07-02-2017
1
Principles of Environmental Principles of Environmental ManagementManagement
CE 667
Dr Vinod TareDr Vinod TareProfessorProfessor
Environmental Engineering and ManagementEnvironmental Engineering and ManagementDepartment of Civil EngineeringDepartment of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology KanpurIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
“An important procedure for ensuring that the likely effectsof new development on the environment are fullyunderstood and taken into account before the developmentis allowed to go ahead”
07-02-2017
2
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
What is it really?
Environmental Impact Assessment is a process, set downas a repeatable series of steps to be taken, to allow theenvironmental consequences of a proposed developmentto be assessed.
The environmental consequences have to be thoseINCREMENTAL effects which are due to the proposeddevelopment, and not those which are due to the passageof time or other developments not included in the proposal.
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Screening(does the project require EIA?)
Scoping(what issues and impacts should the EIA address?)
Baseline Studies (establish the environmental baseline)
Alternatives(consider the different approaches)
Mitigation(what can be done to alleviate negative impacts?)
EIS Preparation/Review (document the EIA findings)
Public Consultation(consult general public and NGOs)
Monitoring(monitor impacts of project)
Impact Identification and Prediction(forecast the environmental impacts)
Impact Evaluation(interpreting the impacts)
EIA - Steps
07-02-2017
3
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Screening - Philosophy
Is an EIA needed?
Many projects may have no significant environmental effects
A screening mechanism seeks to identify those projects with potentially significant adverse environmental effects
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Screening – Operational Aspects
Two principal approaches to screening:
the use of thresholds/sensitivities
case-by-case examination against criteria
Under the EIA Directive:
EIA is mandatory for projects listed in Annex I of the Directive
EIA is required subject to Member States’ thresholds and criteria for projects listed in Annex II of the Directive
07-02-2017
4
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Scoping - Philosophy
The scope of an EIA is the issues and impacts itaddresses
Scoping is the process of deciding which of a project’spossible alternatives and impacts should be addressedin the EIA
An EIA should focus only on the significant issues andimpacts
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Scoping – Operational Aspects
Scoping is carried out in discussions between thedeveloper, the competent authority, relevant agenciesand, ideally, the public.
Effective scoping enables limited resources to beallocated to best effect (i.e. through investigation of onlythe most significant impacts).
Scoping is not mandatory under the EIA Directive.
07-02-2017
5
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Baseline Studies Following the scoping phase, it is essential to assemble
all the relevant information on the current status of theenvironment
The baseline study should anticipate the future state ofthe environment assuming the project is not undertaken -the ‘no action alternative’
This provides the ‘baseline’ against which future impacts can be assessed
Baseline studies should be undertaken for eachalternative site so that the relative severity of the impactsfor each alternative can be assessed
New field work may be necessary (e.g. ecologicalsurvey) if relevant data is not already available
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Alternatives
EIA is ideally undertaken for a project and its alternatives(e.g. different locations, scales, designs).
Alternatives are the ‘raw material’ of EIA.
The US Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) hasdescribed the discussion of alternatives as the ‘heart’ ofthe EIS.
Many EISs fail to consider alternatives.
07-02-2017
6
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
How does EIA actually contribute to Sustainable Development?
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Definition
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) may be definedas a formal process used to predict the environmentalconsequences of any development project. EIA thusensures that the potential problems are foreseen andaddressed at an early stage in the projects planning anddesign.
07-02-2017
7
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
EIA - Purpose The purpose of the environmental assessment process
is:
1. to support the goals of environmental protection andsustainable development.
2. to integrate environmental protection and economicdecisions at the earliest stages of planning anactivity.
3. to predict environmental, social, economic, andcultural consequences of a proposed activity and toassess plans to mitigate any adverse impactsresulting from the proposed activity, and
4. to provide for the involvement of the public,department of the Government and Governmentagencies in the review of the proposed activities.
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Precautionary Approach
In the face of scientific uncertainty, we choose toacknowledge the impacts on the environment thatdevelopment has and shape environmental treaties toprotect the environment while advancing technologicallyand economically
Rio Declaration, Principle 15 "Where there are threatsthreats of serious or irreversible
damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall notnot beused as a reason for postponing cost-effectivemeasures to prevent environmental degradation."
07-02-2017
8
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Environmental Impact Assessment There is increasing urgency to take far-reaching decisions with regard to
global environmental concerns. Remedial actions can not be delayed untileverything is clear and well defined, Although experts improve andconsolidate the data to be used by policy-makers, decisions have to betaken now. No matter how complex, straightforward technological “fixes” arenot going to move out of this environmental impasse. Some basicassumptions and practices at the root of our way of life may have to bediscarded forever.
One way to ensure better protection of the environment, and more rationaluse of natural resources, is to aim at an increasing number of planningdecisions based on their potential impacts on the environment and naturalresources. This could be done by the common introduction of so-calledenvironmental impact assessment (EIA)., whereby major public or privatedevelopment projects in agriculture, industry or infrastructure are subject toa comprehensive environmental evaluation prior to beginning the work.
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Environmental Impact Assessment The concept of EIA was first developed as a reaction to
some applications of cost-benefit analysis, in connectionwith large projects with considerable environmentalimpacts and for which the effects on environment wasnot properly considered.
EIAs’ should be viewed as an internal part of a projectplanning processes, beginning with an early identificationof project alternatives and the potentially-significantenvironmental impacts associated with them. It shouldcontinue through the planning cycle to include anexternal review of the assessment document andinvolvement of the public.
