Pedestrian Safety Pedestrian Safety Enforcement:Enforcement:The Maryland The Maryland
ExperienceExperience
George BranyanGeorge Branyan
Pedestrian & Special Programs Pedestrian & Special Programs CoordinatorCoordinator
SHA-MHSOSHA-MHSO
Pro Walk/Pro Bike September
8, 2004
Maryland Pedestrian Maryland Pedestrian Crash Data (5-year Crash Data (5-year
average, 1999-2003)average, 1999-2003) 109 fatalities (119 in 2003)109 fatalities (119 in 2003) 17% of total traffic fatalities17% of total traffic fatalities MD ranks 13MD ranks 13thth for fatalities in the US for fatalities in the US
(per population)(per population) 2887 injuries2887 injuries 84% of all crashes and 73% of fatal 84% of all crashes and 73% of fatal
crashes occur in the 5 most populous crashes occur in the 5 most populous jurisdictionsjurisdictions
6% of crashes involve the elderly, but 6% of crashes involve the elderly, but they account for 16% of all fatal they account for 16% of all fatal crashescrashes
Maryland Pedestrian Maryland Pedestrian Crash Data (5-year Crash Data (5-year
average, 1999-2003)average, 1999-2003) 53% of all crashes and 70% of fatal 53% of all crashes and 70% of fatal
crashes occur from 4 pm to 4 amcrashes occur from 4 pm to 4 am 28% of fatalities involve alcohol on 28% of fatalities involve alcohol on
the part of the pedestrian and 8% on the part of the pedestrian and 8% on the part of the driver, but…the part of the driver, but…
57% of fatalities occur on US/State 57% of fatalities occur on US/State RoadsRoads
55% of all crashes and 72% of 55% of all crashes and 72% of fatalities occur not in a crosswalkfatalities occur not in a crosswalk
39% of all crashes and 54% of 39% of all crashes and 54% of fatalities occur not at an intersectionfatalities occur not at an intersection
At Fault Pedestrian, At Fault Pedestrian, Cyclist, and Driver Crash Cyclist, and Driver Crash
DataDataMontgomery County Traffic Collisions Involving Pedestrians for January - December 2002by Percentage At Fault and Unit Type
Bicyclist7.2%
Pedestrian32.6%
Unknown8.1%
Driver41.3%
Other4.3%
Both6.4%
Parked 0.2%
TOTAL PEDESTRIAN COLLISIONS 470
Pedestrians cross where they cross Pedestrians cross where they cross for a REASONfor a REASON
Pedestrians often cross mid-block Pedestrians often cross mid-block because intersections seem because intersections seem threateningthreatening
Real-World Pedestrian Real-World Pedestrian ProblemsProblems
Challenging Suburban Challenging Suburban EnvironmentsEnvironments
Many suburban roads in the state have high pedestrian volumes, high vehicle speeds, and long distances between signalized intersections.
MD 193 between MD 650 & MD 212
MD 650 at Langley Park
What Works in What Works in Pedestrian Safety Pedestrian Safety
Enforcement?Enforcement? The Crosswalk must have meaning The Crosswalk must have meaning
for both drivers and pedestrians.for both drivers and pedestrians. Target the DRIVER as well as the Target the DRIVER as well as the
pedestrian.pedestrian. Seattle PD gave 500,000 jaywalking Seattle PD gave 500,000 jaywalking
tickets and found few safety gains, but tickets and found few safety gains, but dramatic public resentment.dramatic public resentment.
Success achieved when strategy changed Success achieved when strategy changed to focus on driver as well as pedestrian to focus on driver as well as pedestrian behavior and roadway/crosswalk design.behavior and roadway/crosswalk design.
Pedestrian Enforcement Pedestrian Enforcement IssuesIssues
Peer PressurePeer Pressure – “Ped violations aren’t – “Ped violations aren’t real crimes, it’s not real crimes, it’s not realreal police work.” police work.”
Social PressureSocial Pressure – Questions from the – Questions from the public, “Why aren’t you out catching public, “Why aren’t you out catching robbers and murderers?”robbers and murderers?”
Police AdministrationPolice Administration – “My Chief (Lt. , – “My Chief (Lt. , Sgt., etc.) doesn’t want me to do it.”Sgt., etc.) doesn’t want me to do it.”
CourtsCourts – “My calendar is crammed and – “My calendar is crammed and you bring me this petty matter?”you bring me this petty matter?”
FinesFines – Fines may be too high or too – Fines may be too high or too low. May require a “must appear.”low. May require a “must appear.”
