7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
1/79
Portugal - Country Prole
April 2012
7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
2/79
7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
3/79
aicepPortugal Global
Portugal - Country Prole (April 2012)
3aicep Portugal Global Trade & Investment Agency Av. 5 de Outubro, 101, 1050-051 LISBOA
Tel. Lisboa: + 351 217 909 500 Contact Centre: 808 214 214 [email protected] www.portugalglobal.pt
Index
1. History 5
2. Culture 6
3. Geography and socio-economic characteristics 8
3.1 Geography, climate 8
3.2 Socio-economic indicators 8
4. Political and Administrative Organization 10
4.1 Political structure 10
4.2 Administrative organization 11
5. Population 13
5.1 Regional breakdown 13
5.2 Migrations 14
5.3 Active population 15
5.4 Schooling levels o the active population 15
6. Inrastructure networks 17
6.1 Roadways 17
6.2 Railways 17
6.3 Ports 18
6.4 Air transport 18
6.5 Technological inrastructures 19
6.6 Policies or the uture 21
7. Resources and productive structure 22
7.1 Agriculture, orestry and shing 23
7.2 Industry 27
7.3 Construction 37
7.4 Services 38
7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
4/79
aicepPortugal Global
Portugal - Country Prole (April 2012)
4aicep Portugal Global Trade & Investment Agency Av. 5 de Outubro, 101, 1050-051 LISBOA
Tel. Lisboa: + 351 217 909 500 Contact Centre: 808 214 214 [email protected] www.portugalglobal.pt
8. Economic situation 42
8.1 Recent economic policy 42
8.2 The economic outlook 43
8.3 The regional economies 46
9. Regional economic ramework Portugal and the European Union 55
10. Foreign trade 56
10.1 Trade balance trends 57
10.2 Main trading partners 57
10.3 Composition o trade 60
10.4 International trade and the regions 61
11. Investment 62
11.1 Foreign direct investment trends in Portugal 62
11.1.1 Principal investors by country 62
11.1.2 Foreign direct investment by major sectors 63
11.1.3 Recent oreign direct investment projects in Portugal 63
11.2 Trends in Portuguese oreign direct investment 65
11.2.1 Portuguese oreign direct investment by major recipients 66
11.2.2 Main sectors 66
11.2.3 Recent projects indicating the internationalization o Portuguese companies 66
12. Tourism 69
13. International and regional relations 71
14. Legal requirements or market access 72
14.1 Intra-EU exchange procedures 72
14.2 General import procedures 72
14.3 Foreign investment procedures 74
ANNEXES
Annex 1 Custom procedures 76
Annex 2 Import documentation 77
Annex 3 Useul Internet addresses 78
7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
5/79
aicepPortugal Global
Portugal - Country Prole (April 2012)
5aicep Portugal Global Trade & Investment Agency Av. 5 de Outubro, 101, 1050-051 LISBOA
Tel. Lisboa: + 351 217 909 500 Contact Centre: 808 214 214 [email protected] www.portugalglobal.pt
1. History
The battle o So Mamede which occurred in 1128,
between the royalty o Portucale led by Dom AonsoHenriques and the Gallician nobles led by his mother Dona
Teresa, was decisive or the birth o Portugal. Once the
battle was won and Dona Teresa was expelled rom the
Condado Portucalense, Dom Aonso Henriques declared
the principality independent. Various skirmishes continued
against Len and Castile and against the Muslims, but it
was not until the Battle o Ourique, in 1139, that Portugals
independence was declared and Dom Aonso Henriques,
with the help o Portuguese chies, was proclaimed sovereign
- Dom Aonso I o Portugal. However, the independence o
Portugal would only be recognized by the King o Castile in
1143 with the signing o the Treaty o Zamora.
There ollowed a long period o conquests and a number o
treaties were signed between Portugal and the Kingdom o
Castile and, in 1297, during the reign o Dom Dinis, the actual
rontiers o Portugal were dened (the oldest in Europe).
The ourteenth century saw the appearance o the rst
bright lights o the Golden Age o Portugal. Its language
began to develop apart rom the Gallic-Portuguese, the
Court became distinguished with intellectual brilliance on a
European scale and the University was ounded.
The teenth century marked the beginning o the
Discoveries, during which Portugal witnesses a periodo great expansion across the oceans. The archipelagos
o Madeira (1419) and the Azores (1425) were ocially
discovered and a ew cities in the Kingdom o Morocco
were conquered. Among the numerous personalities
involved with this period the ollowing stand out: Diogo
Co, or the discovery o the Arican coast, Bartolomeu
Dias, who in 1488 sailed around the Cape o Good Hope
and opened the route to the discovery o India by Vasco
da Gama (1498) and, lastly, Pedro lvares Cabral who
discovered Brazil in 1500.
Padro dos Descobrimentos (Monument to the Discoveries)
RuiMoraisdeSousa
The dream o a new Brazil (this time in Arica, linking Angola
and Mozambique through regularly travelled territories
that were never settled) was hindered by English imperial
ambitions, stirring up orces or a change in political regime.
Thus, at the beginning o the twentieth century the FirstRepublic was established in Portugal (1910).
Due to the nancial crisis that swept Europe ater World War
I and to domestic political instability, in 1926 a military coup
put an end to the parliamentary regime o the First Republic.
In 1933, the regime in power gave way to the Estado Novo,
or New State, which ruled the country until 1974.
On 25 April 1974 the Armed Forces Movement cast out
the existing political regime that ruled Portugal, replacing it
with a democratic regime. With democracy came economic
and social development, fourishing cultural and scientic
activity and the armation o innovation in Portugal.
With the end o the imperial era (with the liberation, in
the mid 1970s, o Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea Bissau,
Mozambique, and So Tom and Prncipe), Portugal became
a member o the European Economic Community in 1986
and later joined the Euro Area, but without severing the
7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
6/79
aicepPortugal Global
Portugal - Country Prole (April 2012)
6aicep Portugal Global Trade & Investment Agency Av. 5 de Outubro, 101, 1050-051 LISBOA
Tel. Lisboa: + 351 217 909 500 Contact Centre: 808 214 214 [email protected] www.portugalglobal.pt
strong links existing with the other seven Portuguese-
speaking countries (which led to the creation o the
Community o Portuguese Speaking Countries, or CPLP,
Comunidade dos Pases de Lngua Portuguesa) and with the
Portuguese communities scattered throughout the world.
Currently, Portugal is a country that enjoys social and
political stability that asserts itsel more and more due to
its ability to engage in dialogue and to understand diversity
based on its culture and style o lie resulting rom centuries
o living side by side with other peoples.
2. Culture
Portuguese culture is based on a past marked by the peoples
that occupied its territory, o which several outstanding
examples remain: the temple o Diana in vora rom the
Roman period and the Moorish architecture so typical o
cities in the South o Portugal, such as Olho and Tavira.
Portuguese art was enriched by various oreign infuences
during the centuries. The Portuguese discoveries around
the world led to the country becoming more receptive to
oriental infuences, as well as the period o the teenth
century when the discovery o Brazil and its riches
infuenced the development o the Baroque style.
In architecture, Roman and Gothic infuences gave the
country some o its most imposing cathedrals. In theteenth century a completely national style was born the
Manueline style that expressed the blending together o
various art orms into a luxurious and ornamental style.
Various examples o great architectural works can be cited:
the Jeronimos Monastery in Lisbon; the S (cathedral)
o Lisbon, where traces o Roman construction are still
visible on the acade; the Palace o Justice in Lisbon, an
example o austere modern architecture; the Castle and
Church o the Convent o Christ in Tomar; the Portuguese
Abbey o Santa Maria da Vitria (in the Gothic style); the
Pavilho de Portugal (Pavilion o Portugal) - Parque das Naes
(Park o Nations)
RuiMoraisdeSousa
Clrigos Tower, in granite, in Oporto, and the Romanesque
Cathedral o Braga. In many monuments one can observe
in stone our relationship with the sea. Such can be seen
in contemporary Portuguese architecture where names
like lvaro Siza Vieira or Eduardo Souto de Moura stand
out, particularly in the Park o Nations, the site o the last
worlds air o the twentieth century which was dedicated
to the theme o the oceans.
The splendour o sculpture was expressed in the
magnicent twelth and thirteenth century tombs and
in the Baroque sculptures o the eighteenth century, the
crches o Joaquim Machado de Castro truly stand out. The
classic and romantic traditions o Italy and France, besides
infuencing the works o Machado de Castro, were also
determining actors in the plastic arts expression o Antnio
Soares dos Reis, in the nineteenth century.
The school o painters o the teenth century was the
precursor o a patrician style o painting o Flemish
painters, who let an eminent heritage in religious art by
decorating various palaces and convents in Portugal. The
romantic period o the nineteenth century, although late,
led to the rebirth o national art. There ollowed a period o
natural realism that opened doors to new experiences that
7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
7/79
aicepPortugal Global
Portugal - Country Prole (April 2012)
7aicep Portugal Global Trade & Investment Agency Av. 5 de Outubro, 101, 1050-051 LISBOA
Tel. Lisboa: + 351 217 909 500 Contact Centre: 808 214 214 [email protected] www.portugalglobal.pt
ollowed in the twentieth century; worth noting are the
works o Maria Helena Vieira da Silva in abstract painting
and o Carlos Botelho in Lisbon street scenes.
