Phytophthora ramorum:Phytophthora ramorum: Educate to Detect Educate to Detect
(PRED)(PRED)
USDA-Forest ServiceUSDA-Cooperative State Research Education & Extension
Service IPM Regional Centers
National Plant Diagnostic NetworkUSDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
OverviewOverview
Introduction to PRED
History of P. ramorum
Symptoms and look-alikes
Regulations
Sample collection and handling
History outlineHistory outline
Status in North American forests
Status in Europe
Status in North American landscapes and nurseries
Photo: Marin County Fire Department
Marin County, CA (north of San Francisco)
Photo: Marin County Fire Department
Marin County, CA (north of San Francisco), 2000
Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum
Photo: UC Davis & UC Berkeley
Phytophthora ramorum in culture
Chlamydospores
Sporangia releasing zoospores
Phytophthora speciesPhytophthora species
Photo: William Fry, Cornell University
Photo: Joseph O’Brien, USDA-Forest Service
Phytophthora ramorum infection on the leaves of California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica)
Two sets of symptoms caused byTwo sets of symptoms caused by Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum
Sudden Oak Death Red oak group hosts and tanoak Stem lesions beneath the bark May bleed or ooze Can kill adult plants
Phytophthora ramorum Foliar Blight Non-oak hosts Spots and blotches on leaves Shoot dieback Can kill juvenile plants, occasionally mature
plants
Photo: Mike McWilliams, ODF
Photo: Everett Hansen, Oregon State University
P. ramorumP. ramorum confirmations in confirmations in
forestsforests
Map from www.suddenoakdeath.orgKelly, UC-Berkeley
Map: USDA- Forest Service
European garden & nursery European garden & nursery findsfinds
Photo: Hans DeGruyter, Netherlands Plant Protection Institute
Phytophthora ramorum infection on rhododendron in Europe
Quercus rubra
Infected trees in Infected trees in EuropeEurope
Photo: DEFRAFagus sylvatica
Photo: Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University
Trace-forward & trace-backTrace-forward & trace-backinvestigationsinvestigations
Trace forwards = to the nurseries where stock was shipped TO
Trace backs = to the nursery where stock was shipped FROM
Phytophthora ramorum Phytophthora ramorum national surveynational survey
Most states have started or completed their surveys
Over 3000 nurseries / garden centers have been surveyed
Over 50,000 samples have been taken
As of October 2004, this survey has identified 15 confirmed finds in 7 states: California, Oregon, Washington, Maryland, Oklahoma, New Jersey and Virginia
Photo: Jonathan Jones, APHIS, PPQ
Map: USDA, APHIS, PPQ
Distribution of infected nursery stock from individual nurseries
Trace-forwards and positive detections across the U.S.July 2004
Map: USDA, APHIS, PPQ
Symptoms & look-alikesSymptoms & look-alikes
Sudden Oak Death on oak hosts
Symptoms on other hosts
Screening questions at the NCIPM website (www.ncipm.org/sod):
focus on recently purchased (or near recently purchased) camellia, kalmia, lilac, pieris, rhododendron, or viburnum
True oaks (Quercus spp.) Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) Chestnut (Castanea) [Europe only] Beech (Fagus) [Europe only]
Symptoms caused by Symptoms caused by P. P. ramorumramorum differ on different differ on different
hostshosts
Sudden Oak Deathaffects members of the oak
family (Fagaceae)
Photo: Pavel Svihra, UC Cooperative Extension
P. ramorumP. ramorum on coast live oak on coast live oak
‘‘Bleeding’ canker on tree trunkBleeding’ canker on tree trunk
‘Bleeding’ or oozing on the bark
Not associated with cracks in bark or insect holes
Usually on the lower 6 ft. of tree trunks
Photo: Garbelotto lab, UC Berkeley
Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum
Photos: Mike McWilliams, ODF & Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Dept. of Conservation
“bleeding”
Photo: Dave Rizzo, UC Davis
Cankers (in inner Cankers (in inner bark) are bark) are surrounded by a surrounded by a black lineblack line
Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum
Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum
outer bark inner bark
Photo: Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Department of Conservation
Bleeding canker caused by Armillaria
outer bark inner bark
Similar symptoms – not Similar symptoms – not P. P. ramorumramorum
Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service
Similar symptoms – not Similar symptoms – not P. P. ramorumramorum
outer bark inner bark
Bleeding canker caused by inner-bark boring insect
Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service
Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample
outer bark inner bark
Bleeding canker caused by Inonotus hispidus
Photo: Steve Oak, USDA-Forest Service
Other common diseases & injuriesOther common diseases & injuries
Bacterial wetwood
Boring insects
Mechanical injury
Fungi
On other plant hosts, On other plant hosts, P. P. ramorumramorum causes symptoms of causes symptoms of