1990 NHTSA report on pedestrian 1990 NHTSA report on pedestrian enforcement found many reasons enforcement found many reasons given by police for not enforcing given by police for not enforcing pedestrian safety laws: pedestrian safety laws:
Importance of the third Importance of the third “E” Enforcement“E” Enforcement
The Need for Police Enforcement: The Need for Police Enforcement: Un-enforced laws will be ignoredUn-enforced laws will be ignored Enforcement gives credibility to Enforcement gives credibility to
engineering and education engineering and education interventionsinterventions
Increases driver awarenessIncreases driver awareness Increases compliance and saves livesIncreases compliance and saves lives Enhances “walkability” of Enhances “walkability” of
communitiescommunities
Impact of Crosswalk Impact of Crosswalk EnforcementEnforcement
Washington State conducted a before-during-after multiple comparison study of targeted crosswalk enforcement (2003).
T A R G E T E D P E D E S T R I A N E N F O R C E M E N T S T U D Y
C I T Y T Y P E O F S I T E S T U D Y P H A S E
N OF DR
N OF SI
P E R C E N T S T O P F O R
P E D
4 0 .4 %
5 9 .6 %
6 5 .5 %
4 9 .3 %
6 3 .1 %
7 4 .4 %
2 6 .4 %
3 1 .7 %
1 9 .7 %
C O N T R O L
B E F O R E
E N F O R C E M E N T D U R I N G
A F T E R
P E R C E N T O F D R IV E R S S T O P P IN G
O L Y M P I A C O N T R O L
B E F O R E
D U R I N G
A F T E R
B E L L I N G H A MA F T E R
D U R I N G
B E F O R E
Maryland Pedestrian Maryland Pedestrian Safety Enforcement Safety Enforcement
InitiativeInitiative Multi-Jurisdictional: Multi-Jurisdictional: Overtime highway Overtime highway safety grant funds safety grant funds in 10 jurisdictions in 10 jurisdictions ($200,000)($200,000)
Created in 2002Created in 2002 Training workshops Training workshops
and recognition eventsand recognition events Educational materials, Educational materials,
law card, warning law card, warning ticketstickets
Encourage publicity Encourage publicity about enforcement – about enforcement – it’s the best educationit’s the best education
Balanced enforcement Balanced enforcement
Dan Burden & John Moffat
Enforcement ResourcesEnforcement Resources Enforcement Enforcement
Program ManualProgram Manual How to set up How to set up
crosswalk and crosswalk and intersection intersection enforcementenforcement
How to How to effectively effectively enforce laws on enforce laws on pedestrianspedestrians
Resources & Resources & training training materialsmaterials
Contact the Contact the “experts” “experts” sectionsection
Maryland Pedestrian Safety Law
Enforcement Initiative
Program Manual
Maryland Highway Safety Office
State Highway Administration M
aryland Pedestrian Enforcement Program
Manual
Enforcement ResourcesEnforcement Resources Crosswalk Law CardCrosswalk Law Card
See reverse side for explanation of laws.
Maryland Pedestrian Safety Law for Drivers
Maryland Highway Safety Office State Highway Administration
7491 Connelley Drive Hanover, MD 21076
Telephone: (410) 582-5578 Toll Free: (888) 963-0307
At crosswalks without signals, the driver of a vehicle must stop for a pedestrian when:
the pedestrian is on the half of the roadway on which the vehicle is traveling.
the pedestrian is approaching from an adjacent lane on the other half of the roadway.
Fine: Up to $500 and/or up to 2 months in jail. One Point. Must Appear in Court.
At intersections or crosswalks with signals:
drivers proceeding on a green signal, including drivers turning right or left, shall yield the right-of-way to pedestri-ans lawfully within the adjacent crosswalk.
Fine: $75. One Point.
Maryland Pedestrian Safety Law for Drivers
(§ 21-502 (a)(2))
(§ 21-202 (c) & (d))
PEDESTRIAN WARNING
DID UNLAWFULLY VIOLATE:
21-202(l) Failure to obey red traffic signal Pedestrian facing a steady red traffic signal alone
may not enter the roadway. Penalty: $35 or up to $500.00. 21-203(b) Failure to obey pedestrian control signal Pedestrian may not start to cross the roadway in
the direction of a solid “don’t walk” or “upraised hand” signal.