The ceramic tile sector is equally very rich. Many sixteenth
and seventeenth century buildings are covered in tiles.
They were also chosen to decorate the walls o rooms
and entrance halls o various palaces and stately mansions
where there are panels o tiles, with blue and white
colours predominating.
Exceptionally good examples can be seen in the Ptio
o Carranca, in the Pao o Sintra, in the Church o SoRoque in Lisbon and in the Quinta da Bacalhoa, in Vila
Fresca de Azeito, near Setbal. Even the Lisbon subway/
underground authority decorated some o its stations with
tiles signed by contemporary Portuguese artists.
Literature stands out through the richness and variety
o its lyric poetry, through writings exalting history and
or subtlety in drama, biographies and essays. The rst
songbooks, known as cancioneiros are witness toa school o poetry based on love, a style that crossed
the border and infuenced Spanish cancioneiros. The
romantic style absorbed the infuence o our neighbours,
although without preerence or the heroic.
The Lusadas o Lus de Cames is the great epic work o
the sixteenth century; it is the classic poem that exalts the
exploits o the Portuguese beyond the sea.
There exist other well known names in poetry as, or
example, Fernando Pessoa, Eugnio de Andrade, Florbela
Espanca, Cesrio Verde, Antnio Ramos Rosa, Mrio
Cesariny and Antero do Quental, among others.
As or prose, there are Damio de Gis, Father Antnio
Vieira, Almeida Garrett, Ea de Queiroz, Camilo Castelo
Branco, Miguel Torga, Fernando Namora, Jos Cardoso
Pires, Antnio Lobo Antunes and Jos Saramago (winner o
the Nobel Prize or literature in 1998).
Centro Cultural de Belm (Lisbon)
In the theatre, the outstanding gures are Gil Vicente,
Antnio Jos da Silva (known as the Jew) and Bernardo
Santareno.
Popular music and dance and the traditional ado continue
to be undamental orms o musical expression o the
country. The most amous adista in the world was Amlia
Rodrigues, but today names like Carlos do Carmo or Marisa
keep alive this type o song long associated with Portugal.
Lastly, speaking o Portuguese culture is tantamount to
the ability to spread the language. Portuguese is the th
most spoken language in the world and the third most
spoken in the West; more than 210 million people speak
the language.
It is the ocial language o Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde,
Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, and So Tom and Prncipe.
It is also one o the ocial languages o Equatorial Guinea
(together with Spanish and French), East Timor (with
Ttum) and Macao (with Cantonese).
It is even spoken in ormer Portuguese India (Goa, Damo
and Diu), Andorra, Luxembourg and Nambia, in addition to
having ocial status in the European Union, Mercosul and
the Arican Union.
Antn
ioSacchetti
7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
8/79
aicepPortugal Global
Portugal - Country Prole (April 2012)
8aicep Portugal Global Trade & Investment Agency Av. 5 de Outubro, 101, 1050-051 LISBOA
Tel. Lisboa: + 351 217 909 500 Contact Centre: 808 214 214 [email protected] www.portugalglobal.pt
3. Geography and Socio-Economic
Characteristics
3.1 Geography, climate
Portugal is geographically situated on the west coast o
Europe, in the Iberian Peninsula. It borders Spain on the
north and east, and the Atlantic Ocean on the west and
south. Its rontiers were dened as long ago as the thirteenth
century and include, in addition to the continental territory,
the Autonomous Regions o the Azores and Madeira,
archipelagos situated in the Atlantic Ocean.
With a total area o 92,212 km2, Portugal benets rom an
excellent geographical location, being situated in a geo-
strategical position between Europe, America and Arica.
Even the coastal areas, generally o lower altitude, are
distinct rom the highlands o the interior. The highest
altitudes are located in a mountain chain situated in the
centre o the country: the Serra da Estrela, at 1,991 meters
in altitude, is the highest point. In the archipelagos, the
mountain o Pico (2,351 meters) is the highest point in
the Azores and the Pico Ruivo (1,862 meters) is the top
elevation in Madeira.
On the generally not so indented continental coastline,
the main deltas are estuaries (Tagus and Sado). Then there
are small bays (Peniche, Sines, Lagos) and lagoon-type
ormations (Vouga-Aveiro, bidos, Faro). The capes o thecoastline are ew in number and small in size, but o great
beauty: these are the capes o Mondego, Carvoeiro, Roca,
Espichel, Sines, So Vicente, and Santa Maria.
The climate is characterized by mild winters and balmy
summers. The rainiest months are November and
December, while the period with the least precipitation
occurs between April and September.
3.2 Socio-economic indicators
In the last ten years a series o extensive reorms were
adopted which had a signicant impact on the level o
economic development and social cohesion (protection
and social inclusion) in Portugal.
The ght against extreme poverty, minimum pensions,the Social Inclusion Income Law, and the Solidarity
Supplement or the Elderly Regulation, were paradigm
measures in social protection.
As or measures relating to social inclusion, the highlight
is the assistance to amilies through care centres,
investment in equipment, including a network o
continuing care or the elderly and dependent persons,
and local intervention to combat poverty and exclusion,
taking into account local requirements and the people
most in need o assistance.
On the continental territory, the Tagus (the longest river)
divides the more mountainous north rom the south with
its plains and lower elevations.
7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
9/79
aicepPortugal Global
Portugal - Country Prole (April 2012)
9aicep Portugal Global Trade & Investment Agency Av. 5 de Outubro, 101, 1050-051 LISBOA
Tel. Lisboa: + 351 217 909 500 Contact Centre: 808 214 214 [email protected] www.portugalglobal.pt
Demography 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Total populationa Thousands 10,586 10,604 10,623 10,638 10,636
Birth rate Per Thousand 10.0 9.7 9.8 9.4 9.5
Lie expectancy at birth Years 78.2 78.5 78.7 78.9 79.2
Education 2006/2007 2007/2008 2008/2009 2009/2010 2010/2011
Preschool Thousands 262 264 266 275 274
Elementary and secondary Thousands 1,493 1,512 1,537 1,782 1,740
Higher education Thousands 367 377 373 384 396
Public spending on education b % o GDP 6.6 6.1 6.3 6.7 5.0d
Culture 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Museums, zoos, botanic gardens andaquariums visitors
Millions 10.3 10.0 11.6 12.9 13.8
Art gallery exhibitions N 6,463 6,609 6,859 7,235 7,231
Publications c N 2,054 1,994 1,896 1,910 1,852
Local government spending on culturalactivities
106 EUR 802.9 802.8 863.8 997.7 721.1
Health 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Doctors N 36,924 37,904 38,932 40,095 41,431
Hospitals N 200 198 189 186 226
Hospital beds N 36,605 36,220 35,803 35,635 35,601
Health centres N 378 377 377 375 376
Pharmacies and mobile pharmacy points N 3,037 3,038 3,037 3,046 3,055
Current public spending on health b % o GDP 5.6 5.4 5.5 5.7 5.7d
Inormation Society 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Internet subscribers Thousands 1,580 1,612 1,676 1,898 2,104
Access to Internet serviceRate o
Penetration14.9 15.2 15.8 17.8 19.8
Main telephone linesRate o
Penetration/ 100Inhab.
40.0 39.7 39.1 40.8 42.2
Mobil telephone service subscribersSubscribers(thousands)
12,236 13,477 14,953 15,929 n.a.
Penetration rate land line serviceSubscribers/ 100
Inhab.115 127 141 151 155
Cable television subscribers Thousands 1,421 1,489 1,475 1,452 1,438
Penetration rate o cable networkSubscribers/ %
Population13.4 14.0 13.9 13.6 13.5
Share o the communications sectorReceipts/ % o
GDP5.4 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.0
Source: INE - Instituto Nacional de Estatstica; Autoridade Nacional de Comunicaes Situao das Comunicaes 2010 (Communications Situation 2010)Notes: (a) INE Estatsticas do Emprego Employment Statistics, 4th quarter 2011 (b) Direco Geral do Oramento/Ministrio das Finanas(c) Daily, weekly, monthly and annual requency (d) Estimates
Socio-economic indicators
7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
10/79
aicepPortugal Global
Portugal - Country Prole (April 2012)
10aicep Portugal Global Trade & Investment Agency Av. 5 de Outubro, 101, 1050-051 LISBOA
Tel. Lisboa: + 351 217 909 500 Contact Centre: 808 214 214 [email protected] www.portugalglobal.pt
4. Political and Administrative
Organization
4.1 Political structure
As concerns the political structure, the Portuguese
Republic is a nation ounded on democratic law, based on
popular surage, pluralism o expression and democratic
political organization, respect and the guarantee o
undamental rights and liberties, and on the separation and
independence o powers.
