Sp - Opa.
Size : at least 185 cm, common to 120 cm.
Fishing gear : floating longlines, purse seines.
Habitat : from the surface to depths of about
200 m; an inhabitant of temperate water, butwandering far north in summer months.
Loc.name(s) :
Lethrinus atlanticus Valenciennes, 1830
FAO names : En - Atlantic emperor; Fr - Empereuratlantique; Sp - Emperador atlántico.
Size : 50 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, purseseines, hook-and-lines.
Habitat : coastal waters to 50 m depth, abundantduring the winter months.
Loc.name(s) :
8 spines LABRIDAE
male
27.29 small scales onabruptly curved lateral line
female
9 spines red bar
lateral lineinterrupted
LAMPRIDAE
pectorals sickle-shaped,their bases horizontal
body pink to purple with
white spots; all fins scarlet red
10 spinesLETHRINIDAE
9 rays
no scales on cheek
colour pink and olive green
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BONY FISHES
LOBOTIDAE
Lobotes surinamensis (Bloch, 1790)
FAO names : En - Atlantic tripletail; Fr - Croupiaroche; Sp - Dormilona.
Size : 100 cm, common to 50 cm.
Fishing gear : purse seines, set gillnets, lines.
Habitat : pelagic, often floating horizontally nearthe surface.
Loc.name(s) :
Lophiodes kempi (Norman, 1935)
Synonyms: Chirolophius kempi Norman,1935.
FAO names : En - Longspine African angler;Fr - Baudroie épineuse; Sp - Rape espinoso.
Size : 30 cm, common to 20 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.Habitat : demersal between 50 and 400 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Lophius vaillanti Regan, 1903
FAO names : En - Shortspine African anglerfish;Fr - Baudroie africaine; Sp - Rape africano.
Size : 50 cm, common to 40 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trals.
Habitat : demersal, between 200 and 300 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
12 spines
dorsal view
(see Plate VI, 45)
LOPHIIDAE
8 rays
gill opening extendingto before pectoral fin 13-16 rays
6 rays
lateral view (Lophiodes)
no fleshy appendix
frontalridge
smooth
gill opening restrictedto behind pectoral fin
dorsal view
9 rays
lateral view (Lophius)19-24 rays
8 rays
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BONY FISHES
Apsilus fuscus Valenciennes, 1830
FAO names : En - African forktail snapper; Fr - Vivaneaufourche (d'Afrique); Sp - Pargo tijera.
Size : 50 cm, common to 35 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, handlines, set nets.
Habitat : coralline and rocky bottoms from 15 to 100 mdepth.
LUTJANIDAE
(see Plate VI, 46)caudal fin forked
Lutjanus agennes Bleeker, 18634 horizontal rows of scales, except on caudal peduncle
FAO names : En - African red snapper; Fr - Vivaneauafricain rouge; Sp - Pargo colorado africano.
Size : at least 75 cm, common to 40 cm.
Fishing gear : longlines, handlines, bottom set nets,bottom trawls.
Habitat : rocky bottoms, sometimes enters estuariesand lagoons.
Loc.name(s) :
Lutjanus dentatus (Duméril, 1860)
FAO names : En - African brown snapper;Fr - Vivaneau brun (d'Afrique); Sp - Pargomarrón africano.
Size : 90 cm, common to 75 cm.
Fishing gear : handlines, longlines, bottom setnets, bottom trawls.
Habitat : rocky bottoms, also in estuaries.
Loc.name(s) :
(see Plate VI, 47)
5-7 rows of scales tips of anal andcaudal fins black
scale rows oblique
9 or 10 rows of scales
(see Plate VII, 48)
6 rows of scales
Lutjanus endecacanthus Bleeker, 1863
FAO names : En - Guinea snapper; Fr - Vivaneaude Guinee; Sp - Pargo de Guinea.
Size : 20 cm (largest known specimen).
Fishing gear : handlines, bottom set nets.
Habitat : rocky bottoms and coral reefs, also inbrackish lagoons and sometimes in rivers.
Loc.name(s) : colour brown to dark brown
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continuous ridge
Lutjanus fulgens (Valenciennes, 1830)
80
BONY FISHES
FAO names : En - Golden African snapper;Fr - Vivaneau doré; Sp - Pargo doradoafricano.
Size : 60 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : handlines, bottom trawls.
Habitat : rocky bottoms at medium depths(around 60 m).
Loc.name(s) :
LUTJANIDAE
4 o 5horizontal
rows of scales
blackmargin
yellow horizontal lines
5-7 rows of scales
(see Plate VII, 49)
Lutjanus goreensis (Valenciennes, 1830)
FAO names : En Gorean snapper; Fr - Vivaneaude Gorée; Sp - Pargo de Gorea.
Size : 80 cm, common to 50 cm.
Fishing gear : handlines, longlines, bottom setnets, bottom trawls.
Habitat : rocky and other hard bottoms, juvenilesin estuaries.
Loc.name(s) :bright blue line
Macroramphosus scolopax (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms : Macroramphosus gracilis (Lowe, 1839).
FAO names : En - Longspine snipefish; Fr - Bécasse de mer;Sp - Trompetero.
Size : 20 cm, common to 14 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : demersal to about 500 m depth; forms schools; juveniles in oceanic surface waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Coelorinchus coelorhincus (Risso, 1810)
(see Plate VII, 50)
MACRORAMPHOSIDAE
MACROURIDAE
Synonyms : Coelorhynchus coelorhynchus (Risso, 1810); Coelorhinchus lavilie Risso,1809.
FAO names : En - Hollowsnout grenadier;Fr - Grenadier raton; Sp - Granaderoacorazado (= Ratón).
Size : 38 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : from 140 to 630 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
fossa
spinous ray smooth
anus
underside
terminal
scutes7 rays
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BONY FISHES
Malacocephalus laevis (Lowe, 1843)
FAO names : En - Softhead grenadier; Fr - Grenadierbarbu; Sp - Abámbolo de bajura.
Size : about 55 cm, common to 30 cm.Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : upper continental shelf from 250 to 750 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Malacocephalus occidentalis Goode & Bean, 1885
Synonyms : Ventrifossa occidentalis (Goode & Bean,
1885); Macruoplus violaceus (non Zugmayer, 1911).
FAO names : En - Western softhead grenadier;Fr - Grenadier scie; Sp - Abámbolo.
Size : 45 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : warm to temperate waters on thecontinental slope, depth range from 140 to about580 m.
Loc.name(s) :
Nezumia aequalis (Günther, 1878)
FAO names : En - Smooth grenadier; Fr - GrenadierIisse; Sp - Grenadero liso.
Size : 30 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : common at depths from 200 to 1000 m.
Loc.name(s) :
Tarpon atlanticus (Valenciennes, 1846)
Synonyms : Megalops atlanticus Valenciennes,1846.
FAO names : En - Atlantic tarpon; Fr - Tarponargenté; Sp - Tarpon.
Size : 250 cm, common to 130 cm.
Fishing gear : purse seines, beach seines, castnets, hook-and-line.
Habitat : pelagic; the young are found in shallowbrackish and fresh waters.
Loc.name(s) :
spinous ray smooth
MACROURIDAE
9 rays
spinous ray denticulated
blackridges 8 rays
spinous ray denticulated
spiny tubercle
scaled ridges
8 or 9 rays
MEGALOPIDAE
large scales
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82
BONY FISHES
Merluccius polli Cadenat, 1950
Synonyms: ? Merluccius cadenati Doutre, 1960.
FAO names : En - Benguela hake; Fr - Merlu d'Afrique
tropical; Sp - Merluza de Benguela.Size : 90 cm, common to 65 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : demersal from 150 to 600 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Psettias sebae (Cuvier, 1831)
Synonyms : Psettus sebae (Cuvier, 1831).
FAO names : En - African moony; Fr - Breton africain;Sp - Ramball.
Size : 25 cm, common to 15 cm.
Fishing gear : cast nets, set gillnets.
Habitat : mainly estuaries and mangroves.
Loc.name(s) :
Antimora rostrata (Günther, 1878)
Synonyms : Antimora australis Barnard, 1925.
FAO names : En - Blue antimora; Fr - Antimorebleu; Sp - Mollera azul.
Size: at least 60 cm.
Fishing gear : trawls, deep-set bottom longlines.
Habitat : benthopelagic, from 350 to 3000 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Gadella imberbis (Vaillant, 1888)
Synonyms : Brosmiculus imberbis Vaillant, 1888.
FAO names : En - Beardless codling; Fr - Gadelleimberbe; Sp - Gadela imberbe.
Size : 23 cm, common to 18 cm.
Fishing gear : as bycatch in deep-water shrimp trawls.
Habitat : benthopelagic, on the upper continentalslope.
Loc.name(s) :
8 to 12gillrakers
on first arch
MERLUCCIIDAE
102-107 scales on lateral line
white edge
belly steel grey to black
8 spines MONODACTYLIDAE
(see Plate VII, 51)
MORIDAE
protrudingand pointed
mouthinferior
roof ofmouthdark
no barbets
light organ (a dark plate in front of anus)
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9 rays
83
BONY FISHES
Laemonema laureysi Poll, 1953
FAO names : En - Guinean codling; Fr - Lémonème deGuinée; Sp - Lemonema de Guinea.
Size : 30 cm.
Fishing gear : trawls.
Habitat : benthopelagic, from 220 to 550 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Liza dumerilii (Steindachner, 1870)
Synonyms : Mugil hoefleri Steindachner, 1882;
Mugil canaliculatus Smith, 1935.FAO names : En - Grooved mullet; Fr - Mulet bouri;Sp - Liza acanalada.
Size : 35 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines,trammelnets, hook-and-line.
Habitat : coastal waters and estuaries.
Loc.name(s) :
Liza falcipinnis (Valenciennes, 1836)
FAO names : En - Sicklefin mullet; Fr - Mulet àgrandes nageoires; Sp - Liza aletona.
Size : to 35 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines,trammel nets, lines.
Habitat : coastal marine and brackish waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Liza grandisquamis (Valenciennes, 1836)
FAO names : En - Largescaled mullet; Fr - Muletécailleux; Sp - Liza escamuda.
Size : 40 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines,trammelnets, hook-and-line.
Habitat : shallow coastal waters, estuaries and
brackish lagoons, including mangroves.
Loc.name(s) :
MORIDAE
pelvic fins with 2 rays
5-8 mucus canals MUGILIDAE
predorsal scales
9 rays
axillary scale rudimentary
11 rays
scales large, 25-29transverse rows
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BONY FISHES
Mugil bananensis (Pellegrin, 1928)
FAO names : En - Banana mullet; Fr - Mulet banane;Sp - Liza banana.
Size : about 40 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines,trammelnets, hook-and-line.
Habitat : coastal waters and estuaries.
Loc.name(s) :
Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms : Mugil ashanteensis Bleeker, 1863.
FAO names : En - Flathead grey mullet; Fr - Muletcabot; Sp - Pardete.
Size : 120 cm, common to 50 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, cast nets,hook-and-line.
Habitat : coastal waters, estuaries and lagoons.
Loc.name(s) :
Mugil curema Valenciennes, 1836
Synonyms : Mugil brasiliensis Günther, 1861 (nonSpix); Mugil metzelaari Chabanaud, 1976.
FAO names : En - Curema mullet; Fr - Mulet curème;Sp - Liza curema.
Size : 35 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines,trammelnets.
Habitat : costal waters estuaries and lagoons.
Loc.name(s) :
Pseudupeneus prayensis (Cuvier, 1829)
FAO names : En - West African goatfish; Fr - Rouget-barbet du Sénégal; Sp - Salmonete barbudo.
Size : 33 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set gillnets,hook-and-line.
Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms from 1 to 60 m
depth, most common between 20 and 45 m.
Loc.name(s) :
MUGILIDAE
11-12 rows of scales
8 rays
14 or 15 rows of scales
8 rays
(see Plate VII, 52)
11 or 12 rows of scales
9 rays
1 spine onhead margin
of opercle8 spines
MULLIDAE
3 or 4 red tines
1 pair ofmental barbels
(see Plate VII, 53)
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85
BONY FISHES
Cynoponticus ferox Costa, 1846
Synonyms : Muraenesox ferox (Costa,1846); Phyllogramma regani Pellegrin,
1934.FAO names : En - Guinea pikeconger; Fr - Murénésoce de Guinée;Sp - Murenocio de Guinea.
Size : 200 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, hook-and-line.
Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms,from 10 to 100 m depth.
Loc. Name(s) :
MURAENESOCIDAE
teeth on midline
jaw teeth
roof of mouth
large teeth
large gill openings pectoral fins present
MURAENIDAE
Channomuraena vittata (Richardson, 1844)
FAO names : En - Broadbanded moray; Fr - Murèneanneau; Sp - Morena franjeada.
Size : 120 cm.
Fishing gear : hook-and-line, traps.
Habitat : an insular demersal species, to 40 m
depth; not common.Loc.name(s) :
Echidna peli (Kaup, 1856)
FAO names : En - Pebbletooth moray; Fr - Murèneserpent; Sp - Moreneta.
Size : 90 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, fish traps, hook-and-
line.Habitat : rocky bottoms in shallow waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Enchelycore nigricans (Bonnaterre, 1788)
pale-edged yellowish bars alternating with dark brown bars
vertical fins confined to tip of tail
pores on laws bordered with white
teeth blunt, molar-like
colour dark, with small, irregular pale spots, disappearing with age
reticulated colourpattern in young
colour uniform chestnut brown in adults
FAO names : En - Viper moray; Fr - Murènenoire; Sp - Morena negra.
Size : 100 cm.
Fishing gear : hook-and-line, traps.
Habitat : rocky and coralline bottoms to12 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
jawsarched,teeth
fang-like
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BONY FISHES
MURAENIDAE
Gymnothorax maderensis (Johnson, 1862)
FAO names : En - Sharktooth moray; Fr - Murène deMadère; Sp - Morena de Madeira.
Size : 100 cm.
Fishing gear : hook-and-line, deep traps.
Habitat : deep waters around islands.
Loc.name(s) :
Lycodontis afer (Bloch, 1795)
FAO names : En - Dark moray; Fr - Murèneobscure; Sp - Morena oscura.
Size : 130 cm, common to 90 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, traps, hook-and-line.
Habitat : rocky bottoms from 10 to 45 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Lycodontis mareei (Poll, 1953)
FAO names: En - Spotjaw moray; Fr - Murène cobra,Sp - Morena boca manchada.
Size : 40 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, traps, hook-and-line.
Habitat : in coastal waters between 15 and 25 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Lycodontis vicinus (Castelnau, 1855)
colour pale yellowish to brown,covered with spot and reticulations
upper tooth shark-like serrated teeth
colour dark brown or greenish with irregularyellow spots and blotches; fins edges with black
pores on both jaws rimmed with white
colour uniform brown
Synonyms : Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau, 1855)
FAO names : En - Purplemouth moray; Fr - Murène jaune; Sp - Morena amarilla.
Size : 122 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, hook-and-line, fishtraps and other artisanal fishing gear.
Habitat : rocky bottoms and coral reefs, also onvegetated grounds to 40 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
small brown spot
2 types of coloration: one with distinct marbling, theother almost uniform brown with small dark specks
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BONY FISHES
MURAENIDAE
Muraena helena Linnaeus, 1758
FAO names : En - Mediterranean moray; Fr - Murène
de Méditerranée; Sp - Morena mediterránea.
Size : 130 cm.
Fishing gear : hook-and-line, traps.
Habitat : rocky bottoms from 15 to 50 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Muraena melanotis (Kaup, 1859)
colour yellowish brown, with large pale blotchesincluding a rosette pattern of small brown dots
(see Plate VII, 54)
FAO names : En - Honeycomb moray; Fr - Murène àpois; Sp - Morena de lunares.
Size : 80 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, hook-and-line.
Habitat : rocky bottoms from the coastline to 45 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
gill opening surrounded by a black blotch
pale round blotches
(see Plate VII, 55)
Muraena robusta Osorio, 1909
FAO names : En - Stout moray; Fr - Murènerobuste; Sp - Morena robusta.
Size : 140 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, hook-and-line.
Habitat : rocky bottoms from the coastline to 45 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Echelus myrus (Linnaeus, 1758)
large dark blotches on light background
gill openingsurrounded
by a blackishblotch
(see Plate Vlll, 56)
FAO names : En - Painted eel; Fr - Serpenton miro;Sp -Tieso miro.
Size : at least 80 cm.
Fishing gear : hook-and-line.
Habitat : taken occasionally on muddy and sandybottoms in estuaries and coastal lagoons from 3 to12 m depth; buries in sand with only the headprotruding.
Loc.name(s) :
2 supra-
orbital pores
no infra-orbital pores
OPHICHTHIDAE
white sensorial papillae on dark background
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BONY FISHES
Echiophis creutzbergi (Cadenat, 1956)
Synonyms : Mystriophis creutzbergi Cadenat,1956.
FAO names : En - Spoon-nose eel; Fr - Serpentontiyeux; Sp - Tieso culebrón.
Size : 170 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, hook-and-line.
Habitat : littoral and coastal waters and lagoons,to 40 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Myrichthys pardalis (Valenciennes, 1835)
eyes small, abovemidpoint of mouth
3 preopercular poresOPHICHTHIDAE
brown black spots on pale background
tipwithout
fins
FAO names : En - Leopard eel; Fr - Serpentonleopardo; Sp - Tieso leopardo.
Size : 65 cm.
Fishing gear : trawls, traps.
Habitat : deep waters on rocky and muddybottoms.
Loc.name(s) :
Mystriophis rostellatus (Richardson, 1844)
FAO names : En - African spoon-nose eel;Fr - Serpenton gris; Sp - Tieso gris.
Size : 140 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, hook-and-line.
Habitat : lagoons and coastal waters to 40 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Ophichthus ophis Linnaeus, 1758
FAO names : En - Spotted snake eel; Fr - Serpentontacheté; Sp - Tieso pintado.
Size : 140 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, hook-and-line.
Habitat : coastal waters to 50 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
eyes small, almost on top of head, above anterior half of mouth
colour pale yellowish orange,with large brown spots
pale ocellated spots on belly
medianfrontalpore
tip without fins
median supratemporal pore
gill opening pectoral fin
2 preopercular pores
tip without fins
2 preopercular pores
colour back grey brown
large black spots on pale background
tip without fins
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55-62 pored scales on lateral line
89
BONY FISHES
Ophisurus serpens (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Serpent eel; Fr - Serpenton à nez
long; Sp - Tieso trompudo.
Size : at least 245 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, hook-and-line.
Habitat : buries in sand, to 300 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Brotula barbata (Bloch in Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
FAO names : En - Bearded brotula; Fr - Brotulebarbé; Sp - Brótula de barbas.
Size : at least 75 cm, common to 60 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : adults living on sandy and muddybottoms of the continental shelf, down to at least650 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Bembrops greyi Poll, 1959
FAO names : En - Roundtail duckbill; Fr - Platête deGuinée; Sp - Pez palo guineano.
Size : about 23 cm, common to 20 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : soft bottoms of the continental shelf from
250 to 420 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Bembrops heterurus (Miranda Ri beiro, 1915)
FAO names : En - Squaretail duckbill; Fr - Platêtecommun; Sp - Pez paio común.
Size : 28 cm, common to 20 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : soft bottoms, from 100 to 390 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
upper jaw very long
OPHICHTHIDAE
3 preopercular pores
tip without fins
12 barbets
OPHIDIIDAE
a single continuous fin
(see Plate VIII, 57)
PERCOPHIDAE
no spines on headcaudal fin rounded
48-52 pored scales on lateral line
caudal fin nearly truncate
no spines on head
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90
BONY FISHES
Grammoplites gruveli (Pellegrin, 1905)
Synonyms : Platycephalus gruveli Pellegrin, 1905.
FAO names : En - Guinea flathead; Fr - Platycéphalede Guinée; Sp - Chato de Guinea.
Size : 20 cm, common to 18 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : soft bottoms, from 20 to 200 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Galeoides decadactylus (Bloch, 1795)
FAO names : En - Lasser African threadfin; Fr - Petitcapitaine; Sp - Barbudo de diez barbas.
Size : 45 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, gillnets.
Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms in shallowcoastal waters; also in estuaries.
Loc.name(s) :
PLATYCEPHALIDAE
head spiny
short
lateral line high on body
9 or 10 short free rays
POLYNEMIDAE
anal fin short
a dark spot in life
Pentanemus quinquarius (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Royal threadfin; Fr - Capitaine royal;Sp - Barbudo real.
Size : 35 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, gillnets.
Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms to 50 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Polydactylus quadrifilis (Cuvier, 1829)
(see Plate VIII, 58)
anal fin long
5 long free rays, 4of which longer
than body
(see Plate VIII, 59)
FAO names : En - Giant African threadfin;Fr - Gros capitaine; Sp - Barbudo giganteafricano.
Size : 100 cm, common to 80 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines,gillnets.
Habitat : sandy bottoms to 50 m depth; alsoin estuaries.
Loc.name(s) : 4 or 5 free rays, slightlylonger than the upper
rays of pectoral fin
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short
91
BONY FISHES
Pomacanthus paru (Bloch, 1787)
FAO names : En - French angelfish; Fr - Demoisellechiririte; Sp - Cachama negra.
Size : common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : trawls.
Habitat : coastal waters, to 40 m depth, on coralreefs.
Loc.name(s) :
mouth smallprotrusible
Synonyms : Priacanthus cruentatus (Lacepède, 1802)
FAO names : En - Glasseye; Fr - Beauclaire de roche ;Sp - CataIufa de roca .
Size : 30 cm, common to 20 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, traps, hook-and-line.
Habitat : coral reefs and rocky bottoms, in shallowwaters, but also recorded from greater depths, to300 m; solitary and nocturnal.
Loc.name(s) :
POMACANTHIDAE
preopercular spine long
Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766)
Synonyms : Pomatomus saltator (Linnaeus,1766); Temnodon saltator [Valenciennes,1833].
FAO names : En - Bluefish; Fr - Tassergal;Sp - Anchova de banco.
Size : 100 cm, common to 40 cm.
Fishing gear : purse seines, set gillnets, lines.
Habitat : pelagic in oceanic and coastalwaters.
Loc.name(s) :
strong teeth
7 or 8 low spinesPOMATOMIDAE
2 spines connected to the rays
pectoral fins yellowish; bluish at base
Heteropriacanthus cruenatus (Lacepède, 1802)
(see Plate VIII, 60)
PRIACANTHIDAE
mouth
oblique
large eyes
usuallydark spots
preopercularspine welldeveloped
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92
BONY FISHES
10 spines
PRIACANTHIDAE
Priacanthus arenatus Cuvier, 1829
FAO names : En - Atlantic bigeye; Fr - Beauclaire
soleil; Sp - Catalufa toro.Size : 40 cm, common to 30 m.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, set nets, traps,
hook-and-line.
Habitat : rocky bottoms from 2 to 100 m depth. Found more commonly in winter; mainly active
at night.
Loc.name(s) :
Psettodes belcheri Bennett, 1831
FAO names : En - Spottail spiny turbot; Fr - Turbotépineux tacheté; Sp - Lenguado espinudo dealtura.
Size : 50 cm, common to 40 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines.
Habitat : sandy and rocky bottoms to 150 mdepths; also in estuaries.
Loc.name(s) :
Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766)
mouth
oblique
large eyes
dark red blotches along lateral line
preopercularspine
rudimentarylong
(see Plate Vlll, 61)colour uniform bright red
spiny rays
PSETTODIDAE
28-32 scales aroundcaudal peduncle
mouth verylarge, teeth
strong
1 spineand 5rays
(see Plate Vlll, 62)
numerous darkspots on caudalfin developed
FAO names : En - Cobia; Fr - Mafou; Sp - Cobia.
Size : 200 cm, common to 100 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, handlines, longlines, setgillnets.
Habitat : mainly pelagic, also found in shallow coralreef areas.
Loc.name(s) :
7-9 free predorsal spines
RACHYCENTRIDAE
black band
2 distinct narrow yellow bands
Nicholsina usta (Valenciennes, 1839)
FAO names : En - Emerald parrotfish; Fr - Perroquetémeraude; Sp - Loro jabonero.
Size : 28 cm, common to 18 cm.
Fishing gear : trawls, gillnets.
Habitat : vegetated bottoms, from 20 to 50 m
depth.Remarks : specimens from the Gulf of Guineabelong to the subspecies collettei Schultz, 1968.
Loc.name(s) :
4 predorsal scales
teeth fusedonly at
their bases
SCARIDAE
1 row ofscales on
cheekback marbled
brown, belly pale
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93
BONY FISHES
Scarus hoefleri (Steindachner, 1882)
FAO names : En - Guinean parrotfish; Fr - Perroquetde Guinée; Sp - Loro de Guinea.
Size : 60 cm, common to 40 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom set gillnets, bottom trawls,traps, driftnets.
Habitat : rocky bottoms in shallow coastal waters.
Loc.name(s) :
3 irregular dark barsSCARIDAE
7 predorsal scalesfemale
(initial phase)
spines with flexible tips
upperdentalplates
overlappinglower plates
(see Plate VIII, 63)3 or 4 rows of
scales on cheekmale (terminal phase)
Sparisoma cretense (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms : Euscarius cretensis (Linnaeus, 1758).
FAO names : En - Parrotfish;Fr - Perroquet vieillard; Sp - Loroviejo.
Size : 50 cm, common to 30 cm.Fishing gear : bottom trawls,bottom set nets.
Habitat : shallow waters offrocky shores.
Remarks : presence in the Gulfof Guinea to be confirmed.
Loc.name(s) :
Synonyms : Sparisoma flavescens [Cadenat, 1950].
FAO names : En - Redfinparrotfish; Fr - Perroquet basto;Sp - Loro basto.
Size : 45 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls,bottom set nets.
Habitat : a coastal species foundin coral reefs and on rocky
bottoms.
Remarks : presence in the Gulf ofGuinea to be confirmed.
Loc.name(s) :
red and yellow spots andbands on green background
whitish spots along sides
colour marbled brown
colour dull green
lowertoothplatesover-
lappingupperplates
sharp spines
5 or 6
predorsalscales
1 row of scaleson cheek
Sparisoma rubripinne (Valenciennes, 1839)
female (initial phase)
4 or 5 predorsal scales
lowertoothplates
overlappingupperplates
1 row of scales on cheek
black spot
sharp spines
male (terminal phase)
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94
BONY FISHES
Argyrosomus hololepidotus (Lacepède, 1802)
FAO names : En - Southern meagre; Fr – Maigreafricain; Sp - Corvina africana.
Size : 200 cm, common to 50 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, longlines, set nets,beach seines, ringnets.
Habitat : found on muddy bottoms from about 15to 150 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Argyrosomus regi u s (Asso, 1801)
SCIAENIDAE
3 upper pores
inside of mouth
orange yellow
black spot 7 rays
Synonyms : Sciaena aquila (Lacepède, 1803); Argyrosomus regium (Asso, 1801).
FAO names : En - Meagre; Fr - Maigrecommun; Sp - Corvina.
Size : at least 150 cm, common to 100 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, purse seines,line gear.
Habitat : demersal, from 15 to 300 m depth;also found in estuaries.
Loc.name(s) :
Atractoscion aequidens (Cuvier, 1830)
inside of mouthorange yellow
7, rarely 8 rays
3 to 5 pores
top of head
FAO names : En - African weakfish; Fr - Teraglin;Sp - Corvinata prieta.
Size : 120 cm, common to 50 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, longlines.
Habitat : on mud and sandy mud bottoms fromabout 15 to 200 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Miracorvina angolensis (Norman, 1935)
FAO names : En - Angola croaker; Fr - Courbine del'Angola; Sp - Corvina de Angola.
Size : 75 cm, common to 40 cm.Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : on sandy and rocky bottoms from 50 to atleast 300 m depth; apparently not abundant.
Loc.name(s) :
no upper porestruncate to
forked in adults
black spot
eyes large,3.6 to 3.8times in
head length
edged with blackacutely rhomboidal
to pointed
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95
BONY FISHES
SCIAENIDAE
Pentheroscion mbizi (Poll, 1950)
FAO names : En - Blackmouth croaker;Fr - Courbine à bouche noire; Sp – Corvinabocanegra.
Size : 40 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : continental shelf and upperslope, from 50 to at least 350 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Pseudotolithus (Pseudotolithus) brachygnathus Bleeker, 1863
Pseudotolithus (Fonticulus) elongatus (Bowdich, 1825)
Synonyms : Corvina nigrita Cuvier, 1830.
FAO names : En - Bobo croaker; Fr - Otolithe bobo;Sp - Corvina bobó.
Size : 45 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, set nets, beach seines,line gear.
Habitat : found in brackish waters and estuaries.
Loc.name(s) :
Pseudotolithus (Pinnacorvina) epipercus Bleeker, 1863
FAO names : En - Guinea croaker; Fr - Otolitheguinèen; Sp - Corvina de Guinea.
Size : 60 cm, common to 35 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, line gear.
Habitat : muddy bottoms, from the coastline toabout 70 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
soft part black-edged
inside of mouthand opercle black
pectoralfins long
9 rays
FAO names : En - Law croaker; Fr - Otolithe gabo;Sp - Corvina reina.
Size : 230 cm, common to 85 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets, linegear.
Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms to-about 75 mdepth; also in estuaries.
Remarks : often confused with Pseudotolithus Senegalensis .
Loc.name(s) :a black spot at
base of pectoral fin
25-27 rays
oblique lines
7 rays
dark spots
29-34 rays
(see Plate IX, 64)
pointed
6 rays
2nd spine strong and long
35-39 rays
S-shaped
7 rays
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96
BONY FISHES
Pseudotolithus (Hostia) moorii (Günther, 1865)
FAO names : En - Cameroon croaker; Fr - Otolithecamerouonais; Sp - Corvina de Camerún.
Size : 50 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, line gear.
Habitat : muddy bottoms from about 15 to 70 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
FAO names : En - Cassava croaker; Fr - Otolithesénégalais; Sp - Corvina casava.
Size : 100 cm, common to 50 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, set nets, seines, linegear.
Habitat : in shallow waters, on muddy, sandy or rockybottoms.
Loc.name(s) :
Pseudotolithus (Pseudotolithus) typus Bleeker, 1863
FAO names : En - Longneck croaker; Fr - Otolithenanka; Sp - Corvina bosoro.
Size : 100 cm, common to 70 cm.
Fishing gear :
Habitat : muddy and sandy bottoms, to about 150 mdepth; often found in estuaries.
Loc.name(s) :
7 or 8 spines in anterior part of dorsal fin
eyes small
25-27 rays
SCIAENIDAE
pointed
7 rays
Pseudotolithus (Pseudotolithus) senegalensis (Valenciennes, 1833) 10 spines in anterior part of dorsal fin
28-33 rays
inside of gillcover black
oblique lines
7 rays
pectoral fin long
(see Plate IX, 65)
distancebetween eyesmaller thaneye diameter
9 spines in anteriorpart of dorsal fin
28-32 rays
7 rays
(see Plate IX, 66)easily distinguished from P. senegalensis by its more
elongated body and more slender, slightly upturned head
Pteroscion peli (Bleeker, 1863)
FAO names : En - Boe drum; Fr - Courbine pélin;Sp - Bombache boé.
Size : 35 cm, common to 18 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets, linegear.
Habitat : coastal waters to about 200 m depth, butmore common between 30 and 60 m.
Loc.name(s) :
eyes large
mouthstronglyoblique
9 rays
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97
BONY FISHES
Sciaena umbra Linnaeus, 1758
FAO names : En - Brown meagre; Fr - Corb commun;Sp - Corvallo.
Size : 50 cm, common to 35 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, gillnets, beach seines.
Habitat : sandy and rocky bottoms from 20 to 180 mdepth; very active at night.
Remarks : presence in the Gulf of Guinea to beconfirmed.
Loc.name(s) :
Umbrina canariensis Valenciennes, 1843
FAO names : En - Canary drum; Fr - Ombrine bronze;b - Verrugato de Canarias.
Size : 63 cm, common to 35 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, artisanal fishing gear,mainly hook-and-line.
Habitat : sandy mud bottoms from 15 to 75 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
SCIAENIDAE
no mental barbel
pelvic and anal fins black
lower partof caudalfin black
27-31 rays
mental barbel
opercular membrane dark brown
oblique lines
Umbrina cirrosa (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Shi drum; Fr - Ombrine côtière;Sp - Verrugato común.
Size : 70 cm, common to 40 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, set nets.Habitat : sandy mud bottoms from 30 to 70 m depth.
Remarks : presence in the Gulf of Guinea to beconfirmed.
Loc.name(s) :
Umbrina ronchus Valenciennes, 1843
Synonyms: Umbrina fusca Dardignac, 1961
FAO names : En - Fusca drum; Fr - Ombrine fusca;Sp - Verrugato fusco.
Size : about 80 cm, common to 40 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, Iine gear.
Habitat : on rocky and sandy bottoms, from 20 to200 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
(see Plate IX, 67)
23-25 rays
opercularmembranedeep black
25-27 rays
black
2nd spine about halfthe length of third
black
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98
BONY FISHES
Umbrina steindachneri Cadenat, 1950
Synonyms : Umbrina cirrosa (non Linnaeus, 1758)[Bellemans et al., 1988]:
FAO names : En - Steindachner's drum; Fr - Ombrine
de Steindachner, Sp - Verrugato de Steindachner.
Size : 45 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, gillnets and beachseines.
Habitat : sandy mud bottoms; caught at a depth of30 m.
Remarks : obviously a rare species, often confusedwith Umbrina cirrosa.
Loc.name(s) :
Acanthocybium solandri (Cuvier, 1831)
FAO names : En - Wahoo; Fr - Thazard-bâtard;Sp - Peto.
Size : 210 cm, common to 100 cm.
Fishing gear : seines, hook-and-line, sportfishinggear.
Habitat : found in coastal surface waters, moreabundant during thé warm season.
Loc.name(s) :
Auxis rochei (Rossi, 1810)
Synonyms : Auxis thynnoides Bleeker, 1855; Auxis maru Kishinouye, 1923.
FAO names : En - Bullet tuna; Fr - Bonitou;Sp - Melvera.
Size : to 40 cm fork length, common to 35 cm.
Fishing gear : beach seines, purse seines (poli),drift nets, trolling lines, liftnets.
Habitat : a cosmopolitan species, found in
warm waters.
Loc.name(s) :
ground colour golden-yellow withundulating blue lines bordered by black
SCIAENIDAE
29 to 31 rays
mental barbes
(see Plate IX, 68)
24-26 spines
SCOMBRIDAE
vertical bars
10 or 11 spines
dark bars
pectoral fins not reaching vertical from
beginning of scaleless area above corselet
Auxis thazard (Lacepède, 1800)
Synonyms : Auxis tapeinosoma Bleeker, 1854.
FAO names : En - Frigate tuna; Fr - Auxide; Sp - Melva.
Size : 55 cm, common to 40 cm.
Fishing gear : beach seines, purse seines, driftnets,
trolling lines, liftnets.Habitat : coastal waters.
Loc.name(s) :
10-12 spines(see Plate IX, 69)
spots
pectoral fins reaching anterior margin
of scaleless area above corselet
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99
BONY FISHES
Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810)
FAO names : En - Little tunny; Fr - Thoninecommune; Sp - Bacoreta.
Size : 100 cm, common to 80 cm.
Fishing gear : purse seines (poli), trolling lines,set gillnets.
Habitat : pelagic, mainly in coastal waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758)
SCOMBRIDAE
spots
(see Plate IX, 70)several typical spots (not always evident)
Synonyms : Euthynnus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758).
FAO names : En - Skipjack tuna; Fr - Bonite à ventrerayé; Sp - Listado.
Size : 100 cm, common to 80 cm.
Fishing gear : purse seines (poli), pole-and-linegear, longlines, artisanal gear.
Habitat : found in deep coastal and in oceanicwaters.
Loc.name(s) :
Orcynopsis unicolor (Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1817)
FAO names : En - Plain bonito; Fr - Palomette;Sp - Tasarte .
Size : 100 cm, common to 90 cm.
Fishing gear : pole-and-line, purse seines, setgilInets.
Habitat : found in cold coastal and offshore waters.
Remarks : presence in the Gulf of Guinea to beconfirmed.
Loc.name(s) :
Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793)
FAO names : En - Atlantic bonito; Fr - Bonite à dosrayé; Sp - Bonito atlàntico.
Size : 70 cm, common to 50 m.
Fishing gear : gillnets, purse seines, trolling lines.
Habitat : coastal pelagic, migratory, in cold andwarm waters.
Loc.name(s) :
14-16 spines
4-6 black bands on lower sides
1st dorsal fin black with 12-14 spines
lateral lineundulating
fin profile straight, 20-23 spines
5-11 dark oblique lines
(see Plate IX, 71)
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Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, 1782
Synonyms : Scomber colias Gmelin, 1789.
FAO names : En - Chub mackerel; Fr - Maquereauespagnol; Sp - Estornino.
Size: 50 cm, common to 40 cm.
Fishing gear : purse seines, trolling lines, gillnets,beach seines, mid-water trawls.
Habitat : coastal pelagic in cold waters, usually takenbetween 15 and 40 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Scomberomorus tritor (Cuvier, 1831)
Synonyms : Cybium tritor Cuvier , 1831.
FAO names : En - West African Spanish mackerel;Fr - Thazard blanc; Sp - Carite pintado.
Size : to at least 100 cm, common to 75 cm.Fishing gear : purse seines, set gillnets, longlines.
Habitat : found in warm waters, sometimes entersestuaries.
Loc.name(s) :
Thunnus alalunga (Bonnaterre, 1788)
Synonyms : Germo alalunga [Jordan & Evermann,1896]; Thunnus germo [Kishinouye, 1923].
FAO names : En - Albacore; Fr - Germon; Sp - Atúnblanco.
Size : 120 cm, common to 80 cm.
Fishing gear : longlines, trolling lines, purse seines.
Habitat : oceanic below the thermocline, perferstemperatures between 17° and 20°C.
Loc.name(s) :
Thunnus albacares (Bonnaterre, 1788)
Synonyms : Neothunnus macropterus [Kishinouye,1923].
FAO names : En - Yellowfin tuna; Fr - Albacore;Sp - Rabil.
Size : 200 cm, common to 100 cm.
Fishing gear : purse seines, longlines, pole-and-line,set gillnets.
Habitat : offshore waters.
Loc.name(s) :
(see Plate X, 72)
SCOMBRIDAE
8-10 spines
pate undulating lines
dark rounded spots onsilvery yellow background
only 2 lateral keels;no median keel
15 to 19 spines, anterior part black
(see Plate X, 73)
about 3 rows of elongated dark spots
white margin
maximum body depth
anal
pinnules
dark
only in large adults
yellow
yellow
usually 20 broken vertical striationsonly large adults
100
BONY FISHES
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pectoral fins not reaching origin of anal fin
101
BONY FISHES
Thunnus obesus (Lowe, 1839)
Synonyms : Parathunnus sibi [Jordan & Hubbs,1925].
FAO names : En - Bigeye tuna; Fr - Thon obèse ;
Sp - Patudo.
Size : 200 cm, common to 100 cm.
Fishing gear : pole-and-line, purse seines, longlines,set giIInets.
Habitat : mainly an offshore species, but also takenby artisanal fisheries.
Loc.name(s) :
Helicolenus dactylopterus (Delaroche, 1809)
Synonyms : Helicolenus maderensis Goode & Bean,1896.
FAO names : En - Rockfish; Fr - Rascasse de fond;Sp - Gallineta.
Size : 38 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set longlines.
Habitat : on soft bottoms of the continental shelf andslope (20 to 600 m depth).
Loc.name(s) :
Pontinus accraensis Norman, 1935
FAO names : En - Ghanean rockfish; Fr - Rascassede Accra; Sp - Rascacio de Accra.
Size : about 40 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set longlines.
Habitat : demersal on the continental shelf andslope, from 70 to 500 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
FAO names : En - Offshore rockfish; Fr - Rascasse dularge; Es - Rascacio de fuera.
Size : 35 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set longlines.
Habitat : benthic on hard-bottom, from 100 to 450 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
maximumbody depth
SCOMBRIDAE
pinnules bright yellowedged with black
pectoral fins shorter than in T. alalunga
SCORPAENIDAE
11 or more rays (thelast one double)
colour bright red8 or 9 rays free along distal third
10 rays
all rays unbranched
body dark red with dark spots pectoral fins reaching
origin of anal fin
Pontinus kuhlii (Bowdich, 1825)
(see Plate X, 74)
all rays unbranched
9-11 rays
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102
BONY FISHES
Scorpaena angolensis Norman, 1935
FAO names : En - Angola rockfish; Fr - Rascassede l'Angola; Sp - Rascacio de Angola.
Size : 25 cm .
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom setlonglines.
Habitat : demersal in coastal waters, from 20 to60 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Scorpaena elongata Cadenat, 1943
dark spotson yellow-chestnut
background
SCORPAENIDAE
(see Plate X, 75)
underside of headwithout scales
body reddish brown with dark spots 8 free rays pectoral fins extendingbeyond origin of anal fin
FAO names : En - Slender rockfish; Fr - Rascasserose; Sp - Gallineta rosada.
Size : 55 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set longlines.
Habitat : demersal on soft bottoms, between 75and 800 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Scorpaena laevis Troschel, 1866
Synonyms : Scorpaena senegalensis Steindachner,1882.
FAO names : En - Senegalese rockfish; Fr - Rascassedu Sénégal; Sp - Rascacio del Senegal.
Size : 35 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom set longlines.
Habitat : demersal on rocky bottoms, in shelf waters,to 100 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Scorpaena maderensis Valenciennes, 1833
FAO names : En - Madeira rockfish; Fr - Rascasse deMadère; Sp - Rascacio de Madeira.
Size : 15 cm
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set longlines.
Habitat : demersal, in shallow coastal waters,between 20 and 40 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
skin flaps on head,but not on lower jaw
tentacle aboveeye branched
no black spot
no occipitalgroove
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BONY FISHES
Scorpaena normani Cadenat, 1943
FAO names : En - Norman's rockfish; Fr - Rascasse deNorman; Sp - Rascacio de Norman.
Size : about 20 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set longlines.
Habitat : continental shelf, from 50 to 300 m depth.
Loc.name(s) .
Scorpaena scrofa Linnaeus, 1758
FAO names : En - Red scorpionfish; Fr - Rascasserouge; Sp - Cabracho.
Size : 66 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set longlines.
Habitat : demersal on rocky, sandy or muddybottoms, from 20 to 200 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Scorpaena stephanica Cadenat, 1943
FAO names : En - Spotted-fin rockfish; Fr - Rascasseà nageoires tachetées; Sp - Rascacio del Cabo.
Size : about 40 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set longlines.
Habitat : on sandy, muddy and rocky bottomsbetween 75 and 200 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
SCORPAENIDAE
underside of headwithout scales colour yellowish
occipital groove
often a black blotch
skin flapsalso presenton lower jaw
black blotch
lower side of head
without scales black spots on pale yellow background
Setarches guentheri Johnson, 1862
FAO names : En - Deepwater scorpionfish;Fr - Rascasse serran; Sp - Rascacio serrano.
Size : 24 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom setlonglines on the continental edge and slope.
Habitat : demersal, between 180 and 700 mdepth.
Loc.Name(s) :
top of headwithout scales
lateral line coveredwith normal scales
2nd preopercular spineequal to, or longer
than the other 2 spines
20-25 rays
colour grey or pink
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steel blue dots on red background
104
BONY FISHES
Anthias anthias (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Swallowtail seaperch; Fr - Barbier-hirondelle; Sp - Tres colas.
Size : 27 cm, common to 20 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, line gear.
Habitat : around rocks, and specially in coral reefs to300 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
SERRANIDAE
body usuallyred, belly pink;with yellow andsilvery mottlings
very long
10 spines
(see Plate X, 76)
Centrarchops chapini Fowler, 1923
FAO names : En - Barred seabass; Fr - Mérou barré;Sp - Cherna rayada.
Size : 30 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : demersal in coastal waters.
Remarks : recently placed in the familyDinopercidae.
Loc.name(s) :
Cephalopholis nigri (Günther, 1859)
Synonyms : Petrometopon nigri (Günther, 1859).
FAO names : En - Niger seabass; Fr - Mérou duNiger; Sp - Cherna del Niger.
Size : 30 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, hook-and-line.
Habitat : on sandy and rocky bottoms to about 75 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Cephalopholis taeniops (Valenciennes, 1828)
FAO names : En - Bluespotted seabass; Fr - Mérouà points bleus; Sp - Cherna colorada.
Size : 70 cm, common to 35 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, line gear.
Habitat : rocky bottoms coral reefs and sandybottoms between 3 and 75 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
2 spines
dark bars
9 spines
hexagonal spots 8 rays
colour dark brown, with dark barsmore distinct posteriorly; belly reddish
9 spines (see Plate X, 77)
blue line below eye 9 or 10 rays
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105
BONY FISHES
Epinephelus aeneus (Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1809)
Synonyms : Serranus aeneus (Geoffroy St. Hilaire,1809).
FAO names : En - White grouper; Fr - Mérou blanc;
Sp - Cherna de ley.
Size : at least 115 cm, common to 60 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, handlines, longlines,trammel nets.
Habitat : mainly on sandy and muddy bottoms fromthe coastline to about 100 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Epinephelus costae (Steindachner, 1878)
Synonyms : identified as Epinephelus alexandrinus (non Valenciennes, 1828) by many authors.
FAO names : En - Golden grouper; Fr - Méroubadèche; Sp - Falso abadejo.
Size : 170 cm, common to 45 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammel nets, line gear.
Habitat : on rocky and sandy bottoms from 10 to 75 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Epinephelus goreensis (Valenciennes, 1830)
FAO names : En - Dungat grouper; Fr - Méroudungat; Sp - Mero de Gorea.
Size : 80 cm, common to 35 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set longlines,hook-and-line.
Habitat : on rocky bottoms from the coastline toabout 100 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Epinephelus guaza (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms : Epinephelus gigas (Brünnich, 1768).
FAO names : En - Dusky grouper; Fr - Mérou noir;Sp - Mero.
Size : 150 cm, common to 90 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, line gear,trammelnets.
Habitat : on rocky and sandy bottoms from thecoastline (juveniles) to 150 m depth (adults).
SERRANIDAE
14-16 rays
2 or 3 obliquewhite lines
(see Plate X, 78)
often diffuse bars
yellow blotch in large adults,
disappears after death
dark lines
15-17 rays
(see Plate X, 79)darker longitudinal lines
a black maxillary groove
15-17 rays
body very robuste
often difuse spots (see Plate XI, 80)
Epinephelus marginatus
14-16 rays
yellow-whitespots or bars
8 rayswhite
margin
(see Plate XI, 81 & 82)
Remarks : according to Heemstra & Randall (in press), the name guaza Linnaeus, 1758 is doubtful and hence, cannotbe used as a valid name for any species. Furthermore, two species were so far lumped under the name E. guaza,namely E. marginatus (Lowe, 1834) and Epinephelus haifensis Ben-Tuvia, 1953, both occurring in the area. E.haifensis is distinguished from E. marginatus in having 9 anal fin rays (instead of 8) and being dark brown, withoutlight blotches on body.
