Permaculture: Appropriate
Structures & Passive Solar
Design
Permaculture: Appropriate
Structures & Passive Solar
DesignKevin BayukKevin Bayuk
Presentation ObjectivesPresentation Objectives
What form of structure is appropriate?
What is Passive Solar Design
What principles are applied? Different approaches
Tropics, vs. Temperate, vs, Drylands
Calculations
What form of structure is appropriate?
What is Passive Solar Design
What principles are applied? Different approaches
Tropics, vs. Temperate, vs, Drylands
Calculations
What is Appropriate?What is Appropriate?
DesignPlacement in the landscape
FormMaterials
DesignPlacement in the landscape
FormMaterials
Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place
Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place
Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place
Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place
Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place
Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place
Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place
Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place
Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place
Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place
Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place
Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place
Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place
Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place
Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place
Principles & Strategies Appropriate to Place
Tropics and Sub-TropicsTropics and Sub-Tropics Orient to prevailing winds, not the sun Shaded valleys optimal Materials – light, even permeable to wind Mind flooding and plan for hurricane areas Mind insects
Screens, Stilts allow ground birds access to termites Temperature control
Humidity control Shade Cool air currents
Attached shade house White surfaces in and out Remove heat sources
Semi-detached kitchen?
Orient to prevailing winds, not the sun Shaded valleys optimal Materials – light, even permeable to wind Mind flooding and plan for hurricane areas Mind insects
Screens, Stilts allow ground birds access to termites Temperature control
Humidity control Shade Cool air currents
Attached shade house White surfaces in and out Remove heat sources
Semi-detached kitchen?
DrylandsDrylands Passive solar, summer cooling, winter (night)
warming Cool interior courtyards narrow and tall for shade White surfaces, small windows Towers for ventilation Cooking outdoors under trellis Underground Vines on walls if possible Homes as shade for gardens
Passive solar, summer cooling, winter (night) warming
Cool interior courtyards narrow and tall for shade White surfaces, small windows Towers for ventilation Cooking outdoors under trellis Underground Vines on walls if possible Homes as shade for gardens
TemperateTemperate
Space and Water Heating Passive solar design
Settlement on thermal belt Close housing 2-4 floors Dense windbreaks poleward Materials, dense earth or wood
Vegetation (attached to masonry, out from wood) for insulation
Stepped housing Insulated ceiling
Space and Water Heating Passive solar design
Settlement on thermal belt Close housing 2-4 floors Dense windbreaks poleward Materials, dense earth or wood
Vegetation (attached to masonry, out from wood) for insulation
Stepped housing Insulated ceiling
Passive Solar DesignPassive Solar Design
Designing
a building to work with the sun
Designing
a building to work with the sun
There is a type of solar energy that uses no equipment at all. This is called Passive Solar, and it uses the basic structural elements of a building, careful site selection and home planning, and various homebuilding strategies to keep buildings comfortable at very low energy cost. It also incorporates energy-efficiency features.
There is a type of solar energy that uses no equipment at all. This is called Passive Solar, and it uses the basic structural elements of a building, careful site selection and home planning, and various homebuilding strategies to keep buildings comfortable at very low energy cost. It also incorporates energy-efficiency features.
Looking at the Whole Structure:
Looking at the Whole Structure:
WHOLE HOUSE APPROACH: ENERGY EFFICIENCY
LIGHTINGAPPLIANCES
INSULATION AIR INFILTRATION HVAC PLUMBING FIXTURES
WHOLE HOUSE APPROACH: ENERGY EFFICIENCY
LIGHTINGAPPLIANCES
INSULATION AIR INFILTRATION HVAC PLUMBING FIXTURES
U.S. Department of Energy: http://www.eere.energy.gov/buildings/info/homes/
The principles of passive solar are nothing new. More than 2500 years ago in ancient Greece, entire cities were
built to take advantage of the sun and the climate. Buildings were designed to take advantage of
daylighting, ventilation and other good design practices.