07-02-2017
9
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Environmental Impact Assessment EIA’s can be regarded as a stepwise procedure to
collect, organize, analyze and evaluate necessaryinformation as a basis for planning and decision makingabout:
The extent and character of a project
The background condition of the environment to beaffected (geology, hydrology, biology, etc.)
The potential environmental effects in the future
The scope of the consequences for the people thatwill be influenced by the environmental effects of theproject; and,
The need of remedial measures.
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Environmental Impact Assessment
In the early phase of an environmental impactassessment for a given project, it is often necessary toproduce details of its possible impacts on the variousmedia (air, soil, water, etc.), its potential effects onwildlife and their habitats, and its implications for therational use of natural resources. A decision aboutwhether to go ahead with the project, and under whatconditions approval may be granted is then taken,balancing these environmental considerations againsteconomic, social and other benefits of the project inquestion.
07-02-2017
10
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Preliminary/Rapid EIA or Initial Environmental Examination
Several procedures have been presented on how toperform an EIA. These procedures typically include apreliminary assessment called an initial environmentalexamination (IEE), upon which an environmental agencycan decide whether a project involves significantenvironmental effects or not. Such early examinationcould serve as the basis for judging the necessary extentof an EIA. EIA’s usually comprise a series of threesequential analytical functions – identification, predictionand evaluation.
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Environmental Impact Assessment
Identification essentially revolves around characterizing the existingenvironment, and those components of a development project whichcan have an effect on the environment.
Prediction has the major objective that the identified impacts of aproject action are quantified with respect to impacts from otherproject actions.
Evaluation is the culmination of the EIA process, based on theprevious two functions. It aids in communication of the appropriateinformation to decision makers about the possible alternatives, andthe impacts associated with each alternative, thereby facilitatinginformed decision-making. Evaluation also enables a determinationof groups which may be directly or indirectly affected by the project.
07-02-2017
11
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Environmental Impact Assessment
Any EIA prepared for a project should includethe following as essentials:
Preliminary activities to narrow down the scope ofEIA studies
Description of the proposed project and reasonablealternative(s), and,
Assessment of the likely effects of the project on theeconomy, environment and society components.
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Environmental Impact Assessment EIA, even though intensely debated and sometimes criticized, has
proven to be a valuable tool, enabling the elimination or mitigation ofundesirable repercussions on the environment that might arisebecause of contemplated actions. A through and comprehensiveEIA could lead to the identification of, and subsequent incorporationof, modifications of the design and construction stages, so as toeffect reduction or elimination of those features in proposed projectsthat could produce detrimental impacts on the surroundingenvironment. EIA’s should be performed in the way that enablesreviews and comments from various agencies concerned. Publichearings should be an important component. An EIA which reflectsthe views of all those involved and influenced by a project affectingthe environment is the best guarantee to avoid costly delays.
07-02-2017
12
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Concept of Environmental Impact By definition an environmental impact is any alteration of environmental conditions or
creation of a new set of environmental conditions, adverse or beneficial, caused orinduced by the action or set of actions under consideration. The attention given toenvironmental condition, as referred to here, will vary according to the nature, scale,and location of the proposed action (or actions). Primary attention is given to thosefactors which are most evidently affected, such as the effects on the resource base,including land, water quality and quantity, air quality, public services and energysupply, as well as other environmentally critical areas. For example, impact on thenesting ground of an endangered species would be significant, while a similar impacton the nesting grounds of species which is abundant may not be significant. Likewise,the significance of high noise level is much different in a residential area than in anindustrial area.
Generally, impacts can be categorized as either primary or secondary. Thisdistinction is important for consideration of alternatives and ways to minimize adverseimpacts in performing impact analysis. One way to describe distinction is that theproject “inputs” generally cause primary impacts and project “outputs” generallycause secondary impacts. Primary impacts are generally easier to analyze andmeasure, while secondary impacts are usually more difficult to measure. Secondaryimpacts may, in fact, be more significant than primary impacts. For example, theprimary impact may be a change in vegetative species composition, but thesecondary consequence may be significant reduction in a rare or endangered wildlifespecies.
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Concept of Environmental Impact
“Primary Impacts” are those that can be attributeddirectly to the proposed action. If the action is a fieldexperiment, materials introduced into the environmentwhich might damage certain plant communities or wildlifespecies would have a primary impact. If the actioninvolves construction of a facility, such as a sewagetreatment works, an office building, or a laboratory, theprimary impacts of the action would include theenvironmental impacts related to construction andoperation of the facility and land use changes at thefacility site.
07-02-2017
13
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Concept of Environmental Impact “Secondary Impacts” are indirect or induced changes, and typically include
the associated investments and changed patterns of social and economicactivities likely to be stimulated or induced by the proposed action. If theaction involves construction of a facility, the secondary impacts wouldinclude the environmental impacts related to induced changes in the patternof land use, population density, and related effects on air and water qualityor the natural resources. Also included would be any unplanned increase ingrowth rate or level experienced by the existing community as a result of thefacilities and activities, through inducing new facilities and activities, orthrough changes in natural conditions. Secondary Impacts may often bemore substantial than the primary effects of the proposed action.
In the biophysical environment, the secondary impacts can be especiallyimportant. For example, removal of vegetation may cause excessive soilerosion which may cause excessive sediments in the receiving stream. Thisin turn will reduce the amount of sunlight that can penetrate the water, thusreducing the dissolved oxygen in the water. As a result, this will have anadverse effect on aquatic life and the water quality of the stream.
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Origin and History of EIA
1960s witnessed the emergence of environmentalism.