The sovereign bodies are the President o the Republic, the
Assembly o the Republic, the Government, and the Courts.
In the Portuguese constitutional system, the President o the
Republic is elected by direct and universal surage or a term
o ve years and cannot be re-elected or a third consecutive
term. The President o the Republic is the supreme
representative o the Portuguese Republic, he guarantees
national independence, the unity o the State and the
normal unctioning o the democratic institutions, and is, in
eect, the Supreme Commander o the Armed orces.
Among his sovereign powers, the most important are the
dissolution o the National Assembly, the nomination o the
Prime Minister and the other members o the cabinet, the
promulgation or veto o laws and decree laws, the naming o
ambassadors upon government proposal, and the ratication
o international treaties. The current President o the Republicis Anbal Cavaco Silva, re-elected on 23 January 2011.
Legislative powers are vested in the Assembly o the
Republic which is comprised o 230 deputies, elected by
direct universal surage or a term o our years. The last
elections took place on 05 June o 2011.
The Assembly o the Republic has responsibilities at the
political, legislative and scal levels. Among some o its
duties are to approve constitutional changes, approve
the political-administrative statutes o the Autonomous
Regions, approve the State Budget, make proposals to
the President o the Republic concerning whether to hold
reerenda, evaluate the programs o the Government, deal
with tax matters and evaluate activities o the Government
and the Administration.
The Assembly o the Republic can be dissolved by the
President o the Republic ollowing a hearing with the
parties represented in the Assembly as well as the Council
o State.
The current President o the Assembly o the Republic isAssuno Esteves and the distribution o the party seats
is as ollows: Social-Democratic Party (PPD/PSD) 108
deputies; Socialist Party (PS) 74 deputies; Popular Party
(CDS/PP) 24 deputies; the Portuguese Communist Party
and the Ecologist Party/ the Greens (PCP/PEV) 16 deputies
and the Let Bloc (BE) 8 deputies.
The Government is the principal body in the Public
Administration and is responsible or setting general policy
or the country. It is composed o the Prime Minister, the
Cabinet and the Secretaries o State.
The Prime Minister, who presides over the Council o
Ministers (Cabinet) meetings, is nominated by the President
o the Republic. The other members o the Government
are nominated by the President o the Republic upon the
proposal o the Prime Minister.The current Prime Minister is Pedro Passos Coelho, leader o
the Social-Democratic Party.
In essence, it is up to the Government to guarantee the
operation o the public administration, to promote the
satisaction o collective needs and guarantee the proper
execution o laws. It also has legislative competencies that
in some cases are its own and in other cases the unction
is shared with the Assembly o the Republic (relative
competence).
7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
11/79
aicepPortugal Global
Portugal - Country Prole (April 2012)
11aicep Portugal Global Trade & Investment Agency Av. 5 de Outubro, 101, 1050-051 LISBOA
Tel. Lisboa: + 351 217 909 500 Contact Centre: 808 214 214 [email protected] www.portugalglobal.pt
The Courts are the sovereign bodies charged with the
jurisdiction o administering justice. They are independent
and are only subject to the law.
The Portuguese judicial system comprises various categories
or rank o courts, independent among themselves, each
with its own structure and procedures. Only two o these
categories include a Court (the Constitutional Court and
the Court o Audits); the rest include a plurality o courts,
with a hierarchical structure and a superior court at the top
o the hierarchy.
Regionsa Areas (km2) % o total
Alentejo 31,605 34.3
Centre 28,199 30.6
North 21,286 23.1
Algarve 4,997 5.4
Lisbon 3,002 3.2
Azores 2,322 2.5
Madeira 801 0.9
Total 92,212 100.0
Regions (NUT II) determined by areas
Source: INE Portugal Statistical Yearbook, 2010
Note: (a) Includes 362 km2 o interior waterways
The Court o Audits This court not only has
jurisdictional unctions (scalization o legality regarding
public expenditures and judgment o public accounts),
but also expresses its views on the General Government
Budget, with the purpose o enabling the Assembly o the
Republic to render evaluation and judgment.
There could also exist Maritime Courts, Courts o Arbitration
and Justice o the Peace Courts. As or the latter, its
competency relates to exclusively to the evaluation and
judgment o declarative actions whose importance does not
go beyond the jurisdiction o the Court o First Instance.
4.2 Administrative organization
Following accession to the European Community, or
statistical purposes, the territory o Portugal was classied
according to the Nomenclature o Territorial Units
(commonly known as the NUT system rom the French
acronym), to establish similar designations that allow
comparisons with other countries within the European
Union. Portugal is designated NUT I, divided into 7 NUTII units equivalent to regions North Region; Centre
Region; Lisbon Region; Alentejo Region; Algarve Region;
the Autonomous Region o Madeira; and the Autonomous
Region o the Azores.
They in turn are divided into 30 NUT III units equivalent
to sub-regions (28 on the Continent and the two
Autonomous Regions).
The Constitutional Court It occupies a special and
autonomous rank in the order o courts. Its very specic
ormation and unctions make it stand out. It is the court o
recourse relating to decisions o the other courts in matters
concerning constitutionality. It is composed o 13 judges, o
which 10 are designated by the Assembly o the Republic
and three co-opted by them. The judges, who elect the
President o the Constitutional Court, have a nine-year
mandate that cannot be renewed.
The Judicial Courts They are the rst category o
common courts and they have their own hierarchical
structure, with judicial courts o rst and second instance
and the Supreme Court o Justice the topmost body.
The Administrative and Fiscal Courts These courts are
encharged with judgment o actions and recourse destined
to determine the litigation arising rom administrative
and scal aairs. These courts have their own hierarchical
structure, with the Supreme Administrative Tribunal the top
ranking court.
7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
12/79
aicepPortugal Global
Portugal - Country Prole (April 2012)
12aicep Portugal Global Trade & Investment Agency Av. 5 de Outubro, 101, 1050-051 LISBOA
Tel. Lisboa: + 351 217 909 500 Contact Centre: 808 214 214 [email protected] www.portugalglobal.pt
The Alentejo and the Centre share among themselves the
largest territories in the country, with 34% and 31% o
the total, respectively, the Autonomous Region o Madeira
comprises the smallest area.
According to the NUTS statistical classication, Portugal is
divided into 18 Districts on the Continent and they are the
ollowing: Aveiro, Beja, Braga, Bragana, Castelo Branco,
Coimbra, vora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisboa, Portalegre,
Oporto, Santarm, Setbal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real,
and Viseu. The Districts and the Autonomous Regions are
subdivided into 308 Councils/Municipalities and 4,259 towns.
The new juridical regime o municipal association1
determined the organization o municipal associations
which can be classied into two types: or multiple ends or
or specic purposes.
The municipal associations with multiple purposes,
denominated intermunicipal communities (CIM), are
comprised o municipalities that correspond to one or more
NUTS III and take those names.
Municipal associations with specic purposes were created
to achieve those common goals o the municipalities that
comprise them, in the deense o collective rights o a sectoral,
regional or local nature. Two metropolitan areas (MA) also
were created: Lisbon which includes the municipality o
Greater Lisbon and the Setbal Peninsula, and Oporto which
includes the municipality o Greater Oporto and the Ente-
Douro and Vouga, regulated by its own charter.
Major cities
It is worth highlighting the importance o cities, both in
terms o geography and politics. There are now (2012)
159 cities in Portugal (146 on the Continent and 13 in the
Autonomous Regions), o which 19 are District Capitals.
Among the oldest Portuguese cities are Lisbon, Oporto,
Viseu, Braga, Coimbra, vora, Guarda, Lamego, Silves,
Faro, Lagos, and Tavira, with pre-Portucalian origins that are
repositories o an urban history that is o Roman or Arab
origin or sometimes both, as in the case o the cities in the
South and even Lisbon.
The city o Lisbon (population o about 470,000 2 million
in Greater Lisbon) has been the capital o Portugal since the
twelth century, is the largest city in the country, the main
economic hub, and has one o the largest maritime ports
and the largest airport. The city o Oporto (about 205,000
inhabitants 1.3 million in Greater Oporto) is the second
largest city.
1 Law n 45/2008 o 27 August
Sub-Regions NUT III
Source: INE Instituto Nacional de Estatstica
Note: This division o regions and their subdivisions is based on the NUTS system
(Nomenclature o Territorial Units or Statistics).
