PeriodVI:1865-1898Part4:Urbanization
TheLureoftheCity• Immigra'on• Conveniences,entertainments,culturalexperiences• Privatesocialspace• Offeredmoreandbe;erpayingjobs• Newformsoftransporta'on
Migrations• Youngruralwomen• Southernblacks–beginningsofTheGreatMigra'on• Newimmigrants–largestsourceofmigra'onintotheci'es
TheEthnicCity• Unprecedenteddiversity• Formedclose-knitethniccommuni'es• Re-createOldWorldintheNewWorld• Easedpainofsepara'on
AssimilationandExclusion• “Americaniza'on”• Especiallyprevalentamongsecond-genera'onimmigrants• Supportedbypublicschools,na've-bornAmericans
• Na'vism• AmericanProtec'veAssocia'on• Immigra'onRestric'onLeague
• Limita'onsofimmigra'on:• ChineseExclusionActof1882• morerigorousmedicalexamina'onsandoppressivetaxes• restric'onson“undesirables”–paupers,criminals,convicts,mentallyill
UrbanLandscape• Publicspace• i.e.CentralPark,NYC–OlmsteadandVaux• Buildings
• Housing• Well-to-do:mansions,suburbs• Workersandpoor:rented,smallspace,“tenements”
• JacobRiis:HowtheOtherHalfLives
UrbanLandscape• UrbanTransporta'on• Streetcars,elevatedrailways,cablecars,electrictrolleys,subways
• The“Skyscraper”• Buildinginnova'ons,elevatorsmadepossible• Steelgirderconstruc'on
StrainsofUrbanLife• FireandDisease• Developmentofprofessionalfiredepartments
• EnvironmentalDegrada'on• Pollu'on–airandwater• Newsewageanddrainagesystems• 1912–crea'onofPublicHealthService
StrainsofUrbanLife• UrbanPoverty• TheSalva'onArmy–1879• “streetarabs”–poorchildren
• CrimeandViolence• Resultofpovertyandcrowding• Larger,moreprofessionalpoliceforces
TheMachineandtheBoss• Poli'cal“bosses”–winvotesforhisorganiza'on• Employedtac'cstowinloyaltyofcons'tuents• Rewardedfollowerswithpatronage
• Infamousforgraaandcorrup'on• WilliamH.“Boss”Tweed–TammanyHall
ReasonsForBossRule• Powerofimmigrantvoters• Linkbetweenpoli'calorganiza'onsandthewealthy• Structuralweaknessofcitygovernments
TheRiseofMassConsumption• Middleclassculture–risingincomes• Newmerchandisingtechniques• Ready-madeclothing–fashion• Cannedfoods
• Chainstoresandmail-ordercatalogs• “FiveandTenCentStores”• WardandSearscatalogs
TheRiseofMassConsumption• Departmentstores• Macy’s,AbrahamandStraus• Arrayofproductsunderoneroof
• Womenasconsumers• Primaryconsumers• TheNa'onalConsumerLeague
LeisureintheConsumerSociety• Newconcep'onsofleisure• Newrecogni'onofvalue• Publicleisure–“goingout”
• Spectatorsports• Baseballbecomes“na'onalpas'me”-MLB• Football–college• Basketball• Boxing• Horseracing• Closelyassociatedwithgambling
LeisureandtheConsumerSociety• MusicandTheater• Ethnictheater• Vaudeville
• TheMovies(early1900s)• TheBirthofaNa4on(1915)–celebra'onoftheKKK
LeisureandtheConsumerSociety• Working-classleisure• Streetlife• Importanceofthesaloon
• TheFourthofJuly• Oneoffewfulldaysofleisure
• Privatepursuits• DimeNovels• Music–instrumentplaying
• Masscommunica'ons• Dailynewspapers• WilliamRandolphHearst,JosephPulitzer(NewYorkWorld)
HighCultureintheAgeoftheCity• “Elite”culture• SocialRealism• StephenCrane–Maggie:aGirlintheStreets• TheodoreDreiser–SisterCarrie• UptonSinclair–TheJungle
• Readingclubs
HighCultureintheAgeoftheCity• Art• AshcanSchool–portrayeddrearinessofurbanlife
• becamemreprominentinthe1900s• EdwardHopper,GeorgeBellows• Beginningsofmodernismmovement
TheImpactofDarwinism• OntheOriginofSpecies-1859• “NaturalSelec'on”• Metwidespreadresistancebymany• Becamemoreacceptedbyurbanprofessionalandeducatedclasses• Schismbetweenurbanandruralsociety
Education• Highdemandforeduca'on• Spreadoffreepublicprimaryandsecondaryschooling• Indianschools–“killtheIndian,savetheman”
• Collegesanduniversi'es–MorrillLandGrant-1890• Women’sColleges