First formal system of EIA established in the US following the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969
NEPA sought to ensure that environmental concerns wereconsidered in the decision-making of Federal Governmentagencies
Section 102(2)(c) required agencies to prepare a detailedstatement on the environmental impact of “proposals forlegislation and other major Federal actions significantlyaffecting the quality of the human environment”
07-02-2017
14
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Origin and History of EIA
Since 1969 a host of other countries have adopted EIA legislation
In 1977 the European Commission began drafting a directive onEIA and finally published a proposal in 1980
Directive 85/337/EEC on the assessment of the effects of certainpublic and private projects on the environment – the ‘EIA Directive’was adopted in July 1985 and Member States had until 3 July 1988to implement its requirements
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
The EIA Directive
The EIA Directive requires that projects likely to havesignificant effects on the environment by virtue of theirnature, size or location to undergo an environmentalassessment before the competent authority in questiongrants consent.
The EIA Directive was amended in 1997 (Directive97/11/EC). Following signature of the ‘AarhusConvention’ on 25 June 1998, Directive 2003/35/EC wasadopted which amends amongst others the EIA Directiveand brings it into line with the public participationrequirements of the Aarhus Convention
07-02-2017
15
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
The EIA Directive
The EIA Directive defines a project as
the execution of construction works or of other installations or schemes,
other interventions in the natural surroundings and landscape including those involving the extraction of mineral resources
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
The EIA Directive
The EIA should identify, describe and assess the direct and indirect effects of a project on the following factors:
human beings, fauna and flora
soil, water, air, climate and the landscape
material assets and cultural heritage
the interaction between the above factors
EIA should therefore have a strong social dimension
07-02-2017
16
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Origin and History of EIA
“Before deciding to implement a strategic decision, wemust identify and evaluate its possible implications at threelevels:
Probable end results,
Latent side-effects on self as well as on others, and
Emergent long term consequences.
An oversight at any level could become a cause of intensestress, and it may be too late to withdraw, or go back intime.”
- From the Bhagavad Gita
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
EIA – An Instrument/ Tool/ Mechanism
EIA’s are being gradually used more and more as a generaltool in the planning processes of many societies. This iscertainly the case in most developed countries, even though itstill needs a lot of pressure to be fully implemented. However,environmental considerations have generally been ignored orneglected in planning the use of natural resources in mostdeveloping countries. Thus, it is obvious that efforts tointroduce the concept of EIA in developing countries, eventhough not perfected and completed in all its stages, is a majorstep towards sustainable development
07-02-2017
17
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Regulatory Instruments:
Since the beginning of mandated environmental protection,the legal framework has been largely restrictive.Regulations of various kind, e.g., for pollutant purification,and process and infrastructural changes, implemented byan expanding bureaucracy, have been introduced to limitand repair damage caused by environmental pollution(Figure). These regulations have helped to reducepollution, but has not been able to fully address the sourcesof many problems
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Environmental Impact Statement
The statement – referred to as an EnvironmentalImpact Statement (EIS) - should include detailson
any adverse environmental effects which cannot be avoided should the proposal be implemented
alternatives to the proposed action
07-02-2017
18
Initiation of development project
Ecology EconomyTechno
logy
Preparation of IEE(Initial Environmental
Examination )
Environmentalunit review
Refinement
Final recommendationfrom
environmental grounds
EIA used for environmentalmanagement
Project approved onenvironment grounds
Preparation of EIA(Environmental Impact
Assessment)
Environmentalunit review
Refinement
Sequential Action of EIA as an Environmental Management
Tool
Initiation of development project
Is there any existing regulation for environmental
studies for the proposedtype of project
Technicalfeasibility
Environmentalacceptability
Economicfeasibility
Preparation of IEE by project proponentbased on prespecified terms of reference
No environmental studies required
IEE required
EIA required
Sequential Action of EIA as an Environmental Management
Tool
07-02-2017
19
Environmental unit reviews, within specified time, the IEE
and decides whether detailedEIA is required or not
Detailed EIA required
Project proponent prepares detailed EIARevision of
IEE by project
proponentEnvironmental unit reviews,
completeness/compliance of the EIAreport, within specified time
Project rejected onEnvironmental
grounds
EIA reportUnsatisfactoryOr not in compliance
Detailed EIA Not required
EIA report satisfactorySequential Action of EIA as an Environmental Management
Tool
Final recommendations issued by environmental units
Project approved on environmental grounds
Spot checks of environmental protection, mitigationand enhancement measures by environmental unit
Environment unit reviews the effectiveness
of monitoring/environmental protectionby project proponent
Ineffective Monitoring/mitigation
Monitoring reportsprepared by project
proponent
Corrective measuresTo be taken by
project proponent
Effectiveness monitoring/Mitigation/enhancement
Sequential Action of EIA as an Environmental Management Tool
07-02-2017
20
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Parameter included in IEE
ClassificationEnvironmental resourceOr value (ER/V)
Type 1 Physical Resources
Water resources Surface waterHydrologyQuality
Ground waterHydrologyQuality
Air resources Air resourcesMeteorology (climate)Quality
Land Resources SolisErosion/sedimentsFertility
Geology/seismologyMineral resources
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Parameter included in IEE
ClassificationEnvironmental resourceOr value (ER/V)
Type 2 Ecological Resources
Aquatic resources FisheriesAquatic Biology
Terrestrial resources Forests (Vegetative cover)Terrestrial wildlife
Endangered (rare) species
07-02-2017
21
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Parameter included in IEE
ClassificationEnvironmental resourceOr value (ER/V)
Type 3 Human Use Values
• Flood Control/Drainage• Power
Generation/Transmission• Recreation• Mining• Industry
– Manufacturing– Agro based– Mineral processing
• Land Uses
• Water Supply • Transport
– Highways/Railways– Navigation
• Agriculture– Aquaculture– Irrigation– Reforestation
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Parameter included in IEE
ClassificationEnvironmental resourceOr value (ER/V)
Type 4 Quality of Life Values
• Socio-economic– Human ecology– Resettlement– Public health– Public safety– Economic and social structure– Institutional
• Cultural– Historical– Archaeological
• Aesthetics– Recreation– Aesthetics
07-02-2017
22
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Environmental Impact AssessmentFor the purpose of Environmental Impact Assessmentstudies, “environment” can be broadly divided into two parts:Physical and Non-physical. In this context we can define"environment " to mean the whole complex of physical, social,cultural, economic, and aesthetic factors which affectindividuals and communities and ultimately determine theirform, character, relationship, and survival. Examples of suchfactors are: air and water quality, erosion, natural hazards,land use pattern, plant and animal life, urban congestion,displacement and relocation, cultural resources, etc.