North Minho-Lima
CavadoAve
Grande Porto
Tmega
Entre Douro e Vouga
Douro
Alto Trs-os-Montes
Centre Baixo Vouga
Baixo Mondego
Pinhal Litoral
Pinhal Interior Norte
Do-Laes
Pinhal Interior Sul
Serra da Estrela
Beira Interior Norte
Beira Interior Sul
Cova da Beira
Oeste
Mdio Tejo
Lisbon Grande Lisboa
Pennsula de Setbal
Alentejo Alentejo Litoral
Alto Alentejo
Alentejo Central
Baixo Alentejo
Lezria do Tejo
Algarve Algarve
A. R. Azores A. R. Azores
A. R. Madeira A. R. Madeira
Regions o the Continent
Autonomous Regions
7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
13/79
aicepPortugal Global
Portugal - Country Prole (April 2012)
13aicep Portugal Global Trade & Investment Agency Av. 5 de Outubro, 101, 1050-051 LISBOA
Tel. Lisboa: + 351 217 909 500 Contact Centre: 808 214 214 [email protected] www.portugalglobal.pt
Population o Portugal - 2006-2011 Trends
Source: INE - Instituto Nacional de Estatstica - Employment Statistics - 2011
5. Population
The preliminary results o the 2011 Census, conducted
on the 21st o March 2011, indicate that the resident
population o Portugal consisted o 10,561,614 inhabitants,
which implies an increase o about 2% compared with a
decade ago.
The number o amilies increased by about 10.8% but the
average amily size continues to decline and now comprises
2.6 members.
On the other hand, the demographic characteristics reveal
that population ageing has worsened in the last decade. In2011, nearly 19% o the population o Portugal was aged
65 years or older.
According to INE2 , the ratio o persons aged 65 and over
and the population up to 14 years (the old age index)
reached a peak in 2011:120.6, whereas in the year 2000
this ratio was 102.2, and in 1990 it had been 68.1.
Moreover, the share o the population under the age o
2 INE - Employment Statistics Employment Survey, 2011
24 years lost out in relative terms, reaching 25.9% in
the same year. In 2011, the total population o Portugal
registered a marginal increase o 0.1%.
According to the central scenario3 o the INE Projections
o the resident population o Portugal, 2008-2060 (at
31 December), the resident population o Portugal will
continue to increase up to 2035 when the population will
reach 10,897,600 individuals. Beginning that year, the
trend will reverse, until the year 2060 when the population
will be below the starting point year. In 2060, the total
population will reach only 10,364,200 individuals.
5.1 Regional breakdown
More than three-ths o the Portuguese population is
concentrated in the North Region (which includes the city
o Oporto) and the Lisbon Region. The population decline
in the rural areas o the interior has continued to aect part
3 The central scenario has as its base the resident population in Portugal as o
January 1, 2008 and comprises a group o variables that are considered most probable
considering recent demographic developments.
Unidade 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Total population thousands 10,585.9 10,604.4 10,622.7 10,638.4 10,635.8 10,646.7
0-14 years thousands 1,640.4 1,634.9 1,624.6 1,615.0 1,614.4 1,609.5
15-64 years thousands 7,115.8 7,135.0 7,145.1 7,142.6 7,113.7 7,096.6
65 years & over thousands 1,829.7 1,834.6 1,853.0 1,880.7 1,907.7 1,940.6
Male ratio (no. o men per 100
women)(%) 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8 93.8
Actual increase (%) 0.22 0.17 0.17 0.15 -0.02 0.10
Level o schooling completed (15 years and older)
Basic (3rd level)no. 6,795.2 6,796.5 6,776.8 6,690.4 6,539.8 6,311.2
(% change) -0.78 0.02 -0.29 -1.27 -2.25 -3-50
Secondary and post secondary
no. 1,249.3 1,245.5 1,250.9 1,324.7 1,416.6 1,518.4
(% change) 2.81 -0.30 0.43 5.90 6.94 7.19
Tertiaryno. 901.0 927.6 970.4 1,008.2 1,065.0 1,207.6
(% change) 6.16 2.95 4.61 3.90 5.63 13.39
7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
14/79
aicepPortugal Global
Portugal - Country Prole (April 2012)
14aicep Portugal Global Trade & Investment Agency Av. 5 de Outubro, 101, 1050-051 LISBOA
Tel. Lisboa: + 351 217 909 500 Contact Centre: 808 214 214 [email protected] www.portugalglobal.pt
o the North Region (excluding Oporto), the Centre and
above all, the Alentejo.
The population distribution around the territory o the continent
shows a contrast between the coast and the interior o the
country. Its development in the last ew years indicates a greater
concentration o population near the coast and a decline in the
number o residents in the interior regions o the country.
Similar to what was observed throughout the country, in 2011
there was a slight increase in the average population residing in
most o the regions, except or the Alentejo (-0.49%) and the
Centre (-0.21%) which continued to show a declining trend.
IIn analyzing the demographic density o the Portuguese
population according to the various regions o the country,
Lisbon is the clear leader. In second place is Madeira with
about one-third the population density o the rst. The
greatest gap seems to lie in the North Region which, apart
rom having the largest resident population in relative terms,
shows a population density about 5 times lower than that o
Lisbon. Then ollow the Azores, the Centre, and the Algarve
(the latter two are roughly the same), and nally the Alentejo,
with the lowest ratio o inhabitants/km2.
inherent characteristics and its duration. Since 1993,
net migration has been the primary source o Portugals
population growth.
Portugal experienced infows o immigrants rom its ormer
colonies in Arica, rom Central and Eastern Europe,
and more recently rom Brazil, but there were also small
groups o immigrants that originated rom India, China
and Pakistan, as well as rom some other countries o Latin
America and the northern part o Arica.
Economic immigration is a recent phenomenon and
represents a radical change compared with what took place
in the 1960s and 1970s when many Portuguese used to
emigrate in search o a better lie.
Until the 1990s, most o the immigrants to Portugal came
rom Portuguese speaking countries, especially Cape Verde
and Angola. Beginning in 1999, Portugal began to receive
a dierent and massive kind o immigration coming rom
the Eastern European countries, divided into two groups:
the Slavs Ukrainians, Russians and Bulgarians; and the
Latin people rom the east Romanians and Moldavians.
In 2003, this type o immigration ell, having been
substituted by Brazilians and, to a lesser extent, by Asians
o various origins (namely Indians, Pakistanis and Chinese).
In 2010, in Portugal there were 445,2624 citizens o
oreign nationality that had legal residency status,
indicating a decline o 2% rom the previous year. Among
these, 39.7% came rom Europe, 22.7% rom Portuguese-speaking Arican countries, 26.8% were Brazilians, and
lastly, 3.5% were rom China.
The oreign population is much younger than the native
population and comprises mostly members o the active
labour orce. Classied by gender, the men are the larger
component, being the mostly likely to emigrate while their
amily members ollow later and then they tend to provide
a more balanced situation.
4 Data available as o July 2010.
Regional breakdown Annual Average 2010
Regions (a)Population
Thousands
% o
total
Density
(inhab./km2)
North 3,738.8 35.2 176.0
Lisbon 2,835.0 26.7 943.3
Centre 2,379.5 22.4 84.4
Alentejo 751.0 7.0 23.8
Algarve 437.9 4.1 86.9
Madeira 247.6 2.3 308.8
Azores 245.9 2.3 105.7
Total 10,635.8 100.0 115.4
Source: INE Instituto Nacional de Estatstica
Note: (a) Regions based on NUT (Nomenclature o Territorial Units or Statistical purposes)
5.2 Migrations
The contribution o migration to the dynamics o
population growth depends on the interpretation, the
7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
15/79
aicepPortugal Global
Portugal - Country Prole (April 2012)
15aicep Portugal Global Trade & Investment Agency Av. 5 de Outubro, 101, 1050-051 LISBOA
Tel. Lisboa: + 351 217 909 500 Contact Centre: 808 214 214 [email protected] www.portugalglobal.pt
Concerning Portuguese emigration, at rst there was a
big movement to Brazil that occurred at the beginning
o the past century that lasted until the 1920s, ollowed
by a trend towards Europe that occurred during the
period o the colonial wars in the 1960s. Both were or
periods o long duration. Starting at about the end o
the 1980s, there have been emigration fows that have a
more temporary nature and which continue today. About
4.5 million Portuguese live outside the country, a gure
that is equivalent to nearly hal o the domestic resident
population. Very large communities o expatriates exist in
Brazil, France, Germany, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Canada,
and South Arica, among other countries.
5.3 Active population
Immigration now is helping to sustain the population in
the labour orce, whose rate o growth has not been able
to compensate or the ageing o the population and the
increase in lie expectancy (74 years or men and 80.6
years or women, according to the OECD), a actor which
is aecting not only Portugal, but the vast majority oWestern European countries.
According to INE5 , in 2011 the active population and the
labor orce participation rate (population aged 15 years or
more) did not change much compared with 2010. The active
population totaled 5,543,200 individuals, indicating an
increase o 0.7% relative to the prior year, and the labor orce
participation rate remained at 61.3%, or 0.6% lower than
the year beore. The male labor orce participation rate was68.0% and that o emales 55.2%.
This relative stability in the supply o labor resulted rom
a decline in the employed population (141,200) being
compensated or by a similar increase o the number o
unemployed workers (103,500).
By age bracket, there was a drop in the active population
aged between 15 and 34 years o age (-0.8%) while the
bracket comprising those aged between 35 and 64 years
increased 0.36%.