The principles of passive solar are nothing new. More than 2500 years ago in ancient Greece, entire cities were
built to take advantage of the sun and the climate. Buildings were designed to take advantage of
daylighting, ventilation and other good design practices.
In the U.S., drawings and photographs of the cliff dwellings of the American Indians and the sod homes of
the early pioneers show the popularity – and the necessity – of building homes to respond to the
environment.
In the U.S., drawings and photographs of the cliff dwellings of the American Indians and the sod homes of
the early pioneers show the popularity – and the necessity – of building homes to respond to the
environment.
Natural ConditioningNatural Conditioning PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING PASSIVE COOLING DAYLIGHTING NATURAL VENTILATION
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING PASSIVE COOLING DAYLIGHTING NATURAL VENTILATION
Passive solar designs include open areas with walls that absorb heat during the day and
release it at night – into the home in winter and out of the home in summer.
Passive solar designs include open areas with walls that absorb heat during the day and
release it at night – into the home in winter and out of the home in summer.
Large windows take advantage of the winter sun, but blinds and drapes keep the home cooler in summer.
Windows let daylight in, and operable windows let the occupants control the flow of natural ventilation.
Large windows take advantage of the winter sun, but blinds and drapes keep the home cooler in summer.
Windows let daylight in, and operable windows let the occupants control the flow of natural ventilation.
Sunspaces give homeowners bright greenhouse-style rooms that are very
comfortable in cold weather.
Sunspaces give homeowners bright greenhouse-style rooms that are very
comfortable in cold weather.
Know the siteKnow the site
SOUTHERN EXPOSURE VEGETATION LOCAL CLIMATE
PREVAILING WINDS
VIEW/ PRIVACY ADJACENT PROPERTIES/
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
SOUTHERN EXPOSURE VEGETATION LOCAL CLIMATE
PREVAILING WINDS
VIEW/ PRIVACY ADJACENT PROPERTIES/
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT
NCDC Online Document Library, Publications: http://www5.ncdc.noaa.gov/pubs/publications.html#CD
Know the Sun!Know the Sun!
SUNRISE/ SUNSET
ALTITUDE ANGLE
SOLSTICES AND EQUINOXES
ALL SEASONS OBSERVATION
SUNRISE/ SUNSET
ALTITUDE ANGLE
SOLSTICES AND EQUINOXES
ALL SEASONS OBSERVATION
Sustainable by Design: http://www.susdesign.com/design-tools.html
Altitude AngleAltitude AngleThe altitude angle (sometimes referred to as the "solar elevation angle") describes how high the sun appears in the sky. The angle is measured between an imaginary line between the observer and the sun and the horizontal plane the observer is standing on. The altitude angle is negative when the sun drops below the horizon. (In this graphic, replace "N" with "S" for observers in the Southern Hemisphere.
The altitude angle is calculated as follows: sin (Al) = [cos (L) * cos (D) * cos (H)] + [sin (L) * sin (D)] where: Al = Solar altitude angle L = Latitude (negative for Southern Hemisphere) D = Declination (negative for Southern Hemisphere) H = Hour angle
Azimuth AngleAzimuth Angle
The solar azimuth angle is the angular distance between due South (see note below) and the projection of the line of sight to the sun on the ground. A positive solar azimuth angle indicates a position East of South, and a negative azimuth angle indicates West of South.