Loc.name(s) :
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107
BONY FISHES
Serranus accraensis (Norman, 1931)
Synonyms : Neanthias accraensis Norman, 1931;Novanthias accraensis (Norman, 1931).
FAO names : En - Ghanean comber; Fr - Serranganéen; Sp - Serrano ganes.
Size : to at least 16 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, hook-and-line.
Habitat : on the continental shelf between 25 and150 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Serranus cabrilla (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms: Paracentropristis cabrilla Linnaeus,1758.
FAO names : En - Comber; Fr - Serran chèvre ;Sp - Cabrilla.
Size : 40 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, handlines, trammel-nets.
Habitat : on rocky and sandy bottoms to 400 m.
Loc.name(s) :
Serranus sanctaehelenae (Boulenger, 1895)
Synonyms: Paracentropristis heterurus (Cadenat,1937).
FAO names : En - St. Helena comber; Fr - Serran deSt. Helène; Sp - Serrano de St. Helena.
Size : 15 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines.
Habitat : on hard substrate, in shallow watersfrom 15 to 40 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Bathysolea lactea Roule, 1916
Synonyms : Bathysolea albida (Roule, 1916).
FAO names : En - Rock sole; Fr - Sole laiteuse;Sp - Lenguado lechoso.
Size : 15 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : on muddy bottoms of the continentalslope.
Loc.name(s) :
dark edge
SERRANIDAE
5 or 6 indistinct dark bars
often 7 to 9 dark bars
3 dark longitudinal lines
(see Plate XI, 84)
eyed side uniformly yellow-white
SOLEIDAE
lateral line visible in postero-
dorsal region of head
all pectoral fin rays oneye side unbranched
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BONY FISHES
Bathysolea profundicula (Vaillant, 1888)
FAO names : En - Deepwater sole; Fr - Sole desprofondeurs; Sp - Lenguado de fondo.
Size : about 21 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : on muddy bottoms of the continentalslope.
Loc.name(s) :
Dicologoglossa cuneata (Moreau, 1881)
Synonyms : Solea cuneata Moreau, 1881.
FAO names : En - Wedge sole; Fr - Céteau; Sp - Acedia.
Size : 30 cm, common to 22 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms between 10and 400 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Dicologoglossa hexophthalma (Bennett, 1831)
FAO names : En - Ocellated wedge sole; Fr - Céteauocellé; Sp - Acedia ocelada.
Size : about 20 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines.
Habitat : demersal in shallow waters, occasionallyup to 150 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
lateral line visible in postero-
dorsal region of head
SOLEIDAE
eyed side pinkish brown all pectoral fin rays ofeyed side unbranched
lateral line describingan angular S on head origin of
fin above
upper eye
small blue spots
black spot
(see Plate XI, 85)
Heteromycteris proboscideus (Chabanaud, 1926)
FAO names : En - True sole; Fr - Céteau trompue;Sp - Acedia trompuda.
Size : 10 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines.
Habitat : a littoral species, also found in brackishwaters.
Loc.name(s) :
eyed side reddish brown with bars and 6 dark spots
pectoral fins absent on both sides
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alternating dark and light crossbars
109
BONY FISHES
dark rays regularly spaced on dorsal and anal fins
Microchirus boscanion Chabanaud, 1926
FAO names : En - Lusitanian sole; Fr - Solelusitanienne; Sp - Lenguado lusicánico.
Size : 20 cm, common to 10 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : demersal on sandy bottoms of thecontinental shelf.
Loc.name(s) :
Microchirus frechkopi Chabanaud, 1952
FAO names : En - Frechkop's sole; Fr - Sole deFrechkop; Sp - Lenguado de Frechkop.
Size : 20 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : demersal on sandy and muddy bottomsof the continental shelf.
Loc.name(s) :
SOLEIDAE
small black bars on body
eyed side with dark ocelli at bases of vertical fins
light longitudinal lines
Microchirus ocellatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms : Monochirus ocellatus (Linnaeus,1758).
FAO names : En - Four-eyed sole; Fr - Soleocellée; Sp - Tambor real.
Size : about 20 cm, common to 15 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : demersal, on sandy and muddybottoms, from 40 to 300 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Microchirus wittei Chabanaud, 1950
FAO names : En - Banded sole ; Fr - Sole fasciée;Sp - Tambor de bandas .
Size : 15 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : demersal, on sandy and muddy bottoms.
Loc.name(s) :
4 ocellilarge dark spot on lateral line
eyed side reddish to brownish
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anterior nostril of blind side enlarged, forming a rosette
110
BONY FISHES
Monochirus hispid u s Rafinesque, 1814
Synonyms : Monochirus atlanticus Chabanaud,1940.
FAO names : En - Whiskered sole; Fr - Solevelue; Sp - Spoldado.
Size : about 20 cm, common to 10 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines.
Habitat : demersal on sandy and muddybottoms, from 10 to 250 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Pegusa cadenati Chabanaud, 1948
FAO names : En - Cadenat's sole; Fr - Sole deCadenat; Sp - Sortija de Cadenat.
Size : 18 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines.
Habitat : in shallow waters on sandy bottoms, from10 to 30 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Synonyms : Solea lascaris (Risso, 1810).
FAO names : En - Sand sole; Fr - Sole-pole; Sp - Sortija.
Size : 40 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines.
Habitat : on different types of bottoms from 5 to300 m depth, more common between 10 and 50 m.
Loc.name(s) :
Pegusa triophthalmus (Bleeker, 1863)
Synonyms : Pegasus triophthalma (Bleeker, 1863)
FAO names : En - Cyclope sole; Fr - Sole-pole à troistaches; Sp - Sortija tres ojos.
Size : 28 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines.
Habitat : on sandy bottoms between 10 and 30 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
SOLEIDAE
body with irregular dark spots and bars
Pegusa lascaris (Risso, 1810)
eyed side covered withsmall brown or black dots
(see Plate Xl, 86)
anterior nostril of blind sideenlarged forming a rosette
anterior nostril of blind side
enlarged, forming a rosette black spot surrounded by yellow
3 round spots on lateral line
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BONY FISHES
Synaptura cadenati Chabanaud, 1848
FAO names : En - Guinean sole; Fr - Sole-ruardon du Golfe; Sp - Lenguado de Cadenat.
Size : 35 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines.
Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms fromthe coastline to 50 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Synaptura lusitanica Capello, 1868
FAO names : En - Portuguese sole; Fr - Sole-ruardon commune; Sp - Lenguado portugués.
Size : 35 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms from thecoastline to 6Óm depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Synapturichthys kleinii (Risso, 1826)
FAO names : En - Klein's sole; Fr - Sole tachetée;Sp - Lenguado manchado.
Size : about 40 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms from 20to 120 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Vanstraelenia chirophthalmus (Regan, 1915)
Synonyms : Vanstraelenia insignis Chabanaud,1950; Xenobuglossus elongatus Chabanaud, 1950.
FAO names : En - African solenette; Fr - Sole-pole;Sp- Lenguadillo africano.
Size : 20 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : inhabits sand or mud bottoms between15 and 100 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
SOLEIDAE
small white spots
blackish spots
eyed side brownish with dark and white spotsblack spot
diffuse black spots
interorbital space narrow
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112
BONY FISHES
SPARIDAE
Boops boops (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms : Box boops (Linnaeus,1758).
FAO names : En - Bogue; Fr - Bogue;Sp - Boga.
Size : 25 cm, but rarely exceeding18 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, purseseines, beach seines, line gear; usedas bait in tuna fisheries.
Habitat : demersal on all types ofbottom, but also semi-pelagic;occurs from the coastline in 100 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Dentex angolensis Poll & Maul, 1953
13-15 spines
brown spot
body fusiform
3-5 golden horizontal lines
(see Plate XII, 87)
jaws with teeth
eyes large, inlive fish yellow
Synonyms : Dentex polli Roux, 1954.
FAO names : En - Angola dentex; Fr - Dentéangolais; Sp - Dentón angolés.
Size : 35 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom lines.
Habitat : on different types of bottoms on thecontinental shelf and slope (100-300 m depth).Found together with Dentex macrophthalmus.
Loc.name(s) :
Dentex barnardi Cadenat, 1964
9 or 10 lowergillrakers
small dark spot
profilestraight
(see Plate XII, 88)
large space
dark red spot
FAO names : En - Barnard dentex; Fr - Dentéaustral; Sp - Chacarona sureña.
Size : 40 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : on trawlable bottoms between 40
and 100 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :large
black spot
red, narrowlyedged with
black
14-16 lowergillrakers
body reddish with silvery hues
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113
BONY FISHES
Dentex canariensis Steindachner, 1881
Synonyms : Dentex nufar Valenciennes, 1830(sensu Poll, 1971).
FAO names : En - Canary dentex; Fr - Denté à tacherouge; Sp - Chacarona de Canarias.
Size : 100 cm, common to 35 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set gillnets,hook-and-line.
Habitat : on different types of bottoms of thecontinental shelf.
Loc.name(s) :
the 2 first dorsal
spines small
SPARIDAE
10-13 lowergillrakers dark
spot
(see Plate XII, 89)
Dentex congoensis Poll, 1954
eye large
FAO names : En - Congo dentex; Fr - Dentécongolais; Sp - Dentón congolés.
Size : 50 cm, common to 40 cm. .
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set longlines.
Habitat : found on same types of bottoms as Dentexmacrophthalmus and D. angolensis, to 400 m
depth; common between 150 and 200 m depth.Loc.name(s) :
12-14 lower gillrakers
(see Plate XII, 90)
Dentex gibbosus (Rafinesque, 1810)
Synonyms : Dentex filosus Valenciennes, 1843.
FAO names : En - Pink dentex;Fr - Gros denté rose; Sp - Samade pluma.
Size : 100 cm, common to 60 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls,bottom set gillnets, hook-and-line.
Habitat : on rocky and sandybottoms from 30 to 200 mdepth; juveniles in shallower
waters, adults on the conti-nental slope.
Loc.name(s) :
head of a large adult
2 firstspinesveryshort
all teethcaninelike
black blotch at origin of lateral line
dark red blotch
caudal fin dark red, narrowly edged with black
soft portionbordered with red
and 2 yellow stripes
profile
rounded
spacenarrow
3rd and 4th spinesvery long in juveniles
small black spot
(see Plate XII, 91)
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see Plate XIII, 94
114
BONY FISHES
Dentex macrophthalmus (Bloch, 1791)
FAO names : En - Large-eyedentex; Fr - Denté à gros yeux;Sp - Cachucho.
Size : 65 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls,bottom set gillnets, hook-and-line.
Habitat : on sandy and rockybottoms of the continentalslope.
Loc.name(s) :
jaws wi thteeth
Dentex maroccanus Valenciennes, 1830
FAO names : En - Morocco dentex;Fr - Denté du Maroc; Sp - Samamarroquí.
Size : 45 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, linegear.
Habitat : on different types ofbottoms between 20 and 500 m
depth. Commonly caught togetherwith D. macrophthalmus.
Loc.name(s) :
jaws withteeth
Diplodus bellottii (Stei ndachner, 1882)
Synonyms : Diplodus senegalensis
Cadenat, 1964.FAO names : En - Senegal seabream;Fr - Sparaillon africain; Sp - Raspallónsenegalés.
Size : 18 cm, but rarely exceeding15 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, gillnets,beach seines, line gear.
Habitat : found in coastal watersbetween 30 and 50 m depth.
Remarks : presence in the Gulf ofGuinea to be confirmed.
Loc.name(s) :
jaws wi thteeth
eyes verylarge
17-20 lower gillrakers
9-12 lowergillrakers
a row of molar teethbehind the incisors
black spotat origin oflateral line
dark longitudinal line
SPARIDAE
lower margin white
(see Plate XII, 92)
red margin
(see Plate XIII, 93)
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jaws with teethDiplodus sargus capensis (Smith, 1846)
115
BONY FISHES
Diplodus cervinus cervinus (Lowe, 1838)
FAO names : En - Zebra seabream;
Fr - Sar à grosses lèvres; Sp - Sargobreado.
Size : 50 cm, common to 35 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls,bottom set gillnets, lines.
Habitat : on sandy and rockybottoms from 30 to 80 m depth.
Remarks : presence in the Gulf ofGuinea to be confirmed.
Loc.name(s) :
no molarsbehind theincisor teeth
a dark barthrough eye
jaws with
teeth
lips thickand whitish
Diplodus puntazzo (Cetti, 1777)
FAO names : En - Sharpsnoutseabream; Fr - Sar à museau pointu;Sp - Sargo picudo.
Size : 60 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : trawls, trammelnets,lines.
Habitat : on rocky bottoms to 150 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :laws with teeth incisors
forwardpointing
SPARIDAE
5 dark bars
(see Plate XIII, 95)
6 or 7 very dark vertical barsalternating with 7 paler bars
(see Plate XIII, 96)
9 alternating dark and light bars
Diplodus sargus cadenati de la Paz, Bauchot & Daget, 1974
Synonyms : Diplodus sargus typicus Cadenat, 1964.
FAO names : En - White seabream;Fr - Sar commun du Maroc; Sp - Sargomarroquí
Size : 45 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : trawls, trammelnets,beach seines, hook-and-line.
Habitat : on rocky bottoms from thecoastline to 100 m depth. Verycommon throughout the yearsometimes in large schol.
Remarks : presence in the Gulf ofGuinea to be confirmed.
Loc.name(s) :
(see Plate XIII, 97)
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(see Plate XIV,100)
Diplodus vulgaris (E.Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1817)
116
BONY FISHES
FAO names : En - Common two-banded seabream; Fr - Sar à tête noire;Sp - Sargo mojarra.
Size : 45 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls,trammelnets, beach seines, hook-and-line.
Habitat : on rocky bottoms at less than50 m depth.
Remarks : presence in the Gulf ofGuinea to be confirmed.
Loc.name(s) :
SPARIDAE
several golden lines
jaws wi th teeth
broad black baronnape, from dorsal fin toinsertion of pectorals (see Plate XIV, 98)
Lithognathus mormyrus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms : Pagellus mormyrus (Linnaeus, 1758).
FAO names : En - Striped seabream;Fr - Marbré; Sp - Herrera.
Size: 60 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach
seines, trammel nets, hook-and-line.
Habitat : on sandy, muddy andvegetated bottoms, to about 50 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Oblada melanura (Linnaeus, 1758)
canines
molars
jaws wi th teeth
snout relatively long and pointed14 or 15 green to brown bars
(see Plate XIV, 99)
conical teeth incisor-like teeth
FAO names : En - Saddled seabream; Fr - Oblade;Sp - Oblada.
Size : 30 cm, common to 20 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines,trammel nets, line gear.
Habitat : on rocky or vegetated bottoms to
about 30 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
half of upper jaw
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117
BONY FISHES
Pagellus acar ne (Risso, 1826)
FAO names : En - Axillary seabream;Fr - Pageot acarné; Sp - AIigote.
Size : 35 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beachseines, Iine gear.
Habitat : demersal on various types ofbottoms, from 40 to 100 m depth.
Remarks : presence in the Gulf ofGuinea to be confirmed.
Loc.name(s) :
pointed teeth SPARIDAE
molars
jaws wi th teeth
blackish-red spot 9 or 10 rays
Pagellus bellottii Steindachner, 1882
Synonyms : Pagellus coupei Dieuzeide, 1960.
FAO names : En - Red pandora; Fr - Pageot àtache rouge; Sp - Breca colorada.
Size : 40 cm, common to 20 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, lines.
Habitat : on hard and sandy bottoms to 100 mdepth, forming schools. The most commonspecies of seabream, fished throughout the year.
Loc.name(s) :
Pagellus bogaraveo (Brünnich, 1768)
Synonyms : Pagellus centrodontus Delaroche, 1809.
FAO names : En - Blackspot seabream; Fr - Doraderose; Sp - Goraz.
Size : 65 cm, common to 35 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set longlines.
Habitat : on various types of bottoms (sand, rock,mud) to 700 m depth.
Remarks : presence in the Gulf of Guinea to beconfirmed.
Loc.name(s) :
Pagrus auriga Valenciennes, 1843
Synonyms : often misidentified as Pagrus
caeruleostictus (Valenciennes, 1830)
FAO names : En - Redbanded seabream; Fr - Pagrerayé; Sp - Pargo sémola.
Size : 60 cm, common to 40 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set gillnets,
hook-and-line.
Habitat : on rocky and sandy bottoms to 170 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
dark red spot at originof lateral line and
margin of opercule
(see Plate XIV, 101)
blue spots arrangedin horizontal lines
10 rays
(see Plate XIV, 102)
large black spot
inside ofmouth
orange-red fins more or less bright pink
(see Plate XV, 103)
first 2 spines short anterior dorsal
spines elongate,
particularly in young
margin of opercle very dark
4 or 5 dark, reddishbrown bars
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Pagrus caeruleostictus (Valenciennes, 1830)
118
BONY FISHES
numerousblue spots
SPARIDAE
Synonyms : Sparus caeruleostictus (Valenciennes,1830); Sparus ehrenbergii Valenciennes, 1830.
FAO names : En - Bluespotted seabream; Fr - Pagre à
points bleus; Sp - Pargo zapata.
Size : 70 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, line gear.
Habitat : on hard bottoms as well as on mud and sandto 150 m depth (common between 30 and 50 m).
Loc.name(s) :
Pagrus pagrus africanus (Akazaki, 1962)
Synonyms : Sparus pagrus africanus Akazaki,
1962; Pagrus pagrus Linnaeus, 1758 (p.p.); Pagrusvulgaris Valenciennes, 1830 (p.p.).
FAO names : En - Southern common seabream;Fr - Pagre des tropiques; Sp - Pagro sureño.
Size : 75 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets,lines.
Habitat : demersal, on hard bottoms as well as onsand and mud, to 200 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
a single red spot inpectoral fin axil
Sarpa salpa (Linnaeus, 1758)incisives
Synonyms : Boops salpa (Linnaeus,1758).
FAO names : En - Salema; Fr - Saupe;Sp - Salema.
Size : 45 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beachseines, trammelnets, lines.
Habitat : on rocky, sandy andvegetated bottoms in coastal waters.
Loc.name(s) :
half of upper jaw
(inner view)
snout blunt
small black spot
3rd to 5th anterior dorsalspines filamentous in young
(see Plate XV, 104)
sometimes smallblue dots,
especially in young
first ray filamentous
10 or 11 orange-golden lines
(see Plate XV, 105)
black edge
canines
11 or 12 spines
Sparus aurata Linnaeus,1758
FAO names : En - Giltheadseabream; Fr - Dorade royale;Sp - Pargo dorado.
Size : 70 cm, common to 40 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls,beach seines, lines.
Habitat : on coastal waters onsandy and vegetated bottoms.
Remarks : presence in the Gulf of Guinea to be confirmed.
Loc.name(s) :
molars
golden band
between eyes
large blackblotch at originof lateral line
jaws with teeth reddish area
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Spondyliosoma cantharus (Linnaeus, 1758)
119
BONY FISHES
Synonyms : Cantharus cantharus (Linnaeus, 1758).
FAO names : En - Black seabream;
Fr - Dorade grise; Sp - Pargo chopa.Size : 60 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom and pelagictrawls, beach seines, lines.
Habitat : demersal from 100 to 150 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Sphyraena afra Peters, 1844
4-6 rows of pointed teethSPARIDAE
lower jaw(lateral view)
more or less brokenyellow-golden
longitudinal lines(see Plate XV, 106)
Synonyms : Sphyraena piscatorum Cadenat, 1964;Sphyraena piscatorium Williams, 1968; also citedincorrectly as Sphyraena jello (non Cuvier) althoughthis species does not occur in the eastern Atlantic.
FAO names : En - Guinean barracuda; Fr - Bécuneguinéenne; Sp - Espetón de Guinea.
Size : 205 cm, common to 80 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, set gillnets, handlines, trolling gear
Habitat : found in coastal waters and estuaries.
Loc.name(s) :
scales small, 122 to 140 pores on lateral line
SPHYRAENIDAE
sides with about 20 dark chevrons
Sphyraena barracuda (Walbaum, 1792)
Synonyms : Sphyraena picuda Bloch & Schneider,
1801.
FAO names : En - Great barracuda; Fr - Barracuda;Sp - Picuda barracuda.
Size : 180 cm, common to 140 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets,purse seines, trolling gear, hooks..
Habitat : very little information available;
apparently a migratory species.
Loc.name(s) :
Sphyraena guachancho Cuvier, 1829
scales large, less than 90 pores on lateral line
maxilla extending beyondanterior margin of eye
origin of first dorsal finbehind origin of pelvic fins
several irregulardark spots
Synonyms : Sphyraena dubia Bleeker, 1863;Sphyraena guaguanche Poey, 1860.
FAO names : En - Guachanche barracuda; Fr - Bécuneguachanche; Sp - Picuda guaguanche.
Size : 70 cm, common to 50 cm.
Fishing gear : trawls, bottom set nets, handlines.
Habitat : estuaries and muddy bottoms in turbidcoastal waters from 3 to 100 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
scales medium-sized, 102119 pores on lateral line
yellow horizontal band onsides in fresh specimens
pectoral fins slightlybefore first dorsal fin chevrons last rays longer
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120
BONY FISHES
Sphyraena sphyraena (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms : Sphyraena spet Lacepède, 1803;Sphyraena vulgaris Cuvier, 1829 (in part);Sphyraena bocagei Osorio, 1891; Sphyraenasphyraena bocagei [Cadenat, 19641.
FAO names : En - European barracuda; Fr – Bécuneeuropéenne; Sp - Espetón.
Size : 165 m, common to 50 cm.
Fishing gear : trawls, set gillnets, seines, beachseines, handlines, hook-and-line.
Habitat : in coastal and offshore waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Stromateus fiatola Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms : Stromateus fasciatus (Risso, 1826);Stromateus microchirus (Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1833);Stromateus capensis Pappe, 1866.
FAO names : En - Butterfish; Fr - Fiatole; Sp - Palometafiátola.
Size : 50 cm, common to 35 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, purse seines.
Habitat : pelagic, schooling in coastal waters, between10 and 70 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Saurida brasiliensis Norman, 1935
Synonyms : Saurida parri Norman, 1935.
FAO names : En - Brazilian lizardfish; Fr - Lagartobrasileiro; Sp - Anoli brésilien.
Size : 25 cm, common to 15 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : demersal on the continental shelf from 18 to410 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Synodus saurus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms : Saurus griseus Lowe, 1938; Synoduscinereus Hildebrand, 1948.
FAO names : En - Atlantic lizardfish; Fr - Anoli del'Atlantique; Sp - Pez de San Francisco.
Size : 40 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets,
trammelnets, hook-and-line.Habitat :
Remarks : presence in the Gulf of Guinea to beconfirmed.
Loc.name(s) :
SPHYRAENIDAE
scales small, 120 to 150 pores on lateral line
inside ofmouth whitish
maxilla not extending toanterior margin of eye
tips of pectoral fins not extending
beyond pelvic fin origin
STROMATEIDAE
mouthsmall
pelvic finsabsent
no predorsal or preanal spines (see Plate XV, 107)
SYNODONTIDAE
rays more or lessequal in length
brown spots
inner rays longest
base of anal finshorter than that
of dorsal fin
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121
BONY FISHES
Synodus synodus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms : Synodus meleagrides (Valenciennes,1847); Synodus atlanticus Johnson, 1863; Synodusnicholsi Breder, 1927.
FAO names : En - Diamond lizardfish; Fr - Anolicommun; Sp - Lagarto diamante.
Size : 30 cm, common to 20 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, artisanal gear.Habitat : demersal in coastal waters to 90 m depth.
Remarks : presence in the Gulf of Guinea to beconfirmed.
Loc.name(s) :
Trachinocephalus myops (Forster, 1801)
Synonyms : Trachinocephalus hypozona (Ogilby,1897).
FAO names : En - Bluntnose lizardfish; Fr - Anoliserpent; Sp - Lagarto ñato.
Size : 30 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets,beach seines, hook-and-line.
Habitat : on sandy and rocky bottoms to 150 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Ephippion guttifer (Bennett, 1831)
Synonyms : Hemiconiatus guttifer Bennett, 1831
FAO names : En - Prickly puffer; Fr - Compère àpoints blancs; Sp - TamboriI de tierra.
Size : 80 cm, common to 55 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets,beach seines.
Habitat : common in shallow coastal waters; also in
estuaries.Loc.name(s) :
Lagocephalus laevigatus (Linnaeus, 1766)
Synonyms : Lagocephalus pachycephalus Jordan &Rutter, 1897.
FAO names : En - Smooth puffer; Fr - Compèrelisse; Sp -TamboriI mondeque.
Size : 70 cm, common to 60 cm.
Fishing gear : hook-and-line, set nets, beach
seines.
Habitat : common in coastal waters, on sand andbottoms.
Loc.name(s) :
SYNODONTIDAE
black area 4 large red saddle-like spots
snoutveryshort
dark spot
(see Plate XV, 108)
mouthstrongly
obliqueinner rays longest
colour metallic grey, with yellowand blue longitudinal bands
base of anal finlonger than that
of dosal fin
white spots
TETRAODONTIDAE
10 rays
11-14 rays light coloured
small prickles
light colour
(see Plate XVI, 109) colour greenish
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body and head pinkish
122
BONY FISHES
Lagocephalus l agocephalus (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Rabbit puffer; Fr - Compère lièvre;Sp - Tamboril liebre.
Size : max. 60 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets.
Habitat : an oceanic species, pleagic in surfacewaters as well as demersal.
Loc.name(s) :
Sphoeroides marmoratus (Lowe, 1839)
Synonyms : Sphoeroides sprengleri (not Bloch, 1758).
FAO names : En - Guinean puffer; Fr - Compère deGuinée; Sp - Tamboril de Guinea.
Size : common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, hook-and-line.
Habitat : inhabits shallow waters, from 5 to 45 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Sphoeroides pachygaster (Müller & Troschel, 1848)
Synonyms : Sphoeroides cutaneous Günther, 1870.
FAO names : En - Blunthead puffer; Fr - Compèreémoussé; Sp - Tamboril ñato.
Size : 34 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : from 20 to 200 m depth; on sandy, muddyand rocky bottoms.
Loc.name(s) :
Gephyroberyx darwini (Johnson, 1866)
Synonyms : Trachichthys darwini Johnson, 1866.
FAO names : En - Darwin's slimehead; Fr - Hoplostètede Darwin; Sp - Reloj de Darwin.
Size : 60 cm, common to 45 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : demersal between 100 and at least 1000 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
TETRAODONTIDAE
13-16 rays black,except base
small prickles
prickles onlower and
upper partsof body
lower lobe longerthan upper one
black spots dorsally
12-14 black spots ventrally
two dusky barson caudal fin
body smooth, no prickles coloration: brown dorsally,pale to whitish ventrally
eye small
TRACHICHTHYIDAE
concave
9 strong scutes
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(see Plate XVI, 110)
123
BONY FISHES
Hoplostethus cadenati Quéro, 1974
FAO names : En - Black slimehead; Fr - Hoplostètenoir; Sp - Reloj negro.
Size : 30 cm.
Fishing gear : trawls (bycatch).
Habitat : demersal between 20 and at least 500 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Hoplostethus mediterraneus Cuvier, 1829
FAO names : En - Mediterranean slimehead;Fr - Hoplostéte argente; Sp - Reloj mediterraneo.
Size : 42 cm, common to 20 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, longlines.
Habitat : found on the edge of the continentalshelf and on the slope, apparently demersal; fromabout 100 to 800 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Trachinus araneus Cuvier, 1829
FAO names : En - Spotted weever; Fr - Vivearáignée; Sp - Araña.
Size : 45 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, artisanal gear.
Habitat : shallow waters to about 100 m depth,burrowing in the sand.
Loc.name(s) :
Trachinus armatus (Bleeker, 1862)
FAO names : En - Guinean weever; Fr - Viveguinéenne; Sp - Araña de Guinea.
Size : 35 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammelnets, lines,traps, beach seines.
Habitat : on vegetated grounds or burrowing in
sand or mud, between 15 and 150 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
convex
TRACHICHTHYIDAE
body and headgreyish black
12-16 weak scutes
convex
body and headpale pinkish 11-14 strong scutes
irregular black spots
TRACHINIDAE
28 rays
29 or 30 rays
black plate above pectoral fins
29 or 30 rays
29 or 30 raysirregular undulating lines
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irregular brownvermiculations
124
BONY FISHES
Trachinus collignoni Roux, 1957
FAO names : En - Sailfin weever; Fr - Vive peigne;Sp - Araña aletona.
Size : 15 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines.
Habitat : on soft bottoms in littoral and shallowcoastal waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Trachinus lineolatus Fischer, 1885
FAO names : En - Striped weever; Fr - Vive rayée;Sp - Escorpión rayado.
Size : 15 cm, common to 10 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines.
Habitat : on soft bottoms in littoral and shallowcoastal waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Trachinus pellegrini Cadenat, 1937
FAO names : En - Cape Verde weever; Fr - Vive duCap Vert; Sp - Araña de Cabo Verde
Size : to at least 20 cm, common to 15 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines and otherartisanal gear.
Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms in littoraland coastal waters to about 150 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Trachinus radiatus Cuvier, 1829
Synonyms : Trachinus pardalis Bleeker,1862.
FAO names : En - Starry weever; Fr - Vive àtête rayonnée; Sp - Víbora.
Size : 40 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : on rocky and sandy bottoms indeep waters. Abundant in the warmseason.
Loc.name(s) :
TRACHINIDAE
very long
network of dark lines
12-14 yellow or orange oblique lines
26 rays
27 or 28 rays
(see Plate XVI, 111)
yellow band
soft rays of dorsal fin about
twice as long as those of anal fin
top of head
yellow spots and plates
radiating bony crests
width of interorbital space about half of eye diameter
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125
BONY FISHES
Trachinus vipera Cuvier, 1829
Synonyms : Echiichthys vipera (Cuvier, 1829).
FAO names : En - Lesser weever; Fr - Petite vive;Sp - Salvariego.
Size : 15 cm, common to 10 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, traps, lines, beachseines.
Habitat : on sandy bottoms in littoral and shallowcoastal waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Aphanopus carbo Lowe, 1839
Synonyms : Aphanopus microphthalmus Norman,1939; Aphanopus acus Maul, 1948.
FAO names : En - Black scabbardfish; Fr - Sabrenoir; Sp - Sable negro.
Size : 114 cm, common to 75 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set longlines.
Habitat : benthopelagic from 20 to 1600 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
pelvic fins absent, but one spine and one soft ray present in juveniles
no spines
TRACHINIDAE
small dark dots following scale rows
24-26 rays
TRICHIURIDAE
Benthodesmus tenuis (Günther, 1877)
FAO names : En - Frostfish; Fr - Sabre fleuret;Sp - Cintilla.
Size : to 122 cm standard length, common to90 cm standard length.
Fishing gear : trawls, longlines (bycatch).
Habitat : benthopelagic, mostly over thecontinental slope; ranges from about 200 to800 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Lepidopus caudatus (Euphrasen, 1788)
Synonyms : Lepidopus lex Phillipps, 1932.
FAO names : En - Silver scabbardfish; Fr - Sabreargenté; Sp - Pez cinto.
Size : 200 cm, common to 150 cm.
Fishing gear : trawls, longlines.Habitat : benthopelagic, from 400 to 600 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
spiny part half the length of soft part
notchsoft part ofdorsal fin
pelvic fin muchreduced, represented
by a flat spine
very small
black spot
pelvic fin represented by a single spine, resembling a scale
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transverse crests spiny scales in lateral line
126
BONY FISHES
Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758
Synonyms : Trichiurus haumela (Forsskål, 1775).
FAO names : En - Largehead hairtail; Fr - Poissonsabre commun; Sp - Pez sable.
Size : 150 cm, common to 100 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, longlines, gillnets,purse seines, traps, handlines.
Habitat : benthopelagic (to 350 m depth), but alsofound on muddy bottoms in coastal waters andestuaries.
Loc.name(s) :
Chelidonichthys capensis (Cuvier, 1829)
TRICHIURIDAE
pelvic fins absent
TRIGLIDAE
Synonyms : Trigla capensis Cuvier, 1829.FAO names : En - Cape gurnard; Fr - Grondin duCap; Sp - Rubio del Cabo.
Size : 75 cm, common to 35 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms from thecoastline to at Ieast 100 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Chelidonichthys gabonensis (Poll & Roux, 1955)
snout elongate scales in lateral
line not modified
15-19 gillrakers onfirst arch
right pectoralfin bent forwardshowing inner
surface
Synonyms : Trigla gabonensis Poll & Roux, 1955;Chelidonichthys senegalensis Puyo, 1957.
FAO names : En - Gabon gurnard; Fr - Grondin duGabon; Sp - Rubio del Gabón.
Size : 31 cm, common to 20 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : on sandy bottoms of the continental shelfto about 200 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Chelidonichthys (Trigloporus) lastoviza (Bonnaterre, 1788)
snout elongate
scales in lateralline not modified
5-8 gillrakers
on first arch breast and belly entirely scaled
Synonyms : Trigloporus lastoviza (Bonnaterre, 1788); Trigla lastoviza Bonnaterre, 1788.
FAO names : En - Streaked gurnard;Fr - Grondin camard; Sp - Rubio.
Size : 40 cm, common to 20 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : on sandy and rocky bottoms,
to 150 cm depth.
Loc.name(s) :
frontalprofilesteep
dark spots
pectoral fins long
(see Plate XVI, 112)
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BONY FISHES
Chelidonichthys lucerna (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms : Trigla lucerna Linnaeus, 1758.
FAO names : En - Tub gurnard; Fr - Grondin perlon;Sp - Bejel.
Size : 75 cm, common to 35 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : on sandy, muddy and gravel bottoms,from 20 to 200 m depth.
Remarks : presence to be confirmed.
Loc.name(s) :
Lepidotrigla cadmani Regan, 1915
Synonyms : Lepidotrigla laevispinnis Blache &
Ducroz, 1960.
FAO names : En - Scalebreast gurnard; Fr - Grondinécailleux; Sp - Cabéte escamudo.
Size : 30 cm, common to 20 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms from 30 to400 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Lepidotrigla carolae Richards, 1968
FAO names : En - Carol's gurnard; Fr - Grondin deCarole; Sp - Carolina.
Size : 18 cm, common to 15 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, set nets.
Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms, from 10 to300 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Trigla lyra Linnaeus, 1758
FAO names : En - Piper gurnard; Fr - Grondin lyre;Sp - Garneo.
Size : 60 cm, common to 30 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : found on the continental shelf and theupper slope.
Loc.name(s) :
scales absent here
TRIGLIDAE
scales in lateral line not modified
1st spine smooth
breast scaled
1st spinedenticulated
breast without scales
long spine
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128
BONY FISHES
Uranoscopus albesca Regan, 1915
FAO names : En - Longspine stargazer;Fr - Uranoscope miou; Sp - Miracielo
espinón.Size : 35 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : burrowing in sandy and muddybottoms from 30 to 350 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Uranoscopus cadenati Poll, 1959
FAO names : En - West African stargazer;Fr - Uranoscope boeuf; Sp - Miracieloafricano.
Size : 35 cm, possibly up to 50 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom setnets.
Habitat : burrowing in sandy and muddybottoms from 30 to at least 300 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Uranoscopus polli Cadenat, 1953
FAO names : En - White-spotted stargazer;Fr - Uranoscope à points blancs; Sp - Miracielomoteado.
Size : 35 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets.
Habitat : demersal between 25 and 50 m depth,burrowing in muddy and sandy bottoms.
Loc.name(s) :
Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758
FAO names : En - Swordfish; Fr - Espadon;Sp - Pez espada.
Size : 450 cm, common to 220 cm.
Fishing gear : longlines, harpoons, trollinggear, drift gillnets.
Habitat : pelagic, from the surface to about800 m depth; strongly migratory.
Loc.name(s) :
humeral spine very long
URANOSCOPIDAE
roundedtentacle
narrowlong
tentacle
very longtentacle
XIPHIIDAE
a single strong keel
pelvic fins absent
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1 spine and 6 rays
(see Plate XVI,114)
129
BONY FISHES
ZEIDAE
Cyttopsis roseus (Lowe, 1843)
FAO names : En - Rosy dory; Fr - Saint-Pierrerosé; Sp - San Pedro rosado.
Size : 30 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : near the bottom, on the continentalshelf to a depth of 600 m.
Loc.name(s) :
Zenopsis conchifer (Lowe, 1852)
Synonyms : Zeus conchifer (Lowe, 1852); Zeus
ocellatus Storer, 1859.
FAO names : En - Silvery John dory; Fr - SaintPierre argenté; Sp - San Pedro plateado.
Size : 75 cm, common to 50 cm.
Fishing gear : bottoms trawls.
Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms from 150to 300 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
no plates or scutes
2 or 3 scutesbetween
pelvic fins
1 or 2 spines
9 or 10 rays
mouth
nearlyvertical
bony plates
3 spines
(see Plate XVI, 113) 1 spine and 5 rays
Zeus faber Linnaeus, 1758
FAO names : En - John dory; Fr - Saint-Pierre;Sp - Pez de San Pedro.
Size : 65 cm, common to 40 cm.
Fishing gear : bottoms trawls.
Habitat : demersal from 60 to 250 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
plates ofspiny scutes
4 spines
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underside of head dorsal fin
131
SHARKS
TECHNICAL TERMS AND PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENT USED
(Straight-line distances)
eye with
nictitatinglower eyelid
first dorsal fin
precaudal pitterminal lobe
fin spine
second dorsal fin
spiracleinterdorsal space keel
upperlobe
snout
nostril
internasalspace
head
length of(preoral)
snout
caudalpecuncle
apex
labialfolds
insertion of fininner margin
of free rear tip
clasper(male sex organ)
anal fin
lowerlobe
subterminal
notch
innercorner
pelvic fin
caudal fin
mouth
gill
slits
Fear margin
pectoral fin
length of pectoral fin
gill slits
trunk
total length
tail
(caudal fin depressed to body axis)
width of mouth anterior margin
labial fold
originheight
of fin
posterior margin
insertion
labial groove or furrow
base
free rear tip
length of inner margin
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SHARKS
GUIDE TO FAMILIES
The purpose of this guide is to ensure correct identification of all shark families occurring in the Gulf of Guinea. It alsoallows the identification of genera in the case of polymorphic families.
Note:
Page numbers following the names, where present, lead to information on species of interest to fisheries.
All distinctive characters used here apply only to species occurring in the Gulf of Guinea.
FRILLED AND COW SHARKS - Hexanchiformes
Six or seven pairs of gill slits
HEXANCHIDAE Sixgill and Sevengill sharks,Cowsharks
To at least 482 cm; continental shelf and slope to about
1900 m depth; demersal or pelagic.
DOGFISH SHARKS AND ALLIES - Squaliformes
Anal fin absent; mouth ventral; snout short .
ECHINORHINIDAE Bramble sharks
To 310 cm; continental shelf and slope, from 20 to 900 mdepth; demersal. A single species.
SQUALIDAE Dogfish sharks page 147
To about 180 cm; continental shelf and slope, from 50to 2700 m depth; predominantly demersal.
Examples:
similar
secondary cuspson inner margin
upper tooth lower tooth
lower lateral tooth
spines without grooves
keel
7 gill slits
Heptranchias perlo
precaudal pit
denticulationson inner margin
primarycusplet
Squalus blainvillei
blade-like
lower lateral tooth secondarycusps
6 gill slits
Hexanchus griseus
upper teeth lower teeth
grooved spines,
Etmopterus
upper teeth lower teeth
bony plates
Echinorhinus brucus
snout very longgrooved spines
Deania
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Dalatias lichaGinglymostoma cirratum
133
SHARKS
upper teeth lower teeth
grooved spines
pectoral fins angular
OXYNOTIDAE Centrines
To 150 cm; in offshore waters from 40 to 720 mdepth; demersal. A single species.
dorsal fins high, triangular
Centrophorus
keelpelvic fin
Oxinotus centrina
upper and lower toothgrooved spines
Centroscyllium fabricii
upper teeth lower teeth
grooved spines
pectoral fins rounded Centroscymnus
ANGEL SHARKS - Squatiniformes
Body flattened; gill slits ventro-lateral; anal fin
absent, mouth terminal.
SQUATINIDAE Angel sharks page 151
To 188 cm; continental shelf and slope from 30 to
500 m depth; demersal.
lobe of pectoral fin
pectoral fin
mouthterminal
pelvic fin
upper teeth lower teethnostril
spiracle
grooved spines gill slitsdorsal view
underside of head Squatina
Scymnodon obscurus NURSE AND WHALE SHARKS - Orectolobiformes
Mouth in front of eyes; nostrils with barbels.
GINGLYMOSTOMATIDAE Nurse sharks page 142
upper and lower teeth
no spines
To about 430 cm; coastal waters, demersal. A singlespecies.
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Galeus polli
134
SHARKS
RHINIODONTIDAE Whale sharks
To 12 m; coastal and oceanic waters; pelagic. A singlespecies.
LAMNIDAE Mackerel sharks page 143
To at least 650 cm; coastal and oceanic waters; pelagic.
margins serrated
MACKEREL SHARKS ANDALLIES - Lamniformes
No nictitating eyelid;intestinal valve of ring
type.
Rhiniodon typus
intestinal valve of ring type(schematic, characteristic for
the order)
upper tooth lower tooth
Carcharodon carcharias
margins smooth
ODONTASPIDIDAE Sand tiger sharks
To 318 cm; common along the coast and off bays,mainly demersal. A single species.
gill slits high
eye large
Eugomphodus taurus
PSEUDOCARCHARIIDAE Crocodilesharks
To 110 cm; coastal and oceanic waters. Amonogeneric family with a single species.
keel
lower precaudal pit
Pseudocarcharias kamoharai
ALOPIIDAE Thresher sharks page 137
To at least 550 cm; coastal and oceanic waters; pelagic.
upper tooth lower tooth
Isurus
GROUND SHARKS AND ALLIES - Carcharhiniformes
Nictitating membrane present on eyes; intestinal valveof scroll or spiral type.
SCYLIORHINIDAE Catsharks page 144
To 160 cm; coastal waters and on the slope to 720 mdepth; usually demersal.
9 to 11 greyish brown bars and spots
Alopias
underside of head
ridges
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Mustelus
135
SHARKS
underside of head
Galeorhinus galeus Mustelus mustelus
dorsal view of head
Scyliorhinus
LEPTOCHARIIDAE Barbeled page 144 houndsharks
To 80 cm, coastal waters, particularly around river mouths, to 75 m depth. A single species.
anteriornasalfolds
formingminutebarbell
labialfurrows
very long
underside of head
upper and lower
lateral teeth
Leptocharias smíthií
TRIAKIDAE Hound sharks page 152
To 167 cm; coastal waters to at least 350 m depth;
bentho-pelagic and demersal.
anteriornasal folds
short
underside of head
HEMIGALEIDAE Weasel sharks page 143
To 138 cm; coastal waters to 100 m depth. A singlespecies.
intestinal valve of spiral type
Paragaleus pectoralis
CARCHARHINIDAE Requiem sharks page 137
To about 650 cm; coastal and oceanic waters, fromthe surface to about 800 m depth; pelagic ordemersal.
dorsal margin undulated
precaudal pit
(Family characters)
rolled unrolled
intestinal valve of scroll type
(Family characters)
toothcompressed,
blade-like
secondarycusps
upper teeth
G. galeus M. mustelus
teeth low withrounded cusps,
forming a pavement
labialfurrowsshort
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Prionace glauca
136
spiracle
labial furrows very long
underside of head
labial furrowswell developed
underside of head
preanal crestsvery long
underside of head
gillrakersabsent
gilirakers short
lateral keel
Galeocerdo cuvier
Prionace Carcharhinus
gillrakers
almost as large as first dorsal
underside of head
Negaprion brevirostris
labialfurrows
short andrudimentary
preanal ridgesabsent or very short
Carcharhinus
SPHYRNIDAE Hammerhead sharks page 146
origin of seconddorsal fin behindthat of anal fin
To 300 cm; coastal and oceanic waters, near thesurface; pelagic.
eyenostril
lateral expansion
gill slitscorner of mouth
anal finunderside of head
Rhizoprionodon acutus
lateral keel
lateral expansion
Sphyrna
SHARKS
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underside of head upper and lower tooth
137
SHARKS
Alopias superciliosus (Lowe, 1839)
FAO names : En - Bigeye thresher; Fr - Renard àgros yeux; Sp - Zorro ojón.
Size : 430 cm, common to 350 cm.
Fishing gear : longlines, drift gillnets, hook-and-line.
Habitat : oceanic, but also found in coastal watersover the continental shelves; occurs up to 500 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788)
FAO names : En - Thresher shark; Fr - Renard;Sp - Zorro.
Size : possibly to over 600 cm, common to 490 cm.
Fishing gear : longlines, hook-and-line, driftinggillnets.
Habitat : pelagic in offshore and coastal waters, upto 400 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Carcharhinus altimus (Springer, 1950)
Synonyms : Carcharhinus radamae Fourmanoir,1961.
FAO names : En - Bignose shark; Fr - Requinbabosse; Sp - Tiburón baboso.
Size : 300 cm, common to 240 cm.
Fishing gear : deep-set longlines, bottom trawls.
Habitat : deeper areas of the continental shelfbetween 80 and 430 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Carcharhinus amboiensis (Müller & Henle, 1839)
Synonyms : Carcharhinus henlei Bleeker, 1855;Carcharis brachyrhynchos Bleeker, 1859;Triaenodon obtusus Day, 1878.
FAO names : En - Pigeye shark; Fr - Requinbalestriné; Sp -Tiburón baleta.
Size : to 280 cm.
Fishing gear : longlines.Habitat : coastal waters from 0 to 60 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
ALOPIIDAE
grooves
eyes large,directedupwards
eyes small,no grooves
on head
snout long
CARCHARHINIDAE
strong interdorsal ridge
underside of head upper and lower tooth near centre
no interdorsal ridge
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underside of head upper and lower
138
SHARKS
CARCHARHINIDAE
Carcharhinus brachyurus (Günther, 1870)
Synonyms : Charcharias lamiella Jordan &Gilbert, 1882; Eulamia ahenea Stead, 1938;
Carcharhinus improvisus Smith, 1952.
FAO names : En - Copper shark; Fr - Requincuivre; Sp - Tiburón cobrizo.
Size : about 290 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, line gear.
Habitat : coastal and offshore waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Carcharhinus brevipinna (Müller & Henle, 1839)
Synonyms : Carcharhinus maculipinnis (Poey,1865); Aprionodon caparti, Poll, 1951.
FAO names : En - Spinner shark; Fr - Requintisserand; Sp -Tiburón aleta negra.
Size : 280 cm, common to 250 cm.
Fishing gear : longlines, hook-and-line, bottom
set nets, pelagic trawls.