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Environmental Impact Assessment The dimensions of the environment as defined are rather board and
can be further elaborated upon and categorized as follows:
Physical environment (natural and constructed)
a. Land and climate
Soil – general characteristics, load bearing capacity, existing and potentialerosion, permeability, mineral content, shrink-swell potential
Topography – general characteristics, slope. grade of site, location and size ofwatershed
Subsurface conditions – geologic characteristics, geologic faults, aquifer recharge
Special conditions – Flood plain; unique landscape; potential for mudslide,landslide, subsidence, or earthquake, aerial or underground transmission linesand right-of-way; gullied areas; irrigation.
Climatic conditions: annual rainfall and seasonal distribution; average annualtemperature and temperature ranges; growing season; potential fro flash floods,hurricanes, or tornadoes; wind conditions
07-02-2017
23
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
The Dimensions of the Environmentb. Vegetation, wildlife, and natural areas
Extent and type of vegetation and wildlife
Existence of on-site, or proximity to unique naturalsystem such as stream systems, wildlife breeding areas,forests and wilderness areas
c. Surrounding land uses and physical character of area
Type of development – single family or high-riseresidential, industrial, commercial, open space, mixed,public and quasi-public
Densities – people per acre, dwelling units per acre,industrial and commercial square footage per acre
Building height, design, intensity, and lot sizes
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
The Dimensions of the Environmentd. Infrastructure/public services
Water supply sources, quality and distribution
Sanitary sewage and solid waste disposal facilities
Strom sewerage and drainage
Energy resources – electricity, natural gas, oil
Transportation facilities servicing site – roads, publictransit, parking, airports, heliports
e. Air pollution levels
Major sources of air pollution in area
Extent of pollution (smog, dust, odors, smoke,hazardous emissions) in relation to local and statestandard of health and safety
Frequency of inversions and air pollution alerts oremergencies
Conditions peculiar to the site and immediate area
07-02-2017
24
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
The Dimensions of the Environmentf. Noise levels
Noise sources – nearby airport, railway, highway
Ambient noise levels
Vibrations
g. Water pollution levels Ground and surface water relevant to site and area – drainage
basin, source of water supply, water bodies with implications forhealth and recreational uses, existing water quality
Use and transportation of fertilizers and insecticides and their effecton eutrophication
Discharges from feed lots
Sewage disposal systems
Mine waste areas
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
The Dimensions of the Environment
Social Environmenta. Community facilities and services
Location and capacity of schools
Neighborhood, community, and regional parks servicing area
Recreational and cultural facilities
Police, fire, health and social services facilities servicing area
b. Employment centers and commercial facilities servicing area
c. Character of community
Socioeconomic and racial characteristics
Community life – places to meet, management, organizedactivities
Population size and distribution
Housing conditions
07-02-2017
25
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
The Dimensions of the Environment Aesthetic environment
a. Existence of on-site, proximity, to significant historic, archeological, orarchitectural sites or property
b. Scenic areas, views, vistas, and natural landscape
c. Architectural character of existing buildings
Economic environmenta. Employment and unemployment levels
b. Level and sources of income
c. Economic base area
d. Land ownership including private, local, public, state, and federal
e. Land values
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
The general approach to identifying potential impacts andenvironmental factors which should be considered is to utilize aquestionnaire checklist relative to the major impact areas. Forexample, such a checklist could be structured as follows:
Pollution quality
Air quality1) Will the action result in emissions into the atmosphere of
toxic or hazardous substances or significant amounts of other pollutants?
2) How and to what extent will the action affect the air quality?
3) Will it contribute to a degradation of air quality?
4) Will it cause changes in chemical and physical composition?
Impact IdentificationImpact Identification
07-02-2017
26
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Water quality
1) How and to what extent will the action affect the availability, supply, use, and quality of water?
2) Will the action cause marine pollution or affect commercial fishery and shellfish sanitation?
3) Will it affect waterway regulation and stream modification activities?
4) Will the action divert water from one basin to another and have a significant effect on the quality or quantity of water in either basin?
Impact IdentificationImpact Identification
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Water quality
5) Will the action contributes to a significant depletion ordegradation of ground or surface water?
6) Will the action introduce toxic or hazardous substance or solidwastes into bodies of water?
7) Will the action significantly increase sedimentation in a body ofwater?
8) Will the action significantly alter the temperature of a body ofwater?
Impact IdentificationImpact Identification
07-02-2017
27
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Noise quality1) Will the action result in the creation of excessive noise,
considering the proximity of the likely effects of the noise onhumans or wildlife?
2) Will the action result in kinds of noises and noise levels that willbe disturbing or a nuisance in the immediate and overlyingareas?
Solid waste1) How will the proposed action affect activities related to the
creation, management, and disposal of solid waste materials?