foliar blightfoliar blight
Pyracantha Honeysuckle Yew Douglas-fir Grand fir Coast redwood
Camellia Rhododendron Viburnum Pieris Mountain
laurel Lilac
Symptoms on camelliaSymptoms on camellia
Photos: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture & Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA
Symptoms on camelliaSymptoms on camellia
Photo: Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA
Symptoms can be subtle
Look for irregular-shaped brown lesions on the leaves
Sometimes only the tips of leaves are brown
Look for lower leaves that have fallen off
Symptoms on camelliaSymptoms on camellia
Photo: Cheryl Blomquist, CDFA
Sun scorch on camellia
Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample
Photo: Carrie Harmon, University of Florida
Cold injury on camellia
Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample
Photo: Richard Regan, Oregon State University
P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on rhododendronrhododendron
Rhododendron macrophyllum
Shoot dieback Foliar blight Foliar blight
Photo: Everett Hansen, Oregon State University
P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on rhododendronrhododendron
Photo: Everett Hansen, Oregon State UniversityRhododendron macrophyllum
P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on rhododendronrhododendron
Photo: Bruce Moltzen, Missouri Dept. of Conservation
P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on rhododendronrhododendron
Rhododendron ‘Unique’Photo: Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University
Photo: Paul Tooley, USDA-ARS
P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on eastern symptoms on eastern native rhododendrons native rhododendrons
(inoculation trials)(inoculation trials)
Photo: Jay Pscheidt, Oregon State University
Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample
Foliar blight caused by Phytophthora syringae
Photo: Mike Benson, NCSU
Foliar blight caused by Phytophthora species
Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample
Phytophthora root rot - not caused by P. ramorum
Similar symptoms – not Similar symptoms – not P. P. ramorumramorum
Photo: Jay Pscheidt, Oregon State University
Sun scorch
Gray blight can develop on sun scorched rhododendron leaves
Similar symptoms – not Similar symptoms – not P. P. ramorumramorum
Photo: Rich Regan, Oregon State University
Pieris japonicaPhoto: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture
Symptoms on pierisSymptoms on pieris
Pieris japonica
P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on pieris symptoms on pieris
Photo: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture
Photo: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture
Viburnum x bodnantense ‘’Dawn’
P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on viburnumviburnum
Viburnum x bodnantense ‘Dawn’Photo: Oregon Dept. of Agriculture
P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on viburnumviburnum
Viburnum plicatum tomentosum ‘Mariesii’
P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on viburnumviburnum
Photo: Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University
stem canker
Photo: Sabine Werres, Institut für Pflanzenschutz im Gartenbau, Germany
P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on viburnumviburnum
P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on kalmia kalmia
(mountain laurel)(mountain laurel)
Photo: DEFRA
Photo: Robert Linderman, USDA-ARS
Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample
Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel)
Photo: Peter Angwin, USDA-Forest Service
Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample
Kalmia latifolia (mountain laurel)
P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on lilac symptoms on lilac
Photo: Alexandra Schlenzig, Scottish Agricultural Science Agency
Photo: Jay Pscheidt, Oregon State University
Bacterial blight on lilac
Similar symptoms – submit sampleSimilar symptoms – submit sample
P. ramorumP. ramorum symptoms on symptoms on conifersconifers
Photo: Santa Clara Co. (CA) Agriculture Dept. & Dave Rizzo, UC Davis
Grand fir Douglas-fir
RegulationsRegulations
Federal and State quarantines
Domestic Regulated Materials
Federal P. ramorum quarantine program goals
Federal quarantines – prevent movement between states
State quarantines – prevent movement within a state prevent introductions
Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorumregulations & quarantinesregulations & quarantines
Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorumdomestic regulated materialsdomestic regulated materials
Nursery stock
Forest stock
Wood
Bark
Soil
Wreaths & greenery
Phytophthora ramorumPhytophthora ramorum host list host listtanoaktanoak horse-chestnuthorse-chestnut southern red oaksouthern red oak
canyon live oakcanyon live oak sweet chestnutsweet chestnut northern red oaknorthern red oak
coast live oakcoast live oak European beechEuropean beech Holm oakHolm oak