Habitat : offshore waters, probably also incoastal areas.
Loc.name(s) :
Carcharhinus falciformis (Bibron in Müller & Henle, 1839)
FAO names : En - Silky shark; Fr - Requinsoyeux; Sp - Tiburón jaquetón.
Size : 350 cm, common to 250 cm.
Fishing gear : floating longlines, also in bottomset nets.
Habitat : coastal and oceanic waters.
Loc.name(s) :
normally withoutinterdorsal ridge
pointed
underside of head
upper andlower tooth
white bandno interdorsal ridge
pointed
very similar
smooth
underside of head upper and lower tooth
rounded posterior lobe long and slender
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SHARKS
CARCHARHINIDAE
Carcharhinus galapagensis (Snodgrass & Heller, 1905)
FAO names : En - Galapagos shark; Fr - Requin
vde Galapagos; Sp - Tiburón de Galápagos.
Size : 370 cm, common to 300 cm.
Fishing gear : no information available.
Habitat : coastal and offshore waters.
Loc.name(s) :
rounded
almost straight,tip pointed
Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle, 1839) long
underside of head
FAO names : En - Bull shark; Fr - Requinbouledogue; Sp - Tiburón sards.
Size : 350 cm, common to 260 cm.
Fishing gear : longlines.
Habitat : mainly in coastal waters, also inestuaries and hypersaline waters.
Loc.name(s) :
snout very short
no interdorsal ridge
upper andlower tooth
triangular
Carcharhinus limbatus (Valenciennes in Müller & Henle, 1839)
FAO names : En - Blacktip shark;Fr - Requin bordé; Sp - Tiburónmacuira.
Size : 250 cm, common to 150 cm.
Fishing gear : longlines, hook-and-Iine, bottom set nets.
Habitat : pelagic, in coastal andoffshore waters.
Loc.name(s) :
origin of dorsalfin above or
slightly behindpectoral fininsertions
underside of head upper and lower tooth
persistant black spot
underside of headupper and lower tooth
(near centre)
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SHARKS
Carcharhinus Iongimanus (Poey, 1861)
Synonyms : Carcharhinus maou (Lesson,1830).
FAO names : En - Oceanic whitetip shark;Fr - Requin océanique; Sp - Tiburón oceánico.
Size : possibly to 350 cm.
Fishing gear : floating longlines, handlines,pelagic trawls.
Habitat : pelagic in warm oceanic waters,sometimes entering coastal waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Carcharhinus obscurus (LeSueur, 1818)
FAO names : En - Dusky shark; Fr - Requinsombre; Sp - Tiburón arenero.
Size : 364 cm.
Fishing gear : longlines, hook-and-line, bottom
set nets.Habitat : benthopelagic off the edge of thecontinental shelf.
Remarks : presence in the Gulf of Guinea to beconfirmed
Loc.name(s) :
Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827)
Synonyms : Carcharhinus milberti Müller & Henle,1841.
FAO names : En - Sandbar shark; Fr - Requin gris;Sp - Tiburón trozo.
Size : 300 cm, common to 240 cm.
Fishing gear : longlines, hook-and-line, bottomset nets.
Habitat : coastal waters on sandy or muddybottoms; often near estuaries.
Loc.name(s) :
conspicuously large, rounded CARCHARHINIDAE
pectoral fins verylong and rounded
triangular
underside of head
upper and lower tooth
underside of head
upper and lower tooth
very high, triangular
teeth finely denticulate
underside of head
upper and lower tooth
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underside of head upper and lower tooth
141
SHARKS
Carcharhinus signatus (Poey, 1868)
snout narrow, pointed andconspicuously elongate
Synonyms : Hyporion signatus Poey, 1868;Hyporion bigelowi Cadenat, 1956.
FAO names : En - Night shark; Fr - Requin de nuit;Sp - Tiburón de noche.
Size : 280 cm, common to. 150 cm.
Fishing gear : longlines, pelagic trawls.
Habitat : between 200 and 300 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Galeocerdo cuvier Peron & LeSueur, 1822
FAO names : En - Tiger shark; Fr - Requin tigrecommun; Sp - Tintorera.
Size : at least 650 cm, probably 740 cm, commonto 400 cm.
Fishing gear : longlines, hook-and-line, bottomset nets, occasionally With bottom trawls.
Habitat : coastal and offshore waters near the
surface; also in estuaries.
Loc.name(s) :
Negaprion brevirostris (Poey, 1868)
FAO names : En - Lemon shark; Fr - Requincitron; Sp - Tiburón galano.
Size : 320 cm, common to 240 cm.
Fishing gear : longlines.
Habitat : demersal in coastal waters;occasionally enters estuaries.
Loc.name(s) :
CARCHARHINIDAE
body fusiform,rather robust
underside of head upper and lower tooth
snout very short dark bars or spots
spiraclevery small
underside of head upper and lower tooth
snout very short
no interdorsal ridge 2nd dorsal fin
almost as largeas 1st dorsal fin
nictitatingmembrane
smooth
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142
SHARKS
CARCHARHINIDAE
Prionace glauca (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Blue shark; Fr - Peau bleue;Sp - Tiburón azul.
Size : 383 cm, common to 150 cm.
Fishing gear : longlines, hook-and-line, bottomset nets, pelagic and bottom trawls.
Habitat : pelagic, usually offshore, but also incoastal waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Rhizoprionodon acutus (Rüppell, 1837)
Synonyms : Scoliodon terraenovae (Richardson,1836).
FAO names : En - Milk shark; Fr - Requin à museau
pointu; Sp - Cazón picudo.
Size : 105 cm, common to 70 cm.
Fishing gear : longlines, hook-and-line, bottom setnets, bottom trawls.
Habitat : shallow coastal waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1788)
FAO names : En - Nurse shark; Fr - Requin-nourrice; Sp - Gata nodriza.
Size : over 400 cm, common to 340 cm.
Fishing gear : line gear, bottom set nets,bottom trawls.
Habitat : coastal waters and estuaries.
Loc.name(s) :
snout longno interdorsal
ridge
a weak keel on
caudal peduncle
nictitating
membrane
very long
underside of headupper and lower tooth
preanal ridges long
mouth
beforeeyes
underside of head upper and lower lateral tooth
GINGLYMOSTOMATIDAE
barbets
barbets
oro-nasal groove
mouth
underside of head upper and lower teeth
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teeth of left side
143
SHARKS
Paragaleus pectoralis (Garman, 1906)
Synonyms : Paragaleus gruveli Budker,1935.
FAO names : En - Atlantic weasel shark;Fr - Milandre jaune; Sp -Tiburón comadreja.
Size : 140 cm, common to 80 cm.
Fishing gear : longlines, hook-and-line,bottom set gillnets, bottom trawls.
Habitat : coastal waters to 100 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Carcharodon carcharías (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Great white shark; Fr - Grandrequin blanc; Sp - Jaquetón blanco.
Size : to 640 cm, maybe to 800 cm, common to400 cm.
Fishing gear : longlines, hook-and-line,bottom set gillnets, drift gillnets.
Habitat : coastal and offshore waters, oftenentering shallow bays.
Loc.name(s) :
Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1809
FAO names : En - Shortfin mako; Fr - Taupebleu; Sp - Marrajo dientuso.
Size : 400 cm, common to 270 cm.
Fishing gear : drifting longlines, gillnets,hook-and-line.
Habitat : oceanic in surface waters, down toat least 152 m.
Loc.name(s) :
yellow bands
HEMIGALEIDAE
secondary cusps
mouthshort
underside of headupper and lower teeth (left side)
LAMNIDAE
spiracle very smallvery small
gill slits long prominent keel
anterior intermediate lateral posterior
underside of headanterior lateral
teeth of left side
posterior
snout long and pointed
very small
as long as head
prominent keel
anterior intermediate lateral posterior
underside of head
position of teeth
anterior lateral posterior
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dorsal view of head underside of head
Isurus paucus Guitart Manday, 1966
Synonyms : Isurus alatus Garrick, 1966;?Lamiostoma belyaevi GIikman, 1964.
FAO names : En - Longfin mako; Fr - Petit
taupe; Sp - Marrajo carite.Size : 417 cm, common to 250 cm.
Fishing gear : drifting longlines, hook-and-line, gillnets.
Habitat : oceanic.
Loc.name(s) :
Leptocharias smithii (Müller & Henle, 1839)
Galeus polli Cadenat, 1959
Synonyms : ? Pristiurus atlanticus Vaillant,1888.
FAO names : En - African sawtail catshark;Fr - Chien râpe; Sp - Pintarroja africana.
Size : 90 cm, common to 50 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom setnets.
Habitat : demersal between 200 and 270 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
144
SHARKS
rounded
very small
LAMNIDAE
pectoralfin long
anterior intermediate lateral posterior
anterior lateral
teeth of left side
posterior
LEPTOCHARIIDAE
snout long
FAO names : En - Barbeled houndshark; Fr - Emissoleà grandes lèvres; Sp - Tiburón barbudo.
Size : about 80 cm.
Fishing gear : hook-and-line, bottom set gillnets,bottom trawls.
Habitat : in coastal waters, common around rivermouths, to 75 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
slightly smallerthan first dorsal fin
barbel long,slender
stronglyasymmetric
upper lateral tooth
very long
underside of head
dark spots
SCYLIORHINIDAE
equal, rounded
eyes elongate,lateral
angular
bases very long
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145
SHARKS
Scyliorhinus canicula (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Smalispotted catshark;Fr - Petite roussette; Sp - Pintarroja.
Size : 100 cm, common between 60 and
70 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls,bottom set nets.
Habitat : coastal waters on sandy ormuddy bottoms to 400 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Scyliorhinus cervigoni Maurin & Bonnet, 1970
FAO names : En - West African catshark;Fr - Roussette thalassa; Sp - Alitán africano,
Size : to about 76 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls,bottom set nets.
Habitat : demersal between 45 and 500 mdepth, on the continental shelf and upper
slope, on rocky and muddy bottoms.Remarks : this species has been confusedwith S. stellaris.
Loc.name(s) :
Scyliorhinus stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Nursehound; Fr - Grande
roussette; Sp - Alitán.
Size : 162 cm, common to about 125 cm,
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom setnets.
Habitat : common on hard bottoms incoastal waters to 63 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
numerous dark brown andoften white round spots
SCYLIORHINIDAE
eyes elongate, dorsal
bases very long
nasal flap
lower labial furrows
underside of head
dark spots large and tew
body tapering strongly totail
anterior nasalflaps reaching
mouth
underside of head
rather large dark spots
eyeselongate,
lateral
anterior nasal flap
dorsal view of head
underside of head
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concave
146
SHARKS
median indentationSPHYRNIDAE
Sphyrna couardi Cadenat, 1950
FAO names : En - Whitefin hammer-head; Fr - Requin-marteau aile blanche;Sp - Cornuda aliblanca.
Size : to about 300 cm.
Fishing gear : no information available.
Habitat : pelagic in coastal waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834)
Synonyms : Sphyrna diplana Springer, 1941.
FAO names : En - Scalloped hammerhead;Fr - Requin-marteau halicorne; Sp - Cornudacomún.
Size : 420 cm, common to 300 cm.
Fishing gear : pelagic longlines, bottom setlonglines, bottom set nets, bottom andpelagic trawls.
Habitat : estuaries and coastal waters.
Loc.name(s) :
underside of head
margin nearly straight apart from median indentation
underside of head
wide
narrow
hind border of eye
underside of head
narrow
wide
Sphyrna mokarran (Rüppell, 1837)
FAO names : En - Great hammerhead; Fr - Grandrequin-marteau; Sp - Cornuda gigante.
Size : at least to 550 cm, common to 400 cm.
Fishing gear : longlines, hook-and-line, pelagic andbottom trawls, bottom set nets.
Habitat : coastal and offshore waters.
Loc.name(s) :
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147
SHARKS
Sphyma zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758)
no indentationSPHYRINIDAE
FAO names : En - Smooth hammerhead;
Fr - Requin-marteau commun; Sp - Cornudacruz.
Size : 400 cm.
Fishing gear : drifting longlines, handlines,bottom trawls.
Habitat : littoral and coastal waters.
Loc.name(s) :
underside of head
Centrophorus granulosus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
FAO names : En - Gulper shark; Fr - Squale-chagrin commun; Sp - Quelvacho.
Size : 150 cm, common to 80 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, hook-and-line.
Habitat : benthic.
Loc.name(s) :
Centrophorus lusitanicus Bocage & Capello, 1864
FAO names : En - Lowfin gulper shark; Fr – Squale-chagrin à longue dorsale; Sp - Quelvàcho lusitanico.
Size : at least 160 cm, common to 100 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom nets, bottom set nets, hook-and-line.
Habitat : benthic in deep waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Centrophorus squamosus (Bonnaterre, 1788)
FAO names : En - Leafscale gulper shark; Fr - Squale-chagrin de l'Atlantique; Sp - Quelvacho negro.
Size : to at least 158 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, line gear, bottom set
nets.Habitat : deep waters from 400 to 500 m.
Loc.name(s) :
lateral view
SQUALIDAE
no cusp
dermal dentides
cusp
lateral view
dermal denticles 1st dorsal fin long and narrow
higher
lateral view
dermal denticles
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148
SHARKS
Centrophorus uyato (Rafinesque, 1810)
FAO names : En - Little guiper shark; Fr - Petitsquale-chagrin; Sp - Galludito.
Size : to about 100 cm, common to 80 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets,hook-and-line.
Habitat : from 50 to 1400 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Centroscyllium fabricii (Reinhardt, 1825)
FAO names : En - Black dogfish; Fr - Aiguillat noir;Sp - Tollo negro merga.
Size : at least 84 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, line gear.
Habitat : deep waters, from 180 to 1600 m depths.
Loc.name(s) :
Centroscymnus coelolepis Bocage & Capello, 1864
FAO names : En - Portuguese dogfish; Fr - Pailonacommun; Sp - Pailona.
Size : 114 cm, common to 95 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, deepwater set nets,line gear.
Habitat : from 270 to 3600 m depth; common onthe upper continental slope.
Loc.name(s) :
Centroscymnus crepidater (Bocage & Capello, 1864)
FAO names : En - Longnose velvet dogfish;Fr - Pailona à Ion nez; Sp - Sapata negra.
Size : 114 cm, common to 95 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, deepwater setnets, line gear.
Habitat : from 270 to 3600 m depth; commonon the upper continental slope.
Loc.name(s) :
lateral view
SQUALIDAE
dermal denticles
underside of head larger than 1st dorsal fin
dermal denticle
underside of head very small spines
dermal denticles
underside of head
spines very small
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gill slits short
149
SHARKS
Dalatias licha (Bonnaterre, 1788)
Synonyms : Scymnorhinus licha (Bonnaterre,1788).
FAO names : En - Kitefin shark; Fr - Squale liche;Sp - Carocho.
Size : 180 cm, common to 150 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets,hook-and-line.
Habitat : continental shelf and upper slope, to1000 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Deania calcea (Lowe, 1839)
FAO names : En - Birdbeak dogfish ; Fr - Squalesavate; Sp - Tollo pajarito.
Size : to about 110 cm.
Fishing gear : pelagic trawls.
Habitat : continental slope from 460 to, 1430 m
depth.
Remarks : presence in the Gulf of Guinea to beconfirmed.
Loc.name(s) :
Deania profundorum (Smith & Radcliffe, 1912)
Synonyms : Deania cremouxi Cadenat, 1960.
FAO names : En - Arrowhead dogfish; Fr - Squale-savate lutin; Sp - Tolloflecha.
Size : 76 cm.
Fishing gear : no information available.
Habitat : demersal, on the upper continental slope,at depths from 275 to 1800 m.
Loc.name(s) :
SQUALIDAE
underside of head lips fringed
spines absent
dermal denticle
snout extremely longunderside of head
no keel
dermal denticle
snout very long keel
Etmopterus polli Bigelow, Schroeder & Springer, 1953
FAO names : En - African lantern shark; Fr - Sagreà menton lisse; Sp - Tollo lucero africano.
Size : about 24 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets,hook-and-line.
Habitat : upper continental slope, from 300 to1000 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
pointed
dermal denticles (dorsal view)
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150
SHARKS
Etmoptertis pusillus (Lowe, 1839)
Synonyms : Centrina nigra Lowe, 1839; Etmopterusfrontimaculatus Pietschmann, 1907.
FAO names : En - Smooth lantern shark; Fr - Sagre
nain; Sp - Tollo lucero liso.
Size : 47 cm, possibly larger, between 50 and 1000 mdepth.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets, linegear.
Habitat : demersal on the continental shelf from 270to 1000 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Etmopterus spinax (Linnaeus, 1758)
truncate SQUALIDAE
dermal denticles (dorsal view)
gill slits longer
FAO names : En - Velvet-belly; Fr - Sagrecommun; Sp - Negrito.
Size : 60 cm, common to 40 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom and pelagic trawls, bottomset nets, hook-and-line.
Habitat : demersal in deep waters, from 100 to1000 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Squalus blainvillei (Risso, 1826)
FAO names : En - Longnose spurdog;Fr - Aiguiltat coq; Sp - Galludo.
Size : at least 95 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom setgillnets, hook-and-line.
Habitat : demersal between 300 and 600 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Squalus megalops (MacIeay, 1881)
Synonyms : Squalus acutipinnis Regan, 1921.
FAO names : En - Bigeye spurdog; Fr - Aiguillat àgros yeux; Sp - Galludo ojón.
Size : about 71 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets.
Habitat : demersal between 16 and 250 m depth;gregarious.
Loc.name(s) :
pointed
dermal denticles (lateral view)
gill slits very short black
long, ungrooved spines
lateralkeels
eyes largeblack spots
snoutsubangular
concave
underside or headdermal denticle
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dark spots on
body and fins
151
SHARKS
Squalus mitsukurii Jordan & Snyder, 1903
FAO names : En - Shortspine spurdog; Fr - Aiguillat
épinette; Sp - Galludo espinilla.
Size : 110 cm.
Fishing gear : no information available.
Habitat : demersal on the continental shelf.
Loc.name(s) :
Squatina aculeata Duméril, 1829
FAO names : En - Sawback angelshark; Fr - Angede mer épineux; Sp - Angelote espinudo.
Size : to about 190 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets.
Habitat : demersal between 20 and 500 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Squatina oculata Bonaparte, 1840
FAO names : En - Smoothback angelshark;Fr - Ange de mer ocellé; Sp - Pez angel.
Size : 160 cm, common to 80 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : continental shelf and slope from 20to 500 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
SQUALIDAE
snoutparabolicrounded
underside or headdermal denticle
SQUATINIDAE
prominent flap
frontal view
dermal denticles
prominent flap
frontal view
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dorsal view of head
152
SHARKS
TRIAKIDAE
Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Tope shark; Fr - Requin-
hâ; Sp – Cazón.
Size : 195 cm, common between 100 and120 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, longlines.
Habitat : demersal and benthopelagic,from coastal waters to 300 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
no interdorsal crest
dorsaI view of head
very similar
Mustelus mustelus (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Smooth-hound; Fr - Emissolelisse; Sp - Musola.
Size : 160 cm, common to 120 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set nets,line gear.
Habitat : demersal, from 5 to 350 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
interdorsalridge
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154
BATOID FISHES
GUIDE TO FAMILIES
The purpose of this guide is to ensure correct identification of all families (and their respective genera) occurring inthe Gulf of Guinea.
Note:
Page numbers following the family names, when present, lead to information on species of interest to fisheries.
All distinctive characters used here apply only to species occurring in the Gulf of Guinea.
PRISTIDAE Sawfishes page 160
Total length to 600 cm; coastal marine and brackishwaters, rarely in freshwaters; usually to 10 m depth;demersal.
pectoral fin
dorsal fins
dorsal view
lateral view
PLATYRHINIDAE Thornback guitarfishes
Total length to about 1 m; mainly coastal waters, butalso offshore around islands, to 300 m depth; demersal. A single species.
snout short, blunt
margins of disc rather thin
mouth straight
sawspiracle
pelvic f in
Pristis
RHINOBATIDAE Guitarfishes page 164
Total length to 200 cm; coastal marine waters to 90 mdepth; demersal.
RHYNCHOBATIDAE Wedgefishes
Total length to 300 m; coastal marine waters to 35 mdepth; demersal. A single species.
pectoral fin
TORPEDINIDAE Electric rays
Total length to 180 cm; coastal waters to 570 m depth;usually demersal.
underside of head
Zanobatus schoenleinii
spiracle pectoral fin
pelvic fin
dorsal fins
eye
dorsal view
caudal finsimple
snoutelongate Rhinobatos
disc truncate oremarginate anteriorly
with thick, fleshymargins
electricorgans
pelvic fin dorsal fins caudal finbilobed
snoutelongate
tail short and robust
Rhynchobatus luebberti
dorsal view
Torpedo
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155
BATOID FISHES
GUIDE TO FAMILIES
RAJIDAE Rays and skates page 161
Total length to 230 cm; littoral waters to beyond 1000 mdepth; demersal.
disc rhomboidalor subcircular
GYMNURIDAE Butterfly rays
Disc width to 400 cm; from coastal waters to 60 m depth;demersal.
disc lozangic,wider than long
pelvic finsbilobed
tail slenderand very short
Gymnura
tail distinctlyseparatefrom disc
2 dorsal fins
dorsal view
DASYATIDAE Stingrays page 157
Total length to 300 cm; coastal waters to at least 300 mdepth; demersal.
tail longerthan disc
tail about aslong as disc
MYLIOBATIDAE Eagle rays page 159
Total length to 370 cm; coastal waters to 100 m depth;demersal.
nasalcurtainfringed
underside of head head distinct
subrostral lobe
dorsal fin
caudal tin
Raja
dorsal fin absent
Taeniura
one or morevenomous stings
disc oval
Dasyatis
no spines
Urogymnus asperimus
barbed spine
a single series usually 7 series
Aetobatus narinarum Myliobatis aquila,Pteromylaeus bovinus
arrangement of teeth in upper jaw
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Manta birostris
156
BATOID FISHES
GUIDE TO FAMILIES
subrostral lobe
underside of head dorsal view of head
Myliobatis aquila
subrostral lobe
underside of head dorsal view of head
Pteromylaeus bovinus
RHINOPTERIDAE Cownose rays page 165
Length of disc to 200 m; coastal waters to about 30 mdepth.
subrostral lobe
underside of head
subrostral lobesseparated by a notch
a singledorsal fin
spine
Rhinoptera marginata
MOBULIDAE Mantas and Sea-devils page 158
Width of disc to 700 cm; shallow coastal waters; pelagic.
cephalic fin
dorsal fin
dorsal view
cephalic fin
dorsal fin
lateral view
frontal view
mouthventral
underside of head
mouthterminal
underside of head
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157
BATOID FISHES
DASYATIDAE
Dasyatis centroura (Mitchill, 1815)
Synonyms : Dasyatis aspera (Cuvier, 1817); Dasyatishastata (DeKay, 1842).
FAO names : En - Roughtail stingray; Fr - Pastenagueépineuse; Sp - Raya-látigolija.
Size : over 300 cm (total length).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammel nets, bottom setlonglines, hook-and-line.
Habitat : Usually in coastal waters, to 300 m depth;demersal, mostly on soft bottoms.
Loc.name(s) :
Dasyatis margarita (Günther, 1870)
FAO names : En - Daisy stingray; Fr - Pastenaguemarguerite; Sp - Raya-látigo margarita.
Size : 200 cm (total length), common to 60 cm.Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammelnets, bottomset longlines, hook-and-line.
Habitat : shallow coastal waters to 60 m depth,enters estuaries and lagoons.
Loc.name(s) :
Dasyatis pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms : Trygon pastinaca (Linnaeus, 1758).
FAO names : En - Common stingray; Fr - Pastenaguecommune; Sp - Raya-látigo común.
Size : 250 cm (total length), common to 80 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammelnets, bottomset longlines, hook-and-line.
Habitat : shallow coastal waters to 60 m depth.
Remarks : presence in Gulf of Guinea to beconfirmed.
Loc.name(s) :
large tuberclesor spines
length oftail twice
that of disc
no skin folds behind sting
posteriorsmargin ofpelvic fin
nearlystraight
pearl-like tubercular thorn
area of close-set spinules
length oftail 1.5timesthat ofdisc
colour uniformly greenish grey
skin fold
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branchial filters
158
BATOID FISHES
DASYATIDAE
Taeniura grabata (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)
FAO names : En - Round stingray; Fr - Pastenague africaine;Sp - Chupare redondo.
Size : 250 cm (total length).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : on soft bottoms in coastal waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Manta birostris (Donndorff, 1798)
FAO names : En - Giant Atlantic manta; Fr - Mante
atlantique; Sp - Manta atlántica gigante.Size : 700 cm (disc width).
Fishing gear : trammelnets, purse seines, longlines,driftnets, pelagic trawls.
Habitat : pelagic, in shallow coastal waters.
Loc.name(s) :
disc rounded
mouth terminal
MOBULIDAE
mouth inferior
Mobula coilloti Cadenat & Rancurel, 1960
FAO names : En - Greater Guineanmobula; Fr - Diable géant de Guinée;Sp - Diablo gigante de Guinea.
Size : about 250 cm (disc width).
Fishing gear : trammelnets, purseseines, driftnets, longlines, pelagictrawls.
Habitat : pelagic, feeding onplanktonic organisms.
Loc.name(s) :
lateral
margins offused lobes
posterior margins
widely rounded
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dorsal fin
159
BATOID FISHES
MOBULIDAE
Mobula rochebrunei (Vaillant, 1879)
FAO names : En - Lesser Guinean mobula;Fr - Petit diable de Guinée; Sp - Diablitode Guinea.
Size : 130 cm (disc width).
Fishing gear : trammelnets, purse seines,longlines, drifnets, harpoons.
Habitat : pelagic, in coastal waters.
Loc.name(s) :
Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790)
lateralmarginsof lobes
not fused
mouth inferior
branchial filters
whitish, yellowishor bluish spots
MYLIOBATIDAE
Synonyms: Stoasodon narinari Euphrasen, 1790.
FAO names : En - Spotted eagle-ray; Fr - Aigle de merléopard; Sp - Chucho pintado.
Size : 280 cm (disc width), 370 cm (total length).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammel nets, purse seines,longlines, hook-and-line.
Habitat : shallow coastal waters, usually formingschools.
Loc.name(s) :
Myliobatis aquila (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms : Myliobatis cervus Smith, 1934.
FAO names : En - Common eagle-ray; Fr - Aigle commun;Sp - Aguila marina.
Size : 100 cm (disc width), 150 cm (total length).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammelnets, purse seines,longlines, hook-and-line.
Habitat : coastal waters to 100 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
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24-32 pairs of rostral teeth
160
BATOID FISHES
MYLIOBATIDAE
Pteromylaeus bovinu s (E. Geoffroy St. Hillaire, 1817)
Synonyms : Myliobatis bovina E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1817.
FAO names : En - Bull ray; Fr - Aigle-vachette; Sp - Chuchovaca.
Size : 150 cm (disc width), 260 cm (total length).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammelnets, purse seines,longlines, hook-and-line.
Habitat : a pelagic species feeding on the bottom, formsschools.
Loc.name(s) :
Pristis microdon Latham, 1794
Synonyms : Pristis perotteti Müller & Henle, 1841.
FAO names : En - Largetooth sawfish; Fr - Poisson-scie grandent; Sp - Pejesierra.
Size : 600 cm (total length), common to 500 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, longlines,trammelnets, drift gillnets.
Habitat : demersal in inshore coastal waters toabout 45 m depth, also in estuaries, lagoons andeven freshwaters.
Loc.name(s) :
Pristis pectinata Latham, 1794
7-9 transverse bands
dorsal fin
PRISTIDAE
lateral view
16-23 pairs of rostral teeth
underside of head
FAO names : En - Smalltooth sawfish;Fr - Poisson-scie tident; Sp - Pejepeine.
Size : 600 cm (total length).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, longlines,trammelnets, drift gillnets.
Habitat : coastal waters to 100 m depth;also in estuaries, lagoons and evenfreshwaters.
Loc.name(s) :
dorsal view
underside of head
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upper side of disc entirely spiny
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BATOID FISHES
Pristis pristis (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Common sawfish; Fr - Poisson-scie commun; Sp - Pez sierra común.
Size : 500 cm (total length).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, longlines,trammelnet, drift gillnets.
Habitat : demersal in littoral and coastal watersto 60 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Raja alba Lacepède, 1803
PRISTIDAE
dorsal view
16-20 pairs of rostral teeth
underside of head
RAJIDAE
Synonyms : Raja marginata Lacepède, 1803; Raja bicolor Risso, 1826. '
FAO names : En - White skate; Fr - Raie blanche; Sp - Rayabramante.
Size : 200 cm (total length).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, longlines, trammelnets.
Habitat : on different types of bottoms, from 40 to 400 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Raja clavata Linnaeus, 1758
snout elongate and pointed
colour of upper side white
FAO names : En - Thornback ray; Fr - Raie bouclée;Sp - Raya de clavos.
Size : 90 cm (total length).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, longlines, trammelnets.
Habitat : from shallow coastal waters to 300 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
light bands
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BATOID FISHES
distinctlyconcave
RAJIDAE
Raja doutrei Cadenat, 1960
FAO names : En - Violet skate; Fr - Raie violette;Sp - Raya violeta.
Size : 90 cm (total length), common to 60 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : Rather deep waters, from 300 to 600 m.
Loc.name(s) :
Raja leopardus v. Bonde & Swart, 1923
FAO names : En - Leopard ray; Fr - Raie léopard;Sp - Raya Ieopardo.
Size : 60 cm (total length).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : deep waters, from 150 to 300 m.
Loc.name(s) :
colour uniform dark brownviolet on both sides
tailshorter
than disc
Raja maderensis Lowe, 1839
tail scarcelylonger than disc
distinctlyconvex
FAO names : En - Madeiran ray; Fr - Raie deMadeire; Sp - Raya de Madeira.
Size : 85 cm (total length), common to 50 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : deep waters, from 200 to 500 m.
Loc.name(s) :
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colour: upper side dark, sometimes with darker spots, underside lighter
163
BATOID FISHES
Raja miraletus Linnaeus, 1758
FAO names : En - Brown ray; Fr - Raie miroir;Sp - Raya de espejos .
Size : 60 cm (total length), common to 35 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, longlines,trammelnets.
Habitat : demersal, from 50 to 300 m depth,more common between 50 and 150 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Raja radula Delaroche, 1809
FAO names : En - Rough ray; Fr - Raie-rape; Sp - Rayaáspera.
Size : 70 cm (total length), common to 50 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammelnets, beachseines.
Habitat : demersal, from 40 to 350 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Raja straeleni Poll, 1951
FAO names : En - Spotted skate; Fr - Raie tachetée;Sp - Raya manchada.
Size : 70 cm (total length), common to 40 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : deep waters, from 100 to 300 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
orange
RAJIDAE
black
light blue
eye spot round,but surroundingpigmented area
irregular
upper side of disc almost entirely spiny
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BATOID FISHES
RAJIDAE
Raja undulata Lacepède, 1802
Synonyms : ? Raja picta Lacepède, 1800
FAO names : En - Undulate ray; Fr - Raie brunette;Sp - Raya mosaico.
Size : 100 cm (total length), common to 60 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottom set longlines.
Habitat : demersal, on sandy bottoms, to 300 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
Synonyms : Rhinobatos congolensis Giltay,1928; Rhinobatas rasus Garman, 1908.
FAO names : En - Blackchin guitarfish;Fr - Poisson-guitare fouisseur; Sp - Guitarrabarbanegra.
Size : 200 cm, common to 120 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawl, trammelnets,longlines.
Habitat : shallow coastal waters; demersal,rather inactive.
Loc.name(s) :
Rhinobatos albomaculatus Norman, 1930
sinuous darkbands bearing
small white spots
upper side brown, with smalllight spots circled with black
RHINOBATIDAE
FAO names : En - Whitespotted guitarfish;Fr - Poisson-guitare à lunaires; Sp - Guitarrapecosa.
Size : 80 cm, common to 60 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammelnets,hook-and-line.
Habitat : shallow coastal waters to about 35 mdepth; demersal.
Loc.name(s) :a b
shorter than
Rhinobatos cemiculus E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 1817
anterior nasalvalves not
extending tointernasal space
underside of head
groove narrower
a b
distances more or less equal
colour uniform brown, generally ablackish spot on underside of snout
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BATOID FISHES
anterior nasalvalves extending
to internasal space
Rhinobatos rhinobatos (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Common guitarfish;Fr - Poisson-guitare commun ; Sp - Guitarracomún.
Size : 100 cm, common to 80 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammelnets,longlines.
Habitat : shallow coastal waters, to 90 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
underside of head
groovewider
a b
shorter than
RHINOBATIDAE
RHINOPTERIDAE
Rhinoptera marginata (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)
Synonyms : ? Rhinoptera peli Bleeker, 1863.
FAO names : En - Lusitanian cownose ray;Fr - Mourine lusitanienne; Sp - GavilánIusitanico.
Size : 200 cm (disc width).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammelnets,longlines, hook-and-line.
Habitat : demersal, on soft bottoms in shallowcoastal waters, forming schools.
Loc.name(s) :
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Hydrolagus
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CHIMAERAS
TECHNICAL TERMS AND PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS USED
total length
frontaltentaculum
finspine
length of 2nd dorsal base
lateral linecanals
first dorsal fin
snout
nostrilmouth
head
gill
opening
second dorsal fin
clasper
pelvic fincaudal filament
anal fincaudal fin
pectoral tin prepelvic tentaculum
diagram of a male chimaera
(Chimaera)
CHIMAERAS - Chimaeriformes
Four pairs of gill openings hidden by a pair of softgill covers, thus appearing as a single gill openingon each side of head; no spiracles.
CHIMAERIDAE Shortnose chimaeras
To 150 cm from 90 to 1100 m depth, dernersal.
RHINOCHIMAERIDAE Longnose chimaeras
snout short,rounded or
conical
To 130 cm; from 200 to 470 m depth, demersal. Asingle species.
anal fin
Chimaera monstrosa
snout elongate
Neoharriotta pinnata
no anal tin
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LOBSTERS
TECHNICAL TERMS AND PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS USEDAND ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO FAMILIES
rostrum
antennularflagella
antennularplate
antennalpeduncle
leg 1
leg 2
3 firstpairs of
legswith
pincers
antennularpeduncle
leg 3
frontal horn
eyeleg 4
length ofcarapace
lengthof
cara-pace
leg 5
antennalflagellum
bodylength
lengthof tail
lengthof tail
trans-verse
groovesabdominalsegments
tailfan
Family NEPHROPIDAE (True lobsters)
Median rostrum well developed; first 3 pairs ofwalking legs ending in true pincers; pincers offirst pair usually enlarged. A single species in thearea: Nephropsis atlantica, on which scarcely anyinformation is available.
Family PALINURIDAE (Spiny lobsters)No distinct median rostrum; each eye protected by a
strong spiny frontal projection of the carapace(frontal horns); legs without true pincers (except 5thleg in females which ends in a small pincer).
tailfan
telsun uropods
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LOBSTERS
leg 2
leg 3
leg 4
carapace
abdomen
leg 1
antennules
4th segment
3rd segment
2nd segment
1st segment
4 or morepairs ofpincers
eye
antenna
leg 5
Family POLYCHELIDAEEyes small and lacking pigment; soft-bodied deep-sea lobsters; carapace without a rostrum; telsonpointed; first 4 or 5 of all legs with pincers, first pairenlarged; antennae cylindrical, shorter than body; sofar of no interest to fisheries, but Stereomastissculpta talismani (Bouvier, 1917) is an importantbycatch in deep-sea trawls.
first pair of pereiopodsasymmetrical with large chelae
tail fan
Family SCYLLARIDAE (Slipper lobsters)Body strongly flattened, antennae transformed intobroad plates, lacking flagella; legs without pincers. Sofar there is no established fishery for any of the speciesoccurring in the area, though Scyllarides herklotsii, whentaken as bycatch, is sold in local markets. Three otherspecies, Scyllarus carpati Holthuis, 1952, Scyllarusparadoxus Miers, 1881, and Scyllarus posteli Forest, 1963are very small (up to 9 cm), and hence of no significantinterest to fisheries.
tufts of hair
Family CALLIANASSIDAE (Ghost shrimps)
Elongate body with a thin integument; carapace and abdomen smooth, some pleura of the latter with tufts of hair. Abdomen shorter than carapace; eyes small, placed close to each other; first pair of pereiopods asymmetrical withlarge chelae; second pair of pereiopods small, also chelate; the following legs are simple. Ghost shrimps of thegenus Callianassa burrow in the mud of estuaries, sometimes in freshwater. One species Callianassa turnerana (totalbody length 5.5 to 14.5 cm), is of considerable importance locally in artisanal fisheries. This species swarms every 3to 5 years in estuaries and is caught in enormous quantities with baskets.
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colour greenish, white bands on hindmargins of abdominal segments
171
LOBSTERS
4 spines on antennular plate
PALINURIDAE
Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804)
FAO names : En - Caribbean spiny lobster;Fr - Langouste blanche; Sp - Langostacomun.
Size : 45 cm, common to 28 cm.
Fishing gear : in the Western Atlantic, thespecies is caught mainly with traps.
Habitat : shallow waters, but may be foundup to 90 m depth.
Remarks : only two records from IvoryCoast; probably introduced.
Loc.name(s) :
Panulirus regius De Brito Capello, 1864
Synonyms : Panulirus rissonii (Desmarest,1825).
FAO names : En - Royal spiny lobster;Fr - Langouste royale ; Sp - Langosta real.
Size : 35 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : lobster pots, bottomtrawls, bottom set nets.
Habitat : shallow coastal waters from 5to 40 m depth on rocky and sandybottoms.
Loc.name(s) :
yellow-whitetail with 4
distinct spots
transversegroovescomplete
dark red or brownstripe along
posterior margin
antennular flagella longer
than antennular peduncle
legs lackingpincers
(except 5thpair in
females) buthaving claws
frontal horns short,smooth; rostrum absent
anterior part of carapace(dorsal view)
transversegrooves
complete,covered
with shorthair on allsegments
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LOBSTERS
SCYLLARIDAE
Scyllarides herklotsii (Herklots, 1851)
FAO names : En - Red slipper lobster;Fr - Cigale rouge ; Sp - Cigarra roja.
Size : about 32 cm, common to 25 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, bottomset nets.
Habitat : on sandy and rocky bottomsfrom 5 to 7 m depth, but also beyond200 m.
Loc.name(s) :
separate dark red spots
1st abdominal segment
median dorsalridge indistinct
or absent
colour reddish brown to dark red
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types of spined telsons
173
SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS
TECHNICAL TERMS AND PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS USED
TECHNICAL TERMS
antennal flagellum
longitudinal suture
rostrum carapace
transverse suture 1 to 6 abdominalsegments
flagella
antennulaantennal scale
antenna
dorsolateralgroove
dorsal keel
thirdmaxilliped
petasma
telson
pleopods (abdominal legs)
uropod
pereiopods (thoracic or walking legs)
epigastric tooth
cervical groovehepatic spine
dactyl
rostraI teeth,
prododus carpus
enodopod
postorbital spine
antennal crest.
basis
coxa
ischium merus
orbito-antennalgroove
branchio- cardiacgroove
epipod
podobranch
spinesmovable
exopod
endopod
branchiostegal spinehepatic crest anthrobranch
carapace, lateral view pleurobranch
pereiopod with branchiae
spinesfixed
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SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS
Sub-order CARIDEA
Pleuron of second abdominal segment over-
lapping those of first and third segments. First 2pairs of thoracic legs, or only the second, ending ina pincer; the last 3 pairs with a simple claw. Eggscarried by the female.
2nd segment
abdomen
CRANGONIDAE
Pontocaris lacazei (Gourret, 1887)
FAO names : En - Hardshell shrimp;Fr - Crevette-crâne ; Sp - Camarónblindado.
Size : 5.5 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls (asbycatch).
Habitat : from 50 to 680 m depth,common between 200 and 400 m.
Loc.name(s) :
Exhippolysmata hastatoides (Balss, 1914)
Synonyms : Hippolysmata hastatoides [Holthuis, 1947].
FAO names : En - Companion shrimp;Fr - Bouc compagnon; Sp - Camaróncompañero.
Size : about 7 cm.
Fishing gear : beach seines.
Habitat : coastal marine waters andestuaries, to about 15 m depth, onsandy and muddy bottoms.
Loc.name(s) :
rostrum flattened,ending in 2 smallsubmedian teeth
antennalscales
characteristic
false pincers(incomplete)
median ridges presenton segments 2 to 4
5 longitudinalrows of teeth body depressed
HIPPOLYTIDAE
7 or 8 ventral teeth 18-20 teeth
1st thoracic leg veryrobust, with pincers
2nd thoracic leg with amultiarticulated carpus
colour whitish
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colour whitish
175
SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS
NEMATOCARCINIDAE
Nematocarcinus africanus Crosnier & Forest, 1973
Synonyms : Nematocarcinuscursor non A. Milne Edwards,1881 [Holthuis, 1951].
FAO names : En - African spidershrimp; Fr - Crevette-araignéed'Afrique; Sp - Camarón arañaafricano.
Size : 10.4 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : muddy bottoms of the
continental shelf.
Loc.name(s) :
Nematopalaemon hastatus (Aurivillius, 1898)
Synonyms : Palaemon (Nema-topalaemon) hastatus (Aurivillius,
1898).FAO names : En - Estuarine prawn;Fr - Bouquet étier; Sp - Camarónestuarino.
Size : 7.5 cm.
Fishing gear : seines, bottom trawls.
Habitat : sandy and muddy bottomsin estuaries and coastal marinewaters, to 50 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
carpus
unsegmented
spine
colour reddish-pink
pincer
pincer thoracic legsvery long
PALAEMONIDAE
isolated tooth
3-11ventralteeth
basal ridge of rostrumwith 7-11 teeth
small pincer
large pincer
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colour reddish pink;eggs bright blue
176
SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS
Heterocarpus ensifer A. Milne Edwards, 1881 PANDALIDAE
Synonyms : Heterocarpus carinatus (Smith,1882).
FAO names : En - Armed nylon shrimp;
Fr - Crevette nylon armée; Sp - Camarónnailón armado.
Size : 14.2 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : on soft bottoms of thecontinental shelf; to 3000 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
8-10ventral
teeth
17-19 dorsal teeth 7 longitudinal ridges, 3 at each
side, and one on midline of back
carpus
pluriarticulate
colour nacreouspink with red spots
Parapandalus narval (Fabricius, 1787)
Synonyms : Parapandalus pristis (Risso, 1816).
FAO names : En - Narval shrimp; Fr - Crevettenarval; Sp - Camarón narval.
Size : 14.5 cm
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, pots.
Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms, oftennear rocky areas, from 10 to 900 m depth, morecommon between 200 and 400 m.
Loc.name(s) :
anterior margin ofrostrum smooth
more than 40 close-set teeth
on ventral margin of rostrum
carpus pluri-articulate
all thoracic legs
lacking epipodite
transparent whitish,with bright red and
yellow stripes
Plesionika martia (A. Milne Edwards, 1883)
FAO names : En - Golden shrimp;Fr - Crevette dorée; Sp - Camarón deoro.
Size : 16.9 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom and pelagictrawls.
Habitat : muddy bottoms, commonfrom 300 to 700 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
5-10 teeth restricted tobasal part of rostrum
42-52 ventralteeth
carpus pluri-
articulate
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SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS
Glyphus marsupialis Filhol, 1884
FAO names: En - Kangaroo shrimp;Fr - Camarón canguro; Sp - Sivadekangourou.
Size : 16.7 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : on sandy and muddybottoms, from 500 to 1 100 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Aristeus varidens Holtuis, 1952
PASIPHAEIDAE
exopodits usually present
fingers long
rostrum short
first 2 pairs of thoraciclegs large and strong
Sub-order PENAEOIDEA
Pleuron of second abdominal segment overlappingthat of third segment only; pincer of 3 first pairs ofthoracic legs equal or subequal. Eggs shed directlyinto the water. Never many spines on body.
pleuron of1st segmentoverlapping
that ofsecond
colour uniform bright red
2nd segment
postorbital spine absent
abdomen
carapace weakly keeled
ARISTEIDAE
FAO names : En - Striped red shrimp;Fr - Gambon rayé; Sp - Gamba Iistada.
Size : 20 cm (females), 12 cm (males).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : on muddy bottoms, from 300to 600 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
female
carapus slightly shorterthan, or as long as merus
colour nacreous whitewith blue-violet spots
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SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS
postorbital spine absentcervical groove ARISTEIDAE
Plesiopenaeus edwardsianus (Johnson, 1867)
FAO names : En - Scarlet shrimp;Fr - Gam bon écarlat; Sp - Gambacarabi nero.
Size : 33 cm (females), 19 cm(males).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : on muddy bottoms,from 400 to 900 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Parapenaeopsis atlantica Balss, 1914
carapace strongly keeled
exopodite of 2ndmaxilliped feathery
carpus longercolour bright red
rostrum long, usuallywith 10 teeth ondorsal margin
end of longitudinal suture
PENAEIDAE
FAO names : En - Guinea shrimp; Fr - Crevetteguinéenne; Sp - Camarón guineo.
Size : 17 cm (males), 12 cm (females).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines.
Habitat : estuaries, lagoons and coastalmarine waters between 10 and 40 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
exopoditespresent on basesof all thoracic legs
colour pink-orange, rostrum orange4th leg shorter than 5th
Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846)
FAO names : En - Deepwater rose shrimp;Fr - Crevette rose du large; Sp - Gamba dealtura.
Size : 19 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms from
150 to 600 m depth.Loc.name(s) :
4 pairs of mobile
spines ontelson
rostrum short, 8 teethon dorsal margin
end of longitudinal suture
no exopodites onbases of thoracic legs
colour pink-orange, rostrum red
nomobile
spine; 2fixed
spines ontelson
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SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS
Penaeus (Melicertus) kerathurus (Forsskål, 1775)
Synonyms : Penaeus trisulcatus (Leach, 1814); Penaeus caramote Risso, 1816.
FAO names : En - Caramote prawn;Fr - Caramote; Sp - Langostino.
Size : 23.5 cm (males), 18 cm(females).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : coastal waters, on sandyand muddy bottoms.
Loc.name(s) :
Synonyms : Penaeus brasiliensis Latreille,1817; also misidentified as P. (Melicertus)duoarum Burkenroad, 1939.
FAO names : En - Pink shrimp (southern);Fr - Crevette rose (du sud); Sp - Camarónrosado (sureño).
Size : 23 cm (males), 17 cm (females).
Fishing gear : in lagoons with artisanalgear: pots, stow-nets, conical nets, "azui"trawls, beach seines; at sea with bottomtrawls (double rig).
Habitat : coastal marine waters, estuariesand lagoons. Lives on muddy bottoms byday and migrates upwards at night.
Loc.name(s) :
Sicyonia carinata (Brünnnich, 1768)
Synonyms : Sicyonia sculpta H.Milne Edwards,1830.
