Hung Nguyen, James Quilty, Bjoern Ole Sander, Carlito Balingbing, Simon Munder, Martin Gummert
With the contributions of related research within IRRI-projects
Preventing Straw Burning in the Field - How to Manage Straw More Sustainably
AGRITECHNICA Asia, Bangkok, March 16, 2017
17-Mar-17
Combine Harvesting as a Game ChangerDriven by labor shortage, high collection cost
Combine harvester
Previous harvesting system
Some provinces in Cambodia and Vietnam now completely combine harvested
Spread by combine harvesters in the field
Bulky (loose form: 70-80 kg/m3)
Intensive labor during harvesting
Asia: around 60% (300m tonnes/year) of rice straw burnt in the field for disposal
Images: NASA / Earth Observatory :Punjab, India
What should we do with rice straw?
Burn?
Collect/ remove?
Incorporate?
Components N P2O5 K2O
Content, %dm 0.5-0.8 0.2-0.3 1.4-2
kg/ ton straw 5-8 1.6-2.7 14-20
Lost during burning (%)
100 25 20
for what and how?
Rice production
In-field options
Processing and utilization routes of rice straw (IRRI-BMZ rice straw project)
Burning
Mulching
Incorporation
Off-field options
Agricultural uses
Carbonization (Bio-char) Composting
Livestock (bedding, fodder)
Industrial uses
Building materials (fiber board, brick, etc.)
Hi-end materials (silica, biofiber)
Energy
Thermal (combustion, gasification, pyrolysis)
Bio-chemical: AD, Fermentation, etc.
Heat, electric power, syngas
Biogas, ethanol, hydrogen, etc.
Pre-processing
Densification(whole bale
compaction, briquetting and
pelletizing)
Ensilaging
Leaching
residue Waste
field
Life cycle assessments identify better, more sustainable practices
Harvesting
Mushroom
Chopping
Drying and storage
Collection, handling, and transportation
Required depending on
processing
In-field options Incorporation with decomposition supported by Tricoderma
Combine harvester + straw chopping + spreading + Tricoderma spraying
Incorporation
Straw shredding and urea spraying IRRI-BMZ rice straw project
Carbonization and composting – IRRI-BMZ rice straw project, conducted by Hohenheim University
Compost turner mixing green stalks into a windrow for decomposition experiments –on-going research
Biomass and char conversion for wood chip.
For rice straw ≈ 40 minutes
Service cost: 26-35 $US/t
Net profit = 10 – 20 $US/t
Off-field straw management
Published in: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378429016302854
Market of rice straw
YearSpread in the field ($US/ha)
Baled straw at the field ($US/ton)
Baled straw at the market ($US/ton)
2013 15 96 115
2014 20 80 100
2015 30 62 95Increase bale density by 400% (94 390 kg m-3). Reduce transportation cost by 60% for a 60 km driving distance using trucks. Net profit $US 6.2/ton (for compressing)
Compress 10 roll-bales 1 square bale
Or fermented-packaging
Source: TGU, NLU and IRRI, on-going research
Case study in Vietnam
Wet straw collection (wet season) need to dry?
Research of solar dryer for rice straw
Source: NLU and IRRI, on-going research
Rice straw mushroom production
19.9%
25.8%
4.8%1.2%0.6%
47.7%
Total cost of using 1 ton straw formushrom production: 5 million VND
Land used (rental)
Rice straw (at 15-18% MCwb)
Spawns
Activators
Watering (power consumption)
Labors (for all operations)
Net profit = US$123 (±14) per ton of straw used.
Straw chopping and pelletizing
Testing ongoing
Pelletizing cost: 21 USD/ton (for depreciation, energy, labor,…)
Potential for energy, cattle feeds
Source: TGU, NLU-IRRI ongoing research
Cross-flow furnace for rice straw and paddy drying
Energy: combustion
ENERTIME project at IRRI: Feasibility of 1MW power plant
Organic Ranking Cycle (ORC)
Rice straw AD power plant 1.2 MWe (assessed in India)
18 MWh/day (Self-consumption 3 MWh/day).
Residential time = 21+21 days
Energy efficiency = 15-25%
+ Fertilizer
Challenges: Collection, transportation, storage, pretreatment/chopping
Anaerobic digestion (AD)
IRRI-designed Batch AD – hermetic bag
• Low cost
• Portable
• Residue after AD can easily be unloaded and used as fertilizer
• Energy efficiency 15-25% + fertilizer (Residential time = 100 days)
Limitations: small scale, on-going development
Published in: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235248471630018X
Assuming collected rice straw is used for bioenergy and
mushroom production
Economic (investment,
profit, ..)
Environment, energy
Social (livelihood,
labor,..)
Quantified bySustainability/ Lifecycle assessment Best practices
Paddy 14%
Milled rice
Storage, mill
Husk
Best/better practices?
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Completeromoval Partial
removal Strawburning Straw
retained
Annu
al G
HG
E (M
g C
O2-
eq h
a-1
year
-1)
In-field burningstraw
Mushroomproduction
Direct fieldemission
Mechanizedoperations
Herbicide
Fertilizer
Seeds
GHG emissions of rice production with different rice straw management practices?
Source: Nguyen V Hung et al., working paper
0.0
0.4
0.8
1.2
Annual paddy yield(10.2 Mg/ha)
Grain quality: headrice recovery (55.4%)
Net energy balance(4.7)
GHGE (7.3 Mg CO2-eq/ha)
Human toxicity (0.19Mg 1,4 DB-eq/ha)
Partial removal (control = 1) Complete straw removalIn-field burning Straw retained and incorporated
Source: Nguyen V Hung et al., working paper
LCA of rice production with different straw management practicesMatters (1kg) kg 1,4 DB-eq
Diesel burned 7.5Nitrogen 4.1K2O 0.5P2O5 2Herbicide 56
Particulates 0.82
Burn GHGE, pollutions, and nutrient losses Incorporate all straw: Increase 30-50% GHGE + short turn
around time for decomposition causing Methane toxicity
Partial removal Remained stubble
Incorporation supported by mechanical (shredding/
chopping) or bio-chemical (Tricoderma) treatments: still
developed and verified
Mechanized collection, baler (net profit: 10-20 USD/ton –
case in Vietnam)
What can we do better for rice straw?
Negative practices
Better practices
Some implications so far:
For what?
Scalable options (widely current use)
Mushroom + 120 USD/ton
Cattle feed Intake 1 kg/day/100kg live weight
Increase digestibility by leaching, ensilaging with Urea: needs to be developed and verified
Others: Biochar, bioenergy, hi-end materials for industry still needs to be verified for commercialized
No “one solution fits all” identify and develop good(suitable) practices corresponding to the specific riceproduction value chain/environment/market.
Contacts and further information: www.irri.org; www.ricestraw.irri.orgEmail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Thank you
IRRI joint-research group: Climate change – Agronomy – Postharvest and Mechanization on Rice straw
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