Impact IdentificationImpact Identification
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Radiation
1) Will the proposed action create heat, noise, energy waves,electrical or radioactive effects, physical vibrations, or otherthermal, electrical, or microwave activity that will be disturbingor a nuisance or create interference in the immediate andoutlying areas?
Impact IdentificationImpact Identification
07-02-2017
28
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Hazardous substances
1) Will the proposed action create or generate any substances,materials, or activities that are dangerous because of toxicity,flammability, or explosive tendencies or characteristics?
2) Will it create or generate substances that might result incontamination or deterioration of food, food sources, clothing,or other materials?
Impact IdentificationImpact Identification
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Vegetation and wildlife effects
1) Will the action result in significant destruction of vegetation,wildlife, or marine life?
2) Will the action substantially alter the breeding, nesting, orfeeding grounds for birds?
3) Will the action substantially alter the patterns of behavior offish, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, and insects?
Impact IdentificationImpact Identification
07-02-2017
29
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Vegetation and wildlife effects
1) Will the action significantly affect, beneficially or adversely,other forms of life or ecosystems of which they are apart ?
2) Will the action cause changes in biological productivity,including fish and wildlife habitat and population losses,impacts on rare and endangered species, and changes indiversity?
Impact IdentificationImpact Identification
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Energy supply and natural resource effects1) Will the action require the use of nonrenewable energy source
in apparently excessive or disproportionate amounts?
2) Will the action affect electric energy development, generation ,transmission, and use?
3) Will the action affect petroleum development, extraction,refining, transport, and use?
Impact IdentificationImpact Identification
07-02-2017
30
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Energy supply and natural resource effects4) Will the action affect natural gas development, production,
transmission, and use?
5) Will the action affect coal and minerals development, mining,conversion, processing, transport, and use?
6) Will the action affect renewable resource development,production, management, harvest, transport, and use?
7) Will the action affect energy and natural resourceconservation?
Impact IdentificationImpact Identification
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Natural hazards and geologic effects1) Will the action significantly affect soil quality?
2) Will the action increase (or decrease) the stability or instabilityof the soils and/or geology of the site?
3) Are the geologic or soils conditions of the site hazardous tobuilding construction and human occupancy?
Impact IdentificationImpact Identification
07-02-2017
31
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Natural hazards and geologic effects
4) Will the action increase the erosion or runoff potential of thesite?
5) Is the site subject to unusual terrain features such as steepslopes, abutting rock formations. or other conditions affectingconstruction, damage. Or livability?
6) Are there unusual risks from natural hazards such as geologic fault, flash floods, volcanic activity, mudslides, or from the presence of ponds or other hazardous terrain features?
Impact IdentificationImpact Identification
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Land use and land management effects
a. RecreationWill the action have a significant effect on publicparks or other areas of recognized scenic orrecreational value?
b. Historic, architectural, and archaeological preservationWill the action have a significant effect on areas ofrecognized archaeological value or propertieslisted on, or being considered for nomination to theNational Register of Historical Places?
Impact IdentificationImpact Identification
07-02-2017
32
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Aesthetics
1) Will the action affect areas of unique interest or beauty?
2) Will the action alter the aesthetic qualities of the area?
Impact IdentificationImpact Identification
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Socioeconomics1) Will the action divide or disrupt existing land uses?
2) Will the action alter the economic base of the area?
3) Will the action increases traffic flow and congestion?
4) Will the action affect population density and congestion?
5) Will the action affect neighborhood character and cohesion?
6) Will the action create employment opportunities?
7) Will the action cause displacement and relocation of homes, families, andbusinesses?
8) Will the action cause present new demands and requirements for publicservices?
9) Will the action affect the quality of life of the residents of the areas?
10) Will the action have a significant effect on revenues and costs to localgovernment agencies?
11) Will the action induce population, commercial, industrial, or generaleconomic growth of the area?
Impact IdentificationImpact Identification
07-02-2017
33
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Environmental Impact Assessment in Project Cycle
Phases of Impact Assessment
07-02-2017
34
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Impact IdentificationImpact Identification
Simple Checklist for Identification of Impacts
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Impact IdentificationImpact Identification
1. The activity might affect the quality of water resources within, adjacent to, or near the activity area.
Water resource Direct Indirect
Synergistic
Shortterm
Longterm
Reversible
Irreversible
Severe
Moderate
Insignificant
(1) River water quality (x) ( ) ( ) ( ) (x) ( ) (x) (x) ( ) ( )
(2) Ground water quality (x) ( ) ( ) ( ) (x) ( ) (x) (x) ( ) ( )
2. The activity might result in deleterious effect on the quality of any water resource or watersheds.
(1) Water suppiy d/s irrigation (x) ( ) ( ) ( ) (x) (x) ( ) ( ) ( ) (x)
Possible substances causing effects:
(1) Human and animal (x) ( ) ( ) ( ) (x) (x) ( ) ( ) ( ) (x)
(2) Recreation (x) ( ) ( ) (x) (x) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (x)
Descriptive Checklist
07-02-2017
35
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Impact IdentificationImpact Identification
Factor Definition or explanation Rating Alternative Comments
1 2 3
1 Ground water quality 0 0 0 Little in any effect
2 Air quality -1 -2 -2 Little effect
3 Noise level 0 0 -1 Little, if any effect
4 Health -3 -3 -2 Moderate effect
5 Education +1 +1 +2 Little effect
6 Surface water quality -2 -1 -1 Little effect
7 Biota -1 0 0 Little, if any effect
Scaling Checklist
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Impact IdentificationImpact IdentificationSimple Matrix for a Project
07-02-2017
36
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Impact IdentificationImpact Identification
Simple Interaction MatrixLeopold Matrix
M = Magnitude of an interaction, the scale ofmagnitude can be from 1 to 10, with 10representing a large magnitude and 1 a smallmagnitude.