FAO names : En - Mediterranean rock shrimp;Fr - Boucot de Mediterranee; Sp - Camarón depiedra.
Size : 8 cm, common between 3 and 6 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, dredges.
Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms from 3to 35 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
segment 4rounded,
withoutspines
colour dark olive-green to bronze-green with brown spots
a single tooth on ventral margin of rostrumPENAEIDAE
colour variable, with cross bars on abdomen
Penaeus (Farfantepenaeus) notialis Pérez-Farfante, 1967
nodorsolateral
grooves
2 teeth on ventral margin of rostrum
colour uniform lemonyellow, pink or brownish red
a dorso-lateralgroove at each
side of mid-dorsal keel
SICYONIDAE
rostrum straight
body stout, rigid
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colour orange to light pink
180
SHRIMPS AND PRAWNS
rostrum bent upwards, 6 dorsalteeth, of which 3 are locatedon the carapace behind orbit
(the last two strongest)
SICYONIDAE
Sicyonia galeata Holthuis, 1952
FAO names : En - Tufted rock shrimp;Fr - Sicyonie huppée; Sp - Camarónpenachudo.
Size : 6.2 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls (asbycatch).
Habitat : on muddy or sandy bottomsfrom 15 to 70 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Solenocera africana Stebbing, 1917
Synonyms : often misidentified orsynonymized with S. membranacea (Risso, 1816).
FAO names : En - African mud shrimp;Fr - Solénocère d'Afrique; Sp - Gambade fango.
Size : 14 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : on sandy and muddy bottoms,more abundant from 50 to 100 m depth
(immature) but may descend beyond300 m depth,
Loc.name(s) :
integument calcified
grooves
tubercles
body stout, rigid
sharp spineson segments
4 and 5
colour greyish brown
SOLENOCERIDAE
the 4 antennular flagella joined, forming a tube
cross section
orbitalspine
present postorbital spine present
antennule
antenna
cervical groove long
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ventral view
181
TRUE CRABS
TECHNICAL TERMS AND PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS USED
PARTS OF A TRUE CRAB (Callinectes sp.)
outer orbital tooth
anterolateral teeth
lateral spine
Upper side
abdomen of female
cheliped
walking legs 1 to 4
groove coveredby abdomen
first pair ofpleopods
innerorbitalangle
dactyle
hand
palm
eye
antennule(folded) antenne
frontal
margin
Carapace
coxa merus
merus
carpus
abdomen
(folded under thorax)
abdomen of male
ischiumcarpus
telson
propodus
dactyle
thoracicsternites
thoracicsternitesIV to VIII
Thoracic sternum of male after removal of
abdomen, showing first pair of pleopods(copulating organs)
o r b i t
m a r g i
n p o
s t e r o l
a t e r a l
m a r g i n
a n t e r o l a t e r a l
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182
TRUE CRABS
MOST COMMON EDIBLE FAMILIES AND SPECIES
In view of the large number of species used as human food, and of the fact that many edible species are not yetexploited, it is not possible at present to establish a complete list of species of interest to fisheries.
Calappa gallus (Herbst, 1803)
FAO names : En - Yellow box crab; Fr - Migraine jaune;Sp - Calapa amarilla.
Size : 8 cm (width of carapace).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls (bycatch),
Habitat : coastal waters to 200 m depth; burrows in sandor muddy sand.
Loc.name(s) :
colour orange to brownish orange withbrownish red spots; underside yellow
Calappa pelii Herklots, 1851
Calappa rubroguttata Herklots, 1851
FAO names : En - Spotted box crab; Fr - Migrainemaculée; Sp - Calapa manchada.
Size : 10.8 cm (width of carapace).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, beach seines, bottom setnets.
Habitat : burrows in sand or gravel, from the coastline to90 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
depressionbehind orbits
CALAPPIDAE
dorsal crest ofleft cheliped
surface finelygranulated
(without ridges)
granulated ridges
FAO names : En- Spiny box crab; Fr - Migraineépineuse; Sp - Calapa espinuda.
Size : 6 cm (width of carapace).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls (bycatch).Habitat : burrows in sand or sandy mud between12 and 400 m depth, common between 50 and150 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
high dorsal crest
colour reddish or brownish
surfacegranulated
without crests
posterior teeth
high dorsal crest
posterior teeth
colour yellowish, with red spots and longitudinal bands
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183
TRUE CRABS
GECARCINIDAE
Cardlosoma armatum (Herklots, 1851)
FAO names : En - Lagoon land crab; Fr - Tourlourou
des lagunes, Sp - Moro de laguna.Size : 12 cm (carapace width of adult males).
Fishing gear : baited traps, nooses, digging by hand.
Habitat : a terrestrial species living in burrows inmarshy grounds.
Loc.name(s) :
front without teeth,
slightly broader than orbits
lateral teeth absent
4 spiny crests on all claws
Geryon maritae Manning & Holthuis, 1981
Synonyms : Geryon quinquedens (non S.I. Smith,1879) [Monod, 19561.
FAO names : En - West African geryon; Fr - Géryonouest-africain; Sp - Gerio cangrejo de Guinea.
Size : 16 cm and 9.5 cm (carapace width of males andfemales, respectively).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, crab pots.
Habitat : muddy bottoms from 100 to 940 m depth.
Loc. name(s) :
Goniopsis pelli (Herklots, 1851)
Synonyms : Goniopsis cruentata (non Latreille, 1802)[Monod, 1956].
FAO names : En - Purple mangrove crab; Fr - Anglettede mangroves; Sp - Abuete real.
Size : 4.9 cm (width of carapace).
Fishing gear : various types of artisanal gear.
Habitat : brackish waters on muddy bottoms, often inmangroves.
Loc.name(s) :
colour orange-brownish oryellowish with blue and red hues
5 anterolateral
teeth indistinct4 frontaI teeth
GERYONIDAE
all claws flattened
body smooth
colour brownish or yellowish
front straight, its width morethan half that of carapace
GRAPSIDAE
distinct whitelateral band
teeth absent
colour of carapace purple
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body reddish brown to dark brown; fingers of chelipeds yellowish
184
TRUE CRABS
Grapsus grapsus (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Lightfoot crab; Fr - Anglette
commune; Sp - Abuete negro.
Size: 8.7 cm (carapace width).Fishing gear : cast nets.
Habitat : near the waterline on rocks; very activeon land.
Loc.name(s) :
Pachygrapsus transversus (Gibbes, 1850)
FAO names : En - African matchbox crab; Fr - Angletteafricaine; Sp - Abuete cajeta.
Size : 1.8 cm (carapace width).
Fishing gear : caught mainly by hand, cast nets.
Habitat : on rocks along the coast, just below the surface.Loc.name(s) :
Sesarma angolense de Brito Capello, 1864
FAO names : En - Angola marsh crab; Fr - Angletteangolaise; Sp - Abuete de Angola.
Size : 4.2 cm (carapace width).
Fishing gear : caught by hand.
Habitat : swamps and mangroves, makes burrows inmuddy ground.
Loc.name(s) :
width of front halfof that carapace
GRAPSIDAE
carapace reddishbrown to nearly black,
marbled with white
body shape circular
no spinesor spinules
teeth
colour brown variegated with green and yellow
lateral margin of carapacetoothless behind the
extraorbital tooth
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TRUE CRABS
eyestalks very longHOMOLIDAE
Paramola cuvieri (Risso, 1816)
FAO names : En - Paromola; Fr - Paromole;Sp - Paromola.
Size : 21.5 cm (carapace length).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls (bycatch).
Habitat : from 10 to 1000 m depth, morecommon between 80 and 350 m.
Loc. name(s) :
colour light red or orange yellowish,
fingers of chelipeds black
Maja squinado (Herbst, 1788)
FAO names : En - Spinous spider crab; Fr - Araignéeeuropéenne; Sp - Centolla europea.
Size : 22 cm (carapace width).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, trammelnets.
Habitat : shallow rocky bottoms to 75 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Ocypode africana De Man, 1881
FAO names : En - African ghost crab; Fr - Ocypodeafricain; Sp - Capuco africano.
Size : 3.4 cm (carapace width).
Fishing gear : caught by hand, baited traps, cast nets,nooses.
Habitat : sandy beaches above the tide mark.
Loc.name(s) :
last pair smaller, ending in false pincers
long frontal teethMAJIDAE
anterolateralspines
legs smooth
colour reddish brown
no long tufts of hair
OCYPODIDAE
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TRUE CRABS
Ocypode cursor (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms : Ocypode (h)ippeus Olivier, 1807.
FAO names : En - Tufted ghost crab; Fr - Ocypodepénicillée; Sp - Capuco de mechón.
Size : 5.5 cm (carapace width).
Fishing gear : caught by hand, baited traps, cast nets,nooses.
Habitat : sandy beaches, burrowing above the waterline.
Loc.name(s) :
Uca tangeri (Eydoux, 1835)
FAO names : En - West African fiddler crab; Fr - Gélasimeafricain; Sp - Violinista africano.
Size : 4.7 cm (carapace width).
Fishing gear : caught by hand.
Habitat : swamps and mud flats near river mouths
Loc.name(s) :
Callinectes amnicola (De Rocheburne, 1883)
tufts of hair OCYPODIDAE
eyes minute
in males, one cheliped very large,length of pincer twice that of carapace
females with2 small,equal
chelipeds
PORTUNIDAE
Synonyms : Callinectes latimanus Rathbun, 1897.
FAO names : En - Bigfisted swimcrab;Fr - Crabe bicorne; Sp - Cangrejo tijerón.
Size : 15 cm (carapace width)
Fishing gear : hand nets, square nets,crab pots, hook-and-line.
Habitat : estuaries, lagoons and rivers.
Loc.name(s) :
gonopods
9 anterolateral teeth
thoracic sternum
lateral spinetwice or morethe length of
preceding spine
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body and legs purple red with lighter markings
187
TRUE CRABS
PORTUNIDAE
Callinectes marginatus (A. Milne Edwards, 1861)
FAO names : En - Marbled swimcrab;Fr - Crabe marbré; Sp - Cangrejo jaspeado.
Size : 10 cm (carapace width).
Fishing gear : hand nets, square nets,crab pots, hook-and-line.
Habitat : brackish waters of estuariesand lagoons.
Loc.name(s) :gonopods
thoracic sternum
gonopods
thoracic sternum
inner surface of palmof left cheliped
9 anterolateral teeth
lateral spine twice thelength of preceding spine
lateral spine 3 times longerthan preceding spine
chelipeds unequal
colour marbled
Callinectes pallidus (De Rocheburne, 1883)
9 anterolateraIteeth
Synonyms : Callinectes gladiator Benedict, 1893.
FAO names : En - Gladiator swimcrab;
Fr - Crabe gladiateur; Sp - Cangrejogladiador.
Size : 4.5 cm (carapace width).
Fishing gear : hand nets, square nets,crab pots, hook-and-line.
Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms inbrackish and marine waters at lessthan 30 m depth.
Loc:name(s) : colour dark brown, nearly black
Cronius ruber (Lamarck, 1818)
FAO names : En - Red swimcrab; Fr - Craberouge; Sp - Cangrejo colorado.
Size: 8.2 cm (carapace width).
Fishing gear : hand nets, crab pots.
Habitat : intertidal zone to 38 m depth; ondifferent types of bottoms, especiallythose with seaweeds, sea squirts, etc.
Loc.name(s) :
4 frontal teeth
9 antero-lateralteeth
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TRUE CRABS
PORTUNIDAE
Liocarcinus corrugatus (Pennant, 1777)
Synonyms : Portunus corrugatus (Pennant, 1777);Macropipus corrugatus (Pennant, 1777).
FAO names : En - Wrinkled swimcrab; Fr - Etrille ballant;Sp - Cangrejo de arrugas.
Size : 6 cm (carapace width), common to 2.5 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls (bycatch), beach seines(bycatch).
Habitat : from the littoral zone to 60 m depth, on roughbottoms.
Loc.name(s) :
5 anterolateral teeth
numerous strong granular and hairy ridges
3 frontaI teeth
colour yellowish brown, marbled brownish red
Portunus hastatus (Linnaeus, 1767)
Synonyms : Neptunus hastatus (Linnaeus, 1767).
FAO names : En - Lancer swimcrab; Fr - Etrillenageuse; Sp - Jaiba cornuda.
Size : 5.6 cm (carapace width).
Fishing gear : lobster pots, beach seines (bycatch).
Habitat : sandy and muddy bottoms, from thecoastline to 55 m depth.
Remarks : presence in the Gulf of Guinea to beconfirmed.
Loc.name(s) :
Portunus validus (Herklots, 1851)
8 anterolateral
teeth2 anterodorsaI
spines
surface ofcarapacegranular
9 anterolateral teeth
6 fronta I teeth
Synonyms : Neptunus validus (Herklots,1851).
FAO names : En -Smooth swimcrab;Fr - Etrille lisse; Sp - Jaiba satinada.
Size : 1.9 cm (carapace width).
Fishing gear : beach seines,trammel nets, bottom trawls (bycatch).
Habitat : from the coastline to 50 mdepth. More common in the warmseason.
Loc.name(s) :
carapacesmooth,without
transversecrests
a single anterodorsal spine
lateralspinelong
carapace brownish to greyish green;upper side of chelipeds and otherlegs marbled with purple or blue
white spots
strongly widened (paddleshaped) claws and propodes
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carapace reddish brown, fingers of chelipeds dark with light tips
189
TRUE CRABS
XANTHIDAE
Menippe nodifrons Sti mpson, 1859
FAO names : En - Lumpy stone crab; Fr - Crabe caillouguinéen; Sp - Cangrejo jorobado.
Size : 6.5 cm (carapace width).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls (bycatch), beach seines(bycatch).
Habitat : littoral and sublittoral zone to 20 m depth, onrocky bottoms.
Loc.name(s) :
5 roundedanterolateral
teeth
a dozen lumpy elevations
body reddish, legs banded,
fingers of pincers black
5 anterolateral teeth
median incision
Panopeus africanu s A. Mi lne Edwards, 1867
FAO names : En - African mud crab; Fr - Crabe caillouafricain; Sp - Cangrejo de piedra africano.
Size : 5 cm (carapace width).
Fishing gear : collected by hand in the intertidal zone.Habitat : intertidal and subtidal zone to 4 m depth,estuarine and marine, burrowing in mud or understones.
Loc.name(s) :rows of small granules
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antennule
eye carapace
191
STOMATOPODSTECHNICAL TERMS AND GENERAL REMARKS
thoracic
segments
walking legs
lateral view of a mantis shrimp
abdominal segments
antenna
gill
raptorial clawpleopods
tail fan
uropods
FAO names : En - Mantis shrimps; Fr - Squilles; Sp - Galeras.Size : to 27 cm.Fishing gear : bycatch in the trawl fisheries for shrimp and the trap fisheries for lobsters.Habitat : coastal (sometimes estuarine) waters to 300 m depth.Loc.name(s) :
bodysmooth,
markedwithalternatingdark and
light bands
spines on last abdominalsegment and telson
MOST COMMON SPECIES
ridges
bright red spots (live specimens)
ridges
2 brown eye spotsencircled by white
Lysiosquilla hoevenii Squilla aculeata calmani Squilla cadenati Squilla mantis
(Herklots, 1851) Holthuis, 1959 Manning, 1970 (Linnaeus, 1758)
En - Lizard mantis En - Guinean mantis shrimp En - Angolan mantis shrimp En - Spottail mantis shrimp
Fr - Squille-lézard géante Fr - Squille de Guinée Fr - Squille angolaise Fr - Squille ocelléeSp - Galera gigante Sp - Galera de Guinea Sp - Galera de Angola Sp - Galera oceladaSize : 27 cm Size : 15 cm Size : 17 cm Size : 15 cmLoc.name(s) : Loc.name(s) : Loc.name(s) : Loc.name(s) :
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193
CEPHALOPODS
TECHNICAL TERMS AND PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTSAND GUIDE TO MAJOR TAXONOMIC GROUPS
SQUIDS (Teuthoidea)
Gladius (or internal shell) chitinous, flexible, pen-shaped; 8 arms and 2 non-retractile tentacles.
suckers
funnel groove
funnel
mantle
photophores
tentacle
photophores
fin
arms
carpus (fixingapparatus)
manus
dactylus
eye
head
fin length
tail
composite diagram illustratingbasic squid (teuthoid) features
mantle length
modifiedportion
lamellae
rachis
normal suckers
vane
gladius of squid example of hectocotylized armin male (Illex)
arm I (dorsal)
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194
CEPHALOPODS
CUTTLEFISHES (Sepioidea)
Sepion (internal shelf) large, chalky, rigid; 8 arms and 2 retractile tentacles.
2 rows
tentacular club
4 rowsstalk
hectocotylus
mantlefunnel
fin
spine
striations
outer cone
inner cone
spine
(or rostrum)
ventral view dorsal view
ventral viewdiagram of basic cuttlefish features
mantle length
OCTOPUSES (Octopoda)
Internal shell reduced or absent; 8 arms, no tentacles.
mantlehead
eyeweb
arms
dorsal
suckers
hectocotylus
ligula
ventral
ligulalength
outer gilllamellae(internal)
funnel
aperturesuckers
total length
diagram of basic octopus features (lateral view)
diagram of hectocotylusshowing ligula measurement
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tentacular club
dorsal view
195
CEPHALOPODS
SEPIOIDEA - CUTTLEFISHES
Sepion (internal shell) large, chalky, rigid; 8 arms and 2 retractile tentacles.
anterior limit
of striations
SEPIIDAE
Sepia bertheloti Orbigny, 1838
FAO names : En - African cuttlefish ; Fr - Seiche africaine;Sp - Jibia africana.
Size : females 13 cm, males 17.5 cm (mantle length).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : benthic; captured from 20 to 140 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Sepia elegans Blainville, 1827
FAO names : En - Elegant cuttlefish; Fr - Seicheélégante; Sp - Castaño.
Size : 9 cm (mantle length).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.Habitat : demersal, from 30 to 430 m depth;spawns in shallow inshore waters throughout theyear.
Loc.name(s) :
cuttlebone
elongate
tubercles
8 rows ofsuckers of
aboutequal size
round,light-
colouredpatches
tentacular club
dorsal view
mottleddarkandlight
8 rows ofsuckers
cuttlebone
3 large suckers
colour spotted
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colour marbled: black bands on light background
196
CEPHALOPODS
8 rows of suckersof about equal size
SEPIIDAE
Sepia elobyana Adam, 1941
FAO names : En - Guinean cuttlefish; Fr - Seichede Guinée; Sp -Sepia guineana.
Size : 6 cm (mantle length).
Fishing gear : probably taken as bycatch inbottom trawls, together with other cuttlefish.
Habitat : unknown.
Loc.name(s) :tentacular club
reticulate pattern of ridges
dorsal view
5 or 6 rowsof suckers
swimmingkeel not
beyond baseof club
mediansuckers
moderatelylarger
Sepia officinalis hierredda Rong, 1837
FAO names : En - Common cuttlefish; Fr - Seichecommune; Sp - jibia.
Size : 40 cm mantle length, 3.5 kg.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls; artisanal gear(spears, pots, traps), often with the use of light.
Habitat : demersal, on sandy to muddy bottoms,from the surface to 200 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
tentacular dub
cuttlebone
spine (characterof the genus)
dorsal view
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197
CEPHALOPODS
SEPIIDAE
Sepia orbignyana Ferussac, 1826
FAO names : En - Pink cuttlefish; Fr - Seiche rosée;Sp - Jibia rosada.
Size : 12 cm (mantle length).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : coastal, from 50 to 450 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Sepiella ornata (Rang, 1837)
Synonyms : Sepia ornata Rang, 1837.
FAO names : En - Ornate cuttlefish; Fr - Sepiaornée; Sp - Sepita manchada.
Size : 10 cm (mantle length).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls (bycatch).
Habitat : demersal, ranging from 20 to 150 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
strong,prominent
spine
cuttlebone
swimming keelbeyond base of club
3 largemediansuckers
5 rows of suckersdorsal view
colour mottled
tentacular club
no spine(character ofthe genus)
cuttlebone
series oflightly
colouredspots
colourmarbled
glandular pore
ventral view ofmantle and fins position of
gland
dorsal view
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dorsal view
198
BONY FISHES
SEPIOLIDAE
all arms, except fourth pair united by a web
Heteroteutis dispar (Rüppell, 1845)
FAO names : En - Odd bobtail; Fr - Sépiole différente;Sp - Globito aberante.
Size: 2 cm.
Fishing gear : pelagic trawls (bycatch).
Habitat : exact information not available.
Loc.name(s) :
Neorossia caroli (Joubin, 1902)
Synonyms : Rossia caroli Joubin, 1902.
FAO names : En - Carol bobtail; Fr - Sépiole carolette;Sp - Globito carolino.
Size : 5.5 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : demersal, from 300 to 1000 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
dorsal view ventral view
only third and fourth pairs united by a web
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ventral view of mantledorsal view
199
CEPHALOPODS
TEUTHOIDEA - SQUIDS
Gladius (or internal shell) chitinous, flexible, pen-shaped; 8 arms and 2 non-retractile tentacles.
buccal lappet without suckers
LOLIGINIDAE
Alloteuthis africana Adam, 1950
FAO names : En - African squid; Fr - Casseronafricain; Sp - Calamarín africano.
Size : males 19 cm, females 9 cm (mantlelength).
Fishing gear : trawls (bycatch).
Habitat : continental shelf; spawning on thebottom.
Loc.name(s) :
schematic view of oral sideshowing bases of arms and
buccal membrane
bodyending in a
long tail,gladius
long
maledorsal view
female
dorsal view
buccal lappetwith suckers
Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1798
FAO names : En - European squid;Fr - Encornet; Sp - Calamar.
Size : males 42 cm, females 32 cm(mantle length).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : benthopelagic, between20 and 250 m depth, migratingtoward the coast for spawning.
Loc.name(s) :
schematic view of oral sideshowing bases of arms and
buccal membrane
lateral finslozangic
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female (dorsal view)
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CEPHALOPODS
LOLIGINIDAE
Lolliguncula mercatoris Adam, 1941
FAO names : En - Guinean thumbstall; Fr - Calmardoigtier de Guinée; Sp - Calamar dedal de Guinea.
Size : males 3.5 cm, females 5 cm (mantle length).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : coastal waters, on sandy and muddybottoms, at less than 50 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Illex coindetii (Verany, 1837)
FAO names : En - Shortfin squid; Fr - Encornetrouge; Sp - Pota voladora.
Size : males 22 cm, females 26 cm (mantlelength).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.Habitat : mostly on sandy bottoms in coastalwaters, but may also descend to 1000 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
buccal lappetswithout suckers
fins terminal, ellyptic
funnel groove smooth
(without foveola)
OMMASTREPHIDAE
ventral viewof head
8 rows ofsuckers
funnel
mantle
funnel-
lockingcartilage
distal end oftentacular club
funnel-locking ┴ - shaped
(family character)
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dorsal view
201
CEPHALOPODS
OMMASTREPHIDAE
Ommastrephes bartrami (Le
Sueur, 1821)
FAO names : En - Flying squid; Fr - Encornet volant;Sp - Pota saltadora.
Size : females 50 cm (mantle length), malessomewhat smaller.
Fishing gear : of potential value; caught elsewherewith squid jigs and dipnets (use of light).
Habitat : oceanic, near the surface at night.
Loc.name(s) :
Ommastrephes pteropus Steenstrup, 1855
FAO naives : En - Orangeback squid; Fr - Encornetdos orange; Sp - Pota naranja.
Size : females 37 cm (mantle length), males smaller.
Fishing gear : of potential value; caught elsewherewith squid jigs and dipnets (use of light).
Habitat : oceanic.
Loc.name(s) :
golden orsilvery band
on midventral line
ventral view
foveola
lateral
pockets
funnel groove withfoveola and lateralpockets (character
of the genus)
largeluminous
plate
mid-dorsal
line darker
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dorsal view
202
CEPHALOPODS
OMMASTREPHIDAE
Ornithoteuthis antillarum Adam, 1957
FAO names : En - Bird squid ; Fr - Encornet oiseau; Sp - Potapajarito.
Size : 20 cm mantle length.
Fishing gear : squid jigs, dipnets, bottom trawls (during theday), midwater trawls (at night).
Habitat : oceanic, from the surface to about 1100 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Todarodes sagittatus sagittatus (Lamarck, 1799)
FAO names : En - European flying squid;Fr - Toutenon commun; Sp - Pota europea.
Size : males 75 cm, females 49 cm (mantlelength).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : from the surface to 1000 m depth,migrates towards the coast in large schools.
Loc.name(s) :
foveola with7-11 folds
funnel groovewith foveola
a band of luminous
tissue, usually pink,along ventral mid-line
dorsal view
mantledrawn into apointed tail
foveola
funnel groove with foveola
4 rows ofsuckers
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ventral view
203
CEPHALOPODS
OMMASTREPHIDAE
funnel groovewithout foveola
Todaropsis eblanae (Ball, 1841)
FAO names : En - Lesser flying squid; Fr - Encornetsouffleur; Sp - Pota costera.
Size : males 16 cm, females 24 cm (mantle length).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls (bycatch).
Habitat : coastal waters, near sandy and muddybottoms, from 20 to 650 m depth (at temperaturesranging from 9 to 18°C).
Loc.name(s) :
Ancistroteuthis lichtensteini (Orbigny, 1839)
FAO names : En - Angel squid; Fr - Cornet archange;Sp - Luria paloma.
Size : 30 cm mantle length.
Fishing gear : pelagic trawls (bycatch).
Habitat : pelagic, from the surface to about 250 mdepth.
Loc.name(s) :
4 rows ofsuckers
distal end of tentacular club
dorsal view
ONYCHOTEUTHIDAE
luminous organsabsent from
intestinal tract
hooks
tentaclesvery long
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dorsal view
204
CEPHALOPODS
ONYCHOTEUTHIDAE
Onychoteuthis banksi (Leach, 1817)
FAO names : En - Hooked squid ; Fr - Cornetcrochu ; Sp - Luria ganchuda.
Size : 29 cm mantle length.
Fishing gear : of potential value; could becaught with jigs and liftnets (use of light)).
Habitat : oceanic, from 150 to 800 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Thysanoteuthis rhombus Troschel, 1857
FAO names : En - Rhomboid squid; Fr - Chipilouacommun; Sp - Chipirón volantín.
Size : 100 cm, common to 60 cm mantle length.
Fishing gear : of potential value; could becaught with set nets and drifting jigs.
Habitat : pelagic, often seen in small schools insurface waters; lower limits of its depthdistribution unknown.
Loc.name(s) :
viscera(after removal of ventral
portion of mantle)
hooks
rachis of gladius witha strong crest shining
through the mantlealong ventral midline
dorsal view
THYSANOTEUTHIDAE
eyes open
mantle thick, muscular,fins broad and
lozangic, occupyingentire length of mantle
luminousorgans
intestinal
tract
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CEPHALOPODS
OCTOPODA - OCTOPUSES
Internal shell reduced or absent; 8 arms, no tentacles.
OCTOPODIDAE
Octopus defilippi Verany, 1851
FAO names : En - Lilliput longarm octopus; Fr - Poulpe àlongs bras; Sp - Pulpito patilago.
Size : 9 cm mantle length.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls (bycatch).
Habitat : benthic, on sandy to muddy bottoms from 6 to60 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Octopus macropus Risson, 1826
FAO names : En - White-spottedoctopus; Fr - Poulpe tacheté; Sp - Pulpopatudo.
Size : 100 cm total length, common to80 cm.
Fishing gear : bottom trawls, artisanalfishing gear (spears, hooks, lures, traps).
Habitat : rocky and coralline bottomsfrom 1 to 20 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Octopus vulgaris Cuvier, 1797
FAO names : En - Common octopus;Fr - Pieuvre; Sp - Pulpo común.
Size : females 115 cm, males 130 cm(total length), common to 2.5 kg (freshweight).
Fishing gear : bottom trawls.
Habitat : indifferent habitats from thecoastline to 200 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
arms extremelylong and slender
ligulashort
tip of hectocotylizedarm 3 of male
1 st (dorsal)pair of armslongest and
stoutest
ligula
long
tip ofhectocotylized arm
(in males)
Colour blue-green, with large whitespots dorsally on mantle, head and
arms; becomes brick red when disturbed
arms about equally
long and thick
ligulashort
colour variable, usually marbledwith brown, white and beige
tip of 3rdhectocotylized arm
(in males)
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BIVALVES
(Class Bivalvia - pelecypods, clams, oysters, etc.)
TECHNICAL TERMS AND GENERAL REMARKS
Bivalve Features
dorsal border
cardinal shelf
ligament
height posteriorborder
ventral border
width
escutcheonligament
umbo
cardinal tooth
lateral tooth
anterior border
left valve
right valveumbo
lunule
thickness(degree ofinflation)
Glossary of Bivalve Terms
Beak (or umbo - plural: umbos or umbones) : the first formed part of a valve, usually above the hinge.
Bifid : split in two (as in the tooth in the hinge).
Byssus : clump of horny threads spun by the foot and attached to the hard bottom.
Cardinal tooth : hinge tooth situated near the umbo.
Concentric : sculpturing running parallel to the growth margin of the valves.
Escutcheon : a smooth, long surface on the upper margin of the valve behind the horny ligament.
Gape : opening or gap at either end of the closed valves.
Hinge : top interlocking margin of the valves, usually with teeth.
Lateral tooth : hinge tooth situated before or behind the cardinal teeth and at greater distance from the umbo.
Ligament : an external or internal horny band, usually behind the beaks, holding the valves together or ajar.
Lunule : an arrow-shaped or heart-shaped impression on the valves just in front of the beaks.
Pallial sinus : an embayment or U-shaped curve in the pallial line.
Periostracum : an outer layer of thin or thick chitinous material covering the outer shell.
Radial : sculpture or colour rays running from the beaks to the lower margins of the valves, crossing the concentricsculpturing one of the main shelly halves of a bivalve.
Siphon : slits allowing the enterance of water (inhalant, ventral siphon) or its exit (exhalant, dorsal siphon).
Valve : one of the main shelly halves of a bivalve.
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BIVALVES
shell obliquely
globose
colourwhitish, withbrown hairy
periostracum
Anadara senegalensis (Gmelin, 1791)
shell squarish, oblongARCIDAE
25-31ribs
withsmall,strongbeads
dorsalhingestright
withmanyfine
teeth
valves gaping ventrally
Arca noae Linnaeus, 1758
colouryellowish,
withbrownstripes
FAO names : En - Senegal ark; Fr - Archedu Sénégal ; Sp - Arca de Senegal.Size : 2.5 cm.Habitat : intertidal.Loc.name(s) :
FAO names : En - Noah's ark; Fr - Arche deNoé ; Sp : Arca de Noé.Size : 10 cm.Habitat : offshore.Loc.name(s) :
shell oblong, not very inflated
25-30 ribs alternating
with much finer ones
hind endobliquelytruncate
shell thickand heavy colour white, with
a brownish, blackperiostracum
colour whitish
10-15 strong,rounded ribs
Noetia gambiensis (Reeve, 1844)
FAO names : En - Gambia ark; Fr - Archede Gambie; Sp - Arca de Gambia.Size : 4 cm.Habitat : intertidal.Loc.name(s) :
shell rotund, thin
colourusually purewhite, rarelyrose-tinted
Cardium costatum Linnaeus, 1758FAO names : En - Costate cockle; Fr - Bucarde àcôtes; Sp - Berberecho acostillado.Size : 11 cm.Habitat : offshore waters.Loc.name(s) :
Senilia senilis (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Heavy African ark; Fr - Archeépaisse d'Afrique; Sp - Arca gruesa africana.Size : 10 cm.Habitat : intertidal.Loc.name(s) :
FAO names : En - Gaping cockle; Fr - Bucardebaillante; Sp - Arca boquiabierta.Size : 4 cm.Habitat : mostly offshore, but also in inshorewaters.Loc.name(s) :
16 or 17 very strong,sharp, thin ribs
CARDIIDAE
25 strong,
rounded ribs
shell oval,rounded
sharp points
colouryellowish
Cardium ringens Bruguière, 1789
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hinge with 2strong teeth
shellthick,
obliquelyoblong
209
BIVALVES
shell
thick,obliquely
ovate
CARDITIDAE
25 or 26 flat,strong ribs
23-25 ribs, the posterior ones beaded
colour whitish,with variegationsof brownish red
colour
whitish withbrownish
redvariegations
Cardita ajar Bruguière, 1792
FAO names : En - Ajar cardita; Fr - Carditeajar; Sp - Cardita ajar.
Size : 4 cm.Habitat : intertidalLoc.name(s) :
posteriorpart long
Cardita tankervillei Wood, 1828
FAO names : En - Tankerville's cardita; Fr - Carditede Tankerville; Sp - Cardita de Tankerville.
Size : 5.5 cm.Habitat : intertidal.Loc.name(s) :
fine granulations in concentric rows
DONACIDAE
shell solit,wedge-
shaped
ventral margin concave white, with violet rays
colour variable fromwhite to violet and rose
Donax pukhellus Hanley, 1843
FAO names : En - Beautiful donax; Fr - Flionmignonnet; Sp - Coquina bonita.Size : 1.5 cm.Habitat : found on beachesLoc.name(s) :
hinge andumbonesprominent
shell triangular, thick
FAO names : En - Rugose donax; Fr - Flionrugueux; Sp - Coquina rugosa.Size : 6 cm.Habitat : abundant on beaches.Loc.name(s) :
outersurfacesmooth
white rays
ligamentexternal
colour white and violet,periostracum olive
Galatea paradoxa (Born, 1778)
FAO names : En - Common galatea clam; Fr - Donacepeigne; Sp - Almeja galatea.Size : 9 cm.Habitat : common in estuaries.Loc.name(s) :
Donax rugosus Linnaeus, 1758
lphigenia delesserti (Berbardi, 1860)
FAO names : En - Delessert's false donax; Fr - Flionde Delessert; Sp - Coquina de Delessert.Size : 3 cm.Habitat : common in infralittoral sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :
periostracum olive brown white to purple
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BIVALVES
shell triangular, ovate, anterior fourth twisted
internal colour pale violet, periostracum olive brown
Iphigenia laevigata (Gmelin, 1791)
FAO names : En - Smooth false donax; Fr - Flionlisse; Sp - Coquina lisa.Size: 7 cm.Habitat : offshore, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :
2 strong radial ridges
colour yellow, with rays of rosy violet
Gari bornii (Gmelin, 1791)
FAO names : En - Faeroe gary; Fr - Psammobieboréale; Sp - Gario boreal.Size : 6 cmHabitat : in infralittoral sandy or muddy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :
shell round, slightly
truncate at one end
rather smoothDONACIDAE
shell white, periostracum olive brown
Iphigenia rostrata Römer, 1869
FAO names : En - Rostrate false donax; Fr - Donace àrostre; Sp - Coquina rostrata.Size : 8 cm.Habitat : offshore, in sandy bottoms
Loc.name(s) :
numerous five
concentric cords
GARIDAE
GLYCYMERIDAE
colour brown-red, with finewhite rays and scratches
Glycymeris vovan Lamy, 1912
FAO names : En - : Vovan bittersweet; Fr - Amandevovan; Sp - Almendra vovania.Size : 7 cmHabitat : subtidal, in mud.Loc. name(s) :
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shell oblong, thin HIATELLIDAE
posterior end pointed
colour yellowish white
anterior end rounded
fine reticulations
Panopea cancellata Swerby, 1873
FAO names: En - Cancellate panope; Fr - Panopée quadrilée; Sp - Panopea cuadrilla.Size : 12 cm.Habitat : offshore, in sand.Loc.name(s) :
umbones prominent shell thin,oval oblong
MACTRIDAE
hingewith a
smallinternalligament
posterior endwith rounded,
concentric ridges
outer surface smoothshell oval
finebeads atanterior
end
colour translucent white narrow brown rays colour pale lilac
Labiosa vitrea Gray, 1837
FAO names : En - Glassy mactra; Fr - Mactrevitreuse; Sp - Mactra vítrea.Size : 5 cm.Habitat : offshore, in sand.Loc.name(s) :
exteriorsmoothish,
withconcentric
cords
Mactra glabrata (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Smooth mactra; Fr - Mactre lisse;Sp - Mactra Iisa.Size : 5 cm.Habitat : intertidal, in sandy bottoms.Loc. name(s) :
radial rib
shell triangular,thin, inflated
periostracum olive
colour lilac grey, with a few brown rays
Mactra largil l ierti PhiIippi, 1849
FAO names : En - Largilliert's mactra ; Fr - Mactre deLargilliert; Sp - Mactra de Largilliert.Size : 8 cm.Habitat : offshore waters, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :
Mactra nitida Gmelin, 1791
FAO names : En - Polished mactra; Fr - Mactrepolie; Sp - Mactra pulida.Size : 4 cm.Habitat : intertidal, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :
colour greyish white
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BIVALVES
shell high, obliquely oval
radial rib
colour whitish
umbones at anterior end
colour white with rose, periostracum shiny brownish red
Modilus nitens Carpenter, 1857
FAO names : En - Shiny mussel; Fr - Modiole lisse;Sp - Mejillón liso.Size: 8 cm.Habitat : shallow waters.Loc.name(s) :
hinge with manyround denticles
MACTRIDAE
Mactra rostrata Spengler, 1802
FAO names : En - Rostrate mactra; Fr - Mactreà rostre; Sp - Mactra puntiaguda.Size : 6 cm.Habitat : offshore waters, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :
MYTILIDAE
outer surfacerather smooth
um bones toward anterior end shell thin, elongate
shell white, periostracum olive brown
Modiolus rhomboideus Reeve, 1857
FAO names : En - Rhomboid mussel; Fr - Modiolelosangique; Sp - Mejillón romboidal.Size : 5 cm.Habitat : offshore waters.Loc.name(s) :
6-8 internal denticles on each sideOSTREIDAE
edges
jagged
borders undulated
lower valve attachedto rocks, upper valve
smaller and flattercolour bluish black
colour dark brown
Ostrea cucullata Born, 1778
FAO names : En - Cuculate rock oyster; Fr - Huître platede l'Angola; Sp - Ostión cucullado.Size : 8 cm.Habitat : intertidal zone, attached to rocks.Loc.name(s) :
Ostrea denticulata Born, 1778
FAO names : En - Denticulate rock oyster; Fr - Huîtreplate de Guinée; Sp - Ostión denticulado.Size : 20 cm.Habitat : intertidal zone, fixed to rocks.Loc.name(s) :
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BIVALVES
radial beaded ribs
shell elongate fragile,
with 2 teeth in each valve
PETRICOLIDAE
colour white
anterior end
truncate
valves gape at both ends
colour white
FAO names : En - Truncate barnea; Fr - Pholadetronquée; Sp - Barnea troncada.Size : 5 cm.Habitat : intertidal zone, common in peat and claybottoms.Loc.name(s) :
Petricola pholadiformis Lamarck, 1818
FAO names : En - False angel wing; Fr - Fausse
aile d'ange; Sp - Falso ala de angeSize : 4 cmHabitat : intertidal zoneLoc.name(s) :
PHOLADIDAE
vertical bars supporting
the ridges on the umbones
colour white
Pholas campechiensis (Gmelin, 1791)
FAO names : En - Campechee pholad; Fr - Pholade deCampeche; Sp - Ala de angel campechano.Size : 9 cmHabitat : infralittoral zone, burrows in mud bottoms.Loc.name(s) :
Talona explanata (Spengler, 1792)
Barnea truncata Say, 1822
ventralborder
indented
shell thin,very elongate
shell thin, elongate
FAO names : En - Talona pholad; Fr - Pholade taloné;Sp -Talona.Size : 6 cm.Habitat : subtidal zone, in mud bottoms.Loc.name(s) :
colour white
shell fragile
colour translucent brown colour translucent reddish
15-20 rows ofsmall, sometimestubular, spines
PINNIDAE
6-8 rowsof large,tubularspines
Atrina chautardi Nicklés, 1953
FAO names : En - Chautard's pen shell ; Fr -Jambonneau
de Chautard ; Sp - Pina de Chautard.Size : 20 cm.Habitat : in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :
Pinna rudis (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Rough pen shell; Fr - Jambonneau
rude; Sp - Pina áspera.Size : 40 cm.Habitat : infralittoral zone, buried in sand.Loc.name(s) :
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oblique wavy striae
214
BIVALVES
shell thin, but solid
2 teeth in each valve
ligament long, external
SOLECURTIDAE
outer
surface
rathersmooth
2 white rays colour rose
shell whitish, periostracum olive-brown
Solecurtus strigilatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Rasp tagelus; Fr - Solecurte rosé;Sp - Mango de cuchillo.Size : 8 cm.Habitat : infralittoral zone, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :
shell thin and fragile
hinge teeth
small, central
colour translucent with a
glossy brown periostracum
Cultellus tenuis Griffith & Pidgeon, 1834
FAO names : En - African knife shell; Fr - Petitcouteau africain; Sp - Navaja africana.Size: 7 cm.Habitat : offshore waters, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :
shell solid
Tagelus adansonii (Sosc, 1801)
FAO names : En - Adanson's tagelus ; Fr - Tagelusd'Adanson; Sp - Tagelo de Adanson.Size : 7 cm.Habitat : estuaries, in muddy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :
colour lilac with brown spots
Ensis goreensis Clessin, 1888
FAO names : En - Goree razor clam; Fr - Couteaude Gorée; Sp - Navaja de Gorea.Size : 7 cm.Habitat : subtidal, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :
colour white and rosy violet inalternating, concentric zones
SOLENIDAE
shell thin fragile, arching
3 teeth at endof left valve
Solen guinensis Hanley, 1842
FAO names : En - Guinea razor shell; Fr - Couteau
de Guinée; Sp - Longueirón de Guinea.Size : 8 cm.Habitat : intertidal zone, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :
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large radialgroove nearer tothe anterior end
ligament external
215
BIVALVES
valves unequalin shape
right valve with a deepindentation at top edge TELLINIDAE
colour pure whitecolour white
Apolymetis papyracea (Gmelin, 1791)
FAO names : En - Paper tellin; Fr - Tel line papier;Sp - Telina papírácea.Size : 9 cm.Habitat : intertidal zone, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :
FAO names : En - Hyalinetellin; Fr - Telline hyaline;Sp - Telina hialina.Size : 7 cm.Habitat : intertidal zone, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :
Tellina hyalina Gmelin, 1791 *
shell oval-round, solid,
slightly inflated
weak ridge nearposterior edge
outer surface glossy shell elongate oval
finegrowthlines
colour white
strong
growth lines
colour white to yellowish
Tellina strigosa Gmelin, 1791 *
FAO names : En - Thin tellin; Fr - Telline jaunâtre;Sp - Telina delgada.Size : 7 cm.Habitat : intertidal zone, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :
posteriorend pointed
Tellina senegambiensis Salisbury, 1934
FAO names : En - Senegambian tellin; Fr - Telline deSénégambie ; Sp - Telina de Senegambia.Size : 7 cm.Habitat : intertidal zone, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :
* A similar species, Tellina madagascariensis Gmelin, 1791, found from Congo to Angola, may also occur in thesouthern part of the Gulf of Guinea. It is distinguished from T. hyalina and T. strigosa by its rose colour and greaterlength (9 cm).
shell solid, roundly oval, inflated
3 cardinal teeth in each valve
VENERIDAE
shell heavy,subtriangular
outersurfacesmooth
colour white, rarely brown-tinted
Pitar tumens (Gmelin, 1791)
FAO names : En - Swollen venus; Fr - Venusbombée; Sp - Almeja bombacha.Size : 6 cm.Habitat : intertidal zone, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :
Tivela tripla (Linnaeus, 1771)
FAO names : En - Triple venus; Fr - Vénus triple;Sp - Tivela triple.Size : 3 cm.Habitat : offshore waters, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :
concentricgrowth lines
strong,
irregular
colour yellowishwith faint
brownish rays
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BIVALVES
VENERIDAE
shell elongate,solid, shiny
fine concentric ridges, especially
strong at the longer, posterior end
Venerupis corrugata (Gmelin, 1791)
FAO names : En - Corrugated venus; Fr - Clovisse ridée;Sp - Margarita arrugada.Size : 4 cm.Habitat : intertidal zone, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :
colour yellowish
Venus foliaceolamellosa Ramer, 1865
FAO names : En - Plicate venus; Fr - Praire ondulée;Sp - Venus plegada.Size : 7 cm.Habitat : in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :
colour yellowish or clear brown
Venerupis dura (Gmelin, 1791)
FAO names : En - Durable venus; Fr - Clovissedurable; Sp - Margarita dura.Size : 7 cm.Habitat : offshore to 40 m depth, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :
shell oval, hard
Venus verrucosa Linnaeus, 1758
FAO names : En - Warty venus; Fr - Prairecommune; Sp - Escupiña grabada.Size : 5 cm.Habitat : intertidal zone, in sandy bottoms.Loc.name(s) :
colour dirty
white withnetworks of
brown
spots and lines
sometimes present
small beaded,
concentric ridges
large, flutedconcentric
lamellae shell oval, solid
colour yellowish, rarely with brown
strong, warty
concentric ridges
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GASTROPODS
(Class Gastropoda - univalves, conches, whelks, etc.)
TECHNICAL TERMS AND GENERAL REMARKS
Gastropod Features
apex
spines
spiral cords
axial ribs
suture
columellar folds
umbilicus
posterior canal
aperture
outer lip
nodules
callus of columella
body whorl
siphonal canal
Glossary of Gastropod Terms
Aperture : the opening in the last whorl, providing an outlet for the head and foot.
Axial sculpture : ribs or growth lines that run parallel to the outer lip.
Operculum : a "trapdoor" grown on the posterior upper part of the foot of a snail. It may be hard and shelly orpliable and made of chitinous, or horny, material.
Periostracum : an outer layer of thin or thick chitinous material covering the outer shell. Sometimes with bristles orhairs.
Radula (plural - radulae) : microscopic hard teeth on a moveable ribbon in the mouth of molluscs, other than bivalves.
Spiral sculpture : cords or threads that encircle the whorls parallel to the sutures.
Spire : the whorls at the top, narrow end, where growth began.
Suture : continuous line on shell surface where the whorls join.
Umbilicus : a central cavity at the base or bottom of the shell.
Whorl : a turn or coil of a snail shell. The body whorl is the last and largest.
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GASTROPODS
Even though the gastropod. fauna taken in the various fishing operations is highly diversified, the present guideshows only edible species that are known to be found in markets, or those that may be considered of definitypotential interest to fisheries.
Cassis tessellata (Gmelin, 1791)
FAO names : En - Tessellate helmet; Fr - Casque àdamier; Sp - Casco teselado.
Size : 26 cm
Habitat : in sandy bottoms from 1 to 50 m depth;rather common
Loc.name(s) :
Crepidula goreensis (Gmelin, 1791)
CASSIDAE
2 or 3 spiralrows of
knobs onshoulder
colour light tan
with brown spots
FAO names : En - Goree slipper shell; Fr - Crépidulesandale; Sp - Concha sandalia.