Penalty: $35 or up to $500.00. 21-503(a) Failure to yield right-of-way to vehicle If a pedestrian crosses a roadway at any point other than in a marked crosswalk or in an unmarked crosswalk at an intersection, the pedestrian shall yield the right-of-way to any vehicle. Penalty: $35 or up to $500.00. 21-503(c) Failure to cross at signalized intersection Between adjacent intersections at which a traffic control signal is in operation, a pedestrian may cross only in a marked crosswalk. Penalty: $35 or up to $500.00. 21-503(d) Crossing intersection diagonally Pedestrian may not cross an intersection diagonally
unless authorized by a traffic control device. Penalty: $35 or up to $500.00. 21-506(a,b) Pedestrian unlawfully on roadway Where a sidewalk is provided, a pedestrian may not
walk along and on an adjacent roadway. Where no sidewalk is provided, a pedestrian may walk only on the left shoulder or on the left side of the roadway, facing traffic.
Penalty: $35 or up to $500.00.
On average, every year more than 100 pedestrians are killed
and nearly 3,000 pedestrians are injured
in Maryland as a result of collisions with motor vehicles
Look Out for Each Other!
YOU HAVE RECEIVED A WARNING FOR FAILURE TO ABIDE BY THE MARYLAND LAW(S) INDICATED ABOVE.
THIS IS ONLY A WARNING AND WILL NOT RESULT IN ANY LEGAL ACTION.
HOWEVER, FUTHER VIOLATIONS WILL RESULT IN AN ACTUAL CITIATION BEING ISSUED.
Maryland Highway Safety Office State Highway Administration
(410) 582-5578 Toll Free: (888) 963-0307 www.marylandroads.com
DID UNLAWFULLY VIOLATE:
21-502(2) Failure to stop for pedestrian in crosswalk Driver of a vehicle shall come to a complete stop when a pedestrian
crossing the roadway in a crosswalk is: (i) on the half of the roadway on which the vehicle is traveling or (ii) approaching from an adjacent lane on the other half of the roadway.
Penalty: MA- Up to $500.00 and/ or up to 2 months in jail. 21-502(c) Passing a vehicle stopped for a pedestrian It is unlawful for a driver to pass a vehicle that is stopped for a
pedestrian either in a marked or unmarked crosswalk. Penalty: MA- Up to $500.00 and/ or up to 2 months in jail. 21-202(c) Failure to yield right-of-way when turning
on green signal Vehicles facing a circular green signal, including any vehicle turning
left or right, shall yield right-of-way to any pedestrian lawfully within an adjacent crosswalk.
Penalty: $75 or up to $500.00. One Point.
21-202(h) Failure to stop at clearly marked stop line Vehicles facing a steady circular red signal or red arrow signal shall
stop at the near side of the intersection at a clearly marked stop line, or before entering the crosswalk.
Penalty: $125 or up to $500.00. Two Points.
21-202(k) Failure to yield to pedestrian before turn on red
Vehicles facing a red signal shall, after stopping, yield the right-of-way to any pedestrian lawfully within an adjacent crosswalk.
Penalty: $75 or up to $500.00. Two Points. 21-504(a,b,c) Failure to exercise due care to avoid
hitting a pedestrian The driver of a vehicle shall exercise due care to avoid colliding
with any pedestrian, shall warn any pedestrian by sounding a horn, and shall exercise proper precaution on observing any confused or incapacitated pedestrians.
Penalty: $55 or up to $500.00. One Point. 21-801(h) Special dangers as to pedestrians The driver of a vehicle shall drive at an appropriate, reduced speed
when any special danger exists as to pedestrians. Penalty: $70 or up to $500.00. One Point.
YOU HAVE RECEIVED A WARNING FOR FAILURE TO ABIDE BY THE MARYLAND LAW(S) INDICATED ABOVE.
THIS IS ONLY A WARNING AND WILL NOT RESULT IN ANY LEGAL ACTION.
HOWEVER, FURTHER VIOLATIONS WILL RESULT IN AN ACTUAL CITIATION BEING ISSUED.
On average, every year more than 100 pedestrians are killed
and nearly 3,000 pedestrians are injured
in Maryland as a result of collisions with motor vehicles.
Look Out for Each Other!
DRIVER WARNING
Maryland Highway Safety Office State Highway Administration
(410) 582-5578 Toll Free: (888) 963-0307 www.marylandroads.com
Driver/Ped Warning TicketDriver/Ped Warning Ticket
Pedestrian Enforcement Training, Pedestrian Enforcement Training, 2002 & 20042002 & 2004
Annapolis
College Park
MD Pedestrian Safety Enforcement Initiative
Baltimore City
Greenbelt City
MD Pedestrian Safety Enforcement Initiative
Baltimore County
Pedestrian refuge island & mid-block crosswalk constructed by MD State Highway Administration
Educating Pedestrians Education of pedestrians with selective,
highly publicized education/enforcement.