I = Importance of an interaction. The scale ofimportance range from 1 to 10, with 10 representingvery important interaction and I represents very lowimportance of interaction.
Concept of Interaction Matrix
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Impact IdentificationImpact Identification
Network Diagram for a Dredging Project
07-02-2017
37
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Impact IdentificationImpact Identification
Schematics of Overlay Method
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Impact IdentificationImpact Identification
Systematic Approach for Impact Identification
07-02-2017
38
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Impact PredictionImpact Prediction
• Parameters, Indicators, Units
• Values with and without the Project
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Water Demand:
ndustrialICommercial m 1000in
GLA Total
GLAm 1000
per employees
ofNumber
employee
perwater
of Litres
2
2
lResidentia
units
dwelling
ofNumber
unit dwelling
per people
ofNumber
capita
perwater
of Liters
ndustrialICommercial businesses
ofNumber
businessper
employees
ofNumber
employee
perwater
of Litres
Physical EnvironmentPhysical Environment
07-02-2017
39
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Water Quantity
100
project
before areain
quantityWater
project
after areain
quantityWater
project
before areain
quantityWater
Physical EnvironmentPhysical Environment
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Vegetation and Wild Life
typesall
each type
of species
n/wildlife vegetatiod threateneand
endangered ofNumber
Physical EnvironmentPhysical Environment
07-02-2017
40
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Vegetation and Wild Life
100
project before
hectareshabitat
n)(vegetatio
wildlifeLocal
projectafter
hectaresin habitat
n)(vegetatio
wildlifeLocal
project before
hectaresin habitat
n)(vegetatio
wildlifeLocal
Physical EnvironmentPhysical Environment
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Historical/Archeological
sites alldisturbed site
ogicalpalaeontol
each of Value
distrubed site
icalarchaeolog
each of Value
disturbed
site historical
each of Value
NonNon--Physical EnvironmentPhysical Environment
07-02-2017
41
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Police Protection/Crime
100
project before
areaproject in
rate Crime
projectafter
areaproject in
rate Crime
project before
areaproject in
rate Crime
NonNon--Physical EnvironmentPhysical Environment
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Fire Protection Risk
100
project before
areaproject
of rating Fire
projectafter
areaproject
of rating Fire
project before
areaproject
of rating Fire
NonNon--Physical EnvironmentPhysical Environment
07-02-2017
42
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Economic Impact – Natural Disasters
occur
intensity of flood
a should damage
project of Value
occurring
intensity
of flood a
ofy Probabilit
sintensitie flood all
i
i
NonNon--Physical EnvironmentPhysical Environment
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Real Challenge !Real Challenge !
To develop an appreciation of the identifying features and important
characteristics of environmental systems and processes that must be
factored into their analysis, modeling, and estimation/prediction/design.
07-02-2017
43
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Impact EvaluationImpact Evaluation Impact assessment involves evaluating the significance of the
impacts identified
Significance can be determined through professional judgement,reference to regulations, etc.
Potential for bias in determining what is significant
The conclusions of the impact assessment can ultimately be usedby decision-makers when determining the fate of the projectapplication
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Conceptual Basis for Impact Evaluation Conceptual Basis for Impact Evaluation and Decisionand Decision-- Making MethodsMaking Methods
The Two Phases of the Alternative Evaluation Process
07-02-2017
44
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Impact Evaluation: Importance Weighing Impact Evaluation: Importance Weighing of Decision Factors of Decision Factors
Techniques/Methods:
Ranking techniques
Nominal-group process
Rating techniques
Pair-wise comparison techniques
Delphi method
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Impact Evaluation: Importance Weighing Impact Evaluation: Importance Weighing of Decision Factors of Decision Factors
Ranking Techniques
These techniques involve the rank ordering of decisionfactors in their relative order of importance. If there are ndecision factors, rank ordering would involve assigningvalue of 1 to the most important factor, 2 to the secondmost important factor, and so on, until n is assigned to leastimportant factor. It should be noted that the rank ordercould be reversed; that n is assigned to most importantfactor, n-I to second most important factor, and so on, until1 is assigned to least important factor.
07-02-2017
45
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Impact Evaluation: Importance Weighing Impact Evaluation: Importance Weighing of Decision Factors of Decision Factors
Nominal Group Process (NGP)
The NGP technique is an interactive group technique.There are four steps involved in the use of NGP forimportance weighing. (i) Nominal (silent and independent)generation of ideas in writing by a panel of participants. (ii)Round-robin listing of ideas generated by participants in aserial discussion, using flip charts. (iii) Ground discussionof each recorded idea for the purpose of clarification andevaluation. (iv) Independent voting on priority ideas with thegroup decision based on mathematical rank ordering.
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Impact Evaluation: Importance Weighing Impact Evaluation: Importance Weighing of Decision Factors of Decision Factors
Rating Techniques
Rating techniques for importance weighing basicallyinvolve the assignment of importance numbers to series ofdecision factors and possibly, although not always,subsequent normalization using a mathematical procedure.There are two types of rating techniques.
07-02-2017
46
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Impact Evaluation: Importance Weighing Impact Evaluation: Importance Weighing of Decision Factors of Decision Factors Predefined Importance Scale:
In this approach, decision factors are assigned numerical values based on predefined importance scales. For example, if temperature, BOD, DO, heavy metals, and total dissolved solids are the parameters to be evaluated. To rate the parameters on a five level predefined scale designations one may assign 1 for temperature (very important), 2 for DO and BOD (important), 4 for heavy metals (unimportant) , and 5 for total dissolved solids (most unimportant). Usage of predefined scales can aid in systematizing importance-weight assignments. Such assignments can be made by individuals or an interdisciplinary study team.