Size : 4 cm.
Habitat : attached to other shells.
Loc.name(s) :
Charonia nodifera (Lamarck, 1816)
FAO names : En - Knobby triton; Fr - Triton noueux;Sp - Tritón buido.
Size : 30 cm
Habitat : coastal waters to 20 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Fissurela nubecula (Linnaeus, 1758)
CREPIDULIDAE
exterior smooth
colour white, rayedor speckled in brown
CYMATIIDAE
oneroundedvarix per
whorl
nodular spiral cords
colour brown, marbled with tan
FISSURELLIDAE
FAO names : En - Cloudy keyhole limpet; Fr - Fissurelle
nuageuse; Sp - Fisurela nebulosa.Size : 2.5 cm.
Habitat : on rocks exposed by the low tide.
Loc.name(s) :
orifice small
and ovalnumerousfine radial
riblets
colour rose orviolet withwhite rays
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GASTROPODS
interior iridescent, exterior rough
HALIOTIDAE
Haliotis tuberculata Linnaeus, 1758 5 or 6 natural holes
FAO names : En - Tuberculate abalone; Fr - Ormeautuberculeux; Sp - Oreja de mar.
Size : 8 cm.
Habitat : on rocks offshore.
Loc.name(s) :
colour brownish grey
MELONGENIDAE
light spiral bands
Pugilina morio (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Giant hairy melongena; Fr - Mélongènenoire; Sp - Melongena negra.
Size : 15 cm.
Habitat : in mangrove areas.
Loc.name(s) :
colour dark brown,periostracum thick
MURICIDAE
Murex angularis Lamarck, 1822
FAO names : En - Angular murex; Fr - Rocheranguleux; Sp - Cañailla africana.
Size : 5 cm.
Habitat : common among offshore rocks.
Loc.name(s) :
7-11 varicesper whorl
bearing abouta dozen equalsized, tubular
spines
colour yellow tobrownish-black
Murex cornutus Linnaeus, 1758
FAO names : En - Horned murex; Fr - Rocher cornu;Sp - Cañailla cornuda.
Size : 15 cm.
Habitat : among offshore rocks.
Loc.name(s) :
last whorlwith tworows of
long, thinspines
siphonal canal long
colour yellowish brown
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colour greyish, aperture white
with 3 black spots on columella
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GASTROPODS
spines longest at top
MURICIDAE
Murex duplex Röding, 1789
FAO names :
En - Duplex murex;
Fr - Rocher duplex;
Sp - Cañailla espinuda.
Size : 20 cm.
Habitat : offshore, among rocks.
Loc.name(s) :
Thais coronata (Lamark, 1816)
FAO names : En - Crowned rock shell; Fr - Ovarquecouronnée; Sp - Púrpura coronada .
Size : 4 cm.
Habitat : common in mangrove areas.
Loc.name(s) :
Thais haemastoma (Lama rck, 1822)
FAO names : En - Red-mouthed rock shell; Fr - Ovarquebouche de sang; Sp - Boca roja.
Size : 6 cm.
Habitat : subtidal zone, on rocks.
Loc.name(s) :
Thais nodosa (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Nodose rock shell; Fr - Ovarque noueux;Sp - Púrpura nudosa.
Size : 5 cm.
Habitat : below the intertidal zone, on rocks.
Loc.name(s) :
umbilicus deep
6-8 varices
per whorl
mouth withrose border
siphonal canal broad
3 spiral rows of large,rounded knobs
axial lamellae
colour dirty grey
sometimes with noduleson shoulder and with
fine spiral threads
colour greyish brown,aperture salmon-pink
5 spiral rows oflow, rounded
nodes
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GASTROPODS
NASSARIIDAE
Bullia miran (Bruguière, 1789)
FAO names : En - Miran bullia; Fr - Bullie de miran;Sp - Bulia de Mirán.
Size : 2.5 cm.
Habitat : intertidal zone, in sandy mud bottoms.
Loc.name(s) :
Natica adansoni Blainville, 1825
FAO names : En - Collar moon snail; Fr - Natice àcollet; Sp - Nática engolada.
Size : 3 cm.
Habitat : below the intertidal zone, on sand.
Loc.name(s) :
Natica fulminea (Gmelin, 1791)
FAO names : En - Flamed moon snail; Fr - Naticeflammée; Sp - Nática flamante.
Size : 3.5 cm.
Habitat : intertidal zone, on sand.
Loc.name(s) :
darker bandbelow the suture
shell solid, smooth
colour grey
aperture onethird of shell
umbilicus with a brown callusalmost completely filling it
NATICIDAE
FAO names : En - Adanson's moon snail;Fr - Natice d'Adanson; Sp - Nática de Adanson.
Size : 3 cm.
Habitat : intertidal zone, on sand.
Loc.name(s) :
colour marbledbrown, with ayellow band
below
Natica collaris Link, 1807
spiral row of spots
axial brown lines
umbilicus deep,with a smallwhite callus
colour yellowish
zig-zag lines ofbrownish yellow
umbilicus roundedwithout a callus inside
colour whitish
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shell tan-coloured
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GASTROPODS
NATICIDAE
Natica marochiensis (Gmelin, 1791)
FAO names : En - Morocco moon snail; Fr - Naticedu Maroc; Sp - Nática marroquí.
Size : 2.5 cm.
Habitat : intertial zone, on sand.
Loc.name(s) :
Natica tigrina (Röding, 1798)
FAO names : En - Tiger moon snail; Fr - Naticetigrée; Sp - Nática atigrada.
Size : 3.5 cm.
Habitat : intertidal zone, on sand.
Loc.name(s) :
Natica turtoni E.A. Smith, 1890
FAO names : En - Turton's moon snail; Fr - Naticede Turton; Sp - Nática de Turton.
Size : 3 cm
Habitat : .intertidal zone, on sand.
Loc.name(s) :
Sinum concavum (Lamarck, 1822)
FAO names : En - Concave baby's car; Fr - Naticeconcave; Sp - Sigarita cóncava.
Size : 4.5 cm.Habitat : intertidal zone, in sandy bottoms.
Loc.name(s) :
spiral, broken rows of dark
brown dots and dashes
umbilicus almost coveredby a long, white callus
colourgreyishbrown
brown spots in spiral rowsor tiny dots all over
umbilicus deep with ayellowish callus at centre
aperturevioletwithin
spiral rows of brown dashes
umbiclicus verylarge, with a large
white callus
aperturevioletbrownwithin
colour whitish
animal much
larger than shell
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GASTROPODS
spiral striae
NERITIDAE
Nerita senegalensis (Gmelin, 1791)
FAO names : En - Senegal nerite; Fr - Nérite duSénégal; Sp - Nerita senegalesa.
Size : 5 cm.
Habitat : intertidal zone, on rocks.Loc.name(s) :
Patella safiana Lamarck, 1819
FAO names : En - Safian limpet; Fr - Patelle safian;Sp - Lepada safiana.
Size : 11 cm.
Habitat : intertidal zone, fixed to rocks.
Loc.name(s) :
Strombus lat u s Gmelin, 1791
FAO names : En - West African stromb; Fr - Strombed'Afrique occidentale; Sp - Cobo de Africa occidental.
Size : 14 cm.
Habitat : coastal waters to 10 m depth.
Loc.name(s) :
Cymbium cymbium (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Pig's snout volute; Fr - Volutetrompe de cochon; Sp - Voluta trompa de cerdo.
Size : 15 cm.
Habitat : offshore waters, on sand.
Loc.name(s) :
parietal wallpustulose, white,with 2 or 3 teeth colour blackish
PATELLIDAE
shell oval
slightlyelevatednarrowerin front,
but shapeand
sculpturevariable
about100 fine
radialriblets
colour grey,interior bluish grey
STROMBIDAE
3 spiral rows oftubercles; the topone having knobs
apex mammilliate
shell maculated inbrown, rose and white
top of shell flattish VOLUTIDAE
outersurfaceglossysmooth
shell subcylindrical
colour paleyellowish brown
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colour orange, per ī ostracum brown
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GASTROPODS
dished-out apexVOLUTIIDAE
Cymbium glans (Gmelin, 1791)
FAO names : En - Elephant's snout volute; Fr -Volutetrompe d'éléphant; Sp - Voluta trompa de elefante.
Size : 35 cm.
Habitat : offshore waters, on sand.
Loc.name(s) :
Cymbium pepo (Lightfood, 1786)
FAO names : En - Neptune's volute; Fr - VoluteNeptune; Sp - Voluta de Neptuno.
Size : 27 cm.
Habitat : offshore waters, on sand.
Loc.name(s) :
shell thin,but strong,cylindrical
colour greyish
brown, glossy
apex hardly visible
shell globular
aperture very large
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SEA TURTLES
TECHNICAL TERMS AND PRINCIPAL MEASUREMENTS
(Straight-line distances)
head length prefrontalscales
precentral scute
central (neural)scutes (C1-C5)
lateral (costal)scutes (L1-L5)
totallength
marginalscutes
postcentral scutes
carapace width
dorsal view of a juvenile sea turtle (Family CHELONIIDAE)
axillaryscutes
mentonian scute
intergular scute
1: gular; 2: humeral;3: pectoral; 4: abdominal;5: femoral; 6: anal scutes
♀ claw ♂ claw
dorsalridges
inframarginalscutes and
pores
marginalscutes
♀ claw♂ claw
dorsal view of a sea turtle(Family DERMOCHELYIDAE)
tail
interanalscute
ventral view of a juvenile sea turtle(Family CHELONIIDAE)
♀
♂
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lower jaw head carapace plastron
Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Loggerhead turtle;Fr - Tortue caouane; Sp - Tortugacahuama.
Size : 125 cm (carapace length),common to 110 cm.
Habitat : enters brackish waterestuaries, but also found in the opensea; migratory.
Remarks : adults, nestlings and eggsprotected by law in many countries.
Loc.name(s) :
more than one pairof prefrontal scales
Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758)
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SEA TURTLES
CHELONIIDAE
2 claws
5 lateral scutes
3 inframarginal
scutes without pores
FAO names : En - Green sea turtle; Fr - Tortueverte; Sp - Tortuga blanca.
Size : 105 cm (carapace length), common to 90 cm.
Habitat : shallow coastal waters over vegetatedbottoms.
Remarks : adults, nestlings and eggs are protectedby law in many countries.
Loc.name(s) :
1 pair ofprefrontal scales
1 claw
4 lateral scutes
4 inframarginalscutes without pores
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head carapace plastron
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SEA TURTLES
CHELONIIDAE
Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Hawksbill turtle; Fr - Tortuecaret; Sp - Tortuga de carey.
Size : 90 cm (carapace length), common to 80 cm.
Habitat : coastal waters, including shallowvegetated bottoms as well as bays and lagoonswith muddy and coralline bottoms lackingextensive beds of submarine vegetation.
Remarks : adults, nestlings and eggs areprotected by law in some countries.
Loc.name(s) :
2 pairs of prefrontal scales
head
Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829)
FAO names : En - Olive ridley turtle; Fr - Tortueolivâtre; Sp - Tortuga golfina.
Size : 75 cm (carapace length).
Habitat : shallow coastal waters as well as in theopen sea forming schools.
Remarks : adults, nestlings and eggs areprotected by law in many countries.
Loc.name(s) :
more than 1 pair of prefrontal scales
2 claws
4 lateral scutes
imbricated (overlapping) scutes 4 inframarginalscutes without pores
carapaceplastron
1 claw
5 or more lateral scutes
4 inframarginalscutes with pores
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SEA TURTLES
DERMOCHELYIDAE
Dermochelys coriacea coriacea (Linnaeus, 1758)
FAO names : En - Leatherback turtle; Fr - Tortueluth; Sp - Tortuga laúd.
Size : ca 260 cm (carapace length), common to180 cm.
Habitat : pelagic and highly migratory.
Remarks : adults, hatchlings and eggs areprotected in some countries.
Loc.name(s) :
no scales dorsal ridges
head carapace plastron
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INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC AND VERNACULAR NAMES
EXPLANATION OF THE SYSTEM
Type faces used:
Italics : Valid scientific names (genera and species)
Italics : Synonyms
* Italics : Misidentifications (preceded by an asterisk)
ROMAN (saps) : Family names
Roman : International (FAO) names of species
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Page
A Abalistes stellatus ............................................... 42
Abámbolo ............................................................... 81 Abámbolo de bajura ................................................ 81 Ablennes hians ..................................................... 44 Abuete cajeta ........................................................ 184 Abuete de Angola ................................................. 184 Abuete negro ........................................................ 184 Abuete real ........................................................... 183 Acanthocybium solandri ...................................... 98 Acantholabrus palloni .......................................... 76ACANTHURIDAE ...............................................31,39 Acanthurus monroviae ......................................... 39acarne, Pagellus .................................................. 117accraensis, Neanthias ........................................... 107accraensis, Novanthias ......................................... 107
accraensis, Pontius ............................................ 101accraensis, Serranus .......................................... 107 Acedia .................................................................. 108 Acedia ocelada ..................................................... 108 Acedia trompuda ................................................... 108aculeata calmani, Squilla .................................... 191aculeata, Squatina .............................................. 151acus, Aphanopus .................................................. 125acus rafale, Tylosurus .......................................... 45acutypinnys, Squalus ............................................ 150acutirostris, Parepinephelus .................................. 106acutus, Fodiator ..... ............................................... 66acutus, Rhyzopryonodon ................................... 142
Adanson's moon snail ........................................... 221 Adanson's tagelus ................................................. 214adansoni, Natica ................................................. 221adansonii, Tagelus .............................................. 214 Adioryx hastatus ..................................................... 73aeneum, Diagramma ............................................... 69aeneus, Epinephelus .......................................... 105aeneus, Serranus .................................................. 105aequalis, Nezumya ................................................ 81aequidens, Atractoscion ....................................... 94 Aetobatus narinari .............................................. 159afer, Lycodontis .................................................... 86affinis, Hirundichthys ........................................... 66afra, Sphyraena .................................................... 119
African barrelfish ..................................................... 56 African brown snapper ............................................ 79 African cuttlefish ................................................... 195 African flyingfish ...................................................... 65 African forktail snapper ........................................... 79 African ghost crab ................................................. 185 African halfbeak ...................................................... 72 African knife shell ................................................. 214 African lantern shark ............................................. 149 African matchbox crab .......................................... 184 African moonfish ..................................................... 53 African moony ......................................................... 82 African mud crab ................................................... 189 African mud shrimp ............................................... 180
African pompano ..................................................... 48
Page
African red snapper ................................................. 79 African sawtail catshark ......................................... 144
African sicklefìsh ...................................................... 62 African solenette .................................................... 111 African spadefish ..................................................... 63 African spider shrimp ............................................. 175 African spoon-nose eel ............................................ 88 African squid .......................................................... 199 African striped grunt ................................................. 70 African weakfish ....................................................... 94africana, Alloteuthis ............................................. 199africana, Clupea ...................................................... 57africana, Drepane ................................................... 62africana, llisha ........................................................ 57africana, Ocypode ................................................ 185africana, Solagmedens ............................................ 49
africana, Solenocera ............................................ 180africanus, Bothus podas ....................................... 46africanus, Caranx ..................................................... 50africanus, Nematocarcinus ................................. 175africanus, Pagrus pagrus .................................... 118africanus, Panopeus ............................................ 189africanus, Sparus pagrus ....................................... 118agennes, Lutjanus ................................................. 79 Aguila marina ......................................................... 159 Aguja azul .............................................................. . 74 Aguja blanca ............................................................ 74 Aguja negra ............................................................ 74 Aguja picuda ........................................................... 75 Agujeta africana ....................................................... 72 Agujeta balajù .......................................................... 72 Agujeta brasileña ..................................................... 72 Agujeta voladora ...................................................... 72 Agujón de quilla ....................................................... 45 Agujon needlefish .................................................... 45 Agujón sable ............................................................ 44 Agujón senegalés .................................................... 45ahenea, Eulamia .................................................... 138 Aigle commun ........................................................ 159 Aigle de mer léopard .............................................. 159 Aigle-vachette ........................................................ 160 Aiguillat à gros yeux ............................................... 150 Aiguillat coq ........................................................... 150
Aiguillat épinette .................................................... 151 Aiguillat noir ........................................................... 148 Aiguille crocodile ...................................................... 45 Aiguille voyeuse ....................................................... 45 Aiguillette sénégalaise ............................................. 45ajar, Cardita .......................................................... 209 Ajar cardita ............................................................ 209 Ala de angel campechano ..................................... 213 Alacha ..................................................................... 58 Alacha rabo amarillo ................................................ 58alalunga, Germo .................................................... 100alalunga, Thunnus ............................................... 100alatus, Isurus ......................................................... 144alba, Raja .............................................................. 161
albacares, Thunnus ............................................. 100
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Albacore ................................................................. 100 Albacores .................................................................. 32albesca, Uranoscopus ..........................................128albicans, Histiophorus ...............................................74
albicans, Istiophorus ..............................................74albicans, Makaira ......................................................74albida, Bathysolea ..................................................107albida, Lamontella .....................................................74albida, Makaira .........................................................74albidus, Tetrapturus ...............................................74albomaculatus, Rhinobatos ..................................164 Albula vulpes ..........................................................39ALBULIDAE ..........................................................3,39 Alectis alexandrinus ...............................................48 Alectis ciliaris ..........................................................48 Alectis crinitus ...........................................................48ALEPISAURIDAE .......................................................7ALEPOCEPHALIDAE .................................................7
Alexandria pompano .................................................48alexandrinus, Alectis ..............................................48
* alexandrinus, Epinephelus ......................................105alexandrinus, Scyris ..................................................48 Aligote ....................................................................117 Alitán ...................................................................... 145 Alitán africano .........................................................145 Allache ......................................................................58alletteratus, Euthynnus ..........................................99 Alloteuthis africana ...............................................199 Almeja bombacha ...................................................215 Almeja galatea ........................................................209 Almendra vovania ...................................................210
Alón ..........................................................................61 Alopias superciliosus ...........................................137 Alopias vulpinus ...................................................137ALOPIIDAE ..................................................... 134,137 Alosa senegalensis ...................................................58 Alose rasoir ...............................................................57alta, Spicara ............................................................56altimus, Carcharhinus ..........................................137 Amande vovan ........................................................ 210 Amberjacks .............................................................. 19amboiensis, Carcharhinus ....................................137americanus, Histiophorus ..........................................74americanus, Polyprion ..........................................106amia, Hypacanthus ...................................................52
amia, Lichia .............................................................52AMMODYTIDAE .......................................................30amnicola, Callinectes ............................................186ampia, Makaira .........................................................74 Anadara senegalensis ..........................................208 Anchoa europea ........................................................63 Anchoa guineensis ....................................................63 Anchois commun ...................................................... 63 Anchova de banco ....................................................91 Anchovies ...................................................................4 Ancistroteuthis lichtensteini ................................203 Ange de mer épineux .............................................. 151 Ange de mer ocellé ................................................. 151 Angel sharks ............................................................ 133
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Angel squid ............................................................. 203 Angelfishes ............................................................... 27 Angelote espinudo .................................................. 151 Anglerfishes ................................................................ 9
Anglette africaine .................................................... 184 Anglette angolaise .................................................. 184 Anglette commune .................................................. 184 Anglette de mangroves ........................................... 183 Angola croaker .......................................................... 94 Angola dentex ......................................................... 112 Angola marsh crab .................................................. 184 Angola rockfish ....................................................... 102 Angolan mantis shrimp ............................................ 191angolense, Sesarma ............................................. 184angolensis Caranx .................................................... 51angolensis, Dentex .............................................. 112angolensis, Miracorvina ......................................... 94angolensis, Scorpaena ......................................... 102
Angular murex ........................................................ 219angularis, Murex ................................................... 219angustifrons, Genyatremus ....................................... 69annobonensis, Platybelone argalus ....................... 45 Anoli brésilien ......................................................... 120 Anoli commun ......................................................... 121 Anoli de l'Atlantique ................................................ 120 Anoli serpent ........................................................... 121ANOTOPTERIDAE ..................................................... 8ANTENNARIIDAE ...................................................... 9anthias, Anthias .................................................... 104 Anthias anthias ..................................................... 104 Antigonia capros ..................................................... 14antillarum, Ornithoteuthis .................................... 202 Antimora australis ..................................................... 82 Antimora rostrata .................................................... 82 Antimore bleu ............................................................ 82aper, Capros .............................................................. 4 Aphanopus acus ..................................................... 125 Aphanopus carbo .................................................. 125 Aphanopus microphthalmus .................................... 125 Apogon .................................................................... 19APOGONIDAE ......................................................... 19 Apolymetis papyracea .......................................... 215 Aprionodon caparti .................................................. 138 Apsilus fuscus ........................................................ 79aquila, Myliobatis .................................................. 159
aquila, Sciaena ......................................................... 94 Araignée européenne .............................................. 185 Araña ...................................................................... 123 Araña aletona ......................................................... 124 Araña de Cabo Verde ............................................. 124 Araña de Guinea ..................................................... 123araneus, Trachinus ............................................... 123 Arca boquiabierta .................................................... 208 Arca de Gambia ...................................................... 208 Arca de Noé ............................................................ 208 Arca de Senegal ..................................................... 208 Arca gruesa africana ............................................... 208 Arca noae .............................................................. 208 Arche de Gambie .................................................... 208
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Arche de Noë ...........................................................208 Arche du Sénégal ....................................................208 Arche épaisse d'Afrique ...........................................208ARCIDAE ................................................................208
arenatus, Priacanthus .............................................92argalus annobonensis, Platybelone .......................45argenteus, Diretmus ................................................62 Argentines ...................................................................6ARGENTINIDAE .........................................................6argus, Panulirus .....................................................171 Argyrosomus hololepidotus ...................................94 Argyrosomus regium ..................................................94 Argyrosomus regius ................................................94ARIIDAE .................................................................6,40 Arioma lucia ...............................................................41 Arioma parda .............................................................41 Ariomma bondi ........................................................41 Ariomma ledanoisi .....................................................41
Ariomma melanum ...................................................41 Ariomma multisquamis ...............................................41 Ariommas ..................................................................35ARIOMMATIDAE ..................................................35,41 Ariomme brune ..........................................................41 Ariomme grise ...........................................................41ARISTEIDAE ...........................................................177 Aristeus varidens ...................................................177 Arius capellonis .........................................................41 Aries gambensis ........................................................40 Arius gigas ...............................................................40 Arius granulatus .........................................................41 Arius heudeloti ........................................................40* Arius heudeloti ...........................................................41
Arius latiscutatus .....................................................40 Arius mercatoris .........................................................40 Aries parkii ...............................................................41armatum, Cardiosoma ...........................................183armatus, Trachinus ................................................123 Armed nylon shrimp .................................................176 Armoured searobins ..................................................17 Arnoglosse du cap .....................................................46 Arnoglosse impérial ...................................................46 Arnoglossus blachei ...................................................46 Arnoglossus capensis .............................................46 Arnoglossus entomorhynchus ....................................46 Arnoglossus imperialis ...........................................46 Arrowhead dogfish ...................................................149*ascensionis, Caranx ..................................................50ascensionis, Holocentrus ........................................73ashanteensis, Mugil ...................................................84aspera, Dasyatis ......................................................157ASTRONESTHIDAE ....................................................7 Ateleopids ..................................................................15ATELEOPODIDAE ....................................................15 Atherina ....................................................................11ATHERINIDAE ..........................................................11 Atlantic bigeye ...........................................................92 Atlantic bonito ............................................................99 Atlantic bumper ..........................................................50 Atlantic emperor ........................................................77
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Atlantic flyingfish .................................................... 64 Atlantic greeneye ................................................... 57 Atlantic horse mackerel .......................................... 55 Atlantic lizardfish .................................................. 120
Atlantic rubyfish ...................................................... 63 Atlantic sailfish ....................................................... 74 Atlantic tarpon ........................................................ 81 Atlantic tripletail ...................................................... 78 Atlantic weasel shark ........................................... 143atlantica, Nephropsis ......................................... 169atlantica, Parapenaeopsis ................................. 178atlanticus, Chlorophthalmus ............................... 57atlanticus, Dibranchus ........................................... 9atlanticus, Lethrinus ............................................ 77atlanticus, Megalops .............................................. 81atlanticus, Monochirus .......................................... 110atlanticus, Pristiurus ............................................ 144atlanticus, Synodus .............................................. 121
atlanticus, Tarpon ................................................ 81 Atractoscion aequidens ....................................... 94 Atrina chautardi .................................................. 213 Atún bianco .......................................................... 100AULOPODIDAE ................................................. 8, 42 Aulopus cadenati ................................................. 42AULOSTOMIDAE .................................................. 15 Aulostomus strigosus .......................................... 15aurata, Sparus .................................................... 118auriga, Pagrus .................................................... 117aurita, Sardinella .................................................. 58aurita, Otoperca ..................................................... 69auritus, Brachydeuterus ...................................... 69australis, Antimora ................................................. 82
Auxide .................................................................... 98 Auxis maru ............................................................. 98 Auxis rochei ......................................................... 98 Auxis tapeinosoma ................................................. 98 Auxis thazard ....................................................... 98 Auxis thynnoides .................................................... 98 Axillary seabream ................................................. 117
BBacoreta ................................................................ 99Badèche créole ................................................... 106Bagre bocalisa ....................................................... 40Bagre de Gambia .................................................. 40
Bagre de Guinea ................................................... 41Bagre gigante ........................................................ 40Balao halfbeak ....................................................... 72balao, Hemiramphus ...........................................72Baliste à taches bleues .......................................... 42Baliste cabri ........................................................... 42Saliste étoilé .......................................................... 42Baliste noire .......................................................... 43Baliste royal ........................................................... 43Baliste rude ........................................................... 43Balistes capriscus ............................................... 42Balistes carolinensis .............................................. 42Balistes forcipatus ................................................. 42Balistes punctatus ............................................... 42
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Balistes vetula .........................................................43BALISTIDAE .......................................................38,42Ballyhoo halfbeak .....................................................72Banana mullet ...........................................................84
Banane de mer .........................................................39Banane gisu ..............................................................39bananensis, Mugil ...................................................84Banded sole ............................................................109Bandfishes ................................................................28banksi, Onychoteuthis ..........................................204barbata, Brotula ......................................................89Barbeled houndshark ..............................................144Barbeled houndsharks ............................................135Barbier hirondelle ....................................................104Barbudo de diez barbas ............................................90Barbudo gigante africano ..........................................90Barbudo real .............................................................90Barnard dentex .......................................................112
barnardi, Dentex ....................................................112Barnea troncada .....................................................213Barnea truncata .....................................................213Barracuda ...............................................................119barracuda, Sphyraena ..........................................119Barracudas ...............................................................28Barracudinas ...............................................................7Barred hogfish ..........................................................76Barred seabass .......................................................104Barrelfishes ...............................................................35bartrami, Ommastrephes ......................................201Bastard grunt ............................................................70Batfishes .....................................................................9BATHYCLUPEIDAE .................................................26Bathypterois ..............................................................8Bathyclupeids ...........................................................26BATHYLAGIDAE ........................................................6Bathysolea albida ...................................................107Bathysolea lactea ..................................................107Bathysolea profundicula ......................................108Batrachoides beninensis ...........................................43Batrachoides liberiensis .........................................43BATRACHOIDIDAE ..............................................9,43Batrachus budkeri .....................................................44Batrachus didactylus .................................................44Batrachus elminensis ................................................44Batrachus liberiensis .................................................43
Batrachus rossignoli ..................................................44Baudroie africaine .....................................................78Baudroie épineuse ....................................................78Bearded brotula ........................................................89Beardless codling .....................................................82Beauclaire de roche ..................................................91Beauclaire soleil ........................................................92Beautiful donax .......................................................209Bécasse de mer ........................................................80Bécune européenne ................................................120Bécune guachanche ...............................................119Bécune guinéenne ..................................................119Bejel .......................................................................127belcheri, Psettodes .................................................92
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belloci,Pterothrissus ............................................. 39bellottii, Diplodus ................................................ 114bellottii, Pagellus ................................................. 117
*belone, Tetrapturus ................................................. 75
BELONIDAE ...................................................... 12,44belyaevi, Lamiostoma ............................................ 144Bembrops greyi ..................................................... 89Bembrops heterurus ............................................. 89Benguela hake ........................................................ 82beninensis, Batrachoides ........................................ 43Bennett's flyingfish .................................................. 65bennetti, Pomadasys ............................................... 70Benthodesmus tenuis ......................................... 125Berberecho acostillado .......................................... 208Bermuda sea chub .................................................. 75bertheloti, Sepia .................................................. 195Biafra doctorfish ...................................................... 39blafraensis, Prionurus .......................................... 39
biafraensis, Xesurus ................................................ 39bicolor, Hemicaranx .............................................. 51bicolor, Raja .......................................................... 161bigelowi, Hyporion ................................................. 141Bigeye grunt ............................................................69Bigeye picarel ......................................................... 56Bigeye scad ............................................................ 52Bigeye spurdog ..................................................... 150Bigeye thresher ..................................................... 137Bigeye tuna ........................................................... 101Bigeyes ................................................................... 18Bigfisted swimcrab ................................................ 186Biglip grunt ..............................................................70
Bignose shark ....................................................... 137Billfishes ................................................................. 34bipinnulata, Elagatis ............................................. 51Bird squid ..............................................................202Birdbeak dogfish ................................................... 149birostris, Manta ................................................... 158blachei, Arnoglossus ............................................... 46Black dogfish ......................................................... 148Black jack ................................................................ 50Black marlin ............................................................ 74Black scabbardfish ................................................ 125Black seabream .................................................... 119Black slimehead .................................................... 123Black triggerfish ...................................................... 43
Blackbar hogfish ..................................................... 76Blackbar soldierfish ................................................. 73Blackchin guitarfish ............................................... 164Blackfishes .............................................................. 35Blackmouth croaker ................................................ 95Blackspot seabream .............................................. 117Blacktail picarel ....................................................... 56Blacktip shark ........................................................ 139blainvillei, Squalus .............................................. 150Blanche drapeau ..................................................... 68Blanquillo cebra ...................................................... 48BLENNIIDAE .......................................................... 30Blue antimora ..........................................................82Blue marlin .............................................................. 74
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Blue runner ................................................................... 49Blue shark ................................................................... 142Bluefish ......................................................................... 91Bluefishes ..................................................................... 19Bluespotted cornetfish ................................................... 67
Bluespotted seabass ................................................... 104Bluespotted seabream .................................................118Bluespotted triggerfish ................................................... 42Blunthead puffer .......................................................... 122Bluntnose flyingfish ....................................................... 67Bluntnose lizardfish ..................................................... 121Boarfishes ..................................................................... 14Bobo croaker ................................................................. 95Boca roja ..................................................................... 220bocagei, Sphyraena ..................................................... 120bocagei, Sphyraena sphyraena ................................... 120Bodianus scrofa .......................................................... 76Bodianus speciosus .................................................... 76Boe drum ...................................................................... 96
Boga ........................................................................... 112bogaraveo, Pagellus .................................................. 117Bogue ......................................................................... 112Bombache boé .............................................................. 96bondi, Ariomma ........................................................... 41Bonefish ........................................................................ 39Bonefishes ......................................................................3Bonga shad ................................................................... 57Bonite à dos rayé .......................................................... 99Bonite à ventre rayé ...................................................... 99Bonito atlàntico ..............................................................99Bonitos .......................................................................... 32Bonitou .......................................................................... 98Bonnetmouths ............................................................... 21boops, Boops ............................................................ 112Boops boops ............................................................. 112boops, Box .................................................................. 112Boops salpa ................................................................ 118bornii, Gari ................................................................. 210boscanion, Microchirus ............................................ 109BOTHIDAE .............................................................. 36,46Bothus guibei .............................................................. 46Bothus podas africanus .............................................. 46Bouc compagnon ........................................................ 174Boucot de Méditerranée .............................................. 179Bouquet étier ............................................................... 175bovina, Myliobatis ........................................................ 160
bovinus, Pteromylaeus ............................................. 160Box boops ................................................................... 112Boxfishes ...................................................................... 38Brachydeuterus auritus .............................................. 69brachygnathus, Pseudotolithus (Pseudotolithus) ..... 95brachypterus, Parexocoetus ....................................... 66brachyrhynchos, Carcharis .......................................... 137brachyurus, Carcharhinus ........................................ 138Brama ........................................................................... 21Bramble sharks ........................................................... 132BRAMIDAE ................................................................... 21BRANCHIOSTEGIDAE ............................................ 19,48
Branchiostegus semifasciatus ................................... 48
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brasiliensis, Hemiramphus ...................................... 72* brasiliensis, Mugil ....................................................... 84
brasiliensis, Penaeus ................................................ 179brasiliensis, Saurida ............................................... 120Brazilian lizardfish .................................................... 120
Breca colorada ......................................................... 117Bregmaceros ............................................................ 11BREGMACEROTIDAE ............................................... 11Breton africain ............................................................ 82brevipinna, Carcharhinus ...................................... 138brevirostris, Negaprion .......................................... 141Bristlemouths ............................................................... 7Broad banded moray .................................................. 85Brosmiculus imberbis ................................................. 82Brotula barbata ......................................................... 89Brótula de barbas ....................................................... 89Brotulas ...................................................................... 10Brotule barbé .............................................................. 89BROTULIDAE ............................................................ 10
Brown driftfish ............................................................ 41Brown meagre ............................................................ 97Brown ray ................................................................. 163browni, Cynoglossus ............................................... 59brucus, Echinorhinus ............................................. 132Bucarde à côtes ....................................................... 208Bucarde baillante ...................................................... 208budkeri, Batrachus ..................................................... 44Bulia de Mirán .......................................................... 221Bull ray ..................................................................... 160Bull shark ................................................................. 139Bullet tuna .................................................................. 98Bullia miran ............................................................. 221Bullie de miran ......................................................... 221Bumpers ..................................................................... 19Burrfishes ................................................................... 38Burro boca de oro ....................................................... 69Burro chiclero ............................................................. 70Burro labiogrueso ....................................................... 70Burro listado ............................................................... 70Burro ojón ........................................ ......................... 69Butterfish .................................................................. 120Butterfishes ................................................................ 34Butterfly rays ............................................................ 155Butterflyfishes ............................................................. 27
CCabete escamudo .................................................... 127Cabracho ................................................................. 103Cabrilla .................................................................... 107cabrilla, Paracentropristis ......................................... 107cabrilla, Serranus ................................................... 107Cachama negra ......................................................... 91Cachucho ................................................................ 114Cadenat's sole ......................................................... 110cadenati, Aulopus .................................................... 42cadenati, Cynoglossus ............................................ 59cadenati, Diplodus sargus .................................... 115cadenati, Hoplostethus ......................................... 123cadenati, Merluccius .................................................. 82
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cadenati, Pegusa .....................................................110cadenati, Squilla ......................................................191cadenati, Synaptura .................................................111cadenati, Uranoscopus ...........................................128
cadenati, Uraspis .........................................................55cadmani, Lepidotrigla ..............................................127
* caeruleostictus, Pagrus .............................................117caeruleostictus, Pagrus ..........................................118caeruleostictus, Sparus .............................................118Caesiomorus glaucus ..................................................54Calafate áspero ...........................................................43Calafate negro .............................................................43Calamar .....................................................................199Calamar dedal de Guinea ..........................................200Calamarín africano ....................................................199Calapa amarilla .........................................................182Calapa espinuda ........................................................182Calapa manchada .....................................................182
Calappa gallus .........................................................182Calappa pelli ............................................................182Calappa rubroguttata ..............................................182CALAPPIDAE ...........................................................182calcea, Deania ..........................................................149Calicagère blanche ......................................................75Calicagère jaune ..........................................................75Callianassa ...............................................................170Callianassa turnerana .............................................170CALLIANASSIDAE ...................................................170Callinectes amnicola ...............................................186Callinectes gladiator ..................................................187Callinectes latimanus .................................................186Callinectes marginatus ............................................187Callinectes pallidus .................................................187CALLIONYMIDAE .......................................................31caimani, Squilla aculeata ........................................191Calmar doigtier de Guinée ......................................... 200Camarón araña africano ............................................175Camarón blindado .....................................................174Camarón canguro ......................................................177Camarón compañero .................................................174Camarón de oro .........................................................176Camarón de piedra ....................................................179Camarón estuarino ....................................................175Camarón guineo ........................................................178Camarón nailón armado ............................................176
Camarón narval .........................................................176Camarón penachudo .................................................180Camarón rosado (sureño) ..........................................179cameronensis, Sardinella .............................................58Cameroon croaker .......................................................96Campechee pholad ....................................................213campechiensis, Pholas ...........................................213Campogramma glaycos .............................................49Campogramma lirio .....................................................49Campogramma vadigo .................................................49canadum, Rachycentron ...........................................92Cañailla africana ........................................................219Cañailla cornuda ........................................................219Cañailla espinuda ......................................................220
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canaliculatus, Mugil .................................................... 83canariensis, Cynoglossus ........................................ 59canariensis, Dentex ................................................ 113canariensis, Umbrina ............................................... 97
Canary dentex .......................................................... 113Canary drum ............................................................... 97Canary tonguesole ..................................................... 59cancellata, Panopea ............................................... 211Cancellate panope .................................................... 211Candil africano ........................................................... 73Candil colorado .......................................................... 73Candil gallito ...............................................................73Cangrejo colorado .................................................... 187Cangrejo de arrugas ................................................. 188Cangrejo de piedra africano ......................................189Cangrejo gladiador ................................................... 187Cangrejo jaspeado ................................................... 187Cangrejo jorobado .................................................... 189
Cangrejo tijerón ........................................................ 186canicula, Scyliorhinus ............................................ 145cantharus, Cantharus ............................................... 119Cantharus cantharus ................................................ 119cantharus, Spondyliosoma .................................... 119Canthidermis maculatus .......................................... 43caparti, Aprionodon .................................................. 138Cape gurnard ........................................................... 126Cape scaldfish ............................................................46Cape Verde weever .................................................. 124capellonis, Arius ......................................................... 41*capellonis Tachysurus ............................................... 41capensis, Arnoglossus ............................................. 46capensis, Chelidonichthys ..................................... 126
capensis, Diplodus sargus ..................................... 115capensis, Stromateus ............................................... 120capensis, Trachurus ................................................... 55capensis,Trigla ......................................................... 126Capitaine royal ........................................................... 90capriscus, Balistes ................................................... 42CAPROIDAE .............................................................. 14capros, Antigonia ..................................................... 14Capros aper .............................................................. 14Capuco africano ....................................................... 185Capuco de mechón .................................................. 186Caramote ................................................................. 179caramote, Penaeus .................................................. 179
Caramote prawn ....................................................... 179CARANGIDAE ...................................................... 19,48Carangue bicolore ...................................................... 51Carangue coton .......................................................... 55Carangue coubali ....................................................... 49Carangue crevalle ...................................................... 49Carangue du Sénégal ................................................. 50Carangue mayole ....................................................... 49Carangue noire ...........................................................50Caranx africanus ........................................................ 50Caranx angolensis ...................................................... 51
* Caranx ascensionis ..................................................... 50Caranx crysos ........................................................... 49Caranx fucus .............................................................. 49
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Caranx hippos ....................................................................49Caranx latus .......................................................................49Caranx lugubris .................................................................50Caranx rhonchus .................................................................51
Caranx senegallus .............................................................50CARAPIDAE .......................................................................10carbo, Aphanopus ...........................................................125CARCHARHINIDAE ...................................................135,137Carcharhinus, altimus .....................................................137Carcharhinus amboiensis ...............................................137Carcharhin us brachyurus ..............................................138Carcharhin us brevipinna ................................................138Carcharhinus falciformis .................................................138Carcharhinus galapagensis ............................................139Carcharhinus henlei ...........................................................137Carcharhinus improvisus ...................................................138Carcharhinus leucas ........................................................139Carcharhin us limbatus ...................................................139
Carcharhinus longimanus ...............................................140Carcharhinus maculipinnis .................................................138Carcharhinus maou ............................................................140Carcharhinus milberti .........................................................140Carcharhinus obscurus ...................................................140Carcharhinus plumbeus ..................................................140Carcharhinus radamae ......................................................137Carcharhinus signatus ....................................................141carcharias, Carcharodon .................................................143Carcharis brachyrhynchos .................................................137Carcharodon carcharias ..................................................143CARDIIDAE .......................................................................208Cardinalfishes ......................................................................19Cardiosoma armatum ......................................................183Cardita ajar .......................................................................209Cardita de Tankerville ........................................................209Cardita tankervillei ...........................................................209Cardite ajar ........................................................................209Cardite de Tankerville ........................................................209CARDITIDAE .....................................................................209Cardium costatum ...........................................................208Cardium ringens ..............................................................208caretta, Caretta .................................................................226Caretta caretta ..................................................................226Caribbean spiny lobster .....................................................171carinata, Sicyonia ............................................................179carinatum, Xenogramma ......................................................67
carinatus, Heterocarpus .....................................................176Carite pintado ....................................................................100Carocho .............................................................................149Carol bobtail .......................................................................198Carol's gurnard ..................................................................127carolae, Lepidotrigla ........................................................127caroti, Neorossia ..............................................................198caroti, Rossia .....................................................................198Carolina .............................................................................127carolinensis, Balistes ...........................................................42carpati, Scyllarus .............................................................170carpenteri, Seriola ..............................................................53Casabe ................................................................................50Casabe bicolor .....................................................................51
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Casco teselado ............................................................218Casque à damier ..........................................................218Cassava croaker ............................................................96Casseron africain .........................................................199
CASSIDAE ...................................................................218Cassis tessellata ........................................................218Castaño ........................................................................195Catalufa de roca .............................................................91CataIufa toro ..................................................................92cataphractrum, Peristedion .........................................17Catemo africano .............................................................62Catsharks .....................................................................134caudatus, Lepidopus .................................................125Cazón ...........................................................................152Cazón picudo ...............................................................142cemiculus, Rhinobatos ..............................................164Centolla europea ..........................................................185CENTRACANTHIDAE ..............................................21156
Centrarchops chapini ................................................104Centrina nigra ...............................................................150centrina, Oxinotus ......................................................133Centrines ......................................................................133centradontus, Pagellus .................................................117CENTROLOPHIDAE .................................................35,56Centrophorus granulosus .........................................147Centrophorus lusitanicus ..........................................147Centrophorus squamosus .........................................147Centrophorus uyato ...................................................148Centroscyllium fabricii ...............................................148Centroscymnus coelolepis ........................................148Centroscymnus crepidater ........................................148centroura, Dasyatis ....................................................157Cephalacanthus volitans ................................................61Cephalopholis nigri ....................................................104Cephalopholis taeniops .............................................104cephalus, Mugil ............................................................84Cepola pauciradiata .....................................................28CEPOLIDAE ..................................................................28Cernier commun ...........................................................106Ceros ..............................................................................32cervigoni, Scyliorhinus ..............................................145cervinus cervinus, Diplodus .....................................115cervinus, Diplodus cervinus .....................................115cervus, Myliobatis .........................................................159Céteau ..........................................................................108
Céteau-ocellé ...............................................................108Céteau-trompue ...........................................................108Chacarona de Canarias ...............................................113Chacarona sureña ........................................................112Chaetodipterus goreensis ...........................................63Chaetodipterus lippei ...................................................64Chaetodon ....................................................................27CHAETODONTIDAE .....................................................27Channel flounder ............................................................48Channomuraena vittata ...............................................85chapini, Centrarchops ...............................................104Charcharias lamiella .....................................................138Charonia nodifera .......................................................218Chascanopsetta lugubris ............................................47
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Chato de Guinea .............................................................. 90Chautard's pen shell........................................................ 213chautardi, Atrina ........................................................... 213Cheilopogon cyanopterus ................................................. 64Cheilopogon nigricans ...................................................... 65Chelidonichthy capensis ............................................. 126Chelidonichthys gabonensis ....................................... 126Chelidonichthys lucerna .............................................. 127Chelidonichthys senegalensis ........................................ 126Chelidonichthys (Trigloporus) lastoviza .................... 126Chelonia mydas ............................................................ 226CHELONIIDAE ........................................................ 225,226Cherna ............................................................................ 106Cherna colorarla ............................................................. 104Cherna de ley ................................................................. 105Cherna del Niger ............................................................ 104Cherna rayada ................................................................ 104Chèvre de mer .................................................................. 63
Chèvre de mer noire ......................................................... 64Chicharro ojón .................................................................. 52Chien râpe ...................................................................... 144Chimaera monstrosa .................................................... 167CHIMAERIDAE .............................................................. 167Chinchard cunène ............................................................ 55Chinchard d'Europe .......................................................... 55Chipiloua commun .......................................................... 204Chipirón volantín ............................................................ 204Chirolophius kempi ........................................................... 78chirophthalmus, Vanstraelenia ................................... 111Chirurgien biafra ............................................................... 39Chirurgien chas-chas ........................................................ 39CHLOROPHTHALMIDAE ............................................. 8,57
Chlorophthalmus atlanticus .......................................... 57Chloroscombrus chrysurus .......................................... 50Chopa amarilla ................................................................. 75Chopa bianca ................................................................... 75Chromis ............................................................................ 27chrysurus, Chloroscombrus ......................................... 50Chub mackerel ............................................................... 100Chucho pintado .............................................................. 159Chucho vaca .................................................................. 160Chucla ojona .................................................................... 56Chucla rabo negro ............................................................ 56Chupare redondo ........................................................... 158Cigale rouge ................................................................... 172Cigarra roja ..................................................................... 172
ciliaris, Alectis ................................................................ 48cinereus, Synodus .......................................................... 120Cintilla ............................................................................. 125cirratum, Ginglymostoma ............................................ 142CIRRHITIDAE .................................................................. 27cirrosa, Umbrina ............................................................. 97
* cirrosa, Umbrína ............................................................... 98Citharichthys stampflii ................................................... 47CITHARIDAE .............................................................. 35,57Citharus linguatula ......................................................... 57Citharus macrolepidotus ................................................... 57clavaca, Raja ................................................................. 161Clingfishes .......................................................................... 9
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CLINIDAE ........................................................................ 30Clinids .............................................................................. 30Cloudy keyhole limpet ...................................................... 21Clovisse durable ............................................................ 216Clovisse ridée ................................................................ 216Clupea africana................................................................ 57CLUPEIDAE ................................................................. 3,57Cobia ............................................................................... 92Cobias ............................................................................. 19Cobo de Africa occidental ............................................... 223Codlets ............................................................................. 11coelolepis, Centroscymnus ........................................ 148Coelorhinchus laville ........................................................ 80coelorhincus, Coelorinchus .......................................... 80coelorhynchus, Coelorhynchus ........................................ 80Coelorhynchus coelorhynchus ......................................... 80Coelorinchus coelorhincus ............................................ 80coilloti, Mobula ............................................................. 158
coindetii, lllex ........................................... .................... 200Cojinua negra ............................................ ..................... 49Coleosmaris nigricauda ............................. ...................... 56colias, Scomber .............................................................. 100Collar moon snail ............................................................ 221collaris, Natica .............................................................. 221collettes, Nicholsina usta .............................................. 92collignoni, Trachinus ................................................... 124Comb grouper ................................................................. 106Comber ........................................................................... 107Combers ........................................................................... 17Combtooth blennies .......................................................... 30Comète coussut ................................................................ 51Comète maquereau .......................................................... 50
Comète quiaquia .............................................................. 51Comète saumon ............................................................... 51Common cuttlefish .......................................................... 196Common eagle-ray ......................................................... 159Common cuttlefish .......................................................... 196Common galatea clam .................................................... 209Common guitarfish ......................................................... 165Common octopus ........................................................... 205Common sawfish ............................................................ 161Common stingray ........................................................... 157Common two-banded seabream .................................... 116Companion shrimp ......................................................... 174Compère à points blancs ................................................ 121Compère de Guinée ....................................................... 122Compère émoussé ......................................................... 122Compère lièvre ............................................................... 122Compère lisse ................................................................. 121Concave baby's car ........................................................ 222concavum, Sinum ......................................................... 222Concha sandalia ............................................................. 218conchifer, Zenopsis ...................................................... 129conchifer, Zeus ............................................................... 129Conger eels ....................................................................... 4Congo dentex ................................................................ 113congoensis, Dentex ..................................................... 113congolensis, Rhinobatos ................................................ 164CONGRIDAE ..................................................................... 4
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Copper shark .............................................................. 138Coquina bonita ............................................................ 209Coquina de Delessert .................................................. 209Coquina lisa ................................................................ 210Coquina rostrata ......................................................... 210Coquina rugosa ........................................................... 209Corb commun ............................................................... 97Cordonnier bossu .......................................................... 48Cordonnier fil ................................................................ 48coriacea coriacea, Dermochelys .............................. 228coriacea, Dermochelys coriacea .............................. 228Coris julis .................................................................... 76Cornet archange ......................................................... 203Cornet crochu ............................................................. 204Corneta ......................................................................... 67Cometa colorada ........................................................... 67Cornet fishes ................................................................. 16Cornette à taches bleues .............................................. 67
Cornette rouge .............................................................. 67Cornuda aliblanca ....................................................... 146Cornuda común .......................................................... 146Cornuda cruz .............................................................. 147Cornuda gigante .......................................................... 146cornutus, Murex ........................................................ 219coronata, Thais ......................................................... 220corrugata, Venerupis ................................................ 216Corrugated venus ....................................................... 216corrugatus, Liocarcinus ........................................... 188corrugatus, Macropipus ............................................... 188corrugatus, Portunus ................................................... 188Corvallo ........................................................................ 97Corvina ......................................................................... 94