5 INE - Employment Statistics, 2011
According to NUTS II, in 2011 there was an increase in the
active population in all regions, except in the North (-0.15%)
and the Centre (-5.5%), compared with the previous year.
The number o active participants in the labor orce who
completed secondary, post-secondary and tertiary education
increased so that in 2011, 18.1% o the active population
had received some orm o higher education.
The employed population totaled 4,837,000 individuals in
2011, corresponding to a decline o 2.8% compared with the
previous year. The employment rate (ages 15 and over) was
53.5%, but below that o 2010, due the working population
having declined more than that o the active age population.
As per NUTS II, only the Alentejo region registered a marginal
increase in the employed population (0.2%).
In terms o the short/medium term, the distribution o
population employed by sectors o activity is relatively
stable. There has been a movement going on or the past
25 or 30 years towards a greater number o people nding
employment in the services sector (62.8% o the total in
2011), a trend that also has been observed in our other
European partners.
5.4 Schooling levels o the active
population
Within the ramework o the demands o the new global
economy, the qualication o persons in the labour orce is
a major actor aecting competitiveness, economic growth,
employment, and possible salary improvement.
Trends in population employed
by sector o activity
1986 2009 2010 2011
(%)
Agriculture, orestryand shing
21.9 11.2 10.9 9.9
Industry, construction,energy & water
33.7 28.2 27.7 27.3
Services 44.3 60.6 61.4 62.8
Source: NE - Employment Statistics, 2011
7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
16/79
aicepPortugal Global
Portugal - Country Prole (April 2012)
16aicep Portugal Global Trade & Investment Agency Av. 5 de Outubro, 101, 1050-051 LISBOA
Tel. Lisboa: + 351 217 909 500 Contact Centre: 808 214 214 [email protected] www.portugalglobal.pt
As already noted, Portugal shows some not so positive
indicators regarding the education and skill level o its
active population that have been the ocus o public policy
eorts to upgrade qualications in the human resources
area. As noted rom the preliminary 2011 Census results,
an enormous eort has developed concerning this matter.
In the past decade, Portugal once again showed an increase
in the educational level o its population. In 2011, there
were 1,262,449 individuals who had completed a tertiary
education, about double the number noted in 2001.
In February 2012, the European Commission published,
through its Eurydice Network, the report Key Data onEducation in Europe 2012, which presents a series o data
required to achieve policies associated with the Europe
2020 Strategy and analyzes the development o European
educational systems over the last decade6.
Concerning Portugal, we can draw the ollowing conclusion:
in the school year 2009/2010, the percentage o the
population registered as attending educational courses at
any level (rom kindergarten to tertiary) was 22.9%, much
higher than the rate observed in 2000, and also higher than
the EU27 average (21.5%).
The launch o the New Opportunities Program (Programa
Novas Oportunidades) in 2005, based on two undamental
points: to allow the qualication o a million persons
(ocusing on adults) in the active population by 2010, and
expand the number o qualiying proessional courses
(ocusing on youth) at the secondary level in order that
they represent, within the same time rame, hal o the
total oers at the secondary level, occurred as a response
to enable Portugal to reach a similar level o manpower
qualication with the rest o Europe and to strengthen the
countrys competitiveness in the medium and long term, by
investing in the constant improvement in the educational
opportunities o both its young people and adults.
6 The reerence year or the academic data is 2009/2010
According to a report7 rom the Directorate General or
Education and Culture o the European Commission entitled
Further measures to implement the action plan on adult
learning: Updating the existing inventory on validation o
non-ormal and inormal learning: Final report8 , Portugal
together with Finland, France, the Netherlands, and Norway
is one o ve countries classied at the top level (High) in
what concerns the level o development in the validation o
apprenticeship training, both non-ormal and inormal.
This excellent position is due to the development o
the National System o Recognition, Validation and
Certication o Competencies (SRCS), starting with the New
Opportunities Initiative, which is among the policies intended
to reduce the low qualication levels o the adult population.
It is the strategic objective o the Portuguese Government
to continue a strong wager on the proessional ormation
o youth, with the goal o a genuine valorization o the
qualication o the Portuguese people. They expect to
improve their educational and proessional orientation and
promote more rigorous instruction relating to practical
ormation needed in the workplace.
In this context, there is a current appraisal o the New
Opportunities Initiative, to determine the degree o impact
on the proessional lives o people and an examination o the
rigorous and demanding programs o the SRCS9 process.
There will be an announcement by September 2012regarding changes that are to be introduced in the structure
and objectives o the Program. In the meantime, 301 New
Opportunities Centres will be kept unctioning until August
2012, which will allow those enrolled to complete their
certication process.
7 This report assessed the state o the art implementation o measures and policies
designed to validate ormal and non ormal programs in 34 countries, including individual
reports, which are the responsibility o the European Centre or the Development and
Proessional Formation (CEDEFOP) o every country
8 http://ec.europa.eu/education/more-inormation/doc/2010/inventory_en.pd
9 SRCS - System o Recognition, Validation and Certication o Competencies
http://ec.europa.eu/education/more-information/doc/2010/inventory_en.pdfhttp://ec.europa.eu/education/more-information/doc/2010/inventory_en.pdf7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
17/79
aicepPortugal Global
Portugal - Country Prole (April 2012)
17aicep Portugal Global Trade & Investment Agency Av. 5 de Outubro, 101, 1050-051 LISBOA
Tel. Lisboa: + 351 217 909 500 Contact Centre: 808 214 214 [email protected] www.portugalglobal.pt
6. Inrastructure networks
With the assistance o European Community Funds during
the past several years, Portugal was able to make a strong
investment eort to improve transport inrastructure and
that has resulted in modern networks o motorways,
railways, airports, and maritime ports.
Although maritime transport continues to be the major
mode o transport in Portugals oreign trade, railway
transport has assumed a growing importance, especially in
connection with European markets.
Vasco da Gama bridge - Tagus River
JosManuel
inrastructure in Portugal and one actor contributing to
this development was the event o the Lisbon Worlds
Fair in 1998. This major project acted as a catalyst or the
construction o major public works, such as the second
bridge over the Tagus River the Vasco da Gama Bridge
and the railway line that was built on the existing 25th o
April Bridge, establishing or the rst time, a continuous
railway link between the northern and southern parts
o the country. These inrastructures contributed in a
signicant way to improve north-south trac and create
new access routes in various parts o the capital, mostly in
the eastern part o the city o Lisbon.
In 2010, over 218 million tons o merchandise were
transported by road, which was predominantly national
trac (90.4%). In regional terms, the Centre and the
North were the regions that accounted or more than
61% o total merchandise transported. The still provisional
data, reerring to the third quarter o 2011, point to a
positive year-on-year change o 12.6% in road transport o
merchandise.
6.2 Railways
The biggest challenge in this area is to strengthen the
integration o the national railway system with the Iberian
and European network, in order to assure the same
operating system as the European and trans-European
railway transport networks.
JosManuel
Gare do Oriente (East station) - Parque das Naes (Park o Nations)
6.1 Roadways
Portugal currently has one o the most developed roadway
systems in all o Europe, including Highways (Auto-Estradas,
AE), Main Trunk Roads (Itinerrios Principais, IP), Secondary
Roads (Itinerrios Complementares, IC); National Roads
(Estradas Nacionais, EN); and Regional Roads (Estradas
Regionais). In 2010, the national roadway network reached
13,123 km in Continental Portugal divided into the basic
network (2,221 km o IP), the secondary roads (6,482 km
o IC and EN) and the regional roads (4,420 km). With the
inclusion o the Auto-Estradas, they amount to 2,737 km, that
is, more than one-th o the total roadway network. In the
1990s there was a signicant development o roadway
7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
18/79
aicepPortugal Global
Portugal - Country Prole (April 2012)
18aicep Portugal Global Trade & Investment Agency Av. 5 de Outubro, 101, 1050-051 LISBOA
Tel. Lisboa: + 351 217 909 500 Contact Centre: 808 214 214 [email protected] www.portugalglobal.pt
The ve principal national ports located on the Continent
(Leixes, Aveiro, Lisbon, Setbal, and Sines), moved about
64.6 million tons o merchandise in 2011 (96.7% o the
total). Due to the improvement o inrastructures and the
eciency improvements made over the last ew years, it is
estimated that the national port system will become more
competitive which in turn will allow an increase in reight
movement in the uture years.
The deep water port o Sines, the national leader when it
comes to the quantity o goods moved (25.8 million tons
in 2011, or 38.6% o the total), boasts unique natural
conditions along the Portuguese coast to handle all types
o ships. Endowed with modern terminals it has unequalled
characteristics, being on the one hand the principal gateway
or the countrys energy supply (petroleum derivatives, coal
and natural gas), and on the other an important cargo
container port with strong growth potential.
This port, with its industrial zone and advanced logistics,
with more than 2,000 hectares is already a multiaceted
logistics platorm on an international scale (maritime-port,
industrial and logistical), that will count on ull integration
with the urban national platorm o Poceiro and with the
cross-border platorm o Elvas/Caia. The expansion o the
Container Terminal (Terminal XXI) has been completed,
increasing inra-structure capacity to one million TEUs
(measure used or 20-oot containers) per year, compared
with a previous capacity or 250,000 TEU/year.