Multi Attribute Utility Measurement (MA UM):The MAUM techniques can delineate the particular values of each participant in the process (decision maker, expert, pressure group, government, etc.) and to show how much these values differ. In doing so, the extent of such differences can frequently be reduced. The basic assumption is that the values of participants are reflected in the importance weight they assign to individual factor.
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Impact Evaluation: Importance Weighing Impact Evaluation: Importance Weighing of Decision Factors of Decision Factors
Paired-Comparison Techniques
The paired comparison techniques for importance weighingbasically involves a series of comparisons betweendecision factors and a systematic tabulation of numericalresults of the comparisons. These techniques have beenextensively used in decision-making for EIAs andelsewhere. There are two types of paired-comparisontechniques.
07-02-2017
47
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Impact Evaluation: Importance Weighing Impact Evaluation: Importance Weighing of Decision Factors of Decision Factors 1. Unranked Pair-wise Comparison Techniques (UPCT):a) These techniques used by an individual or group involve the
comparison of each decision factor to each other decision factor ina systematic manner.
b) The weighing technique consists of considering each factor relativeto every other factor on pair-wise basis and subsequently assigningof value according to a predefined scale.
c) The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a type of UPCT whichinvolves the pair-wise comparison of decision factors arranged in ahierarchy to assign the weights. The AHP offers a logical andrepresentative way of structuring the decision problem.
d) It is an efficient way of deriving priorities, allows for a systematicanalysis of consistency, and applies to a wide range of decisionsituations. The AHP method allows translation of subjectiveassessment into assignment of weightage through a scientificprocess.
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Impact Evaluation: Importance Weighing Impact Evaluation: Importance Weighing of Decision Factors of Decision Factors
2. Ranked Pair-wise Comparison Techniques (RPCT):a) The key feature of RPCT is that an initial rank ordering of all decision factors is
required.
b) The decision-factors to be compared are ranked according to selected criteria.
c) Then the successive paired comparisons are made between continuousparameters.
d) For each parameter pair, the degree of difference in importance is representedby assigning value on 0 to 1 scale. To i steps a to d above, follow procedure
i. Consider a list of n parameters.
ii. First rank the parameters in order of their relative importance, depending on the criteriaprovided.
iii. Assign the value 1 to the first parameter. Then compare the second parameter with the first todetermine how much the second is worth as compared to the first. Express the value as adecimal (1 > x > 0).
e) Continue with these pair-wise comparisons (i.e. compare the third with thesecond, the fourth with the third, and so on) until all parameters in the list havebeen evaluated. This can be done by an individual or group iteratively to getthe consensus of the participants on the importance value of parameters.
07-02-2017
48
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Impact Evaluation: Importance Weighing Impact Evaluation: Importance Weighing of Decision Factors of Decision Factors
Delphi MethodThis method is related to taking the judgment of several people andto obtain the consensus from their judgment. Following steps areinvolved in the use of Delphi Method of importance weighing.
(1) Select the group of individuals for conducting evaluation, andexplain in detail the weighing method and the use of this rankingand weighting.
(2) Obtain the judgement and calculate mean and variance of the data.(3) Return the list again along with the mean and variances of decisions
to each participant.(4) Iterate the steps (2) and (3) until the consensus is reached.
This is used in ‘water quality index’ (WQI) development.
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Impact Evaluation: Development of Final Impact Evaluation: Development of Final Decision Matrix Decision Matrix
Importance Value and Scaling, Rating, Ranking Value for an Example Decision Problem
Decision Factor
Importance Value (IV)
Scaling, Rating or Ranking Values for Alternatives (S)
A1 A2 A3
F1 0.40 0.50 0.17 0.35
F2 0.20 0.33 0.17 0.30
F3 0.10 0.17 0.33 0.50
F4 0.30 0.16 0.42 0.42
07-02-2017
49
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Impact Evaluation: Development of Final Impact Evaluation: Development of Final Impact Score Impact Score
Decision Factor Scaling, Rating or Ranking Values for Alternatives (S)
A1 A2 A3
F1 0.200 0.068 0.140
F2 0.066 0.034 0.060
F3 0.017 0.033 0.050
F4 0.048 0.126 0.126
Impact Score 0.331 0.261 0.376
Product Matrix for Trade-off Analysis of the Example Decision Problem
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Impact Evaluation: Analytical Hierarchy Impact Evaluation: Analytical Hierarchy Process Process
Measurement Scale for Importance Values in AHP
1 Equal importance Two activities contribute equally to the objective
3 Weak importance of one over the other Experience and judgement slightly favor one activity over another
5 Essential and strong importance Experience and judgement strongly favor one activity over another
7 Demonstrated importance An activity is strongly favored and it’s dominance is demonstrated in practice
9 Absolute importance The evidence favoring one activity over another is of the highest possible order of affirmation
2,4,6,8 Intermediate values When compromise is needed between two adjacent judgments
Reciprocal values when rows and column items are interchanged
07-02-2017
50
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Impact Evaluation: Combined RPCT and Impact Evaluation: Combined RPCT and Analytical Hierarchy Process Analytical Hierarchy Process
Value According
to RPCT Scale? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Value According
to AHP Scale1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Conversion Scale for Importance Values in RPCT to Importance Values in AHP
EIA EIA -- ExampleExample
07-02-2017
51
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
EIA EIA -- ExampleExample
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
EIA EIA -- ExampleExample
07-02-2017
52
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
MitigationMitigation
Negative impacts on the environment identified duringthe EIA can be alleviated through mitigation measures
The mitigation hierarchy: Avoid - Reduce - Remedy -Compensate - Enhance
Impacts remaining after mitigation are known as residualimpacts
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
EIS Preparation/ReviewEIS Preparation/Review
The Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) is a formaldocument which includes information on thedevelopment and information relating to screening,scoping, baseline studies, alternatives etc.