Corvina africana ............................................................ 94Corvina bobó ................................................................ 95Corvina bocanegra ........................................................ 95Corvina bosoro .............................................................. 96Corvina casava ............................................................. 96Corvina de Angola ........................................................ 94Corvina de Camerún ..................................................... 96Corvina de Guinea ........................................................ 95Corvina nigrita ............................................................... 95Corvina reina ................................................................ 95Corvi nata prieta ............................................................ 94Coryphaena equiselis ................................................. 59Coryphaena equisetis ................................................... 59Coryphaena hippurus .................................................... 59
CORYPHAENIDAE .................................................. 21,59Coryphène dauphin ....................................................... 59costae, Epinephelus ................................................. 105Costate cockle ............................................................ 208costatum, Cardium .................................................... 208Cotton mouth jack ......................................................... 55couardi, Sphyrna ....................................................... 146coupei, Pagellus .......................................................... 117Courbine à bouche noire ............................................... 95Courbine de l'Angola ..................................................... 94Courbine pélin ............................................................... 96Couteau de Gorée ....................................................... 214Couteau de Guinée ..................................................... 214
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Cowfishes ......................................................................38Cownose rays ..............................................................156Cowsharks ...................................................................132Crabe bicorne ..............................................................186Crabe caillou africain ...................................................189Crabe caillou guinéen ..................................................189Crabe gladiateur ..........................................................187Crabe marbré ...............................................................187Crabe rouge .................................................................187CRANGONIDAE ..........................................................174Crapaud de Rossignol ....................................................44Crapaud guinéen ...........................................................44Crapaud lusitanien .........................................................44Crapaud poilu ................................................................43cremouxi, Deania .........................................................149Creole fish ...................................................................106Creolefishes ...................................................................17crepidater, Centroscymnus .......................................148
Crepidula goreensis ...................................................218Crépidule sandale ........................................................218CREPIDULIDAE ..........................................................218cretense, Sparisoma ....................................................93cretensis, Euscarius .......................................................93creutzbergi, Echiophis .................................................88creutzbergi, Mystriophis .................................................88Crevalle jack ..................................................................49Crevette-araignée d'Afrique .........................................175Crevette-crâne .............................................................174Crevette dorée .............................................................176Crevette guinéenne ......................................................178Crevette narval ............................................................176Crevette nylon armée ...................................................176
Crevette rose (du sud) .................................................179Crevette rose du large .................................................178crinitus, Alectis ...............................................................48Croakers ........................................................................24Crocodile sharks ..........................................................134crocodilus crocodilus, Tylosurus ...............................45crocodilus,Tylosurus crocodilus ................................45Crocro à gros yeux ........................................................75Cronius ruber ............................................................187Croupia roche ...............................................................78Crowned rock shell ......................................................220
* cruentata, Goniopsis ...................................................183cruenatus, Heteropriacanthus ....................................91cruentatus, Priacanthus .................................................91
crumenophthalmus, Selar ...........................................52crumenophthalmus, Trachurops ....................................52crysos, Caranx ............................................................49Cubiceps ......................................................................35Cubiceps nigriargenteus ................................................41Cuculate rock oyster ...................................................212cucullata, Ostrea .......................................................212Cultellus tenuis .........................................................214Cuna lucero .................................................................106cuneata, Dicologoglossa ..........................................108cuneata, Solea ............................................................108Cunene horse mackerel ................................................55curema, Mugil ..............................................................84
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Curema mullet ............................................................... 84*cursor, Nematocarcinus................................................175cursor, Ocypode .......................................................186Cuskeels .......................................................................10
cutaneous, Sphoeroides ..............................................122Cutlassfishes .................................................................33cuvier, Galeocerdo ....................................................141cuvieri, Paramola .......................................................185cyanopterus, Cheilopogon .............................................64cyanopterus, Cypselurus ............................................64Cybium tritor ................................................................100Cyclope sole ................................................................110CYCLOPTERIDAE ........................................................17CYMATIIDAE ..............................................................218cymbium, Cymbium ...................................................223Cymbium cymbium ....................................................223Cymbium glans ..........................................................224Cymbium pepo ...........................................................224
CYNOGLOSSIDAE ..................................................37,59Cynoglossus browni ....................................................59Cynoglossus cadenati .................................................59Cynoglossus canariensis ............................................59Cynoglossus goreensis ..................................................60Cynoglossus lagoensis ..................................................59Cynoglossus monodi ..................................................60Cynoglossus senegalensis .........................................60Cynoponticus ferox .....................................................85Cypselurus cyanopterus .............................................64
*Cypselurus exsiliens ...................................................... 65Cypselurus lineatus ....................................................... 65Cypselurus lutkeni ......................................................... 64Cypselurus melanurus ................................................ 64
Cypselurus milleri ........................................................ 64Cypselurus nigricans .................................................. 65Cypselurus pinnatibarbatus ........................................ 65Cyttopsis roseus ........................................................ 129
DDACTYLOPTERIDAE .............................................. 17,61dactylopterus, Helicolenus .......................................101Dactylopterus volitans ................................................61Dagger tooths .................................................................8Daisy stingray .............................................................157Dalatias licha .............................................................149Damselfishes ................................................................27Dara ..............................................................................75
Daras ............................................................................18Dark moray ...................................................................86Darwin's slimehead .....................................................122darwini, Gephyroberyx .............................................122darwini, Trachichthys ..................................................122DASYATIDAE ...................................................... 155,157Dasyatis aspera ..........................................................157Dasyatis centroura ....................................................157Dasyatis hastata .........................................................157Dasyatis margarita ....................................................157Dasyatis pastinaca ....................................................157Deania calcea ............................................................149Deania cremouxi .........................................................149
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Deania profundorum .................................................. 149decadactylus, Galeoides ..............................................90Decapterus macarellus ................................................50Decapterus punctatus ..................................................51
"Decapterus" rhonchus ...............................................51Decapterus sanctaehelenae ...........................................51Deep-sea smelts ..............................................................6Deepwater rose shrimp ................................................178Deepwater scorpionfish ................................................103Deepwater sole ............................................................ 108defilippi, Octopus ....................................................... 205Delessert's false donax ................................................ 209delesserti, Iphigenia ................................................... 209Demi-bec africaine .........................................................72Demi-bec balaou ............................................................ 72Demi-bec Brésilien ......................................................... 72Demi-bec volant ............................................................. 72Demoiselle chiririte .........................................................91
dentatus, Lutjanus ....................................................... 79Denté à gros yeux ........................................................ 114Denté à tache rouge .....................................................113Denté angolais ............................................................. 112Denté austral ................................................................112Denté congolais ........................................................... 113Denté du Maroc ...........................................................114Dentex angolensis ...................................................... 112Dentex barnardi .......................................................... 112Dentex canariensis ..................................................... 113Dentex congoensis .................................................... 113Dentex filosus .............................................................. 113Dentex gibbosus ........................................................ 113Dentex macrophthalmus ............................................ 114
Dentex maroccanus ................................................... 114*Dentex nufar ................................................................ 113Dentex polli .................................................................. 112denticulata, Ostrea ..................................................... 212Denticulate rock oyster .................................................212Dentón angolés ............................................................112Dentón congolés .......................................................... 113DERMOCHELYIDAE ........................................... 225,.228Dermochelys coriacea coriacea ................................ 228Diable géant de Guinée ................................................158Diablito de Guinea ........................................................159Diablo gigante de Guinea ............................................. 158Diagramma aeneum .......................................................69
Diagramma (Diagramella) macrops ................................69Diagramma macrolepis ..................................................70Diagramma mediterraneum ............................................70Diagramma octolineatum ................................................70Diagramme à grosses lèvres ..........................................70Diagramme gris ..............................................................70Diamond lizardfish ........................................................121Diastodon speciosus ......................................................76Dibranchus atlanticus ....................................................9Dicologoglossa cuneata ............................................ 108Dicologoglossa hexophthalma .................................. 108didactylus, Batrachus .....................................................44didactylus, Halobatrachus .............................................. 44DINOPERCIDAE ............................................................. 104
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DIODONTIDAE .......................................................... 38diplana, Sphyrna ...................................................... 146Diplodus bellotti ..................................................... 114Diplodus cervinus cervinus ................................... 115
Diplodus puntazzo ................................................. 115Diplodus sargus cadenati ...................................... 115Diplodus sargus capensis ..................................... 115Diplodus sargus typicus ............................................ 115Diplodus senegalensis .............................................. 114Diplodus vulgaris ................................................... 116Diplophos ................................................................... 7DIRETMIDAE ............................................................13,61Diretmids ........................................................................ 13Diretmoides parini .................................................... 61Diretmoides pauciradiatus ....................................... 61Diretmus argenteus .................................................. 62Dirette aile longue ..................................................... 61Dirette argentée ......................................................... 62
Dirette de Parin .......................................................... 61Disc fishes .................................................................. 19dispar, Heteroteutis ................................................ 198ditobo, Promicrops ................................................... 106Doctorfishes ............................................................... 31Dogfish sharks ......................................................... 132Dolphinfishes ............................................................. 21"Dolphins" .................................................................. 21Donace à rostre ........................................................ 210Donace peigne ......................................................... 209DONACIDAE ........................................................... 209Donax pulchellus .................................................... 209Donax rugosus ....................................................... 209Doncella cuchilla ........................................................ 77Doncella julia .............................................................. 76Donzelle lame ............................................................ 77Dorade grise ............................................................ 119Dorade rose ............................................................. 117Dorade royale ........................................................... 118Dorado ....................................................................... 59Dories ........................................................................ 13Dormilona ................................................................... 78dorsalis, Ethmalosa .................................................... 57dorsalis, Selene ........................................................ 53doutrei, Raja ........................................................... 162Dragonets .................................................................. 31Drepane africana ...................................................... 62
DREPANIDAE ....................................................... 27,62Driftfishes ................................................................... 35Drums ........................................................................ 24dubia, Sphyraena ..................................................... 119ductor, Naucrates ..................................................... 52dumerili, Seriola ....................................................... 53dumerilii, Liza ........................................................... 83Dungat grouper ........................................................ 105
*duoarum, Penaeus (Melicertus) ................................ 179duplex, Murex ......................................................... 220Duplex murex ........................................................... 220dura, Venerupis ...................................................... 216Durable venus .......................................................... 216Durgons ..................................................................... 38
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Dusky grouper ......................................................... 105Dusky shark ............................................................. 140
EEagle rays ................................................................. 155eba, Sardinella ............................................................ 58eblanae, Todaropsis ................................................ 203Echelus myrus ........................................................... 87ECHENEIDIDAE ......................................................... 19Echeneis naucrates ................................................... 19Echidna peli ................................................................ 85Echiichthys vipera ..................................................... 125ECHINORHINIDAE ................................................... 132Echinorhinus brucus ............................................... 132Echiophis creutzbergi ............................................... 88edwardsianus, Plesiopenaeus ................................ 178ehrenbergii, Sparus ................................................... 118Elagatis bipinnulata .................................................. 51
Electric rays .............................................................. 154elegans, Sepia ......................................................... 195Elegant cuttlefish .......................................................195ELEOTRIDAE ............................................................. 31Elephant's snout volute ............................................. 224elminensis, Batrachus ................................................. 44elminensis, Parabatrachus .......................................... 44elminensis, Perulibatrachus ..................................... 44elobyana, Sepia ....................................................... 196elongata, Scorpaena ............................................... 102Elongate tonguesole ....................................................60elongatus, Pseudotolithus (Fonticulus) ................... 95elongatus, Xenobuglossus ......................................... 111ELOPIDAE ............................................................... 3,62
Elops lacerta .............................................................. 62Elops senegalensis ................................................... 63Emerald parrotfish .......................................................92Emissole à grandes lèvres ........................................ 144Emissole lisse ........................................................... 152EMMELICHTHYIDAE ............................................. 21,63Emperador atlántico .................................................... 77Empereur atlantique .................................................... 77Emperors .................................................................... 23Enchelycore nigricans .............................................. 85Encornet ................................................................... 199Encornet clos orange ................................................ 201Encornet oiseau ........................................................ 202Encornet rouge ..........................................................200Encornet souffleur ..................................................... 203Encornet volant ......................................................... 201encrasicolus, Engraulis ............................................ 63endecacanthus, Lutjanus .......................................... 79ENGRAULIDIDAE .................................................... 4,63Engraulis encrasicolus ............................................. 63Engraulis guineensis ................................................... 63ensifer, Heterocarpus .............................................. 176Ensis goreensis ....................................................... 214entomorhynchus, Arnoglossus ..................................... 46Eperlan du large de l'Atlantique ...................................57EPHIPPIDIDAE ...................................................... 26,63Ephippion guttifer ................................................... 121
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Ephippus goreensis ..................................................... 63Epinephelus aeneus ................................................ 105
*Epinephelus alexandrinus .......................................... 105Epinephelus costae ................................................. 105
Epinephelus gigas ..................................................... 105Epinephelus goreensis ............................................ 105Epinephelus guaza .................................................. 105Epinephelus haifensis ............................................. 105Epinephelus itajara .................................................. 106Epinephelus marginatus ......................................... 105epipercus, Pseudotolithus (Pinnacorvina) ............... 95equiselis, Coryphaena ............................................... 59equisetis, Coryphaena ................................................. 59Eretmochelys imbricata .......................................... 227Erythrocles monodi ................................................... 63Escolar ........................................................................ 67Escotar clavo ............................................................... 68Escolar negro .............................................................. 67
Escolar prometeo ........................................................ 68Escolars ...................................................................... 33Escolier clair ................................................................ 68Escolier noir ................................................................. 67Escorpión rayado ....................................................... 124Escupiña grabada ...................................................... 216Esonue grouper ......................................................... 106esonue, Promicrops ................................................... 106Espadon .................................................................... 128Espetón ..................................................................... 120Espetón de Guinea .................................................... 119Estornino ................................................................... 100Estuarine prawn ......................................................... 175
Ethmalosa dorsalis ...................................................... 57Ethmalosa fimbriata .................................................. 57Ethmalose d'Afrique ..................................................... 57Etmopterus frontimaculatus ....................................... 150Etmopterus polli ...................................................... 149Etmopterus pusillus ................................................ 150Etmopterus spinax .................................................. 150Etrille ballant .............................................................. 188Etrille lisse ................................................................. 188Etrille nageuse ........................................................... 188Eucinostomus melanopterus .................................... 68Eugomphodus taurus .............................................. 134Eulamia ahenea ......................................................... 138Euleptorhampus velox .............................................. 72
European anchovy ....................................................... 63European barracuda .................................................. 120European flying squid ................................................ 202European squid ......................................................... 199Euscarius cretensis ..................................................... 93Euthynnus alletteratus .............................................. 99Euthynnus pelamis ...................................................... 99Exhippolysmata hastatoides ................................... 174Exocet africain ............................................................. 65Exocet atlantique ......................................................... 64Exocet bécune ............................................................. 66Exocet bouledogue ...................................................... 65Exocet codène ............................................................. 64
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Exocet de Bennett .........................................................65Exocet de Guinée .........................................................64Exocet hirondelle ..........................................................66Exocet jibeux ................................................................67
Exocet miroir .................................................................66Exocet voilier ................................................................66Exocet volant ................................................................65EXOCOETIDAE .......................................................12,64Exocoetus obtusirostris .............................................65Exocoetus volitans .....................................................65explanata, Talona .........................................................213*exsiliens, Cypselurus ......................................................65
Ffaber, Zeus ................................................................. 129fabricii, Centroscyllium ............................................. 148Faeroe gary ................................................................. 210falciformis, Carcharhinus .......................................... 138
falcipinnis, Liza ............................................................ 83Falsa agujeta ................................................................. 73False angel wing .......................................................... 213False halfbeak ............................................................... 73False morays ................................................................... 5False scad ..................................................................... 51Falso abadejo............................................................... 105Falso ala de ánge ........................................................ 213fasciatus, Stromateus .................................................. 120Fausse aile d'ange ....................................................... 213Fausse limande paté ...................................................... 48Faux demi-bec ............................................................... 73ferox, Cynoponticus ........................................................ 85ferox, Muraenesox .......................................................... 85Feuille ........................................................................ .. 57fiatola, Stromateus .................................................... 120Fiatole ......................................................................... 120Filefishes ....................................................................... 38filosus, Dentex ............................................................. 113fimbriata, Ethmalosa ................................................... 57Fingerfishes ................................................................... 26Fissurella nubecula ................................................... 218Fissurelle nuageuse ..................................................... 218FISSURELLIDAE ........................................................ 218Fistularia petimba ........................................................ 67Fistularia serrata ............................................................ 67Fistularia tabacaria ...................................................... 67
Fistularia villosa ............................................................. 67FISTULARIIDAE .......................................................16,67Fisurela nebulosa ........................................................ 218Flagfin mojarra .............................................................. 68Flagfishes ........................................................................ 8Flamed moon snail ...................................................... 221Flat needlefish ............................................................... 44Flathead grey mullet ...................................................... 84Flatheads ...................................................................... 30flavescens, Sparisoma ................................................... 93flavobrunneum, Lepidocybium ................................... 67Flion de Delessert ........................................................ 209Flion lisse .................................................................... 210
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Flion mignonnet ........................................................209Flion rugueux ............................................................209Flounders ....................................................................35Flutemouths ................................................................16
Flying gurnard .............................................................61Flying gurnards ...........................................................17Flying halfbeak ............................................................72Flying squid ..............................................................201Flyingfishes .................................................................12Fodiator acutus .........................................................66foliaceolamellosa, Venus ........................................216Footballfishes ..............................................................10forcipatus, Balistes ......................................................42Forgeron ailé ...............................................................62Four-eyed sole ..........................................................109Fourwing flyingfish ......................................................66Frechkop's sole .........................................................109frechkopi, Microchirus ............................................109Fredi ...........................................................................77French angelfish .........................................................91Frigate tuna ................................................................98Friture rayée ...............................................................68Frogfishes .....................................................................9frontimaculatus, Etmopterus ......................................150Frostfish ....................................................................125Frostfishes ..................................................................33fulgens, Lutjanus ......................................................80fulminea, Natica ......................................................221furcifer, Paranthias .................................................106Fusca drum .................................................................97fusca, Umbrina ............................................................97
fuscus, Apsilus .........................................................79fusus, Caranx ..............................................................49
GGabon gurnard ..........................................................126gabonensis, Chelidonichthys .................................126gabonensis, Trigla .....................................................126Gadela imberbe ..........................................................82Gadella imberbis ...................................................... 82Gadelle imberbe ..........................................................82galapagensis, Caracharhinus .................................139Galapagos shark .......................................................139Galatea paradoxa ....................................................209galeata,Sicyonia ......................................................180
Galeocerdo cuvier ...................................................141Galeoides decadactylus ...........................................90Galeorhinus galeus .................................................152Galera de Angola ......................................................191Galera de Guinea ......................................................191Galera gigante ..........................................................191Galera ocelada .........................................................191Galeras .....................................................................191galeus, Galeorhinus ................................................152Galeus polli .............................................................144Gallineta ...................................................................101Gallineta rosada ........................................................102Galloon pompano ........................................................54Galludito ...................................................................148
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Galludo ......................................................................150Galludo espinilla ........................................................151Galludo ojón ..............................................................150gallus, Calappa ........................................................182
Gamba carabinero .....................................................178Gamba de altura ........................................................178Gamba de fango ........................................................180Gamba listada ............................................................177gambensis, Arius ........................................................ 40gambensis, Tachysurus .............................................. 40Gambia ark ................................................................208gambiensis, Noetia ..................................................208Gambon écarlat .........................................................178Gambon rayé .............................................................177Gaping cockle ............................................................208Gari bornii ................................................................210GARIDAE ..................................................................210Gario boreal ...............................................................210Garneo ......................................................................127Gata nodriza ..............................................................142Gavilán lusitanico .......................................................165GECARCINIDAE .......................................................183Gélasime africain .......................................................186GEMPYLIDAE ........................................................33,67Genyatremus angustifrons .......................................... 69Genyatremus latifrons ................................................. 69Gephyroberyx darwini .............................................122Gerio cangrejo de Guinea ..........................................183Germo alalunga .........................................................100germo, Thunnus .........................................................100Germon .....................................................................100
GERREIDAE ..........................................................22,68Gerres melanopterus .................................................. 68Gerres nigri ............................................................... 68Genres octatis ............................................................ 68Geryon maritae ........................................................183Géryon ouest-africain..................................................183*Geryon quinquedens ................................................183GERYONIDAE ...........................................................183Ghanean comber .......................................................107Ghanean rockfish .......................................................101Ghanian tonguesole .................................................... 59Ghost shrimps ............................................................170Giant African threadfin ................................................ 90Giant Atlantic manta ...................................................158
Giant hairy melongena ...............................................219Giant sea catfish ......................................................... 40gibbiceps, Vomer ........................................................ 53gibbifrons, Prognichthys .......................................... 67gibbosus, Dentex .....................................................113gigas, Arius ............................................................... 40gigas, Epinephelus ....................................................105Gilthead seabream .....................................................118Ginglymostoma cirratum .........................................142GINGLYMOSTOMATIDAE .................................133,142Girelle ......................................................................... 76Girelle paon ................................................................ 77Gitano ........................................................................106
glabrata, Mactra .......................................................211
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gladiator, Callinectes .................................................. 187Gladiator swimcrab .................................................... 187gladius, Xiphias ........................................................ 128glans, Cymbium ....................................................... 224
Glasseye ......................................................................91Glasseyes .................................................................... 18Glassy mactra ............................................................211glauca, Prionace ...................................................... 142glaucus, Caesiomorus ..................................................54glaycos, Campogramma ............................................49Globito aberante ........................................................ 198Globito carolino .......................................................... 198Glossanodon polli ........................................................6GLYCYMERIDAE ...................................................... 210Glycymeris vovan .................................................... 210Glyphus marsupialis ................................................ 177Goatfishes ................................................................... 25Gobies ......................................................................... 31
GOBIESOCIDAE ...........................................................9GOBIIDAE ................................................................... 31Gobioides ................................................................... 31Gobius ........................................................................ 31Golden African snapper ...............................................80Golden grouper .......................................................... 105Golden shrimp ........................................................... 176
*Goniopsis cruentata ................................................... 183Goniopsis pelli ......................................................... 183GONOSTOMATIDAE .....................................................7Goraz ......................................................................... 117Gorean snapper ........................................................... 80Goree razor clam ....................................................... 214Goree slipper shell ..................................................... 218goreensis, Chaetodipterus ........................................63goreensis, Crepidula ................................................ 218goreensis, Cynoglossus ...............................................60goreensis, Ensis ...................................................... 214goreensis, Ephippus .....................................................63goreensis, Epinephelus ........................................... 105goreensis, Hynnis ........................................................48goreensis, Lutjanus ...................................................80goreensis, Trachinotus ..............................................54grabata, Taeniura ..................................................... 158gracilis, Macroramphosus ............................................80GRAMMICOLEPIDAE .................................................14Gra m micolepids ......................................................... 14
Grammicolepis ........................................................... 14GRAMMISTIDAE .................................................... 18,69Grammoplites gruveli ................................................90Granadero acorazado ( = Ratón) .................................. 80Grand requin blanc .................................................... 143Grand requin-marteau ................................................146Grand savon ................................................................ 69Grande allache ............................................................ 58Grande roussette ....................................................... 145grandisquamis, Liza ...................................................83granigera,Sardinella .....................................................58granulatus, Arius .......................................................... 41granulosus, Centrophorus ...................................... 147GRAPSIDAE .............................................................. 183
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grapsus, Grapsus ..................................................... 184Grapsus grapsus ...................................................... 184Great barracuda ......................................................... 119Great hammerhead .................................................... 146
Great white shark ....................................................... 143Greater amberjack ........................................................ 53Greater Guinean mobula ............................................ 158Greater soapfish ........................................................... 69Green sea turtle .......................................................... 226Greeneyes ...................................................................... 8Gregories ..................................................................... 27Grenadero liso .............................................................. 81Grenadier barbu ........................................................... 81Grenadier lisse ............................................................. 81Grenadier raton ............................................................ 80Grenadier scie .............................................................. 81Grenadiers ................................................................... 11Grey triggerfish ............................................................. 42
greyi, Bembrops ......................................................... 89griseus, Hexanchus .................................................. 132griseus, Saurus .......................................................... 120Grondeur bouche d'or ................................................... 69Grondeur métis ............................................................. 70Grondeur nez de cochon .............................................. 71Grondeur perroquet ...................................................... 71Grondeur rayé .............................................................. 70Grondeur sompat .......................................................... 71Grondin camard .......................................................... 126Grondin de Carole ...................................................... 127Grondin du Cap .......................................................... 126Grondin du Gabon ...................................................... 126
Grondin écailleux ........................................................ 127Grondin lyre ................................................................ 127Grondin perlon ............................................................ 127gronovii, Nomeus ....................................................... 35Grooved mullet ............................................................. 83Gros capitaine .............................................................. 90Gros denté rose .......................................................... 113Groupers ...................................................................... 17Grunts .......................................................................... 22gruveli, Grammoplites ................................................ 90gruveli, Paragaleus ..................................................... 143gruveli, Platycephalus ................................................... 90Guachanche barracuda .............................................. 119guachancho, Sphyraena .......................................... 119
guaguanche, Sphyraena ............................................. 119guaza, Epinephelus .................................................. 105guentheri, Setarches ................................................ 103guibei, Bothus ............................................................ 46Guinea croaker ............................................................. 95Guinea flathead ............................................................ 90Guinea grunt ................................................................ 69Guinea pike conger ...................................................... 85Guinea razor shell ...................................................... 214Guinea shrimp ............................................................ 178Guinea snapper ............................................................ 79Guinean amberjack ...................................................... 53Guinean barracuda ..................................................... 119Guinean codling ........................................................... 83
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Guinean cuttlefish ........................................................... 196Guinean flagfin ................................................................. 42Guinean flounder .............................................................. 46Guinean flyingfish ............................................................. 64Guinean mantis shrimp ................................................... 191Guinean parrotfish ............................................................ 93Guinean puffer ................................................................ 122Guinean sea catfish .......................................................... 41Guinean sole .................................................................. 111Guinean sprat ................................................................... 58Guinean striped mojarra ................................................... 68Guinean thumbstall ......................................................... 200Guinean toadfish .............................................................. 44Guinean tonguesole ......................................................... 60Guinean weever ............................................................. 123Guinée copace ................................................................. 62Guinée du Sénégal ........................................................... 63guineensis, Anchoa .......................................................... 63
guineensis, Engraulis ....................................................... 63guineensis, Syacium ......................................................... 48guinensis, Solen ........................................................... 214Guitarfishes .................................................................... 154Guitarra barbanegra ....................................................... 164Guitarra común ............................................................... 165Guitarra pecosa .............................................................. 164Gulper shark ................................................................... 147Gurnards .......................................................................... 17guttatus, Lampris ........................................................... 77guttifer, Ephippion ........................................................ 121guttifer, Hemiconiatus ..................................................... 121Gymnothorax maderensis ............................................. 86Gymnothorax vicinus ........................................................ 86
Gymnura ........................................................................ 155GYMNURIDAE ............................................................... 155
Hhaemastoma, Thais ......................................................220HAEMULIDAE .............................................................22,69haifensis, Epinephelus .................................................105Hairtails .............................................................................33Hairy toadfish ....................................................................43Hakes ...............................................................................10Halfbeaks ..........................................................................12HALIOTIDAE ..................................................................219Haliotis tuberculata ......................................................219
Halobatrachus didactylus ..............................................44HALOSAURIDAE ...............................................................6Halosaurs ...........................................................................6Hamlets ............................................................................17Hammerhead sharks ......................................................136Hardshell shrimp .............................................................174Harengula rouxi ................................................................58Harvestfishes ....................................................................34bastata, Dasyatis ............................................................157hastatoides, Exhippolysmata ......................................174hastatoides, Hippolysmata ..............................................174hastatus, Adioryx ..............................................................73hastatus, Holocentrus .......................................................73hastatus, Nematopalaemon .........................................175
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hastatus, Neptunus ...................................................... 188hastatus, Palaemon (Nematopalaemon) ..................... 175hastatus, Portunus .................................................... 188hastatus, Sargocentron ............................................... 73
haumela, Trichiurus ..................................................... 126Hawkfishes .................................................................... 27Hawksbill turtle ............................................................. 227Headfishes ..................................................................... 38Heavy African ark ........................................................ 208helena, Muraena ........................................................... 87Helicolenus dactylopterus ........................................ 101Helicolenus maderensis ............................................... 101helvola, Uraspis ........................................................... 55Hemicaranx bicolor ..................................................... 51Hemiconiatus guttifer ................................................... 121HEMIGALEIDAE .................................................. 135,143Hemipteronotus novacula .............................................. 77HEMIRAMPHIDAE ................................................... 12,72
Hemiramphus balao .................................................... 72Hemiramphus brasiliensis .......................................... 72henlei, Carcharhinus .................................................... 137Heptranchias perlo .................................................... 132herklotsii, Scyilarides ......................................... 170,172Herrera ........................................................................ 116HETERENCHELIDAE ..................................................... 6Heterenchelids ................................................................. 6Heterocarpus carinatus ................................................ 176Heterocarpus ensifer ................................................. 176Heteromycteris proboscideus .................................. 108Heteropriacanthus cruenatus ..................................... 91Heteroteutis dispar .................................................... 198heterurus, Bembrops .................................................. 89
heterurus, Paracentropristis ......................................... 107heudeloti, Arius ............................................................ 40*heudeloti, Arius ............................................................. 41*heudelotii, Tachysurus .................................................. 41HEXANCHIDAE .......................................................... 132Hexanchus griseus .................................................... 132hexophthalma, Dicologoglossa ................................ 108hians, Ablennes ........................................................... 44HIATELLIIDAE ............................................................ 211hierredda, Sepia officinalis ....................................... 196HIMANTOLOPHIDAE ................................................... 10Hinds ............................................................................. 17(h)ippeus, Ocypode ..................................................... 186Hippocampus
............................................................... 15Hippolysmata hastatoides ............................................ 174HIPPOLYTIDAE .......................................................... 174hippos, Caranx ............................................................. 49hippurus, Coryphaena ................................................. 59Hirundichthys affinis ................................................... 66Hirundichthys speculiger ............................................ 66hispidus, Monochirus ................................................ 110Histiophorus Albicans .................................................... 74Histiophorus americanus ............................................... 74hoefleri, Mugil ................................................................ 83hoefleri, Scarus ............................................................ 93hoevenii, Lysiosquilla ............................................... 191Hogfishes ....................................................................... 29
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Hollowsnout grenadier ................................................ 80HOLOCENTRIDAE ................................................ 13,73Holocentrus ascensionis ..........................................73Holocentrus hastatus .................................................. 73hololepidotus, Argyrosomus .................................... 94hololepis, Zenion ......................................................14HOMOLIDAE ............................................................ 185Honeycomb moray ...................................................... 87Hooked squid ............................................................ 204Hoplostéte argentè ................................................... 123Hoplostète de Darwin ............................................... 122Hoplostète noir ......................................................... 123Hoplostethus cadenati ............................................ 123Hoplostethus mediterraneus .................................. 123Horned murex ........................................................... 219Horse-eye jack ............................................................ 49Hound needlefish ........................................................45Hound sharks ...........................................................135
Huître plate de Guinée .............................................. 212Huître plate de l'Angola ............................................. 212humile, Parapristipoma ............................................69humilis, Pristipoma .....................................................69hyalina, Tellina ..................................................... :. 215Hyaline tellin ............................................................. 215Hydrolagus .............................................................. 167Hynnis goreensis ........................................................48Hypacanthus amia ......................................................52Hyperoglyphe moselii ............................................... 56Hyporamphus unifasciatus ..........................................72Hyporhamphus picarti .............................................. 72Hyporion bigelowi ..................................................... 141Hyporion signatus ..................................................... 141
hypozona, Trachinocephalus .................................... 121
IIchthyococcus .............................................................7Ilisha africana ............................................................ 57Illex coindetii ........................................................... 200imberbis, Brosmiculus ................................................. 82imberbis, Gadella ......................................................82imbricata, Eretmochelys ......................................... 227Imperial scaldfish ........................................................ 46imperialis, Arnoglossus ............................................46imperialis, Luvarus ................................................... 34improvisus, Carcharhinus .......................................... 138incisor, Kyphosus .....................................................75Indica, Makaira .......................................................... 74incisus, Pomadasys .................................................. 70indicus, Istiompax .......................................................74insignis, Vanstraelenia .............................................. 111Iphigenia delesserti ................................................ 209Iphigenia laevigata .................................................. 210Iphigenia rostrata .................................................... 210Istiompax indicus ........................................................74Istiompax marlina ........................................................74ISTIOPHORIDAE ................................................... 34,74Istiophorus albicans ................................................. 74Isurus alatus ............................................................. 144Isurus oxyrinchus ................................................... 143
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Isurus paucus .......................................................144itajara, Epinephelus ............................................. 106
JJabonero .....................................................................69Jabonero machado .....................................................69Jacks ..........................................................................19 jacobus, Myripristis ..................................................73Jaiba cornuda ...........................................................188Jaiba satinada ...........................................................188Jambonneau de Chautard .........................................213Jambonneau rude .....................................................213 japonicus, Scomber ................................................100Jaquetón blanco ........................................................143*jello, Sphyraena ......................................................119Jibia ..........................................................................196Jibia africana ............................................................195Jibia rosada ..............................................................197
John dory ..................................................................129Jorobado africano .......................................................53 jubelini, Pomadasys ..................................................71 julis, Coris .................................................................76Jurel ............................................................................55Jurel común ................................................................49Jurel cunene ...............................................................55Jurel de Alejandria ......................................................48Jurel negro ..................................................................50Jurel ojón ....................................................................49Jurel senegalés ...........................................................50Jure] volantín ..............................................................55
Kkamoharai, Pseudocarcharias ............................... 134Kangaroo shrimp ...................................................... 177Katsuwonus pelamis ................................................ 99Keeltail needlefish ...................................................... 45kempi, Chirolophius ................................................... 78kempi, Lophiodes ..................................................... 78kerathurus, Penaeus (Melicertus) ......................... 179Kitefin shark ............................................................. 149Klein's sole ............................................................... 111kleinii, Synapturichthys ......................................... 111Knobby triton ............................................................ 218kuhlii, Pontinus ...................................................... 101KUHLIIDAE .......................................................... 18,75
KYPHOSIDAE .............. ............. ............. ............. . 26,75Kyphosus incisor ..................................................... 75Kyphosus sectatrix .................................................. 75
LLabiosa vitrea ..........................................................211LABRIDAE ............................................................29,76Iacazei, Pontocaris ..................................................174lacerta, Elops ............................................................62lactea, Bathysolea ...................................................107Ladyfishes ....................................................................3Laemonema laureysi .................................................83Laeops mertensi .........................................................47
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laevigata, lphigenia .............................................. 210laevigatus, Lagocephalus .................................... 121laevis, Malacocephalus .......................................... 81laevis, Scorpaena ................................................. 102
laevispinnis, Lepidotrigla ........................................ 127Lagarto brasileiro ................................................... 120Lagarto diamante ............ ............. .............. ............ 121Lagarto ñato ........................................................... 121Lagarto real de Guinea ............................................. 42Lagocephalus laevigatus ..................................... 121lagocepahlus, Lagocephalus ............................... 122Lagocephalus, lagocepahlus ............................... 122Lagocephalus pachycephalus ................................. 121lagoensis, Cynoglossus ............................................ 59lagoensis, Tachysurus .............................................. 40Lagoon land crab .................................................... 183lamiella, Charcharias .............................................. 138Lamiostoma belyaevi .............................................. 144
LAMNIDAE ......................................................134,143Lamontella albida ..................................................... 74LAMPRIDAE ....................................................... 15,77Lampris guttatus ............. ............. ............. ............ . 77Lampris luna ............................................................. 77Lampris regius .......................................................... 77Lancer swimcrab . ............. ............ ............. ............. 188Lancetfishes ............................................................... 7Langosta comun ..................................................... 171Langosta real ............. ............. ............. ............. ..... 171Langostino .............................................................. 179Langouste blanche ................................................. 171Langouste royale .................................................... 171Langue nigérienne .................................................... 59Lanternfishes .............................................................. 7Large-eye dentex ........... ............ ............ ............. ... 114Largehead hairtail ................................................... 126Largescaled mullet ............. .............. ............. ........... 83Largetooth sawfish ... ............. ............. .............. ...... 160Largilliert's mactra .................................................. 211largillierti, Mactra ........... ............. ............. ............ 211lascaris, Pegusa ................................................... 110lascaris, Solea ........................................................ 110lastoviz, Chelidonichthys (Trigloporus) .............. 126lastoviza, Trigla ...................................................... 126lastoviza, Trigloporus ......... ............. ............. .......... 126latifrons, Genyatremus ....... ............ ............. ............. 69
latifrons, Paraprístipoma ........................................... 69Latilus semifasciatus ................................................ 48latimanus, Callinectes ............................................. 186latiscutatus, Arius .................................................. 40latus, Caranx ........................................................... 49latus, Strombus .................................................... 223laureysi, Laemonema ............................................. 83laville, Coelorhinchus ............................................... 80Law croaker .............................................................. 95Leafscale gulper shark ............. .............. ............. ... 147Leatherback turtle ................................................... 228Leatherjackets .......................................................... 38Leatherjacks ............................................................. 19ledanoisi, Ariomma ................................................... 41
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ledanoisi, Paracubiceps ..............................................41Leerfish ...................................................................... 52Lefteye flounders ........................................................36Lemon shark ............................................................. 141
Lemonema de Guinea ................................................ 83Lémonème de Guinée ................................................ 83Lengua de Canarias ................................................... 59Lengua de Ghana .......................................................59Lengua de Guinea ......................................................60Lengua del Senegal .................................................... 60Lengua nigeriana ........................................................59Lenguadillo africano ................................................. 111Lenguado de Cadenat ..............................................111Lenguado de fondo ................................................... 108Lenguado de Frechkop .............................................109Lenguado de Guinea .................................................. 46Lenguado espinudo de altura ...................................... 92Lenguado lechoso .................................................... 107
Lenguado liso ............................................................. 47Lenguado lusicánico .................................................109Lenguado manchado ................................................ 111Lenguado paté ............................................................ 48Lenguado pelícano ..................................................... 47Lenguado portugués ................................................. 111leonensis, Pellonula ................................................. 58Leopard eel ................................................................88Leopard ray .............................................................. 162Ieopardus, Raja .......................................................162Lepada safiana ......................................................... 223Lepidochelys olivacea ............................................227Lepidocybium flavobrunneum .................................67Lepidopus caudatus ............................................... 125Lepidopus lex ........................................................... 125Lepidotrigla cadmani .............................................. 127Lepidotrigla carolae ................................................ 127Lepidotrigla laevispinnis ............................................127Leptocharias smithii ............................................... 144LEPTOCHARIIDAE ........................................... 135,144lepturus, Trichiurus ................................................ 126Lesser African threadfin .............................................. 90Lesser flying squid .................................................... 203Lesser Guinean mobula ............................................ 159Lesser weever .......................................................... 125Lestidiops ...................................................................7LETHRINIDAE ....................................................... 23,77
Lethrinus atlanticus .................................................. 77leucas, Carcharhinus .............................................. 139lewini, Sphyrna .......................................................146lex, Lepidopus .......................................................... 125liberiensis, Batrachoides .........................................43liberiensis, Batrachus ................................................. 43licha, Dalatias ......................................................... 149licha, Scymnorhinus .................................................. 149Liche lirio .................................................................... 49Liche né-bé .................................................................52Lichia amia ................................................................52lichtensteini, Ancistroteuthis .................................203Lightfoot crab ............................................................ 184ligulatus, Symphurus ............................................... 60
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Lilliputlongarm octopus ............................................. 205limbatus, Carcharhinus .......................................... 139Limbert guinéen .......................................................... 42lineatus, Cypselurus ................................................... 65lineolatus, Trachinus .............................................. 124
linguatula, Citharus .................................................. 57Liocarcinus corrugatus .......................................... 188LIPARIDAE ................................................................ 17lippei, Chaetodipterus .............................................. 64Lippu peton ............ ............. ............. ............. ............. 69Lirio ............................................................................ 49lirio, Campogramma ................................................... 49Listado ..............................................................................99Lithognathus mormyrus .............................................. 116Little gulper shark ..................................................... 148Little tunny .................................................................. 99Liza acanalada ... ............. ............ ............. ............. ..... 83Liza aletona ................................................................ 83Liza banana ................................................................ 84
Liza curema ................................................................ 84Liza dumerilii ............................................................ 83Liza escamuda .... ............ ............. ............ ............. ..... 83Liza falcipinnis .......................................................... 83Liza grandisquamis ............... ............ ............. .......... 83Lizard mantis ............................................................ 191Lizardfishes .................................................................. 8Lobotes surinamensis .............................................. 78LOBOTIDAE ........................................................ 22, 78Loggerhead turtle . ............. .............. ............. ............ 226LOLIGINIDAE .......................................................... 199Loligo vulgaris ........................................................ 199Lolliguncula mercatoris ........ ............. ............. ....... 200
Longbill spearfish ............ ............. ............. ............. .... 75Longfin bonefish ......................................................... 39Longfin mako ............................................................ 144Longfin pompano ........................................................ 54longimanus, Carcharhinus ..................................... 140longirostris, Parapenaeus ...................................... 178Longneck croaker ....................................................... 96Longnose chimaeras ............ ............ ........... ............ . 167Longnose spurdog .................................................... 150Longnose velvet dogfish ........................................... 148Longspine African angler ............................................ 78Longspine snipefish .................................................... 80Longspine stargazer ................................................. 128Longueirón de Guinea ............ ............ ............ .......... 214
Longwing spinyfin ....................................................... 61Lookdowns ................................................................. 19LOPHIIDAE ............................................................. 9,78Lophiodes kempi ...................................................... 78Lophius vaillanti ....................................................... 78Loro basto ..... ............. .............. ............. ............. ........ 93Loro de Guinea ........................................................... 93Loro jabonero ...... ............. ............. ............. ............. ... 92Loro viejo ............ ............ ............. ............. ............. .... 93Louvars .................. ............. ............. ............. ............. 34Lowfin gulper shark ............. ............. ............. ........... 147lucerna, Chelidonichthys ....................................... 127lucerna, Trigla .......................................................... 127
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luebberti, Rhynchobatus .....................................154lugubris, Caranx ................................................... 50lugubris, Chascanopsetta .................................... 47Lumpfishes ............................................................. 17Lumpy stone crab ..................................................189
luna, Lampris ......................................................... 77Luria ganchuda .....................................................204Luria paloma .........................................................203Lusitanian cownose ray .........................................165Lusitanian sole ......................................................109Lusitanian toadfish ................................................. 44lusitanica, Synaptura ..........................................111lusitanicus, Centrophorus ..................................147LUTJANIDAE ....................................................22,79Lutjanus agennes ................................................. 79Lutjanus dentatus ................................................ 79Lutjanus endecacanthus ...................................... 79Lutjanus fulgen .................................................... 80Lutjanus goreensis ............ ............ ............. ......... 80
Lutkeni, Cypselurus ................................................ 64LUVARIDAE .......................................................... 34Luvarus imperialis ................................................ 34Lycodontis afer .................................................... 86Lycodontis mareei ................................................ 86Lycodontis vicinus ............................................... 86lyra, Trigla ............................................................127Lysiosquilla hoevenii ..........................................191
MMacabí ................................................................... 39Macabí badejo ........... ............ ............ ............. ....... 39Macarela caballa .................................................... 50Macarela chuparaco ............................................... 51Macarela real ......................................................... 51Macarela salmón .................................................... 51macarellus, Decapterus ....................................... 50Mâchoiron banderille .............................................. 40Mâchoiron de Gambie ............................................ 40Mâchoiron de Guinée ............................................. 41Mâchoiron géant ............ ............. ............ ............ ... 40Machuelo ............................................................... 58Mackerel scad ........................................................ 50Mackerel sharks ....................................................134Mackerels ................ ............. .............. ............. ...... 32macrolepidotus Citharus ......................................... 57macrolepis, Diagramma .......................................... 70