The azimuth angle is calculated as follows: cos (Az) = (sin (Al) * sin (L) - sin (D)) / (cos (Al) * cos (L)) where: Az = Solar azimuth angle Al = Solar altitude angle L = Latitude (negative for Southern Hemisphere) D = Declination (negative for Southern Hemisphere)
Design the SystemDesign the System COLLECTION ABSORBTION/ STORAGE DISTRIBUTION CONTROLS
COLLECTION ABSORBTION/ STORAGE DISTRIBUTION CONTROLS
COLLECTORS (i.e. windows)
COLLECTORS (i.e. windows)
OPTIMAL SIZING
SOUTH VS. EAST AND WEST
TYPES FRAME SEALING GLAZING
OPTIMAL SIZING
SOUTH VS. EAST AND WEST
TYPES FRAME SEALING GLAZING
GLAZING, GLAZING, GLAZING …
GLAZING, GLAZING, GLAZING …
SINGLE, DOUBLE, OR TRIPLE
INERT GASES LOW-E HARD COAT
VS. SOFT COAT
POLYESTER FILMS
SPACERS
SINGLE, DOUBLE, OR TRIPLE
INERT GASES LOW-E HARD COAT
VS. SOFT COAT
POLYESTER FILMS
SPACERS
Energy Savers: Advances in Glazing Materials for Windows: http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumerinfo/factsheets/windows.html
ABSORBTION/ STORAGEABSORBTION/ STORAGE
SURFACES COLOR PLACEMENT
THERMAL MASS MATERIALS PLACEMENT DISTRIBUTION MASS TO GLASS COVERINGS
SURFACES COLOR PLACEMENT
THERMAL MASS MATERIALS PLACEMENT DISTRIBUTION MASS TO GLASS COVERINGS
DISTRIBUTIONDISTRIBUTION
NATURAL RADIATION CONVECTION CONDUCTION
MECHANICAL VENTS FANS BLOWERS
NATURAL RADIATION CONVECTION CONDUCTION
MECHANICAL VENTS FANS BLOWERS
CONTROLSCONTROLS
SHADING OVERHANGS EXTERIOR INTERIOR LANDSCAPING
Grapes Kiwis
REFLECTING INSULATING
SHADING OVERHANGS EXTERIOR INTERIOR LANDSCAPING
Grapes Kiwis
REFLECTING INSULATING
CONTROLS (CONT.)CONTROLS (CONT.)
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING SYSTEMS
PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING SYSTEMS
SOLAR TEMPERING
DIRECT GAIN INDIRECT GAIN ISOLATED GAIN
SOLAR TEMPERING
DIRECT GAIN INDIRECT GAIN ISOLATED GAIN
SOLAR TEMPERINGSOLAR TEMPERING
INCIDENTAL MASS
DO NOT OVERGLAZE
LOW-COST
INCIDENTAL MASS
DO NOT OVERGLAZE
LOW-COST
DIRECT GAINDIRECT GAIN
COLLECTORS UP TO 12%
FLOOR AREA TO GLAZING
SKYLIGHTS
CONTROLS: SHADING INSULATING REFLECTING
COLLECTORS UP TO 12%
FLOOR AREA TO GLAZING
SKYLIGHTS
CONTROLS: SHADING INSULATING REFLECTING
DIRECT GAIN-STORAGEDIRECT GAIN-STORAGE ALSO ABSORBER
AND DISTRIBUTION 4”-6” THICK 5 – 6 SQ. FT. MASS
TO EVERY SQ. FT. GLASS OVER 7%
EVEN DISTRIBUTION
DIRECT SUN MEDIUM TO DARK
COLORS
ALSO ABSORBER AND DISTRIBUTION
4”-6” THICK 5 – 6 SQ. FT. MASS
TO EVERY SQ. FT. GLASS OVER 7%
EVEN DISTRIBUTION
DIRECT SUN MEDIUM TO DARK
COLORS
INDIRECT GAIN:THERMAL STORAGE WALL
INDIRECT GAIN:THERMAL STORAGE WALL
