A Perspective on Human Genetics
Chapter 1
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
! Helical molecule: Two stands of nucleotides • Primary carrier of
genetic information • 4 Letters in the
genetic alphabet: A, C, G and T
From DNA to Protein
! A gene is transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein
! A protein has a three dimensional shape
Gregor Mendel
! He discovered many properties of genes and founded genetics
Chromosomes
! Genes are parts of chromosomes • Meiosis separates chromosomes during formation
of egg and sperm
How Do We Study Genes?
! Cytogenetics - Karyotyping ! Molecular Genetics - Recombinant DNA, RFLP
Analysis, Gene Therapy
! Transmission Genetics - Pedigree analysis, Family Traits
! Population genetics - Databases, Genetic Distribution
Cytogenetics - Karyotype
! Chromosomes arranged by size, shape, and other characteristics
Molecular Genetics
Analyzing DNA to identify the cause of disorders and cancer
Changing genes, Altering Phenotypes for Food, Medicine,Health
Transmission Genetics: Pedigree Analysis
! Follows the passing of Traits within a family
Has Genetics Affected Social Policy and Law?
! Eugenics was an influential force in American life from 1905 through 1933 • Restricted immigration to “superior” peoples
Population Genetics
! DNA microarrays (DNA chips) • Carry the entire human
genome • Screen an individual’s
entire genome
Collecting Genetic Data about people to examine the passage and distribution of a particular gene in a population to link that gene with a genetic condition
What Impact is Genetics Having Now? ! Biotechnology
• Commercial uses for genes
! Human Genome Project • Mapping all human genes
! Health Care • Gene Therapy, Karyotyping
! Genetic Testing • DNA Microarrays
! Social Policy and Law • Immigration and Reproductive Laws