macrolepis, Plectorhynchus ................................ 70macrophthalmus, Dentex ....................................114macrophthalmus, Parakuhlia ............................... 75macrophthalmus, Smaris ........................................ 56Macropipus corrugatus ..........................................188macrops, Diagramm (Diagramella) ......................... 69macrops, Parapristipoma ........................................ 69macropterus, Neothunnus .....................................100macropus, Octopus .............................................205MACRORAMPHOSIDAE ....................................15,80Macroramphosus gracilis ........................................ 80Macroramphosus scolopax ...... ............ ............. .. 80MACROURIDAE ................................................11,80
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*Macruoplus violaceus ................................................81Mactra de Largilliert .............. .............. ............. .......211Mactra glabrata ......................................................211Mactra largillierti ...................................................211
Mactra lisa ..............................................................211Mactra nitida ..........................................................211Mactra pulida ..........................................................211Mactra puntiaguda ..................................................212Mactra rostrata ......................................................212Mactra vítrea ...........................................................211Mactre árostre .........................................................212Mactrede Largilliert .................................................211Mactre lisse .............................................................211Mactre polie ............................................................211Mactre vitreuse .......................................................211MACTRIDAE ...........................................................211maculatus, Canthidermis ........................................43maculipínnis, Carcharhinus .....................................138
madagascariensis, Tellina ....................................215Madeira rockfish ......................................................102Madeiran ray ...........................................................162Madeiran sardinella ...................................................58maderensis, Gymnothorax ......................................86maderensis, Helicolenus .........................................101maderensis, Raja ...................................................162maderensis, Sardinella ...........................................58maderensis, Scorpaena ........................................102Mafou ........................................................................92Maigre africain ..........................................................94Maigre commun ........................................................94Maja squinado .......................................................185
MAJIDE ..................................................................185Majors .......................................................................27Makaira albicans .......................................................74Makaira albida ...........................................................74Makaira ampla ..........................................................74Makaira indica .........................................................74Makaira marlina ........................................................74Makaira nigricans ....................................................74Makaire bécune .........................................................75Makaire blanc ............................................................74Makaire bleu .............................................................74Makaire noire ............................................................74Malacho copace ........................................................62Malacho senegalés ...................................................63
Malacocephalus laevis ............................................81Malacocephalus occidentalis .................................81Malcarado alón .........................................................61Malcarado de Parin ...................................................61Malcarado plateado ...................................................62Man-of-war fishes ......................................................35Mango de cuchillo ...................................................214Manta atlántica gigante ...........................................158Manta birostris ......................................................158Mantas ....................................................................156Mante atlantique .....................................................158Mantis shrimps ........................................................191mantis, Squilla .......................................................191maou, Carcharhinus ................................................140
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Maquereau espagnol .............................................. 100Marao lisero ............................................................. 45Marao ojón ............ .................................................. 45Marbled swimcrab ............. .............. ............. .......... 187
Marbré .................................................................... 116mareei, Lycodontis ................................................. 86Margarita arrugada ................................................. 216margarita, Dasyatis ............................................... 157Margarita dura ........................................................ 216Margates .................................................................. 22marginata, Raja ...................................................... 161marginata, Rhinoptera .......................................... 165Marginated flyfish ..................................................... 64marginatus, Callinectes ........................................ 187marginatus, Epinephelus ..... ............. ............. ...... 105Marignan coq ............................................................ 73Marignan mombin ..................................................... 73Marignan rouge ........................................................ 73
*marina, Strongylura .................................................. 45maritae, Geryon .................................................... 183marlina, lstiompax .................................................... 74marlina, Makaira ....................................................... 74Marlins ..................................................................... 34marmoratus, Sphoeroides .................................... 122maroccanus, Dentex ............................................. 114marochiensis, Natica ............................................ 222Marrajo carite . ............. ............. ............. ............. .... 144Marrajo dientuso ..................................................... 143marsupialis, Glyphus ............................................ 177martia, Plesionika ................................................. 176maru, Auxis .............................................................. 98
matthewsi, Palinurichthys ......................................... 56maxillosus, Trachinotus ......................................... 54mbizi, Pentherosclo ................................................ 95Meagre ..................................................................... 94Meagres ................................................................... 24Mediterranean moray ................................................87Mediterranean rock shrimp ........... ............. ............ . 179Mediterranean slimehead ........... ............ ............ .... 123mediterraneum, Diagramma ..................................... 70mediterraneum, Parapristipoma ................................ 70mediterraneus, Hoplostethus ............................... 123mediterraneus, Plectorhynchus ............................. 70Medregal de Guinea ................................................. 53MEGALOPIDAE .................................................... 3,81
Megalops atlanticus .................................................. 81megalops, Squalus ............................................... 150Mejillón liso ............ ............. ............. ............. ......... 212Mejillón romboidal .............. ............. ............. .......... 212melanopterus, Eucinostomus ................................ 68melanopterus, Gerres ............................................... 68melanotis, Muraena ................................................ 87melanum, Ariomma ................................................. 41melanura, Oblada .................................................. 116melanurus, Cypselurus .......................................... 64
*melanurus, Spicara ................................................... 56meleagrides,Synodus ........... ............. ............. ........ 121Melichthys niger ..................................................... 43Melongena negra .................................................... 219
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MELONGENIDAE .....................................................219Mélongène noire .......................................................219Melva ......................................................................... 98Melvera ...................................................................... 98
membranacea, Sicyonia ............................................180Menippe nodifrons ..................................................189mercatoris, Arius ........................................................ 40mercatoris, Lolliguncula .........................................200Merlu d'Afrique tropical ............................................... 82MERLUCCIIDAE ....................................................10,82Merluccius cadenati ............... ............ ............. ........... 82Merluccius polli ........................................................ 82Merluza de Benguela .............. .............. .............. ....... 82Mero .........................................................................105Mero de Gorea ..........................................................105Mero esonué .............................................................106Mérou à points bleus .................................................104Mérou badèche .........................................................105Mérou barré ..............................................................104Mérou blanc ..............................................................105Mérou du Niger .... .............. .............. .............. ...........104Mérou dungat ............................................................105Mérou ésonue ...........................................................106Mérou noir .................................................................105Mérou royal ...............................................................106Merten's moonflounder ............................................... 47mertensi, Laeops ........................................................ 47mertensi, Monolene .................................................. 47metzelaari, Mugil ........................................................ 84Microchirus boscanion ...........................................109Microchirus frechkopi .............................................109
Microchirus ocellatus ..............................................109microchirus, Stromateus ............................................120Microchirus wittei ....................................................109MICRODESMIDAE ..................................................... 31microdon, Pristis .....................................................160microphthalmus, Aphanopus .....................................125micropterus similis, Oxyporhamphus ..................... 73microstoma, Monolene ............................................. 47Microthrissa miri ......................................................... 58micrurum, Syacium .................................................. 48Migraine épineuse .....................................................182Migraine jaune ..........................................................182Migraine maculée ......................................................182Milandre jaune ..........................................................143
milberti, Carcharhinus ..............................................140.Milk shark ..................................................................142milleri, Cypselurus ................................................... 64Miracielo africano ......................................................128Miracielo espinón ......................................................128Miracielo moteado ....................................................128Miracorvina angolensis ............................................ 94miraletus, Raja .........................................................163miran, Bullia ............................................................221Miran bullia ...............................................................221miri, Microthrissa ........................................................ 58Mirrorwing flyingfish ............ ............. ............. ............. 66mitsukurii, Squalus .................................................151Mobula coilloti .........................................................158
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Mobula rochebrunei .............................................. 159MOBULIDAE ................................................... 156,158modesta, Pellonula ...................................................58Modilus nitens .......................................................212
Modiole lisse ........................................................... 212Modiole losangique .................................................212Modiolus rhomboideus .........................................212Mojarra guineana ...................................................... 68Mojarras ...................................................................22Mojarrita de ley ......................................................... 68mokarran, Sphyrna ............................................... 146Molas ........................................................................38MOLIDAE .................................................................38Mollera azul ..............................................................82MONACANTHIDAE ................................................. 38Monochirus atlanticus ............................................. 110Monochirus hispidus ............................................110Monochirus ocellatus .............................................. 109MONODACTYLIDAE ...........................................26,82monodi, Cynoglossus .............................................60monodí, Erythrocles ............................................... 63Monolena bocachica .................................................47Monolena de Mertens ...............................................47Monolène à petite bouche .........................................47Monolène de Mertens ...............................................47Monolene mertensi .................................................47Monolene microstoma ............................................47Monrovia doctorfish ..................................................39monroviae, Acanthurus ..........................................39monstrosa, Chimaera ...........................................167Moonfishes ...............................................................19
Moonies .................................................................... 26moorii, Pseudotolithus (Hostia) .............................96Moras .......................................................................10Morays ........................................................................5Morena amarilla ........................................................86Morena boca manchada ...........................................86Morena de lunares ....................................................87Morena de Madeira ...................................................86Morena franjeada ......................................................85Morena mediterránea ................................................87Morena negra ...........................................................85Morena oscura .......................................................... 86Morena robusta .........................................................87Moreneta .................................................................. 85
MORIDAE ............................................................ 10,82MORINGUIDAE ..........................................................5morio, Pugilina ......................................................219mormyrus, Lithognathus ...................................... 116mormyrus, Pagellus ................................................ 116Moro de laguna .......................................................183Morocco dentex ......................................................114Morocco moonsnail .................................................222moselii, Hyperoglyphe ............................................56Mourine lusitanienne ............................................... 165Mudskippers .............................................................31Mugil ashanteensis ...................................................84Mugil bananensis ....................................................84
*Mugil brasiliensis ......................................................84
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Mugit canaticulatus ......................................................83Mugil cephalus ..........................................................84
Mugil curema ............................................................. 84Mugil hoefleri ...............................................................83Mugît metzelaari ..........................................................84MUGILIDAE ........................................................... 28,83Mulet à grandes nageoires ..........................................83Mulet banane ..............................................................84Mulet bouri ..................................................................83Mulet cabot .................................................................84Mulet curème ..............................................................84Mulet écailleux ............................................................83Mullets ........................................................................ 28MULLIDAE ............................................................. 25,84multisquamis, Ariomma ...............................................41multisquamis, Paracubiceps ........................................41Muraena helena .........................................................87Muraena melanotis ....................................................87Muraena robusta ........................................................87MURAENESOCIDAE ............................................... 5,85Muraenesox ferox ........................................................85MURAENIDAE .........................................................5,85Murène à pois .............................................................87Murène anneau ...........................................................85Murène cobra ..............................................................86Murène de Madère ......................................................86Murène de Méditerranée .............................................87Murène jaune ..............................................................86Murène noire ...............................................................85
Murène obscure .......................................................... 86Murène robuste ........................................................... 87Murène serpent ........................................................... 85Murénésoce de Guinée ............................................... 85Murenocio de Guinea ..................................................85Murex angularis .......................................................219Murex cornutus .......................................................219Murex duplex ........................................................... 220MURICIDAE .............................................................. 219Musola ......................................................................152Musso africain .............................................................53mustelus, Mustelus ................................................. 152Mustelus mustelus .................................................. 152Mycteroperca rubra ................................................. 106
MYCTOPHIDAE ............................................................7mydas, Chefonia ...................................................... 226MYLIOBATIDAE ................................................ 155,159Myliobatis aquila ..................................................... 159Myliobatis bovina .......................................................160Mytiobatis cervus ...................................................... 159myops, Trachinocephalus ....................................... 121myrias, Trachinotus .....................................................54Myrichthys pardalis ...................................................88Myripristis jacobus ....................................................73myrus, Echelus ..........................................................87Mystriophis creutzbergi ................................................ 88Mystriophis rostellatus .............................................88MYTILIDAE ............................................................... 212
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NNannichthys simulans .............................................13narinari, Aetobatus ................................................159narinari, Stoasodon .................................................159
narval, Parapandalus .............................................176Narval shrimp ..........................................................176Nasogrammus thompsoni ..........................................67NASSARIIDAE ........................................................221Natica adansoni .....................................................221Nática atigrada ........................................................222Natica collaris ........................................................221Nática de Adanson ..................................................221Nática de Turton ......................................................222Nática engolada ......................................................221Nática flamante .......................................................221Natica fulminea ......................................................221Natica marochiensis ..............................................222Nática marroquí .......................................................222
Natica tigrina ..........................................................222Natica turtoni .........................................................222Natice à collet ..........................................................221Natice concave ........................................................222Natice d'Adanson ....................................................221Natice de Turton ......................................................222Natice du Maroc ......................................................222Natice flammée .......................................................221Natice tigrée ............................................................222NATICIDAE .............................................................221Naucrates ductor .....................................................52naucrates, Echeneis ................................................19Navaja africana .......................................................214
Navaja de Gorea .....................................................214Navajón .....................................................................39Navajón de Biafra ......................................................39Neanthias accraensis ..............................................107Needlefishes ..............................................................12Negaprion brevirostris ..........................................141Negrito ....................................................................150NEMATOCARCINIDAE ...........................................175Nematocarcinus atricanus ....................................175
* Nematocarcinus cursor ...........................................175Nematopataemon hastatus ...................................175Neoharriotta pinnata ..............................................167Neorossia caroli .....................................................198NEOSCOPELIDAE ......................................................8
Neoscopelids ...............................................................8Neothunnus macropterus .........................................100NEPHROPIDAE ......................................................169Nephropsis atlantica .............................................169Neptune's volute ......................................................224Neptunus hastatus ...................................................188Neptunus validus .....................................................188Nerita senegalensis ...............................................223Nerita senegalesa ....................................................223Nérite du Sénégal ....................................................223NERITIDAE .............................................................223Nezumia aequalis .....................................................81nicholsi, Synodus ....................................................121Nicholsina usta ........................................................92
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Nicholsina usta collettei ........................................... 92niger, Melichthys ....................................................... 43Niger sea bass .......................................................... 104Nigerian tonguesole .................................................... 59Night shark .............. ............. .............. ............. ......... 141nigra, Centrina .......................................................... 150nigrescens, Symphurus ............................................ 60nigri, Cephalopholis ................................................ 104nigri, Gerres .............................................................. 68nigri, Petrometopon ................................................... 104nigriargenteus, Cubiceps ............................................. 41nigricans, Cheilopogon ................................................ 65nigricans, Cypselurus ............................................... 65nigricans, Enchelycore ............................................. 85nigricans, Makaira ..................................................... 74nigricauda, Coleosmaris .............................................. 56nigricauda, Spicara ................................................... 56nigrita, Corvina ............................................................ 95
nitens, Modilus ........................................................ 212nitida, Mactra ........................................................... 211noae, Arca ............................................................... 208Noah's ark ................................................................. 208nodifera, Charonia .................................................. 218nodifrons, Menippe ................................................. 189nodosa, Thais .......................................................... 220Nodose rock shell ............. .............. ............. ............. 220Noetia gambiensis .............. ............. ............. .......... 208NOMEIDAE ................................................................. 35Nomeus gronovii ....................................................... 35Norman's rockfish ............. .............. ............. ............. 103Norman's tonguesole ........... ............ ............ ............ ... 61normani, Scorpaena ................................................ 103
normani, Symphurus ................................................ 61NOTACANTHIDAE ....................................................... 6notialis, Penaeus (Farfantepenaeus) ...................... 179novacula, Hemipteronotus ........................................... 77novacula, Xyrichthys ................................................ 77Novanthias accraensis .............................................. 107nubecula, Fissurella ................................................ 218
*nufar, Dentex ............................................................ 113Nurse shark ... ............. .............. ............. .............. ..... 142Nurse sharks ............................................................. 133Nursehound .............................................................. 145
Oobesus, Thunnus ..................................................... 105Oblada ...................................................................... 116Oblada melanura ..................................................... 116Oblade ...................................................................... 116obscurus, Carcharhinus ......................................... 140obtusirostris, Exocoetus .......................................... 65obtusus, Triaenodon ........... ............. ............ ............ . 137occidentalis, Malacocephalus .................................. 81occidentalis, Ventrifossa ............................................. 81Ocean sunfishes .. .............. ............. ............. ............. .. 38Oceanic two-wing flyingfish ......................................... 65Oceanic whitetip shark .............................................. 140Ocellated wedge sole ................................................ 108
ocellatus, Microchirus ............................................ 109
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ocellatus, Monochirus .................................................109ocellatus, Zeus ...........................................................129octatis, Gerres ..............................................................68octolineatum, Diagramma .............................................70octolineatum, Parapristipoma ....................................70octolineatum, Pristipoma ..............................................70OCTOPODIDAE .........................................................205Octopus defilippi ......................................................205Octopus macropus ...................................................205Octopus vulgaris ......................................................205oculata, Squatina ......................................................151Ocypode africain ........................................................185Ocypode africana .....................................................185Ocypode cursor ........................................................186Ocypode (h)ippeus .....................................................186Ocypode pénicillée .....................................................186OCYPODIDAE ...........................................................185Odd bobtail .................................................................198
ODONTASPIDIDAE ...................................................134officinalis hierredda, Sepia ......................................196Offshore rockfish ........................................................101OGCOCEPHALIDAE ......................................................9Oilfish ...........................................................................68Oilfishes .......................................................................33Ojiverde del Atlántico .. ............ ............. ............. ...........57olivacea, Lepidochelys .............................................227Olive ridley turtle .......... ............. ............. ............. .......227Ombrine bronze ............................................................97Ombrine côtière ............................................................97Ombrine de Steindachner .............................................98Ombrine fusca ..............................................................97Ommastrephes bartrami ..........................................201
Ommastrephes pteropus ..........................................201OMMASTREPHIDAE .................................................200ONYCHOTEUTHIDAE ................................................203Onychoteuthis banksi ..............................................204Opa ..............................................................................77Opah ............................................................................77Opahs ..........................................................................15OPHICHTHIDAE .......................................................4,87Ophichthus ophis .......................................................88OPHIDIIDAE ...........................................................10,89ophis, Ophichthus ......................................................88Ophisurus serpens .....................................................89Orangeback squid ......................................................201orbignyana, Sepia .....................................................197Orcynopsis unicolor ...................................................99Oreja de mar ............. ............. .............. ............. .........219Ormeau tuberculeux ...................................................219ornata, Sepia ..............................................................197ornata, Sepiella .........................................................197Ornate cuttlefish .........................................................197Ornate wrasse ..............................................................77Ornithoteuthis antillarum .........................................202Orphie carène ..............................................................45Orphie plate .................................................................44Ostión cucullado .........................................................212Ostión denticulado ......................................................212OSTRACIIDAE ..............................................................38
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Ostrea cucullata ......................................................... 212Ostrea denticulata ...................................................... 212OSTREIDAE ................................................................ 212Otolithe bobo .................................................................. 95
Otolithe camerouonais ................................................... 96Otolithe gabo .................................................................. 95Otolithe guinéen ............................................................. 95Otolithe nanka ................................................................ 96Otolithe sénégalais ........................................................ 96Otoperca aurita .............................................................. 69Ovarque bouche de sang ............................................. 220Ovarque couronnée ..................................................... 220Ovarque noueux .......................................................... 220ovatus, Trachinotus ..................................................... 54Oxinotus centrina ...................................................... 133OXYNOTIDAE ............................................................. 133Oxyporhamphus micropterus similis ......................... 73oxyrinchus, Isurus ..................................................... 143
P pachycephalus, Lagocephalus ..................................... 121 pachygaster,Sphoeroides ..................................... :.. 122Pachygrapsus transversus ....................................... 184Pagellus acarne .......................................................... 117Pagellus bellottii ........................................................ 117Pagellus bogaraveo ................................................... 117Pagellus centrodontus ................................................. 117Pagellus coupei ............................................................ 117Pagellus mormyrus ...................................................... 116Pageot à tache rouge ................................................... 117Pageot acarné .............................................................. 117
Pagre à points bleus .................................................... 118Pagre des tropiques ..................................................... 118Pagre rayé ................................................................... 117Pagro sureño ............................................................... 118 pagrus africanus, Pagrus .......................................... 118 pagrus africanus, Sparus ............................................. 118Pagrus auriga ............................................................. 117
*Pagrus caeruleostictus ................................................. 117Pagrus caeruleostictus ............................................. 118Pagrus pagrus .............................................................. 118 pagrus, Pagrus ............................................................. 118Pagrus pagrus africanus .......................................... 118Pagrus vulgaris ............................................................ 118
Paguala africana ............................................................ 63Paguala negra ................................................................64Pailona ......................................................................... 148Pailona à lon nez ......................................................... 148Pailona commun .......................................................... 148Painted eel ..................................................................... 87Palaemon (Nematopalaemon) hastatus ....................... 175PALAEMONIDAE ........................................................ 175Palinurichthys matthewsi ................................................ 56Palinurichthys pemarco .................................................. 56Palinurichthys pringlei .................................................... 56PALINURIDAE ..................................................... 169,171 pallidus, Callinectes .................................................. 187 palloni, Acantholabrus ................................................ 76
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Palometa fiátola ............................................................ 120Palometón ....................................................................... 52Palomette ........................................................................ 99Palomine ......................................................................... 54
Pámpano blanco ............................................................. 54Pámpano cojonovo ......................................................... 54Pámpano de hebra .......................................................... 48Pámpano galonero .......................................................... 54Pámpano terayo .............................................................. 54PANDALIDAE ............................................................... 176Panopea cancellata ..................................................... 211Panopea cuadrilla ......................................................... 211Panopée quadrilée ........................................................ 211Panopeus africanus .................................................... 189Panulirus argus ........................................................... 171Panulirus regius .......................................................... 171Panulirus rissonii ........................................................... 171Paper tellin .................................................................... 215
papilio, Periophthalmus ............................................... 31 papyracea, Apolymetis ............................................... 215Parabatrachus elminensis ............................................... 44Paracentropristis cabrilla ............................................... 107Para cen tropristis heterurus ......................................... 107Paracubiceps ledanoisi ................................................... 41Paracubiceps multisquamis ............................................ 41 paradoxa, Galatea ....................................................... 209 paradoxus, Scyllarus .................................................. 170Paragaleus pectoralis ................................................. 143Paragaleus gruveli ........................................................ 143Parakuhlia macrophthalmus ........................................ 75PARALEPIDIDAE ............................................................. 7Paralepis .......................................................................... 7Paramola cuvieri ......................................................... 185Paranthias furcifer ...................................................... 106Parapandalus narval ................................................... 176Parapandalus pristis ...................................................... 176Parapenaeopsis atlantica ........................................... 178Parapenaeus longirostris ........................................... 178Parapristipoma humile ................................................. 69Parapristipoma latifrons .................................................. 69Parapristipoma macrops ................................................. 69Parapristipoma mediterraneum ....................................... 70Parapristipoma octolineatum ....................................... 70Parathunnus sibi ........................................................... 101 pardales, Myrichthys .................................................... 88
pardalis, Trachinus ........................................................ 124Pardete ........................................................................... 84Parepinephelus acutirostris ........................................... 106Parexocoetus brachypterus ......................................... 66Pargo chopa .................................................................. 119Pargo colorado africano .................................................. 79Pargo de Gorea ............................................................... 80Pargo de Guinea ............................................................. 79Pargo dorado ................................................................ 118Pargo dorado africano ..................................................... 80Pargo marrón africano .................................................... 79Pargo sémola ................................................................ 117Pargo tijera ...................................................................... 79Pargo zapata ................................................................. 118
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Parin's spinyfin ..................................................................61 parini, Diretmoides ..........................................................61 parkii, Arius .....................................................................41Paromola .........................................................................185
Paromole .........................................................................185 parri, Saurida ...................................................................120Parrot grunt .......................................................................71Parrotfish ...........................................................................93Parrotfishes .......................................................................29 paru, Pomacanthus .........................................................91PASIPHAEIDAE .............................................................177Pastenague africaine ......................................................158Pastenague commune ....................................................157Pastenague épineuse .....................................................157Pastenague marguerite ...................................................157 pastinaca, Dasyatis .......................................................157 pastinaca, Trygon ............................................................157Patella safiana ...............................................................223
Patelle safian ...................................................................223PATELLIDAE ..................................................................223Patudo .............................................................................101 pauciradiata, Cepola .......................................................28 pauciradiatus, Diretmoides ............................................61 paucus, lsurus ...............................................................144 pavo, Thalassoma ...........................................................77Pearlfishes ........................................................................10Pearly razorfish .................................................................77Peau bleue ......................................................................142Pebbletooth moray ............................................................85 pectinata, Pristis ...........................................................160 pectorales, Paragaleus .................................................143
Pegusa cadenati ............................................................110Pegusa lascaris .............................................................110Pegusa triophthalma .......................................................110Pegusa triophthalmus ...................................................110Pejepeine ........................................................................160Pejepuerco blanco ............................................................42Pejepuerco cachúo ...........................................................43Pejepuerco estrellado .......................................................42Pejepuerco moteado .........................................................42Pejesierra ........................................................................160Pelada ...............................................................................60Pelada de Norman ............................................................61Pelada tirrena ....................................................................60 pelamis, Euthynnus ...........................................................99
pelarais, Katsuwonus .....................................................99 peli, Echidna ....................................................................85 peli, Pteroscion ...............................................................96 peli, Rhinoptera ...............................................................165Pelican flounder ................................................................47 pelli, Calappa .................................................................182 pelli, Goniopsis .............................................................183 pellegrini, Trachinus .....................................................124Pellonula leonensis .........................................................58Pellonula modesta .............................................................58Pellonula vorax ................................................................58Peludilla del Cabo .............................................................46Pemarco blackfish .............................................................56
pemarco, Palinurichthys ....................................................56
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pemarco, Schedophilus .................................................56PEMPHERIDAE ...............................................................26PENAEIDAE ...................................................................178Penaeus brasiliensis .......................................................179
Penaeus caramote .........................................................179Penaeus (Farfantepenaeus) notialis ...........................179
*Penaeus (Melicertus) duoarum ......................................179Penaeus (Melicertus) kerathurus ................................179Penaeus trisulcatus ........................................................179Pentanemus quinquarius ...............................................90Pentheroscion mbizi ......................................................95 pepo, Cymbium .............................................................224PERCOPHIDAE ..........................................................30,89PERIOPHTHALMIDAE ....................................................31Periophthalmus papilio ..................................................31PERISTEDIIDAE ..............................................................17Peristedion cataphractrum ............................................17 peno, Heptranchias ......................................................132 peroteti, Pomadasys ......................................................71 perotoei, Pomadasys ........................................................71 perotteti, Pristis ...............................................................160Perpeire lisse ....................................................................47Perpeire pélican ................................................................47Perroquet basto ................................................................93Perroquet de Guinée ........................................................93Perroquet émeraude .........................................................92Perroquet vieillard .............................................................93Perulibatrachus elminensis ...........................................44Perulibatrachus rossignoli ............................................44 petimba, Fistularia ..........................................................67Petit capitaine ...................................................................90
Petit couteau africain ......................................................214Petit diable de Guinée ....................................................159Petit squale-chagrin ........................................................148Petit taupe ......................................................................144Petite roussette ...............................................................145Petite vive .......................................................................125Peto ..................................................................................98Petricola pholadiformis ................................................213PETRICOLIDAE .............................................................213Petrometopon nigri .........................................................104Pez angel .......................................................................151Pez cinto .........................................................................125Pez de limon .....................................................................53Pez de San Francisco ....................................................120
Pez de San Pedro ..........................................................129Pez espada .....................................................................128Pez palo común ................................................................89Pez palo guineano ............................................................89Pez piloto ..........................................................................52Pez rubí ............................................................................63Pez sable ........................................................................126Pez sierra común ............................................................161Pez vela del Atlántico .......................................................74 pfluegeri, Tetrapturus ....................................................75 phaeton, Synchiropus ....................................................31Pholade de Campêche ...................................................213Pholade taloné ................................................................213
Pholade tronquée ...........................................................213
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PHOLADIDAE ......................................................... 213 pholadiformis, Petricola ........................................ 213Pholas campechiensis .......................................... 213Phyllogramma regani ................................................. 85
Picarel à gros yeux .................................................... 56Picarel queue noire .................................................... 56Picarels ..................................................................... 21 picarti, Hyporhamphus ............................................ 72 picta, Raja ............................................................... 164Picuda barracuda .................................................... 119Picuda guaguanche ................................................. 119 picuda, Sphyraena ................................................... 119Pieuvre .................................................................... 205Pig's snout volute ..................................................... 223Pigeye shark ............................................................ 137Pigfishes .................................................................... 22Pigsnout grunt ........................................................... 71Pike congers ................................................................ 5
Pilotfish ...................................................................... 52Pilotfishes .................................................................. 19Pina áspera ............................................................. 213Pina de Chautard ..................................................... 213Pinfishes .................................................................... 23Pink cuttlefish .......................................................... 197Pink dentex .............................................................. 113Pink shrimp (southern) ............................................. 179Pinna rudis ............................................................. 213 pinnata, Neoharriotta ............................................. 167 pinnatibarbatus, Cypselurus ................................... 65PINNIDAE ............................................................... 213Pintarroja ................................................................. 145Pintarroja africana ................................................... 144
Pipefishes .................................................................. 15Piper gurnard ........................................................... 127 piscatorium, Sphyraena ........................................... 119 piscatorum, Sphyraena ............................................ 119Pitar tumens ........................................................... 215Plagusie de Norman .................................................. 61Plagusie longue ......................................................... 60Plagusie sombre ........................................................ 60Plain bonito ................................................................ 99Platête commun ......................................................... 89Platête de Guinée ...................................................... 89Platybelone argalus annobonensis ........................ 45Platycéphale de Guinpée ........................................... 90PLATYCEPHALIDAE ........................................... 16,90Platycephalus gruveli ................................................. 90PLATYRHINIDAE .................................................... 154Plectorhynchus macrolepis .................................... 70Plectorhynchus mediterraneus ............................... 70Plesionika martia ................................................... 176Plesiopenaeus edwardsianus ............................... 178Plicate venus ........................................................... 216 plumbeus, Carcharhinus ....................................... 140Podas ........................................................................ 46 podas africanas, Bothus ......................................... 46Poisson-guitare à lunaires ....................................... 164Poisson-guitare commun ......................................... 165Poisson-guitare fouisseur ........................................ 164
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Poisson-pilote .............................................................52Poisson rubis ..............................................................63Poisson sabre commun ............................................126Poisson-scie commun ............................................... 161Poisson-scie grandent ............ :................................ 160Poisson-scie tident ....................................................160Polished mactra ........................................................211 polli, Dentex ..............................................................112 polli, Etmopterus .................................................... 149 polli, Galeus ............................................................144 polli, Glossanodon .....................................................6 polli, Merluccius .......................................................82 polli, Uranoscopus ................................................. 128POLYCHELIDAE ...................................................... 170Polydactylus quadrifilis ............................................90POLYNEMIDAE .................................................... 28,90Polyprion americanus ............................................ 106POLYPRIONIDAE .................................................... 106
POMACANTHIDAE ............................................... 27,91Pomacanthus paru ....................................................91POMACENTRIDAE ....................................................27POMADASYIDAE .................................................. 22,69Pomadasys bennetti ...................................................70Pomadasys incisus ...................................................70Pomadasys jubelini ..................................................71Pomadasys peroteti ..................................................71Pomadasys perotoei ...................................................71Pomadasys rogerii ....................................................71Pomadasys suillum .....................................................71Pomadasys suillus ......................................................71POMATOMIDAE .................................................. 19, 91Pomatomus saltator ....................................................91
Pomatomus saltatrix .................................................91Pomfrets .....................................................................21Pompaneau chevron ...................................................54Pompaneau né-bé ...................................................... 54Pompaneau tacheté ....................................................54Pompano ....................................................................54Pompano dolphinfish .................................................. 59Pompanos ..................................................................19Pontinus accraensis ............................................... 101Pontinus kuhlii ........................................................101Pontocaris lacazei .................................................. 174Porcupinefishes ..........................................................38Porgies .......................................................................23Porkfishes ...................................................................22
Portuguese dogfish ................................................... 148Portuguese sole ........................................................111PORTUNIDAE ..........................................................186Portunus corrugates ................................................. 188Portunus hastatus .................................................. 188Portunus validus .................................................. :. 188 posteli, Scyllarus .................................................... 170Pota costera ............................................................. 203Pota europea ............................................................202Pota naranja ............................................................. 201Pota pajarito ............................................................. 202Pota saltadora .......................................................... 201Pota voladora ........................................................... 200
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Poule de mer ................................................................ 61Poulpe à longs bras .................................................... 205Poulpe tacheté ........................................................... 205Pourceau ...................................................................... 76Pourceau dos noir ........................................................ 76Praire commune ......................................................... 216Praire ondulée ............................................................ 216 prayensis, Pseudupeneus .......................................... 84 pretiosus, Ruvettus .................................................... 68PRIACANTHIDAE ................................................... 18,91Priacanthus arenatus ................................................. 92Priacanthus cruentatus ................................................. 91Prickly puffer .............................................................. 121 pringlei, Palinurichthys .................................................. 56Prionace glauca ........................................................ 142Prionurus biafraensis ................................................. 39PRISTIDAE ..........................................................154,160Pristipoma humilis ........................................................ 69
Pristipoma octolineatum ............................................... 70Pristipoma viridens ....................................................... 69Pristis microdon ....................................................... 160 pristis, Parapandalus .................................................. 176Pristis pectinata ........................................................ 160Pristis perotteti ........................................................... 160 pristis, Pristis ........................................................... 161Pristis, pristis ........................................................... 161Pristiurus atlanticus .................................................... 144 proboscideus, Heteromycteris ................................ 108profundicula, Bathysolea ......................................... 108 profundorum, Deania ............................................... 149Prognichthys gibbifrons ............................................ 67Prom ethean escolar .................................................... 68
Promethichthys prometheus ..................................... 68 prometheus, Promethichthys .................................... 68Promicrops ditobo ...................................................... 106Promicrops esonue ..................................................... 106Psam mobie boréale ................................................... 210Psenes ........................................................................ 35Psettias sebae ............................................................ 82Psettodes belcheri ...................................................... 92PSETTODIDAE ....................................................... 35,92Psettus sebae .............................................................. 82Pseudocarcharias kamoharai .................................. 134PSEUDOCARCHARIIDAE ......................................... 134Pseudotolithus (Fonticulus) elongatus ..................... 95Pseudotolithus (Hostia) moorii .................................. 96
Pseudotolithus(Pinnacorvina) epipercus .................. 95Pseudotolithus (Pseudotolithus) brachygnathus ..... 95Pseudotolithus (Pseudotolithus) senegalensis ........ 96Pseudotolithus (Pseudotolithus) typus ..................... 96Pseudupeneus prayensis ........................................... 84 psittacus, Xyrichthys ..................................................... 77Pteromylaeus bovinus ............................................. 160 pteropus, Ommastrephes ........................................ 201Pteroscion peli ............................................................ 96Pterothrissus belloci .................................................. 39Puffers .......................................................................... 37Pugilina morio .......................................................... 219 pulchellus, Donax ..................................................... 209
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Pulpito patilago .............................................................205Pulpo común ................................................................205Pulpo patudo ................................................................205 punctatus, Balistes .......................................................42 punctatus, Decapterus ................................................51 puntazzo, Diplodus ....................................................115Purple mangrove crab .................................................183Purplemouth moray .......................................................86Púrpura coronada ....................................................... 220Púrpura nudosa .......................................................... 220 pusillus, Etmopterus .................................................150
Qquadrifilis, Polydactylus .............................................90Queen triggerfish ..........................................................43Quelvacho ..................................................................147Quelvacho lusitanico ...................................................147Quelvacho negro ........................................................147
quinquarius, Pentanemus ..........................................90*quinquedens, Geryon ..................................................183
RRabbit puffer ................................................................122Rabil ...........................................................................100RACHYCENTRIDAE ...............................................19,92Rachycentron canadum ..............................................92radamae, Carcharhinus ...............................................137radiatus, Trachinus ...................................................124radula, Raja ................................................................163rafale, Tylosurus acus .................................................45Raie blanche ...............................................................161
Raie bouclée ................................................................161Raie brunette ................................................................164Raie de Madeire ...........................................................162Raie léopard ............................................................... 162Raie miroir .................................................................. 163Raie-râpe ....................................................................163Raie tachetée .............................................................. 163Raie violette ................................................................162Rainbow runner ................................................................51Rainbow wrasse ...............................................................76Raja alba ....................................................................161Raja bicolor .................................................................161Raja clavata ...............................................................161Raja doutrei ...............................................................162
Raja leopardus ..........................................................162Raja maderensis .......................................................162Raja marginata ...........................................................161Raja miraletus ...........................................................163Raja picta ...................................................................164Raja radula .............................................................. : 163Raja straeleni ............................................................163Raja undulata ...........................................................164RAJIDAE ............................................................ 155,161Rambalí .......................................................................82Rape africano ...............................................................78Rape espinoso .............................................................78raphidoma, Tylosurus ...................................................45
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Rascacio de Accra ......................................................101Rascacio de Angola ....................................................102Rascacio de fuera .......................................................101Rascacio de Madeira ..................................................102
Rascacio de Norman ..................................................103Rascacio del Cabo .....................................................103Rascacio del Senegal .................................................102Rascacio serrano ........................................................103Rascasse à nageoires tachetées ................................103Rascasse de Accra .....................................................101Rascasse de fond .......................................................101Rascasse de l'Angola .................................................102Rascasse de Madère ..................................................102Rascasse de Norman .................................................103Rascasse du large ......................................................101Rascasse du Sénégal .................................................102Rascasse rose ............................................................102Rascasse rouge ..........................................................103
Rascasse serran .........................................................103Rasp tagelus ..............................................................214Raspallón senegalés ..................................................114rasus, Rhinobatos .......................................................164Raya áspera ...............................................................163Raya bramante ...........................................................161Raya de clavos ...........................................................161Raya de espejos .........................................................163Raya de Madeira ........................................................162Raya-látigo común ......................................................157Raya-látigo margarita .................................................157Raya-Iátigolija ............................................................157Raya leopardo ............................................................162
Raya manchada .........................................................163Raya mosaico .............................................................164Raya violeta ...............................................................162Rays ...........................................................................155Razorfishes ..................................................................29Red cornetfish ..............................................................67Red-mouthed rock shell ..............................................220Red mullets ..................................................................25Red pandora ...............................................................117Red scorpionfish .........................................................103Red slipper lobster ......................................................172Red squirrelfish ............................................................73Red swimcrab .............................................................187Red baits ......................................................................21
Redbanded seabream ................................................117Redfin parrotfish ...........................................................93regani, Phyllogramma ...................................................85regium, Argyrosomus ....................................................94regius, Argyrosomus ..................................................94regius, Lampris .............................................................77regius, Panulirus ......................................................171Reloj de Darwin ..........................................................122Reloj mediterraneo .....................................................123Reloj negro .................................................................123Remora ........................................................................19Remoras .......................................................................19Renard .......................................................................137Renard à gros yeux ....................................................137
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Requiem sharks ......................................................... 135Requin à museau pointu ............................................ 142Requin babosse ......................................................... 137Requin balestriné ....................................................... 137
Requin bordé ............................................................. 139Requin bouledogue .................................................... 139Requin citron ............................................................. 141Requin cuivre ............................................................. 138Requin de Galapagos ................................................ 139Requin de nuit ........................................................... 141Requin gris ................................................................ 140Requin-hâ .................................................................. 152Requin-marteau aile blanche ..................................... 146Requin-marteau commun ........................................... 147Requin-marteau halicorne .......................................... 146Requin-nourrice ......................................................... 142Requin océanique ...................................................... 140Requin sombre .......................................................... 140
Requin soyeux ........................................................... 138Requin tigre commun ................................................. 141Requin tisserand ........................................................ 138Rhiniodon typus ....................................................... 134RHINIODONTIDAE .................................................... 134RHINOBATIDAE ................................................ 154,164Rhinobatos albomaculatus ...................................... 164Rhinobatos cemiculus ............................................. 164Rhinobatos congo!ensis ............................................. 164Rhinobatos rasus ....................................................... 164rhinobatos, Rhinobatos ........................................... 165Rhinobatos rhinobatos ............................................ 165RHINOCHIMAERIDAE .............................................. 167Rhinoptera marginata .............................................. 165Rhinoptera peli ........................................................... 165RHINOPTERIDAE .............................................. 156,165Rhizoprionodon acutus ........................................... 142rhombica, Seriola ......................................................... 53Rhomboid mussel ...................................................... 212Rhomboid squid ......................................................... 204rhomboideus, Modiolus ........................................... 212rhombus, Thysanoteuthis ....................................... 204rhonchus, Caranx ........................................................ 51rhohchus, "Decapterus" ............................................ 51RHYNCHOBATIDAE ................................................. 154Rhynchobatus luebberti .......................................... 154Ribbonfishes ................................................................ 15
ringens, Cardium ..................................................... 208rissonii, Panulirus ....................................................... 171robusta, Muraena ....................................................... 87rochebrunei, Mobula ................................................ 159rochei, Auxis .............................................................. 98Rocher anguleux ........................................................ 219Rocher cornu ............................................................. 219Rocher duplex ............................................................ 220Rock sole ................................................................... 107Rockfish ..................................................................... 101Rockfishes ................................................................... 16rogerii, Pomadasys .................................................... 71Rombou de Guinée ...................................................... 46Rombou podas ............................................................ 46
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ronchus, Umbrina ....................................................... 97Ronco loro .................................................................... 71Ronco mestizo .............................................................. 70Ronco som pat ............................................................. 71Ronco trompudo ........................................................... 71Rosefishes ................................................................... 16roseus, Cyttopsis ..................................................... 129Rossia caroli ............................................................. 198Rossignol toadfish ........................................................ 44rossignoli, Batrachus .................................................... 44rossignoli, Perulibatrachus ........................................ 44rostellatus, Mystriophis ............................................. 88rostrata,Antimora ....................................................... 82rostrata, lphigenia .................................................... 210rostrata, Mactra ........................................................ 212Rostrate false donax ................................................... 210
Rostrate mactra .......................................................... 212Rosy dory ................................................................... 129Roucaou ....................................................................... 76Rouffe africain .............................................................. 56Rouffe rayé ................................................................... 56Rouget barbet du Sénégal ............................................ 84Rough-head sea catfish ................................................ 40Rough pen shell ......................................................... 213Rough ray ................................................................... 163Rough triggerfish .......................................................... 43Roughtail stingray ....................................................... 157Round sardinella .......................................................... 58Round scad .................................................................. 51Round stingray ........................................................... 158Roundtail duckbill ......................................................... 89Roussette thalassa ..................................................... 145Rouvet .......................................................................... 68rouxi, Harengula ........................................................... 58rouxi, Sardinella ......................................................... 58Rovers .......................................................................... 21Royal spiny lobster ..................................................... 171Royal threadfin ............................................................. 90Rubberlip grunt ............................................................. 70ruber, Cronius ........................................................... 187Rubio .......................................................................... 126Rubio del Cabo ........................................................... 126Rubio del Gabón ........................................................ 126