6.4 Air transport
Portugals air transport system includes a network o 15
airports, 38 airelds and 11 certied heliports10.
On the continent there are three international airports, all
situated on the coastal border and an airport in Beja (in the
Alentejo interior) that is awaiting certication by INAC the
National Civil Aviation Institute (a process that should be
concluded in 2012). The project regarding the construction o
10 Source: INAC Instituto Nacional de Aviao Civil (National Civil Aviation Institute),
January 17, 2011Port o Sines - Alentejo
C
ma
raMunicipaldeSines
The existing railway network is 2,843 km, o which 2,794 km
with railway trac carrying both passengers and reight. It
serves a population o approximately 8.5 million inhabitants
and assures North-South links along the coastal strip o the
Portuguese continent as well as transversal links. The railway
network density tends to be greater in regions where there
are greater concentrations o population.
In 2010, 9.3 million tons o merchandise were transported
by rail, also indicating a predominance o national trac
(91.7%) and 153 million passengers. According to regions,
the Centre, the Alentejo and Lisbon represented more than
90% o the total merchandise transported by this means.
Preliminary data or the third quarter o 2011 indicate a year-
on-year decline o 10.8% in merchandise transported by rail.
6.3 Ports
The geographical position o Portugal, with an extensive
Atlantic coastline, oers excellent conditions to promote and
develop maritime connections.
On the continent there are nine ports: Viana do Castelo and
Leixes, in the North Region; Aveiro and Figueira da Foz,
in the Centre; Lisbon and Setbal, in the region o Greater
Lisbon; Sines, in the Alentejo; Faro and Portimo, in the
Algarve. The Autonomous Region o the Azores has eight
ports and the Autonomous Region o Madeira has three.
7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
19/79
aicepPortugal Global
Portugal - Country Prole (April 2012)
19aicep Portugal Global Trade & Investment Agency Av. 5 de Outubro, 101, 1050-051 LISBOA
Tel. Lisboa: + 351 217 909 500 Contact Centre: 808 214 214 [email protected] www.portugalglobal.pt
a new international airport or Lisbon, on the southern edge
o the city, in the Alcochete area, has been postponed by the
Government due ongoing unavorable economic conditions.
The act that the autonomous regions are made up o islands
explains the presence there o a larger number o airports, as
can be seen in the ollowing table.
The act that the autonomous regions are made up o
islands explains the presence there o a larger number o
airports, as can be seen in the ollowing table.
6.5 Technological inrastructures
In the last ew years, inrastructures relating to the
telecommunications sector were substantially improved and
modernized, allowing Portugal to stand in a comortable
spot among its European partners. In this area there are
three types o systems: a voice system (xed line telephone
and mobile); data services (Internet access) and video
service (TV signal), and three types o networks: traditional
xed network, mobile network and TV distribution by
satellite, cable and other radio-electric means.
The deregulation o xed and mobile networks and
the entry o new telecommunications operators in the
Portuguese market increased competition, improved quality
and reduced rates charged.
With the arrival o third generation mobile networks,
Internet access in broadband and TV distribution were
made available to mobile network clients. Within the EU
at the end o 2010, Portugal was the country with the
sixth highest broad band penetration > 10 Mbps in its
population (15%) and had the seventh highest penetration
o active mobile broad band (eective use in the last three
months) among the population (38%).
In Portugal at the present time, the satellite networks are or
the most part utilized to oer services or TV distribution.
According to ANACOM11, the penetration rate or access
to broad band Internet at the end o 2010 was 19.5%
per 100 inhabitants or xed network access and 24.1%
per 100 inhabitants or access to mobile networks with
eective use. In the case o xed access, the broad band
penetration rate was two percentage points above that
registered at the end o the previous year. This growth
was greater than that recorded in the OECD countres by a
dierence o 0.3 percentage points.
It can also be estimated that at least 86% o households
and 59% o residences in Portugal have at their disposal at
11 Based on the conclusions contained in the document published by the European
Commission Digital Agenda Scoreboard 2011
Main Portuguese airports
Airports Number Location
Continent 4 Lisbon, Oporto, Faro and Beja
A. R. Azores 9Ponta Delgada, Santa Maria,Horta, Flores, Corvo, Graciosa,Pico, So Jorge, Terceira
A. R. Madeira 2 Funchal and Porto Santo
Most international airlines serve the principal airports o the
country. TAP Portugal is the Portuguese national air carrier.
In 2010, the number o passengers passing through
national airports increased 8% over the year beore,reaching a total o 26 million. In the same year, air reight
transport trac also registered a considerable increase
(+11.3%, +14,000 tons) due to the excellent perormance o
the Lisbon and Porto Airports. The Azores also contributed to
the positive trend with trac o nearly one thousand tons. An
analysis o reight unloaded (imports) and uploaded (exports)
indicates that export reight increased by much more and was
primarily responsible or the good overall perormance o air
reight transport.
The Francisco S Carneiro Airport, in Oporto, was designated
by the Airports Council International (ACI) as the second best
European airport in 2010 and the th best on a world scale in
the category representing airports handling trac o between
two and ve million passengers.
The John Paul II Airport in Ponta Delgada (Azores) also won
the ACI prize or being the European airport that registered
the most signicant increase in Quality o Service indicators
between 2008 and 2009.
7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
20/79
aicepPortugal Global
Portugal - Country Prole (April 2012)
20aicep Portugal Global Trade & Investment Agency Av. 5 de Outubro, 101, 1050-051 LISBOA
Tel. Lisboa: + 351 217 909 500 Contact Centre: 808 214 214 [email protected] www.portugalglobal.pt
least access to installed high speed, although geographical
distribution is not homogenous and is concentrated in the
Lisbon and North regions.
The combinations o services most used by the residential
population reer to the exclusive use o STM (15%) and to
the our electronic communication services in simultaneous
use (14%), in particular, mobile phone, xed-line phone, xed
broadband and subscription TV (M+F+FBB+TV) although not
necessarily purchased as a package. Subscriptions to multiple
play options by residential clients have shown a rising trend
that in large measure results rom higher subscription to triple
play packages (F+I+TV). Moreover, it should be noted that
98% o individuals who have Internet access in their homes
also have access to STM.
In the case o business clients12 there is a trend towards
an increase in the number o services, consistent with the
growth in the size o the business. Among large businesses,
the number o services used is three or greater, with the
prevalence o telephone services and access to xed and
mobile Internet (M+F+FBB+MBB).
Small and medium sized companies (SMEs) also show a
high degree o relative penetration o this type o services
combination. The most commonly used combination
includes xed and mobile phone services, together with FBB
(M+F+FBB), but the double play package comprised o STF
and the Internet predominates.
Microenterprises stand out because they present a totally
dierent prole o combinations with the prevalence o STF,
particularly or exclusive use, but also together with STM or
FBB, as well as the exclusive use o STM.
The population residing in Greater Lisbon and Greater
Oporto stand out with regard to the greater intensity o
integrated consumption o our services (M+F+FBB+TV),
being that the residents o Greater Lisbon also tends to
12 According to ANACOM, or SMEs the analysis was conducted through the
Consumer Survey o Electronic Communications SME o December 15, 2010. For large
companies the analysis was based on the Consumer Survey o Electronic Communications
large companies, o December 2009. The services considered were the same as or
individual clients.
have a high consumption o a combination o ve services
(M+F+MBB+FBB+TV).
Use o STM together with MBB tends to be more prevalent
in the northern regions o the country (Coastal North and
Interior North). Also in the Interior North it is possible to
observe a greater propensity to use STF exclusively, as well as
acess to two types o telephone service (xed and mobile).
It is important to note that these regional dierences are
aected by the geographical availability o services, and
thus do not necessarily refect consumer preerences among
the various geographical areas. On the other hand, given
that the great majority o the Portuguese population resides
in the Interior North, Greater Lisbon, Coastal North and
Coastal Centre regions, the type o consumption in these
geographical areas tends to have a greater overall impact.
As determined by the European Commission, in 2012
(over the period January to April) all EU member countries
saw the introduction o a new technology, namely the
digital land signal which replaced the analog land signal
or television transmission, applicable to all those not
subscribing to pay television.
There is an important campaign to bring people closer to
the new technologies (including Internet) and an eort by
the public sector to make available various kinds o services
electronically, aiming to acilitate engagement by citizens
and businesses.
7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
21/79
aicepPortugal Global
Portugal - Country Prole (April 2012)
21aicep Portugal Global Trade & Investment Agency Av. 5 de Outubro, 101, 1050-051 LISBOA
Tel. Lisboa: + 351 217 909 500 Contact Centre: 808 214 214 [email protected] www.portugalglobal.pt
According to the eGov Benchmark 2010 Report, or the
second consecutive year Portugal occupies rst place in the
European rankings or the availability and sophistication o
Online Public Services. Within the ramework o the Digital
Agenda or Europe, by 2015 the European Union intends to
achieve its goal o making one out o every two citizens and
our out o every ve companies use online services or public
administration matters.