California black oakCalifornia black oak drooping leucothoedrooping leucothoe wood rosewood rose
Shreve oakShreve oak European turkey oakEuropean turkey oak ViburnumViburnum varieties varieties
bigleaf maplebigleaf maple toyontoyon madronemadrone
coffeeberrycoffeeberry cascaracascara Formosa firethornFormosa firethorn
California buckeyeCalifornia buckeye coast redwoodcoast redwood huckleberryhuckleberry
salmonberry salmonberry manzanitamanzanita honeysucklehoneysuckle
Western starflowerWestern starflower grand firgrand fir poison oakpoison oak
California hazelnutCalifornia hazelnut Douglas-firDouglas-fir Scotch heatherScotch heather
mountain laurelmountain laurel European yewEuropean yew witch-hazelwitch-hazel
PierisPieris varieties varieties strawberry treestrawberry tree Victorian boxVictorian box
CamelliaCamellia species species California wood fern California wood fern lilaclilac
European yewEuropean yew Pacific yewPacific yew rhododendrons/azaleasrhododendrons/azaleas
false Solomon’s seal false Solomon’s seal winter’s barkwinter’s bark sweet bay laurelsweet bay laurel
goat willowgoat willow Andrew’s clintonia bead lilyAndrew’s clintonia bead lily
California bay laurel/pepperwoodCalifornia bay laurel/pepperwood
Current as of August 16, 2004
Federal Federal P. ramorumP. ramorum quarantine quarantine program goalsprogram goals
Prevent the artificial spread of P. ramorum
Take the least restrictive action necessary
Determine status of disease, nationwide
Keep the regulations current with the science and risk
Identify where infected items came from and went to
Clean up infested nurseries and garden centers
APHIS website: APHIS website: www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ispm/sodwww.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ispm/sod
P. ramorumP. ramorum procedures procedures
Review of material just presented
Goal of PRED
Overview of the program
What to do…
Sample referral and submissionSample referral and submission
In some states, only the State or federal regulatory officials will be collecting the specimens.
Contact your county extension agent or supervisor to find out who is authorized to collect suspect samples in your county.
Sample referral criteriaSample referral criteria Plants likely to be infected by Phytophthora
ramorum (as indicated by the screening questionnaire):
Affected plant is on host list and purchased since 2002
Affected plant is near a recently purchased host plant
Symptoms are consistent with Phytophthora ramorum
Screening questions at the NCIPM website: (www.ncipm.org/sod)
CommunicationCommunication
Submit the suspect sample to: County Extension Specialist/Farm Advisor Master Gardener Other state designated representative
Avoid alarming behavior. Don’t jump to conclusions. Wait for lab result Maintain confidentiality
If you’re asked to collect a If you’re asked to collect a samplesample
Collect leaves that show various stages of symptom development.
Take pictures of symptoms and environment.
Packaging a samplePackaging a sample Place sample on a
paper towel. Do not wet the towel.
Double bag and seal the sample in zippable bags.
If shipping, use a crush proof box with seams sealed completely with tape.
Be sure to include the sample submission form required by your state.
Delivering a sampleDelivering a sample
Contact the sample recipient.
Samples must be fresh and in good condition.
Rapid delivery is critical (no Friday shipments).
Sampling remindersSampling reminders
The accuracy of a disease diagnosis can only be as good as the sample and information provided.
Sample must be representative of symptoms and severity in the field and must contain the right material.
Sampling remindersSampling reminders
Sanitation disposal of material containment while shipping clean tools
Chain of custody restrict access to sample make sure sample collection location is
retraceable
Diagnostics: laboratory testsDiagnostics: laboratory tests
There are three detection methods: Antibody test (ELISA) Plating on selective
media DNA (PCR)
Relatively expensive
Time consuming
ELISA
Plating
PCR
Photo: Natalie Goldberg, New Mexico State University
Where to go for more Where to go for more informationinformation
APHIS: www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ispm/sod
California Oak Mortality Task Force:www.suddenoakdeath.org
NCIPM:www.ncipm.org/sod
AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments Authors
Jennifer Parke Susan Frankel Janice
Alexander Carla Thomas
Reviewers Kitty Caldwell Bill Hoffman Eugene Erickson Steve Oak Jonathan Jones Melodie
Putnam Natalie Goldberg Susan Ratcliffe Everett Hansen David Rizzo Carrie Harmon Stacy Scott John Hartman
Questions???Questions???
We have assembled a group of experts to answer your questions:
► David Rizzo, University of California, Davis► Jonathan Jones, APHIS► Jennifer Parke, Oregon State University► Kerry Britton, USDA-Forest Service► Carla Thomas, NPDN► Susan Ratcliffe, NCIPM