rubra, Mycteroperca ................................................. 106rubripinne, Sparisoma ................................................ 93rubroguttata, Calappa .............................................. 182Rubyfishes ................................................................... 21Rudderfishes ................................................................ 19rudis, Pinna ............................................................... 213Ruffs ............................................................................ 35Rufo africano ................................................................ 56Rufo pemarco ............................................................... 56Rugose donax ............................................................ 209rugosus, Donax ........................................................ 209Runners ....................................................................... 19Ruvettus pretiosus ..................................................... 68
Ruvettus tydemani ........................................................ 68Ruvettus whakari .......................................................... 68
Rypticus saponaceus ................................................. 69
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Rypticus subbifrenatus ............................................ 69
sSábalo africano ............................................................57Sable negro ...............................................................125Sabre argenté ............................................................ 125Sabre fleuret .............................................................. 125Sabre noir ....... ...............................................................125Saddled seabream .........................................................116Safian limpet ..................................................................223safiana, Patella .............................................................223sagittatus sagittatus, Toda rodes ..............................202sagittatus, Todarodes sagittatus ................................202Sagre à menton lisse .....................................................149Sagre commun............................................................150Sagre nain .................................................................150
Sailfin flyingfish ............................................................66Sailfin weever..............................................................124Sailfishes .....................................................................34Saint-Pierre ................................................................129Saint Pierre argenté ...................................................129Saint-Pierre rosé ........................................................ 129Salema .......................................................................118Salmonete barbudo ......................................................84salpa, Boops ...............................................................118salpa, Sarpa ..............................................................118saltator, Pomatomus ....................................................91saltator, Temnodon ......................................................91saltatrx, Pomatomus ..................................................91Salvariego ..................................................................125
Sama de pluma .......................................................... 113Sam a marroquí .........................................................114San Pedro plateado ...................................................129San Pedro rosado ......................................................129sanctaehelenae, Decapterus ........................................51sanctaehelenae, Serranus .......................................107Sandsole ....................................................................110Sand tigersharks ........................................................ 134Sandbar shark ............................................................140Sandlances ..................................................................30Sapata negra .............................................................148Sapater ........................................................................50Sapo de Rossignol .......................................................44
Sapo guineano .............................................................44Sapo lusitánico .............................................................44Sapo peludo .................................................................43saponaceus, Rypticus ................................................69Sar à grosses lèvres ..................................................115Sarà museau pointu ...................................................115Sar à tête noire ..........................................................116Sar commun du Maroc ...............................................115sarda, Sarda ...............................................................99Sarda sarda ................................................................99Sardinella aurita .........................................................58Sardinella cameronensis ..............................................58Sardinella eba ..............................................................58Sardinella granigera .....................................................58Sardinella maderensis ...............................................58
Sardinella rouxi ..........................................................58
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Sardinellas ................................................................... 3Sardinelle à queue jaune ............................................ 58Sardines ....................................................................... 3Sardineta africana ...................................................... 57
Sardinita de Guinea .................................................... 58Sargo breado ........................................................... 115Sargo marroquí ........................................................ 115Sargo mojarra .......................................................... 116Sargo picudo ............................................................ 115Sargocentron hastatus ............................................. 73sargus cadenati, Diplodus ..................................... 115sargus capensis, Diplodus .................................... 115sargus typicus, Diplodus ........................................... 115Sarpa salpa ............................................................. 118Saupe ....................................................................... 118Saurida brasiliensis ................................................ 120Saurida parri ............................................................. 120Sauries ....................................................................... 13
Saurus griseus ......................................................... 120saurus, Synodus ..................................................... 120Savon tacheté ............................................................ 69Sawback angelshark ................................................ 151Sawfishes ................................................................. 154Scabbardfishes ........................................................... 33Scads ......................................................................... 19Scale-rayed wrasse .................................................... 76Scalebreast gurnard ................................................. 127Scalloped hammerhead ............................................ 146SCARIDAE ........................................................... 29,92Scarlet shrimp .......................................................... 178Scarus hoefleri ......................................................... 93Scavengers ................................................................ 23Schedophilus pemarco ............................................ 56schoenleinii, Zanobatus ......................................... 154Sciaena aquila ............................................................ 94Sciaena umbra .......................................................... 97SCIAENIDAE ........................................................ 24,94Scoliodon terraenovae .............................................. 142scolopax, Macroramphosus ..................................... 80Scomber colias ......................................................... 100Scomber japonicus ................................................ 100SCOMBERESOCIDAE ............................................... 13Scomberomorus tritor ............................................ 100SCOMBRIDAE ...................................................... 32,98Scorpaena angolensis ............................................ 102
Scorpaena elongata ............................................... 102Scorpaena laevis .................................................... 102Scorpaena maderensis .......................................... 102Scorpaena normani ................................................ 103Scorpaena scrofa ................................................... 103Scorpaena senegalensis .......................................... 102Scorpaena stephanica ............................................ 103SCORPAENIDAE ................................................ 16,101Scorpionfishes ............................................................ 16scrota, Bodianus ...................................................... 76scrofa,Scorpaena ................................................... 103sculpta, Sicyonia ...................................................... 179sculpta talismani, Stereomastis ............................ 170SCYLIORHINIDAE ............................................ 134,144
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Scyliorhinus canicula .............................................145Scyliorhinus cervigoni ............................................145Scyliorhinus stellaris ..............................................145SCYLLARIDAE ..................................................170,172
Scyllarides herklotsii .......................................170,172Scyllarus carpati .....................................................170Scyllarus paradoxus ...............................................170Scyllarus posteli ......................................................170Scymnorhinus licha ...................................................149Scyris alexandrinus .....................................................48Sea catfishes ............................................................... 6Sea chubs ...................................................................26Sea-devils .................................................................156Seabasses ..................................................................17Seabreams .................................................................23Searobins ....................................................................17sebae, Psettias ..........................................................82sebae, Psettus ............................................................82
sectatrix, Kyphosus ..................................................75secunda, Uraspis ........................................................55Seiche africaine ........................................................195Seiche commune ......................................................196Seiche de Guinée ......................................................196Seiche élégante ........................................................195Seiche rosée .............................................................197Selar coulisou .............................................................52Selar crumenophthalmus ..........................................52Selene dorsalis ..........................................................53semitasciatus, Branchiostegus ................................48semifasciatus, Latilus ..................................................48Senegal ark ...............................................................208Senegal jack ...............................................................50Senegal needlefish ......................................................45Senegal nerite ...........................................................223Senegal seabream ....................................................114senegalensis, Alosa ....................................................58senegalensis, Anadara ...........................................208senegalensis, Chelidonichthys ..................................126senegalensis, Cynoglossus ......................................60senegalensis, Diplodus .............................................114senegalensis, Elops ..................................................63senegalensis, Nerita ................................................223senegalensis, Pseudotolithus (Pseudotolithus) ......96senegalensis, Scorpaena ..........................................102senegalensis, Strongylura ........................................45
Senegalese Iadyfish ....................................................63Senegalese rockfish ..................................................102Senegalese tonguesole ...............................................60senegallus, Caranx ...................................................50Senegambian tellin ....................................................215senegambiensis, Tellina .........................................215Senilia senilis ..........................................................208senilis, Senilia .........................................................208Sennets ......................................................................28Sepia bertheloti .......................................................195Sepia elegans ..........................................................195Sepia elobyana ........................................................196Sepia guineana .........................................................196Sepia officinalis hierredda ......................................196
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Sepia orbignyana ....................................................... 197Sepia ornata ................................................................ 197Sepia ornée .................................................................197Sepiella ornata ........................................................... 197SEPIIDAE ................................................................... 195
Sépiole carolette ..........................................................198Sépiole différente ........................................................ 198SEPIOLIDAE ............................................................... 198Sepita manchada ........................................................ 197Sergeants ...................................................................... 27Seriola carpenters ....................................................... 53Seriola dumerili ........................................................... 53Seriola rhombica ........................................................... 53Sériole couronnée ......................................................... 53Sériole guinéenne ......................................................... 53serpens, Ophisurus ..................................................... 89Serpent eel ....................................................................89Serpenton à nez long .................................................... 89
Serpenton gris ............................................................... 88Serpenton léopardo ....................................................... 88Serpenton miro ..............................................................87Serpenton tacheté ......................................................... 88Serpenton tiyeux ...........................................................88Serran chèvre ..............................................................107Serran de St Helène .................................................... 107Serran ganéen .............................................................107Serrandel imperial ......................................................... 46SERRANIDAE ........................................................ 17,104Serrano de St Helèna .................................................. 107Serrano ganés .............................................................107Serranus accraensis .................................................. 107Serranus aeneus ......................................................... 105
Serranus cabrilla ....................................................... 107Serranus sanctaehelenae .......................................... 107serrata, Fistolaria ........................................................... 67Sesarma angolense ................................................... 184
*setapinnis, Vomer ........................................................ 53Setarches guentheri ................................................. 103Sevengillsharks .......................................................... 132Shark suckers .............................................................. 19Sharktooth moray ......................................................... 86Sharpchin flyingfish ...................................................... 66Sharpsnout seabream ................................................ 115Shi drum ....................................................................... 97Shiny mussel .............................................................. 212Shortfin mako ............................................................. 143
Shortfin squid ............................................................. 200Shortnose chimaeras .................................................. 167Shortspine African anglerfish ........................................ 78Shortspine spurdog .................................................... 151sibi, Parathunnus ........................................................ 101Sicklefin mullet ............................................................. 83Sicklefishes .................................................................. 27Sicyonia carinata ...................................................... 179Sicyonia galeata ....................................................... 180Sicyonia sculpta ......................................................... 179SICYONIDAE ............................................................. 179Sicyonie huppée ......................................................... 180Sigarita cóncava ......................................................... 222
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signatus, Carcharhinus ............................................. 141signatus, Hyporion ...................................................... 141Silky shark .................................................................. 138Silver-rag driftfish .......................................................... 41Silver scabbardfish ...................................................... 125
Silver spinyfins .............................................................. 62Silversides .................................................................... 11Silvery John dory ......................................................... 129similis, Oxyporhamphus micropterus ........................ 73simulans, Nannichthys ............................................... 13Sinum concavum ....................................................... 222Sivade kangourou ....................................................... 177Sixgill sharks ............................................................... 132Skates ......................................................................... 155Skipjack tuna ................................................................. 99Sleeper gobies ............................................................. 31Sleepers ........................................................................ 31Slender rockfish .......................................................... 102
Slickheads ...................................................................... 7Slimeheads ................................................................... 13Slipper lobsters ........................................................... 170Small mouth moonflounder ............................................ 47Smallspotted catshark ................................................. 145Smalltooth sawfish ...................................................... 160Smaris macrophthalmus ................................................ 56smithii, Leptocharias ................................................ 144Smooth false donax .................................................... 210Smooth flounder ............................................................ 47Smooth grenadier .......................................................... 81Smooth hammerhead .................................................. 147Smooth-hound ............................................................ 152Smooth lantern shark .................................................. 150
Smooth mactra ............................................................ 211Smooth puffer ............................................................. 121Smooth swimcrab ........................................................ 188Smoothback angelshark .............................................. 151Smoothmouth sea catfish .............................................. 40Snaggletooths ................................................................. 7Snailfishes .................................................................... 17Snake eels ...................................................................... 4Snake mackerels ........................................................... 33Snapper eels ................................................................... 4Snappers ...................................................................... 22Snipefishes ................................................................... 15Soapfishes .................................................................... 18Softhead grenadier ........................................................ 81
Solagmedens africana ................................................... 49solandri, Acanthocybium ............................................ 98Soldierfishes ................................................................. 13Sole de Cadenat ......................................................... 110Sole de Frechkop ........................................................ 109Sole des profondeurs .................................................... 08Sole fasciée ................................................................ 109Sole laiteuse ............................................................... 107Sole langue canarienne ................................................. 59Sole langue de Guinée .................................................. 60Sole langue du Ghana ................................................... 59Sole langue sénégalaise ............................................... 60Sole lusitanienne ......................................................... 109
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Sole ocellée ................................................................ 109Sole-pole .................................................................... 110Sole-pole africaine ...................................................... 111Sole pole à trois taches ............................................... 110
Sole ruardon commune ............................................... 111Sole ruardon du Golfe ................................................. 111Sole tachetée .............................................................. 111Sole velue ................................................................... 110Solea cuneata ............................................................. 108Solea lascaris ............................................................. 110Solecurte rosé ............................................................. 214SOLECURTIDAE ........................................................ 214Solecurtus strigilatus ................................................ 214SOLEIDAE ..............................................................36,107Solen guinensis ......................................................... 214SOLENIDAE ............................................................... 214Solenocera africana .................................................. 180Solénocère d'Afrique ................................................... 180
Solenocera membranacea .......................................... 180SOLENOCERIDAE ..................................................... 180Soles ............................................................................. 36Solleta ........................................................................... 57Sompat grunt ................................................................ 71Sortija ......................................................................... 110Sortija de Cadenat ...................................................... 110Sortija tres ojos ........................................................... 110Southern common seabream ...................................... 118Southern meagre .......................................................... 94Spadefishes .................................................................. 26Spaghetti eels ................................................................. 5Sparaillon africain ....................................................... 114SPARIDAE .............................................................23,112
Sparisoma cretense .................................................... 93Sparisoma flavescens ................................................... 93Sparisoma rubripinne ................................................. 93Sparus aurata ............................................................ 118Sparus caeruleostictus ................................................ 118Sparus ehrenbergii ...................................................... 118Sparus pagrus africanus ............................................. 118Spearfishes ................................................................... 34speciosus, Bodianus .................................................. 76speciosus, Diastodon .................................................... 76speculiger, Hirundichthys .......................................... 66spet, Sphyraena .......................................................... 120Sphoeroides cutaneous ............................................... 122
Sphoeroides marmoratus ......................................... 122Sphoeroides pachygaster ......................................... 122Sphoeroides sprengleri ............................................... 122Sphyraena afra .......................................................... 119Sphyraena barracuda ................................................ 119Sphyraena bocagei ..................................................... 120sphyraena bocagel, Sphyraena ................................... 120Sphyraena dubia ......................................................... 119Sphyraena guachancho ............................................ 119Sphyraena guaguanche .............................................. 119*Sphyraena jello .......................................................... 119Sphyraena picuda ....................................................... 119Sphyraena piscatorium ................................................ 119Sphyraena piscatorum ................................................ 119
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Sphyraena spet ........................................................... 120sphyraena, Sphyraena .............................................. 120Sphyraena Sphyraena ............................................... 120Sphyraena sphyraena bocagei .................................... 120
Sphyraena vulgaris ..................................................... 120SPHYRAENIDAE ................................................... 28,119Sphyrna couardi ........................................................ 146Sphyrna diplana .......................................................... 146Sphyrna lewini ........................................................... 146Sphyrna mokarran ..................................................... 146Sphyrna zygaena ....................................................... 147SPHYRNIDAE .......................................................136,146Spicara alta .................................................................. 56*Spicara melanurus ........................................................ 56Spicara nigricauda ...................................................... 56spinax, Etmopterus ................................................... 150Spinnershark ............................................................... 138Spinousspidercrab ...................................................... 185
Spiny box crab ............................................................ 182Spiny eels ....................................................................... 6Spiny flatheads ............................................................. 16Spiny lobsters ............................................................. 169Spiny puffers ................................................................. 38Spiny turbots ................................................................. 35Spoldado ..................................................................... 110Spondyliosoma cantharus ........................................ 119Spoon-nose eel ............................................................. 88Spotjaw moray .............................................................. 86Spottail mantis shrimp .................................................. 191Spottail spiny turbot ........................................................ 92Spotted box crab .......................................................... 182Spotted eagle ray ........................................................ 159
Spotted-fin rock fish .................................................... 103Spotted flounder ............................................................ 57Spotted skate .............................................................. 163Spotted snake eel ......................................................... 88Spotted soapfish ........................................................... 69Spotted tonguesole ....................................................... 60Spotted weever ........................................................... 123Spratelle de Guinée ...................................................... 58sprengleri, Sphoeroides .............................................. 122Squale-chagrin à longue dorsale ................................. 147Squale-chagrin commun .............................................. 147Squale-chagrin de l'Atlantique ..................................... 147Squale liche ................................................................ 149
Squale savate ............................................................. 149Squale-savate lutin ...................................................... 149SQUALIDAE .........................................................132,147Squalus acutipinnis ..................................................... 150Squalus blainvillei ..................................................... 150Squalus megalops ..................................................... 150Squalus mitsukurii .................................................... 151squamosus, Centrophorus ....................................... 147Squaretails .................................................................... 34Squaretail duckbill ......................................................... 89Squatina aculeata ...................................................... 151Squatina oculata ....................................................... 151SQUATINIDAE .....................................................133,151Squilla aculeata caimani ........................................... 191
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Squilla cadenati ......................................................... 191Squilla mantis ............................................................ 191Squille angolaise ......................................................... 191Squille de Guinée ........................................................ 191Squille-lézard géante ................................................... 191
Squille-ocellée ............................................................. 191Squilles ........................................................................ 191squinado, Maja ........................................................... 185Squirrelfish .................................................................... 73Squirrelfishes ................................................................. 13St Helena comber ........................................................ 107stampfili, Citharichthys ............................................... 47Stardrums ...................................................................... 24Stargazers ..................................................................... 30Starry triggerfish ............................................................ 42Starry weever .............................................................. 124Steindachner's drum ...................................................... 98steindachneri, Umbrina ............................................... 98stellaris, Scyliorhinus ................................................ 145
stellatus, Abalistes ...................................................... 42stephanica,Scorpaena ............................................... 103Stereomastis sculpta talismani ................................. 170Stingrays ..................................................................... 155Stoasodon narinari ....................................................... 159Stout moray ................................................................... 87straeleni, Raja ............................................................ 163Streaked gurnard ......................................................... 126strigilatus, Solecurtus ............................................... 214strigosa, Tellina ......................................................... 215strigosus, Aulostomus ................................................ 15Striped red shrimp ....................................................... 177Striped seabream ........................................................ 116Striped weever ............................................................. 124STROMATEIDAE ....................................................34,120Stromateus capensis ................................................... 120Stromateus fasciatus ................................................... 120Stromateus fiatola ..................................................... 120Stromateus, microchirus .............................................. 120Strombe d'Afrique occidentale ..................................... 223STROMBIDAE ............................................................. 223Strombus latus .....................................................:.... 223
* Strongylura marina ........................................................ 45Strongylura senegalensis ........................................... 45subbifrenatus, Rypticus .............................................. 69suillum, Pomadasys ....................................................... 71suillus, Pomadasys ........................................................ 71
superciliosus, Alopias ............................................... 137Surgeonfishes ................................................................ 31surinamensis, Lobotes ................................................ 78Swallowtail seaperch ................................................... 104Sweepers ...................................................................... 26Swollen venus ............................................................. 215Swordfish .................................................................... 128Swordfishes ................................................................... 34Syacium guineensis ....................................................... 48Syacium micrurum ....................................................... 48Symphurus ligulatus ................................................... 60Symphurus nigrescens ............................................... 60Svmphurus normani .................................................... 61
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Symphurus vanmellae ....................................................60Synaptura cadenati ....................................................111Synaptura lusitanica ..................................................111Synapturichthys kleinii ..............................................111Synchiropus phaeton ...................................................31
SYNGNATHIDAE ...........................................................15Syngnathus ...................................................................15SYNODONTIDAE .....................................................8,120Synodus atlanticus .......................................................121Synodus cinereus .........................................................120Synodus meleagrides ...................................................121Synodus nicholsi ..........................................................121Synodus saurus .........................................................120synodus, Synodus ......................................................121Synodus synodus .......................................................121
Ttabacaria, Fistularia .....................................................67
* Tachysurus capellonis ....................................................41
Tachysurus gambensis ..................................................40* Tachysurus heudelotii .................................................41
Tachysurus lagoensis ....................................................40Tae rocas ......................................................................76taeniops, Cephalopholis ............................................104Taeniura grabata ........................................................158Tagelo de Adanson ......................................................214Tagelus adansonii .....................................................214Tagelus d'Adanson ......................................................214talismani, Stereomastis sculpta ................................170Talona .........................................................................213Talona explanata ........................................................213Talona pholad ..............................................................213
Tambor de bandas .......................................................109Tambor real .................................................................109Tamboril de Guinea .....................................................122Tamboril de tí erra .......................................................121Tamboril liebre .............................................................122Tamboril mondeque .....................................................121Tamboril ñato ...............................................................122tangeri, Uca ................................................................186Tankerville's cardita .....................................................209tankervillei, Cardita ....................................................209tapeinosoma, Auxis .......................................................98Tarpón ...........................................................................81Tarpon argenté ..............................................................81Tarpon atlanticus .........................................................81
Tarpons ...........................................................................3Tasarte ..........................................................................99Tassergal .......................................................................91Taupe bleu ..................................................................143taurus, Eugomphodus ...............................................134Telina de Senegambia .................................................215Telina delgada .............................................................215Telina hialina ...............................................................215Telina papírácea ..........................................................215Tellina hyalina ............................................................215Tellina madagascariensis ..........................................215Tellina senegambiensis .............................................215
Tellina strigosa ..........................................................215
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Telline de Sénégambie .............................................. 215Telline hyaline ............................................................ 215Telline jaunâtre .......................................................... 215Telline papier ............................................................. 215
TELLINIDAE .............................................................. 215Temnodon saltator ....................................................... 91tenuis, Benthodesmus ................................................ 125tenuis, Cultellus ....................................................... 214Teraglin ....................................................................... 94Terai pompano .............................................................54teraia, Trachinotus ..................................................... 54terraenovae, Scoliodon .............................................. 142tessellata, Cassis ..................................................... 218Tessellate helmet ....................................................... 218TETRAGONURIDAE ................................................... 34TETRAODONTIDAE ............................................. 37,121Tetrapturus albidus ................................................... 74
*Tetrapturus belone ....................................................... 75Tetrapturus pfluegeri ................................................. 75Thais coronata ......................................................... 220Thais haemastoma ................................................... 220Thais nodosa ............................................................ 220Thalassoma pavo ....................................................... 77thazard, Auxis ............................................................ 98Thazard-bâtard ............................................................98Thazard blanc ............................................................ 100Thin tellin ................................................................... 215thompsoni, Nasogrammus ........................................... 67Thon obèse ................................................................ 101Thonine commune ....................................................... 99Thornback guitarfishes ...............................................154
Thornback ray ............................................................ 161Threadfins .................................................................... 28Threefin blennies ......................................................... 30Thresher shark ........................................................... 137Thresher sharks ......................................................... 134Thunnus alalunga .................................................... 100Thunnus albacares .................................................. 100Thunnus germo .......................................................... 100Thunnus obesus ...................................................... 101thynnoides, Auxis ......................................................... 98THYSANOTEUTHIDAE ............................................. 204Thysanoteuthis rhombus ........................................ 204Tiburón aleta negra .................................................... 138Tiburón arenero ......................................................... 140
Tiburón azul ............................................................... 142Tiburón baboso .......................................................... 137Tiburón baleta ............................................................ 137Tiburón barbudo ........................................................ 144Tiburón cobrizo .......................................................... 138Tiburón comadreja ..................................................... 143Tiburón de Galápagos ................................................ 139Tiburón de noche ....................................................... 141Tiburón galano ...........................................................141Tiburón jaquetón ........................................................ 138Tiburón macuira ......................................................... 139Tiburón oceánico ....................................................... 140Tiburón Bards ............................................................ 139Tiburón trozo ............................................................. 140
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Tieso culebrón ............................................................88Tieso gris ....................................................................88Tieso leopardo ............................................................88Tieso miro ................................................................... 87
Tieso pintado ..............................................................88Tieso trompudo ...........................................................89Tiger moon snail ....................................................... 222Tiger shark ............................................................... 141tigrina, Natica .......................................................... 222Tile zèbre ................................................................... 48Tilefishes ....................................................................19Tintorera ...................................................................141Tivela tripla ............................................................. 215Tivela triple ...............................................................215Toadfishes ....................................................................9Todarodes sagittatus sagittatus ............................ 202Todaropsis eblanae ................................................ 203Tollo flecha ............................................................... 149Tollo lucero africano .................................................149Tollo lucero liso .........................................................150Tollo negro mergs .....................................................148Tollo pajarito .............................................................149Tonguefishes ..............................................................37Tonguesoles ...............................................................37Tope shark ............................................................... 152TORPEDINIDAE ....................................................... 154Torpedo ................................................................... 154Tortue caouane ........................................................ 226Tortue caret .............................................................. 227Tortue luth ................................................................ 228Tortue olivâtre .......................................................... 227
Tortue verte ..............................................................226Tortuga blanca ..........................................................226Tortuga cahuama ......................................................226Tortuga de carey ...................................................... 227Tortuga golfina ..........................................................227Tortuga laúd ............................................................. 228Tourlourou des lagunes ............................................ 183Toutenon commun ....................................................202TRACHICHTHYIDAE .......................................... 13,122Trachichthys darwini ................................................. 122TRACHINIDAE .................................................... 30,123Trachinocephaius hypozona ..................................... 121Trachinocephalus myops ....................................... 121Trachinotus goreensis .............................................54
Trachinotus maxillosus ............................................54Trachinotus myrias .....................................................54Trachinotus ovatus ...................................................54Trachinotus teraia .....................................................54Trachinus araneus .................................................. 123Trachinus armatus .................................................. 123Trachinus collignoni ............................................... 124Trachinus lineolatus ............................................... 124Trachinus pardalis .................................................... 124Trachinus pellegrini ..:............................................. 124Trachinus radiatus .................................................. 124Trachinus vipera ..................................................... 125TRACHIPTERIDAE ....................................................15Trachurops crumenophthalmus ...................................52
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Trachurus capensis ........................................................55Trachurus trachurus ....................................................55tachurus, Trachurus .....................................................55Trachurus trecae ..........................................................55
trachypterus, Trachypterus .........................................15Trachypterus trachypterus ..........................................15transversus, Pachygrapsus .......................................184trecae, Trachurus .........................................................55Tres colas ....................................................................104Triaenodon obtusus ...................................................137TRIAKIDAE .......................................................... 135,152TRICHIURIDAE ...................................................... 33,125Trichiurus haumela .......................................................126Trichiurus lepturus .....................................................126Triggerfishes ..................................................................38Trigla capensis .............................................................126Trigla gabonensis .........................................................126Trigla lastoviza .............................................................126
Trigla lucerna ...............................................................127Trigla lyra ....................................................................127TRIGLIDAE ............................................................. 17,126Trigloporus lastoviza ....................................................126triophthalma, Pegusa ...................................................110triophthalmus, Pegusa ...............................................110tripla, Tivela ................................................................215Triple venus .................................................................215Tripletails .......................................................................22Triplophos ......................................................................7TRIPTERYGIIDAE .........................................................30trisulcatus, Penaeus ..................................................179Tritón buido .................................................................. 218Triton noueux ............................................................... 218tritor, Cybium ................................................................100tritor, Scomberomorus ...............................................100Trompetero ....................................................................80Tropical two-wing flyingfish .............................................65True lobsters ................................................................ 169True sole ......................................................................108Trumpetfishes ................................................................15truncata, Barnea .........................................................213Truncate barnea ...........................................................213Trunkfishes ....................................................................38Trygon pastinaca ..........................................................157Tub gurnard ..................................................................... 127tuberculata, Haliotis ...................................................... 219
Tubercutate abalone ....................................................219Tufted ghost crab ..........................................................18Tufted rock shrimp ........................................................18tumens, Pitar ...............................................................21Tunas .............................................................................32Turbot épineux tacheté ...................................................92turnerana, Callianassa ...............................................170Turton's moon snail ......................................................222turtoni, Natica .............................................................222Two-colour jack ..............................................................51tydemani, Ruvettus .........................................................68Tylosurus acus rafale ...................................................45Tylosurus crocodilus crocodilus .................................45Tylosurus raphidoma ......................................................45
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typicus, Diplodus sargus ............................................. 115typus, Pseudotolithus (Pseudotolithus) .....................96typus, Rhiniodon .......................................................134
UUca tangeri .................................................................186umbra, Sciaena ............................................................97Umbrina canariensis ....................................................97Umbrina cirrosa ...........................................................97
* Umbrina cirrosa ..............................................................98Umbrina fusca ...............................................................97Umbrina ronchus .........................................................97Umbrina steindachneri ................................................98undulata, Raja ............................................................164Undulate ray ................................................................164unicolor, Orcynopsis ...................................................99unifasciatus, Hyporamphus ............................................72Uranoscope à points blancs .........................................128Uranoscope boeuf .......................................................128Uranoscope miou .........................................................128URANOSCOPIDAE ................................................30,128Uranoscopus albesca ................................................128Uranoscopus cadenati ...............................................128Uranoscopus polli .....................................................128Uraspis cadenati ............................................................55Uraspis helvola ............................................................55Uraspis secunda ............................................................55usta, Nicholsisia ..........................................................92uyato, Centrophorus ..................................................148
VVadigo ..........................................................................49vadigo, Campogramma .................................................49vaillanti, Lophius .........................................................78validus, Neptunus .......................................................188validus, Portunus ......................................................188vanmellae, Symphurus ..................................................60Vanstraelenia chirophthalmus .................................111Vanstraelenia insignis .................................................111varidens, Aristeus .....................................................177velox, Euleptorhampus ...............................................72Velvet-belly .................................................................150VENERIDAE ...............................................................215Venerupis corrugata .................................................216Venerupis dura ..........................................................216Ventrifossa occidentalis ................................................81Venus bombée ............................................................215Venus foliaceolamellosa ...........................................216Venus plegada ............................................................216Vénus triple .................................................................215Venus verrucosa .......................................................216verrucosa, Venus ......................................................216Verrugato común ..........................................................97Verrugato de Canarias ..................................................97Verrugato de Steindachner ...........................................98Verrugato fusco .............................................................97vetula, Balistes ............................................................43Víbora .........................................................................124
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vicinus, Gymnothorx ................................................... 86vicinus, Lycodontis .................................................. 86Vieja ........................................................................... 76Vieja lomonegro ......................................................... 76
villosa,Fistularia ......................................................... 67* violaceus, Macruoplus ................................................ 81Violet skate ...............................................................162Violinista africano ......................................................186Viper moray ............................................................... 85vipera, Echiichthys ....................................................125vipera, Trachinus ....................................................125viridens, Pristipoma .................................................... 69vitrea, Labiosa .........................................................211vittata, Channomuraena .......................................... 85Vivaneau africain rouge ............................................. 79Vivaneau brun (d'Afrique) ........................................... 79Vivaneau de Gorée .................................................... 80Vivaneau de Guinée ................................................... 79
Vivaneau doré ............................................................ 80Vivaneau fourche (d'Afrique) ...................................... 79Vive à tête rayonnée .................................................124Vive araignée ............................................................123Vive du Cap Vert .......................................................124Vive guinéenne .........................................................123Vive peigne ...............................................................124Vive rayée .................................................................124Voilier de l'Atlantique ................................................. 74Volador ...................................................................... 65Volador africano ......................................................... 65Volador aletón ............................................................ 66Volador atlántico ........................................................ 64Volador bordiblanco ................................................... 64Volador de Bennett .................................................... 65Volador de Guinea ..................................................... 64Volador espejo ........................................................... 66Volador golondrina ..................................................... 66Volador jorobado ........................................................ 67Volador ñato .............................................................. 65Volador picudo ........................................................... 66volitans, Cephalacanthus ........................................... 61volitans, Dactylopterus ........................................... 61volitans, Exocoetus ................................................. 65Voluta de Neptuno ....................................................224Voluta trompa de cerdo .............................................223Voluta trompa de elefante .........................................224
Volute Neptune .........................................................224Volute trompe d'éléphant ..........................................224Volute trompe de cochon ..........................................223VOLUTIDAE .............................................................223Vomer gibbiceps ........................................................ 53
* Vomer setapinnis ........................................................ 53vorax, Pellonula ....................................................... 58Vovan bittersweet .....................................................210vovan, Glycymeris ..................................................210vulgaris, Diplodus ...................................................116vulgaris,Loligo ........................................................199vulgaris, Octopus ....................................................205vulgaris, Pagrus ........................................................118vulgaris, Sphyraena ..................................................120
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vulpes, Albula ........................................................... 39vulpinus, Alopias .................................................... 137
W
Wahoo ........................................................................ 98Wahoos ...................................................................... 32Warty venus .............................................................. 216Weakfishes.................................................................. 24Weasel sharks ........................................................... 135Wedge sole .............................................................. 108Wedgefishes .............................................................154Weeverfishes ..............................................................30West African catshark ............................................... 145West African fiddler crab .......................................... 186West African geryon ................................................. 183West African goatfish ................................................. 84West African ilisha ...................................................... 57West African ladyfish .................................................. 62West African spadefish ............................................... 64West African Spanish mackerel ................................ 100West African stargazer ............................................. 128West African stromb ................................................. 223Western softhead grenadier ....................................... 81whakari, Ruvettus ....................................................... 68Whale sharks ............................................................ 134Whiskered sole ......................................................... 110White grouper ........................................................... 105White marlin ............................................................... 74White seabream ....................................................... 115White skate .............................................................. 161White-spotted octopus .............................................. 205
White-spotted stargazer ........................................... 128Whitefin hammerhead .............................................. 146Whitespotted guitarfish ............................................. 164Wide-eyed flounder .................................................... 46wittei, Microchirus .................................................. 109Worm eels .................................................................... 4Wormfishes ................................................................ 31Wrasses ..................................................................... 29Wreckfish ................................................................. 106Wrinkled swimcrab ................................................... 188
XXANTHIDAE ............................................................ 189
Xenobuglossus elongatus ......................................... 111XENOCONGRIDAE ...................................................... 5 Xenogramma carinatum ............................................. 67 Xesurus biafraensis .................................................... 39 Xiphias gladius ....................................................... 128XIPHIIDAE .......................................................... 34,128 Xyrichthys novacula ................................................. 77 Xyrichthys psittacus .................................................... 77
YYellow box crab ...................................................... 182Yellow sea chub ....................................................... 75Yellowfin tuna ......................................................... 100Yellowtail sardinella .................................................. 58
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ZZanobatus schoenleinii ...........................................154Zebra seabrearn ........................................................ 115Zebra tilefish ................................................................48ZEIDAE ................................................................. 13,129Zenion hololepis ........................................................14ZENIONTIDAE .............................................................14
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Zeniontids .....................................................................14Zenopsis conchifer ................................................... 129Zeus conchifer ............................................................. 129Zeus faber .................................................................. 129
Zeus ocellatus ............................................................. 129Zorro ........................................................................... 137Zorra ojón ....................................................................137zygaena, Sphyrna ...................................................... 147
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LIST OF COLOUR PLATES
PLATE I
ACANTHURIDAE 1 Acanthurus monroviae 230 mm SL* Photo: G. Bianchi
BALISTIDAE 2 Balistes capriscus Photo: M. Bellemans
3 Balistes punctatus Photo: M. BellemansBOTHIDAE 4 Bothus podas africanus Photo: M. Bellemans
BRANCHIOSTEGIDAE 5 Branchiostegus semifasciatus Photo: M. Bellemans
CARANGIDAE 6 Alectis alexandrinus (juvenile) 230 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
7 Alectis alexandrinus (adult) Photo: M. Bellemans
8 Campogramma glaycos Photo: M. Bellemans
CARANGIDAE 9
PLATE Il
Caranx crysos Photo: M. Bellemans
10 Caranx hippos Photo: G. Bianchi
11 Caranx senegallus Photo: M. Bellemans
12 Decapterus punctatus 125 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi13 Decapterus rhonchus 305 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
14 Lichia amia Photo: M. Bellemans
15 Selene dorsalis 160 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
16 Seriola carpenteri 325 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
CARANGIDAE 17
PLATE III
Trachinotus goreensis Photo: M. Bellemans
18 Trachinotus ovatus Photo: M. Bellemans
19 Trachinotus teraia 300 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
20 Trachurus trecae 150 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
21 Uraspis helvola Photo: M. Bellemans
CENTRACANTHIDAE 22 Spicara alta 210 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
23 Spicara alta (protracted mouth) Photo: M_ Bellemans
CLUPEIDAE 24 Ethmalosa fimbriata Photo: M. Bellemans
CLUPEIDAE 25
PLATE IV
Sardinella aurita 125 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi26 Sardinella maderensis 190 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
CYNOGLOSSIDAE 27 Cynoglossus monodi Photo: M. Bellemans
DREPANIDAE 28 Drepane africana Photo: W. Schneider
ECHENEIDAE 29 Echeneis naucrates Photo: M. Bellemans
ELOPIDAE 30 Elops lacerta 330 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
EMMELICHTHYIDAE 31 Erythrocles monodi Photo: M. Bellemans
EPHIPPIDAE 32 Chaetodipterus goreensis 120 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
FISTULARIIDAE 33
PLATE V
Fistularia tabacaria Photo: M Bellemans
HAEMULIDAE 34 Brachydeuterus auritus 125 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
35 Parapristipoma octolineatum Photo: M. Bellemans
36 Plectorhynchus macrolepis Photo: M. Bellemans
37 Plectorhynchus mediterraneus Photo: M. Bellemans
38 Pomadasys incisus 240 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
39 Pomadasys jubelini 275 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
40 Pomadasys rogerii 175 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
---------------------------------------------------* SL = Standard length
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PLATE VI
HEMIRAMPHIDAE 41 Hemiramphus brasiliensis Photo: M. Bellemans
HOLOCENTRIDAE 42 Sargocentron hastatus Photo: M. Bellemans
LABRIDAE 43 Bodianus speciosus 360 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
44 Coris julis Photo: M. Bellemans
LOBOTIDAE 45 Lobotes surinamensis 480 mm TL* Photo: G. Bianchi
LUTJANIDAE 46 Apsilus fuscus 180 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
47 Lutjanus agennes 340 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
LUTJANIDAE 48
PLATE VII
Lutjanus dentatus Photo: M. Bellemans49 Lutjanus fulgens Photo: M. Bellemans
50 Lutjanus goreensis Photo: G. Bianchi
MONODACTYLIDAE 51 Psettias sebae Photo: M. Bellemans
MUGILIDAE 52 Mugil cephalus 254 mm SL Photo: J.E. Randall
MULLIDAE 53 Pseudupeneus prayensis Photo: M. Bellemans
MURAENIDAE 54 Muraena helena Photo: M. Bellemans
55 Muraena melanotis Photo: M. Bellemans
MURAENIDAE 56
PLATE VIII
Muraena robusta Photo: M. Bellemans
OPHIDIIDAE 57 Brotula barbata Photo: M. Bellemans
POLYNEMIDAE 58 Galeoides decadactylus Photo: M. Bellemans
59 Pentanemus quinquarius 195 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
POMATOMIDAE 60 Pomatomus saltatrix Photo: M. Bellemans
PRIACANTHIDAE 61 Priacanthus arenatus Photo: M. Bellemans
PSETTODIDAE 62 Psettodes belcheri 250 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
SCARIDAE 63 Scarus hoefleri Photo: M. Bellemans
SCIAENIDAE 64
PLATE IX
Pseudotolithus elongatus 335 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
65 Pseudotolithus senegalensis 335 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
66 Pseudotolithus typus 285 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
67 Umbrina canariensis Photo: G. Bianchi
68 Umbrina steindachneri Photo: M. Bellemans
SCOMBRIDAE 69 Auxis thazard 401 mm FL** Photo: J.E. Randall70 Euthynnus alletteratus Photo: M. Bellemans
71 Sarda sarda 550 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
SCOMBRIDAE 72
PLATE X
Scomber japonicus Photo: M. Bellemans
73 Scomberomorus tritor 420 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
SCORPAENIDAE 74 Pontinus kuhlii Photo: M. Bellemans
75 Scorpaena angolensis Photo: M. Bellemans
SERRANIDAE 76 Anthias anthias, male Photo: W. Schneider
77 Cephalopholis taeniops Photo: M. Bellemans
SERRANIDAE 78 Epinephelus aeneus 450 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi79 Epinephelus costae Photo: M. Bellemans
* TL = Total length** FL = Fork length
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PLATE XI
SERRANIDAE 80 Epinephelus goreensis Photo: M. Bellemans
81 Epinephelus haifensis Photo: W. Schneider
82 Epinephelus marginatus Photo: M. Bellemans
83 Mycteroperca rubra Photo: M. Bellemans84 Serranus cabrilla Photo: M. Bellemans
SOLEIDAE 85 Dicologoglossa hexophthalma Photo: W. Schneider
86 Pegusa lascaris Photo: W. Schneider
SPARIDAE 87
PLATE XII
Bop bop 180 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
88 Dentex angolensis 175 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
89 Dentex canariensis Photo: G. Bianchi
90 Dentex congoensis Photo: M. Bellemans
91 Dentex gibbosus 250 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
92 Dentex macrophthalmus 305 mm SL Photo: M. Bellemans
SPARIDAE 93
PLATE XIII
Dentex maroccanus 215 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
94 Diplodus bellottii Watercolour: P. Lastrico
95 Diplodus cervinus cervinus 300 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
96 Diplodus puntazzo 360 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
97 Diplodus sargus cadenati 265 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
SPARIDAE 98
PLATE XIV
Diplodus vulgaris 260 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
99 Lithognathus mormyrus 205 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
100 Oblada melanura 155 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
101 Pagellus acarne 120 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
102 Pagellus bellottii 230 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
SPARIDAE 103
PLATE XV
Pagrus auriga 235 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
104 Pagrus caeruleostictus 570 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
105 Sarpa salpa Photo: M. Bellemans
106 Spondyliosoma cantharus Photo: M. BellemansSTROMATEIDAE 107 Stromateus fiatola Photo: M. Bellemans
SYNODONTIDAE 108 Trachinocephalus myops Photo: M. Bellemans
TETRAODONTIDAE 109
PLATE XVI
Lagocephalus laevigatus 150 mm SL Photo: G. Bianchi
TRACHINIDAE 110 Trachinus armatus Photo: W. Schneider
111 Trachinus pellegrini Photo: M. Bellemans
TRIGLIDAE 112 Chelidonichthys lastoviza Photo: M. Bellemans
ZEIDAE 113 Zenopsis conchifer Photo: G. Bianchi
114 Zeus faber Photo: M. Bellemans
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PLATE I
(1) ACANTHURIDAE: Acanthurus monroviae 230 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
(3) BALISTIDAE: Balistes punctatus(Ph.: Bellemans)
(5) BRANCHIOSTEGIDAE: Branchiostegus semifasciatus(Ph.: Bellemans)
(7) CARANGIDAE: Alectis alexandrinus (adult)(Ph.: Bellemans)
(2) BALISTIDAE: Balistes capriscus(Ph.: Bellemans)
(4) BOTHIDAE: Bothus podas africanus(Ph.: Bellemans)
(6) CARANGIDAE: Alectis alexandrinus (juvenile)230 mm SL (Ph.: Bianchi)
(8) CARANGIDAE: Campogramma glaycos(Ph.: Bellemans)
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PLATE Il
(9) CARANGIDAE: Caranx crysos(Ph.: Bellemans)
(11) CARANGIDAE: Caranx senegallus(Ph : Bellemans)
(13) CARANGIDAE: Decapterus rhonchus 305 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
(15) CARANGIDAE: Selene dorsalis 160 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
(10) CARANGIDAE: Caranx hippos(Ph.: Bianchi)
(12) CARANGIDAE: Decapterus punctatus 125 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
(14) CARANGIDAE: Lichia amia(Ph.: Bellemans)
(16) CARANGIDAE: Seriola carpenteri 325 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
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PLATE III
(17) CARANGIDAE: Trachinotus goreensis(Ph.: Bellemans)
(19) CARANGIDAE: Trachinotus teraia 300 mm SL(Ph: Bianchi)
(21) CARANGIDAE: Uraspis helvol a(Ph.: Bellemans)
(23) CENTRACANTHIDAE: Spicara alta (protracted mouth)(Ph.: Bellemans)
(18) CARANGIDAE: Trachinotus ovatus(Ph.: Bellemans)
(20) CARANGIDAE Trachurus trecae 150 mm SL(Ph : Bianchi)
(22) CENTRACANTHIDAE: Spicara alta 210 mm SL (Ph.: Bianchi)
(24) CLUPEIDAE: Ethmalosa fimbriata(Ph.: Bellemans)
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PLATE IV
(25) CLUPEIDAE: Sardinella aurita 125 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
(27) CYNOGLOSSIDAE: Cynoglossus monodi (Ph.: Bellemans)
(29) ECHENEIDAE : Echeneis naucrates(Ph.: Bellemans)
(31) EMMELICHTHYIDAE: Erythrocles monodi (Ph.: Bellemans)
(26) CLUPEIDAE: Sardinella maderensis 190 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
(28) DREPANIDAE: Drepane africana(Ph.: W. Schneider)
(30) ELOPIDAE: Elops lacerta 300 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
(32) EPHIPPIDAE: Chaetodipterus goreensis 120 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
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PLATE V
(33) FISTULARIIDAE: Fistularia tabacaria(Ph.: Bellemans)
(35) HAEMULIDAE: Parapristipoma octolineatum(Ph.: Bellemans)
(37) HAEMULIDAE: Plectorhynchus mediterraneus(Ph.: Bellemans)
(39) HAEMULIDAE: Pomadasys jubelini 275 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
(34) HAEMULIDAE: Brachydeuterus auritus 125 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
(36) HAEMULIDAE: Plectorhynchus macrolepis(Ph.: Bellemans)
(38) HAEMULIDAE: Pomadasys incisus 240 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
(40) HAEMULIDAE: Pomadasys rogerii 175 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
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PLATE VI
(41) HEMIRAMPHIDAE: Hemiramphus brasiliensis(Ph.: Bellemans)
(43) LABRIDAE: Bodianus speciosus 360 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
(42) HOLOCENTRIDAE: Sargocentron hastatus(Ph.: Bellemans)
(44) LABRIDAE: Coris julis(Ph.: Bellemans)
(45) LOBOTIDAE: Lobotes surinamensis 480 mm TL(Ph.: Bianchi)
(46) LUTJANIDAE: Apsilus fuscus 180 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
(47) LUTJANIDAE: Lutjanus agennes 340 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
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PLATE VII
(48) LUTJANIDAE: Lutjanus dentatus(Ph.: Bellemans)
(50) LUTJANIDAE: Lutjanus goreensis(Ph.: Bianchi)
(52) MUGILIGAE: Mugil cephalus 254 mm SL(Ph.: Randall)
(54) MURAENIDAE: Muraena helena(Ph.: Bellemans)
(49) LUTJANIDAE: Lutjanus fulgens(Ph.: Bellemans)
(51) MONODACTYLIDAE: Psettias sebae(Ph.: Bellemans)
(53) MULLIDAE: Pseudupeneus prayensis(Ph.: Bellemans)
(55) MURAENIDAE: Muraena melanotis(Ph.: Bellemans)
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PLATE VIII
(56) MURAENIDAE: Muraena robusta(Ph.: Bellemans)
(58) POLYNEMIDAE: Galeoides decadactylus(Ph.: Bellemans)
(60) POMATOMIDAE: Pomatomus saltatrix (Ph.: Bellemans)
(62) PSETTODIDAE: Psettodes belcheri 250 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
(57) OPHIDIIDAE: Brotula barbata (Ph.: Bellemans)
(59) POLYNEMIDAE: Pentanemus quinquarius 195 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
(61) PRIACANTHIDAE: Priacanthus arenatus(Ph.: Bellemans)
(63) SCARIDAE: Scarus hoefleri (Ph.: Bellemans)
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PLATE IX
(64) SCIAENIDAE: Pseudotolithus elongatus
335 mm SL (Ph.: Bianchi)
(66) SCIAENIDAE: Pseudotolithus typus 285 mm SL
(Ph.: Bianchi)
(68) SCIAENIDAE: Umbrina steindachneri
(Ph.: Bellemans)
(70) SCOMBRIDAE: Euthynnus alletteratus
(Ph.: Bellemans)
(65) SCIAENIDAE: Pseudotolithus senegalensis
335 mm SL (Ph.: Bianchi)
(67) SCIAENIDAE: Umbrina canariensis
(Ph.: Bianchi)
(69) SCOMBRIDAE: Auxis thazard 401 mm FL
(Ph.: Randall)
(71) SCOMBRIDAE: Sarda sarda 550 mm SL
(Ph.: Bianchi)
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PLATE X
(72) SCOMBRIDAE: Scomber japonicus(Ph.: Bellemans)
(74) SCORPAENIDAE: Pontinus kuhlii (Ph.: Bellemans)
(76) SERRANIDAE: Anthias anthias, male(Ph.: W. Schneider)
(78) SERRANIDAE: Epinephelus aeneus 450 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
(73) SCOMBRIDAE: Scomberomorus tritor 420 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
(75) SCORPAENIDAE: Scorpaena angolensis(Ph.: Bellemans)
(77) SERRANIDAE: Cephalopholis taeniops(Ph.: Bellemans)
(79) SERRANIDAE: Epinephelus costae(Ph.: Bellemans)
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(86) SOLEIDAE: Pegusa lascaris
(Ph.: W. Schneider)
PLATE XI
(80) SERRANIDAE: Epinepheuls goreensis(Ph.: Bellemans)
(82) SERRANIDAE: Epinephelus marginatus(Ph.: Bellemans)
(84) SERRANIDAE: Serranus cabrilla(Ph.: Bellemans)
(81) SERRANIDAE: Epinephelus haifensis(Ph.: W. Schneider)
(83) SERRANIDAE: Mycteroperca rubra(Ph.: Bellemans)
(85) SOLEIDAE: Dicologoglossa hexophthalma(Ph.: W. Schneider)
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PLATE XII
(92) SPARIDAE: Dentex macrophthalmus 305 mm SL(Ph.: Bellemans)
(87) SPARIDAE: Boops boops 180 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
(88) SPARIDAE: Dentex angolensis 175 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
(90) SPARIDAE: Dentex congoensis(Ph.: Bellemans)
(89) SPARIDAE: Dentex canariensis(Ph.: Bianchi)
(91) SPARIDAE: Dentex gibbosus 250 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
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(97) SPARIDAE: Diplodus sargus cadenati 265 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
PLATE XIII
(93) SPARIDAE: Dentex maroccanus 215 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
(95) SPARIDAE: Diplodus cervinus cervinus300 mm SL (Ph.: Bianchi)
(94) SPARIDAE: Diplodus bellottii (Watercolour: Lastrico)
(96) SPARIDAE: Diplodus puntazzo360 mm SL (Ph.: Bianchi)
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8/20/2019 Peces, Moluscos, Decápodos, Tortugas Del Golfo de Guinea
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(102) SPARIDAE: Pagulus bellottii 230 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
PLATE XIV
(98) SPARIDAE: Diplodus vulgaris 260 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
(100) SPARIDAE: Oblada melanura
155 mm SL (Ph.: Bianchi)
(99) SPARIDAE: Lithognathus mormyrus
205 mm SL (Ph.: Bianchi)
(101) SPARIDAE: Pagellus acarne
120 mm SL (Ph.: Bianchi)
8/20/2019 Peces, Moluscos, Decápodos, Tortugas Del Golfo de Guinea
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PLATE XV
(103) SPARIDAE: Pagrus auriga 235 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
(105) SPARIDAE: Sarpa salpa(Ph.: Bellemans)
(107) STROMATEIDAE: Stromateus fiatola(Ph.: Bellemans)
(104) SPARIDAE: Pagrus caeruleostictus 570 mm SL(Ph.: Bianchi)
(106) SPARIDAE: Spondyliosoma cantharus(Ph.: Bellemans)
(108) SYNODONTIDAE: Trachinocephalus myops(Ph.: Bellemans)