6.6 Policies or the uture
Within the scope o commitments undertaken in theMemorandum o Understanding, the Government in the
State Budget or 2012 dened as top prorities or the
transport sector the introduction o structural reorms that
are nancially viable, and will develop policies promoting the
mobility o persons and goods, promote greater cohesion and
review o the States role in providing transport services.
In the air transport sector there will be reorganization o the
system and the privatization o ANA that will be determined
along the lines o the privatization model set in the example
o TAP. These processes are expected to be completed by
year-end 2012.
In the maritime-port system, the integration o national
ports in the global logistical and transport system was
determined to be a priority. This would improve their
attractiveness and increase export competitiveness.
As or the railway sector, the privatization o CP Cargo is
expected to be completed by the end o 2012 and railway
use will be promoted or the transportation o exports. In this
situation, investments were planned with the intention o
obtaining synergies with port and logistical activities, whilehaving recourse to European joint participation in trans-
European projects as much as possible.
In the communications sector, the measures that are to
be taken ocus on improving the operation o the market,
strengthening competition and promoting eciencies.
In accordance with the execution o the third postal
directive, market liberalization policies are planned in the
postal sector together with preparations or the denitive
privatization o the CTT by the end o 2012. In the electronic
communications sector, there will be policy continuity
to strengthen competitition, with particular attention to
introducing the ourth generation mobile in the market.
Optic bber
7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
22/79
aicepPortugal Global
Portugal - Country Prole (April 2012)
22aicep Portugal Global Trade & Investment Agency Av. 5 de Outubro, 101, 1050-051 LISBOA
Tel. Lisboa: + 351 217 909 500 Contact Centre: 808 214 214 [email protected] www.portugalglobal.pt
7. Resources and Productive Structure
In the past ew decades, Portugal, not unlike its European
partners, saw its economic development become increasingly
based on services. At the present time, this sector accounts
or 62.8% o employment and 74.5% o gross value added
(GVA), whereas the agricultural sector only provides 9.9%
o employment and contributes merely 2.1% o GVA.
Industry, construction, energy, and water represent 27.3% o
employment and 23.3% o GVA.
Gross Value Added by Sectorso Economic Activity
Source: IINE National Accounts by economic secotor at current prices; Eurostat
Employment by Sectorso Economic Activity
Source: INE Employment Statistics 2011; Eurostat Calculations based on hours worked
Regional Gross Value Added by Sector o Economic Activity in 2010
Source: INE Instituto Nacional de Estatstica National Accounts (preliminary data)
Agriculture, orestry and shing
Industry, construction, energy and water
Services
Agriculture, orestry and shing
Industry, construction, energy and water
Services
2011 20112010
Portugal EU27
2009 2011 20112010
Portugal EU27
2009
Agriculture, grazing, hunting,orestry, shing
Mining;manuacturing; electricity; gas; water;sanitary, waste management and depollution
Construction Services
Portugal North Centre Lisbon Alentejo Algarve A.R. Azores A.R. Madeira
7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
23/79
aicepPortugal Global
Portugal - Country Prole (April 2012)
23aicep Portugal Global Trade & Investment Agency Av. 5 de Outubro, 101, 1050-051 LISBOA
Tel. Lisboa: + 351 217 909 500 Contact Centre: 808 214 214 [email protected] www.portugalglobal.pt
As or the regional distribution o GVA, in 2010 (preliminary
data) the services sector dominated productive activity in
all seven Portuguese regions. The contribution o service
activities was particularly high in Madeira, Lisbon and the
Algarve. The primary sector continues to lose ground,
although it still is important in the Alentejo and the Azores.
As or the contribution to GDP o each sector o economic
activity, the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) calculates
that in 2011 services accounted or 74.8% o GDP which
represents an increase o almost 20% compared with
2000. Industry, including the energy sector, in the past ew
years has been declining as a share o GDP (more than
one-ourth in the last 10 years). Over the same period,
agriculture saw its share decline by less than hal.
The agricultural sector has undergone several structural
adjustments, namely the increase in the area and number
o arms and the increase in mechanization that have
contributed to a rise in productivity, even though there
continue to be disparities at sectoral and regional levels.
On the other hand, agricultural services and secondary
activities have increased in relative importance, contributing
towards greater proessionalism and multiunctionality in
domestic agriculture.
The total arm area corresponds to 50% o national
territory and small holdings continue to predominate, with
more than two-thirds o all arms consisting o under ve
hectares.
The permanent agricultural plantings, especially vineyards
and olive groves, are ound primarily in the interior o
the country, rom North to South, whereas orest areas
are located primarily in the area rom the Centre to the
continental coastline o Portugal. In the Azores, about
95% o agricultural land under cultivation is given over to
pastures, meadows, and grazing areas and in Madeira 77%
o this land is devoted to permanent crops.Agricultural activity is subject to a signicant amount o
volatility as a result o elevated exposure to both economic
and climatic elements.
By conducting an analysis o the structure o agricultural
production and the dynamics o development over the
period 2000-2010, and in particular 2009-2010, the most
important component is the production o vegetable
products (57.6% versus 31.7% or animal production); the
concentration o production in our sectors, three o which
belong to the rst group (horticulture, ruits and wine) and
animal products (milk); the relative loss in importance o
cereals due to the sharp drop in production volume; the
growing importance o horticulture products, with 20.5%
o production in 2010, ollowed immediately by wine and
ruits and the growing dynamics o animal production, in
aggregate terms.
In vegetable production, it is estimated that the most
signicant decline is likely to come rom vegetables and
horticulture products and wine. As or animal production,
Productive Structure - Share o GDP
7.1 Agriculture, orestry and shing
Agriculture
Despite the reduced role o this sector in the overall
economy during the past ew decades, (in 1980
agriculture accounted or 11% o GVA in nominal terms
whereas in 2011 it represented only 2.1%, including
orestry and shing), this sector still provides signicant
employment opportunities in Portugal (9.9% o the total).
Agriculture,
orestry and
shing
2000 2009 2010 2011a
Industry (including
construction &
energy)
Services
Source: EIU Economist Intelligence Unit Viewswire (February 15, 2012)
Notes: Based on GDP at actor cost; a) Estimates
7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
24/79
aicepPortugal Global
Portugal - Country Prole (April 2012)
24aicep Portugal Global Trade & Investment Agency Av. 5 de Outubro, 101, 1050-051 LISBOA
Tel. Lisboa: + 351 217 909 500 Contact Centre: 808 214 214 [email protected] www.portugalglobal.pt
there is likely to be an increase in value terms rom cattle
raising (+16%) and milk production (+11%).
A series o measures have been taken within the context o
the National Agricultural Plan which are designed to give
the country a more developed agricultural sector that is
competitive and produces quality products while also taking
into consideration the social importance o this sector.
Organic farming
In 2010, according to IFOAM13, there were 37 million
hectares (ha) devoted to organic arming. Europe was the
region that registered the highest increase in organic arming
areas in 2010 (+9% over 2009) or a total o 10 million
hectares, Asia saw its organic area decrease over the same
period. With regard to the types o organic arming, cereals
are the dominant crop while coee is the principal product
among permanent crops.
One third o the worlds total area devoted to organic arming
is located in Oceania (33%), ollowed by Europe (27%) and
Latin America (23%). By countries, Australia has the largest
concentration o organic arming (12 million ha) ollowed
by Argentina (4.2 million ha) and the USA (1.9 million
ha). Currently, Liechtenstein and Austria are the European
countries with the largest share o agricultural acreage
devoted to organic armeing (27% and 20%, respectively).
Globally there are about 1.6 million organic armers, and they
are primarily concentrated in developing countries.
For the same year, the consumer market or organic products
represented nearly 44.5 billion euros, which showed an
increase o approximately 8% compared with the year
beore. The United States is at the top o the list with
consumption o 20.2 billion euros, while in Europe, Germany,
France and the United Kingdom accounted or about 60%
o organic arm crop consumption in that area. The countries
with the highest per capita consumption, over 140 euros, are
Denmark and Switzerland.
13 IFOAM International Federation o Organic Agriculture Movements The World
o Organic Agriculture, Statistics and Emerging Trends 2011. Data cover 160 countries
and reer to the year 2010.
In Portugal, since the beginning o the 1990s there has
been an exponential increase in organic arming, both in
terms o area o production as well as in the number o
armers who have converted their holdings to this type
o arming. Between 2000 and 2010 the area devoted
to organic arming rose by 50,000 hectares to 210,981
hectares and the number o producers increased rom
763 to 2,464. In terms o types, pastures dominate with
142,000 hectares. They have a signicant presence in the
Alentejo, ollowed by olive groves with 17,000 hectares
and they are ound predominantly in the Alentejo, Trs-os-
Montes and Beira Interior regions.