COLLECTORS SAME SURFACE AREA AS
STORAGE SEPARATED BY 2”-6”
ABSORBER DARK COLOR SELECTIVE SURFACE
STORAGE SIZE DEPENDENT ON
LAT. & AVG. TEMP. 8”-12” THICKNESS
DISTRIBUTION UPPER AND LOWER
VENTS 2 SQ. FT. FOR EVERY
100 SQ. FT. MASS
COLLECTORS SAME SURFACE AREA AS
STORAGE SEPARATED BY 2”-6”
ABSORBER DARK COLOR SELECTIVE SURFACE
STORAGE SIZE DEPENDENT ON
LAT. & AVG. TEMP. 8”-12” THICKNESS
DISTRIBUTION UPPER AND LOWER
VENTS 2 SQ. FT. FOR EVERY
100 SQ. FT. MASS
ISOLATED GAIN:SUNSPACE
ISOLATED GAIN:SUNSPACE
LEVEL WITH HOUSE OR “PIT” TYPE
PROJECTING OR “WRAP-AROUND”
SUBSYSTEMS OPEN WALL DIRECT GAIN/ GLASS
WALL AIR EXCHANGE/
STANDARD WALL THERMAL STORAGE/
MASS WALL
LEVEL WITH HOUSE OR “PIT” TYPE
PROJECTING OR “WRAP-AROUND”
SUBSYSTEMS OPEN WALL DIRECT GAIN/ GLASS
WALL AIR EXCHANGE/
STANDARD WALL THERMAL STORAGE/
MASS WALL
SUNSPACE REQUIREMENTS
SUNSPACE REQUIREMENTS
COLLECTORS OVERHEAD, SLOPED
OR VERTICAL AMOUNT DEPENDENT
ON AVG. TEMP. STORAGE
DEPENDENT ON SUBSYSTEM
3 SQ. FT. OF 4” THICK MASS TO 1 SQ. FT. GLASS
DISTRIBUTION VENTS, WINDOWS
AND DOORS 3% OF WALL AREA
COLLECTORS OVERHEAD, SLOPED
OR VERTICAL AMOUNT DEPENDENT
ON AVG. TEMP. STORAGE
DEPENDENT ON SUBSYSTEM
3 SQ. FT. OF 4” THICK MASS TO 1 SQ. FT. GLASS
DISTRIBUTION VENTS, WINDOWS
AND DOORS 3% OF WALL AREA
ISOLATED GAIN:CONVECTIVE LOOP
ISOLATED GAIN:CONVECTIVE LOOP
SOLAR COLLECTOR PANELS- THERMOSIPHON AIR PANELS (TAPs) VERTICAL OR “U-TUBE” COLLECTOR AND
ABSORBER STORAGE
RADIANT SLAB GRAVEL BED
DISTRIBUTION DUCTS, VENTS AND/OR
FANS
SOLAR COLLECTOR PANELS- THERMOSIPHON AIR PANELS (TAPs) VERTICAL OR “U-TUBE” COLLECTOR AND
ABSORBER STORAGE
RADIANT SLAB GRAVEL BED
DISTRIBUTION DUCTS, VENTS AND/OR
FANS
PASSIVE COOLINGPASSIVE COOLING NATURAL
VENTILATION WING WALLS LANDSCAPING
SHADING AWNINGS,
TRELLISES VEGETATION
THERMAL CHIMNEY FANS
CEILING WHOLE-HOUSE
NATURAL VENTILATION WING WALLS LANDSCAPING
SHADING AWNINGS,
TRELLISES VEGETATION
THERMAL CHIMNEY FANS
CEILING WHOLE-HOUSE
Designer’s ChecklistDesigner’s Checklist
Small is beautiful
East-west axis South facing
glazing North-side earth
berming Thermal mass
inside building envelope
Open airways to promote internal circulation
Small is beautiful
East-west axis South facing
glazing North-side earth
berming Thermal mass
inside building envelope
Open airways to promote internal circulation
Tight insulation and radiant barriers in roof
Energy conservation
Pay attention to details
Regular air exchange
Do not over-glaze
Tight insulation and radiant barriers in roof
Energy conservation
Pay attention to details
Regular air exchange
Do not over-glaze