C-SAFE Initiative – International Corridor, suburban Washington
13 police departments 13 police departments participatingparticipating Over 40 crosswalk Over 40 crosswalk enforcement eventsenforcement events Nearly 750 citations and 536 Nearly 750 citations and 536 warnings given to drivers at warnings given to drivers at crosswalk enforcement eventscrosswalk enforcement events 258 warnings and 748 258 warnings and 748 educational brochures given to educational brochures given to pedestrianspedestrians Over 2000 speeding citationsOver 2000 speeding citations 19 arrests, including 7 19 arrests, including 7 unlicensed drivers, 1 stolen car, unlicensed drivers, 1 stolen car, 1 DUI arrest1 DUI arrest
MD Pedestrian Safety MD Pedestrian Safety Enforcement Program Enforcement Program
Results, 2004Results, 2004
MD Pedestrian Safety Enforcement MD Pedestrian Safety Enforcement InitiativeInitiative
Montgomery County
Publicity about enforcementPublicity about enforcement
MD Pedestrian Safety Enforcement MD Pedestrian Safety Enforcement InitiativeInitiative
Publicity about enforcementPublicity about enforcement
Conducted since 2002
Washington and Baltimore metro areas
Funded by highway safety grant funds (DC, MD, VA)
Targets pedestrians & drivers
English and Spanish 4 week campaigns Survey evaluation
Enforcement-related Enforcement-related Education EffortsEducation Efforts
STREET SMART Pedestrian Safety Media Campaign
Enforcement-related Enforcement-related Education EffortsEducation Efforts
Tip Card
Interior Bus Card
Transit shelter Poster
Targeting Pedestrians
Enforcement-related Enforcement-related Education EffortsEducation Efforts
Targeting Drivers
Tip Card
Radio PSA
Bus Backs
Enforcement-related Education Enforcement-related Education EffortsEfforts
Awareness of Awareness of Enforcement, 2002Enforcement, 2002
Comparison of pre and post measurement Comparison of pre and post measurement indicates that unaided awareness of police indicates that unaided awareness of police efforts to crack down on drivers who do not efforts to crack down on drivers who do not yield to pedestrians increased 4 percentage yield to pedestrians increased 4 percentage points.points.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Pre Post
HEARD ABOUT POLICE EFFORTS TO CRACK DOWN ON DRIVERS WHO DO NOT YIELD TO PEDESTRIANS
20%24%
Awareness of Awareness of Enforcement, 2004Enforcement, 2004
2004 Baltimore campaign did not generate an 2004 Baltimore campaign did not generate an increase in unaided awareness of police efforts increase in unaided awareness of police efforts to crack down on drivers who do not yield to to crack down on drivers who do not yield to pedestrians but it was higher than in DC.pedestrians but it was higher than in DC.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Benchmark Post
% SAYING CHANCE OF GETTING TICKET IS LIKELY FOR NOT YIELDING TO PEDESTRIAN IN CROSSWALK
28% 30%
Conclusions-Conclusions-RecommendationsRecommendations
Get your state highway safety office to create Get your state highway safety office to create a pedestrian safety enforcement program!a pedestrian safety enforcement program!
Enlist partners that can help increase Enlist partners that can help increase publicity about enforcement, e.g. county publicity about enforcement, e.g. county gov’ts, police PIOs, sympathetic reporters, gov’ts, police PIOs, sympathetic reporters, etc.etc.
Good training is importantGood training is important Recognition is a must with cops!Recognition is a must with cops! Enlist partners that can help with media Enlist partners that can help with media
campaigns, such as MPOs.campaigns, such as MPOs. Remove statutory obstacles & educate the Remove statutory obstacles & educate the
judiciaryjudiciary
Pedestrian Enforcement Pedestrian Enforcement Training ResourcesTraining Resources
Walkable Communities, Inc. Walkable Communities, Inc. (www.w(www.walkable.org)alkable.org) John Moffat, former director of the John Moffat, former director of the
Washington Traffic Safety Commission. Washington Traffic Safety Commission. ([email protected])([email protected])
Dan Burden, nationally recognized expert Dan Burden, nationally recognized expert in pedestrian access and safety. in pedestrian access and safety. ([email protected])([email protected])
Center for Education & Research in Center for Education & Research in Safety (www.cers-safety.com)Safety (www.cers-safety.com) Ron Van Houten, Ph.DRon Van Houten, Ph.D J. E. Louis Malenfant, Ph.DJ. E. Louis Malenfant, Ph.D
Please contact me for Please contact me for more informationmore information
George BranyanGeorge Branyan
Pedestrian and Special Pedestrian and Special Programs CoordinatorPrograms Coordinator
Maryland Highway Safety Maryland Highway Safety OfficeOffice
410 582-5578410 582-5578
[email protected]@sha.state.md.us