The raising o animals has also shown a signicant increase,
both in terms o their number as well as in the number
o ranchers. In terms o species, sheep, cattle raising and
poultry dominate organic animal production (more than
80%). Sheep and cattle are prevalent in the Alentejo and
Beira Interior and poultry in Beira Litoral, Ribatejo and Oeste.
The prole o the typical organic armer14, in general terms,
is mostly that o a young person, mostly between the ages
14 Source: Produo Agrcola Biolgica (Orgnica) em Portugal: Evoluo, Paradoxos
e Desaos (Organic Agricultural Production in Portugal: Development, Paradoxes and
Challenges).
The 10 countries with the highest growth in
organic arming in 2010
Source: FIBL IFOAM 2012 Survey Unit: Thousand hectares
France
Poland
Spain
Bolivia
Turkey
Czech Rep.
Portugal
Sweden
Germany
Macedonia
+71,105.1
+33,790.2
+43,587.0
+47,169.0
+49,594.0
+49,795.0
+57,951.3
71.105,1 +125,897.8
+154,908.0
+167,929.0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 1800
7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
25/79
aicepPortugal Global
Portugal - Country Prole (April 2012)
25aicep Portugal Global Trade & Investment Agency Av. 5 de Outubro, 101, 1050-051 LISBOA
Tel. Lisboa: + 351 217 909 500 Contact Centre: 808 214 214 [email protected] www.portugalglobal.pt
o 40 and 49. These persons tend to be university educated
or hold proessional training in the eld, they are mostly
recent arrivals to organic arming, they are motivated by a
desire to protect the environment (land conservation) and
improve health (through healthier eating). More than hal
o all producers are also involved with activities linked to the
sector such as the sale o organic products and/or the actors
o production, processing, consumer awareness, promotion
and marketing. There is considerable variety in the scale o
arms, although medium and large arms predominate. As a
general rule, mixed cultivation is practiced, although animal
production is the most common.
On February 8, 2012 changes were approved to the
Community Regulation15 that introduced practices or
winemaking in accordance with the organic production
model (MPB) which will allow European wine producers
to bring to market a dierentiated product produced in
this manner rom the vine to the wine. There are about
400 organic grape producers nationally in an area o
about 2,600 hectares (th largest in Europe) o which
128 produce wine grapes. The expansion o regulations
concerning wine production presages a strong expansion
o activity, bearing in mind that at present there are only
15 wine producers who are trained to operate using this
method o production. The new regulations will go into
eect starting with the next wine harvest (August 1, 2012).
Although it is a relatively recent phenomenon, several
national organic products have been awarded national and
international prizes. Worth highlighting is the Portuguese
olive oil brand Risca Grande a product o the Estate
o the same name in Serpa (Alentejo) and Acushia
produced in Quinta do Prado, in Vila Flor Trs-os-Montes,
that were awarded a prize or quality at the 2012 BIOFACH
Fair which is considered the most important European
organic arming air.
As o 1 July 2010, it became obligatory in the EU to use the
Eurolea logo that complies with applicable norms on
15 Reg. (CE) 889/2008, o the European Commission
all prepackaged organic products that are produced in al l
member states. For imported products its use is optional.
Forestry
The importance o orests and the orestry sector in
Portugal is unquestionable. This is due to large areas
covered by orests; to the relevance o its economic,
environmental, social, and cultural importance; to its
importance in the manuacturing industry that is based
on a renewable, natural resource; to the assurance o
the existence o recyclable and reusable products that
generate employment and protability; and even by
the large number o agents involved in the production,
transormation and commercialization o orest products.
Forests occupy about 38% o the national territory
(3.54 million hectares), they represent dierent rates o
arborization according to the regions o the country and
Portugal has the 12th largest orest area in the EU. Portugal
also has a signicant protected orest area (about 20% o
the total), and orms an important part o the Nature 2000
Network (27%).
There are many species that comprise the orests o
Continental Portugal: the three most common are the pine
(Pinus pinaster), cork (Quercus suber) and the eucalyptus
(Eucalyptus spp.) and are also the most important in an
economic sense. Together they account or more than 70%
o the orest area.
7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
26/79
aicepPortugal Global
Portugal - Country Prole (April 2012)
26aicep Portugal Global Trade & Investment Agency Av. 5 de Outubro, 101, 1050-051 LISBOA
Tel. Lisboa: + 351 217 909 500 Contact Centre: 808 214 214 [email protected] www.portugalglobal.pt
The pine tree is the one orest species that covers the
largest area (mostly in the Centre region and the Coastal
North o the country) and is the main sustenance or
logging and agglomerates. The cork tree occupies a
territory that is equal to about 25% o its natural global
distribution. The economic importance o this species is
refected in the act that Portugal is the worlds oremost
manuacturer o cork products, in particular bottle corks.
The eucalyptus is also an important element ound in the
Portuguese countryside. Besides its exceptional properties
that are useul or the production o quality wood pulp,
its growth cycle gives it importance rom an economic
standpoint. This act, together with the development o
a dynamic industrial sector, was responsible or a rapid
increase o its importance in the last three decades,
including the development o the cellulose industry and o
the private sector.
In the Azores, more than 64% o the orest area is covered
by incense and natural vegetation, with criptomria
representing more than 60 % o orest production.
In Madeira, 32% o orest space is covered by the laurissilva
species and the remaining area is occupied by exotic species
(eucalyptus, pine and others).
In economic terms, the orest sector (silviculture and the
wood and cork industries, urniture, wood pulp, paper
and cardboard and graphic arts) accounts or about
5% o national GVA, 14% o GDP and 5% o industrial
employment.
Fishing
The need to preserve existing resources and maintain the
economic viability o the shing industry is one o the top
priorities o this sector.
In Portugal there are 45 ports o registry (captaincy and
maritime delegations) o which 32 are located on the
Continent, 11 in the Autonomous region o the Azores and
two in the Autonomous Region o Madeira. In 2010, there
were 16,920 shermen registered, a decline o 2.8% rom
the year beore that aected all regions. The national shing
feet was virtually unchanged both in number o vessels
(8,492) and in overall gauging and in power also experienced
a slight decline over the same period. The Centre region
continues to have the largest number o vessels registered
(24% o the total) and the largest gross overall gauging
(39% o the total), due to the signicant number o oshore
shing vessels registered in that region.
During 2010 a total o 166,304 tons o sh were caught,
unloaded as resh or rerigerated in bulk, representing
an increase o 15% in volume caught and o 6.7% in
corresponding value.
This increase was attributable to a larger catch o marine
sh, especially species such as tuna, mackerel and sardines.
Mollusks too increased, primarily due to the larger volume
o octopuses caught. There was a sharp decline o 24% in
the volume o crustaceans due to the reduced number o
shing licenses authorized or Guinea-Bissau.
The Centre and the Algarve remained the main regions or
sh unloaded, contributing 27.5% and 20.4%, respectively,
to the total value o sh unloaded in domestic harbors. They
were ollowed by the regions o Lisbon with 14.9%, the
North and the Azores (14.6% each).
Although the country enjoys natural conditions avorable to
the development o aquaculture, its output has been less
than expected, accounting or only a slight share in the total
production o the sector. Salt water and brackish output
continues on an upward trend.
The most important sh raised in aquaculture are sea bass,
turbot and clams in marine waters, and trout in sweet water.
The Algarve remains the region with the largest share (about
45%) o national aquaculture output.
The adverse economic situation, the reduced wager in
diversication, product certication and production process,
may have contributed to the disappointing progress
experienced by Portugal in this sector.
7/29/2019 PORTUGAL - COUNTRY PROFILE [AICEP - 2012]
27/79
aicepPortugal Global
Portugal - Country Prole (April 2012)
27aicep Portugal Global Trade & Investment Agency Av. 5 de Outubro, 101, 1050-051 LISBOA
Tel. Lisboa: + 351 217 909 500 Contact Centre: 808 214 214 [email protected] www.portugalglobal.pt
7.2 Industry
Mining
The development o the mining industry (mining, quarrying
and water) shows a sharp alteration experienced by the
subsector mines, due to the extraction o concentrates o
copper and tin in the mines o Neves-Corvo. This is currently
the most important mining project in the country and, given
its location in the Alentejo Region, it implies that this region
occupies the top position in this subsector when compared
with the other regions. The Minas de Neves-Corvo are also
responsible or being the major employer in the region o
Castro-Verde-Almodvar (more than 800 workers) and
contributes in a signicant manner to the high level o
regional GDP. Also located in this region are the recently
reactivated mines o Aljustrel. It is expected that they will
have an annual production o 700,000 tons o copper, and
other minerals in smaller shares, such as silver, selenium
and indium.
In terms o relative importance, the Centre Region ollows.
It is where the second most important mining operation
in the country is located the Panasqueira mine, whichproduces the mineral wolram.
Ferro-magnesium, tin, titanium, wolram, copper, uranium,
quartz, talcum, and kaolin are the products extracted,
among others, rom mines in operation. The strong
points o this secto