Common requirement to include a non-technicalsummary
07-02-2017
53
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
EIS Preparation/ReviewEIS Preparation/Review Once complete, the EIS is submitted to the competent
authority (along with the planning application)
The EIS is often reviewed (either formally or informally)
The review enables the competent authority to decide whether the EIA is adequate, accurate and unbiased
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Public ConsultationPublic Consultation The EIA Directive provides for public consultation on the
application for development and the EIS
07-02-2017
54
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
PostPost--project Monitoringproject Monitoring
Monitoring should determine:
the accuracy of the original predictions
the degree of deviation from the predictions
the possible reasons for any deviations
the extent to which mitigation measures have achieved their objectives
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
What is in an EIS?What is in an EIS?
Non Technical Summary
Description of the proposals
Assessment of Baseline conditions
Assessment of no development conditions
Assessment of conditions with development
Mitigation proposals
All conditions assessed for
Construction phase
Operation phase
07-02-2017
55
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Construction PhaseConstruction Phase
Temporary
Higher levels of impact usually deemed acceptable
Difficult to predict
VERY difficult to enforce conditions
Usually well influenced by effective consultation
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Operation PhaseOperation Phase
Long Term
Much less room for compromise on standards
Relatively simpler to predict
Less difficult to enforce conditions, as the conditions are on the project owner
Usually less influenced by effective consultation at scheme level, more at detailed level
07-02-2017
56
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Operation PhaseOperation Phase Can be several phases
Project itself may be developed in stages
Sometimes need to look at Commissioning
Opening
Operation after period
Operation once landscaping mature
Operation at design capacity
Operation at ultimate capacity
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Consent’s ProcessConsent’s Process EIS generally accompanies an application for permission to proceed
May be at Local, Regional, or National level
Local and regional levels usually can refer upwards
Application will be at outline or detailed stage; increasingly difficult to get approval on outline applications
07-02-2017
57
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
A better understanding of the different functions that are to be performed inthe EIA process can be obtained by answering a series of questions, givenbelow, on the various aspects of EIA
1. Who originates or requires environmental assessment?
2. Who pays for the assessment ?
3. Who performs or conduct the assessment?
4. Who reviews the assessment report?
5. Who uses the assessment?
Review of EIA ProcessReview of EIA Process
GeneralGeneral
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
AssessmentAssessment1. What is the likely future condition of the natural systems with and without
the proposed project?
2. Who cares about these conditions? (e.g. what persons are affectedpositively and adversely)
3. Why do they care? (i.e. what human uses are affected, now and in thefuture)
4. Does the EIA present a reasonably complete picture of both human andquality of life gains to result from the project and of utilization, alteration andimpairment of the natural resources affected by the project, so that thenational agency can make a fair evaluation of the net worth of the project?
5. Does it discuss conflicts and conformities in detail especially those whichneed to be reconciled?
07-02-2017
58
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
6. Is there a summary and conclusion of the study including:
a review of gains versus losses in environment resources and values, and the overall net gains
an explanation of how necessary adverse effects have been minimized or offset and compensated for
an explanation of use of any irreplaceable resources
provisions for follow-up surveillance and monitoring
proposal for additional detailed studies deemed necessary
AssessmentAssessment
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
ReviewReview1. What is the purpose of the EIA?
2. Does the EIA identify all purposes of the project?
3. Is each purpose described in detail?
4. Are there any criteria established for measuring achievement of eachpurpose?
5. Is the extent to which each purpose is achieved quantified?
6. Does the EIA relate each project activity to the project’s purposes?
7. Is there an identification of the project and the project proponent?
07-02-2017
59
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
ReviewReview
8. Is there a brief description of the nature, size and location of the project andof its importance to the region and the country?
9. What is the extent of the EIA study?
10. Is there a description of the scope of the study, magnitude of effort person or agency performing the study, and acknowledgement?
11. Is there a brief outline of the contents of the EIA including mention of any special techniques or methods used?
12. Does the EIA identify and list all project activities?
13. Are all the project activities described clearly and in the degree or detail comparable to that obtained for the feasibility study?
14. Where is the project located?
15. Is there a base map on an appropriate scale of the project area of influence?
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
ReviewReview16. Are there maps and sketches showing the project site layout?
17. What is the project scale?
18. What is the schedule of implementation of each project function?
19. Does the report provide detailed engineering plans and drawings?
20. Does it describe structures to be built and the area to be covered by each structure?
07-02-2017
60
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
ReviewReview
21. Does it provide preliminary construction details on timing, materials flow, equipment use, construction monitoring plans, safety plans, labour needs, services required, pollution abatement procedures or hardware?
22. What are the baseline environment conditions of the environmental resources/values?
23. How can such measurements be made?
24. Does the EIA describe measurement procedures, techniques or models adequately?
25. Does the EIA asses the quality and the relative importance of the environment resources/values?
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
REVIEWREVIEW
26. Are the existing guidelines in force included in the Terms of Reference (TOR) addressed?
27. Are the data and their interpretation in the EIA reliable? If not, why?
28. Does the reviewer agree with the results of impact assessment in the EIA? If not, why?
29. If there are medium to high impacts, how can they be reduced?
07-02-2017
61
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
MITIGATION, ENHANCEMENT MITIGATION, ENHANCEMENT AND MONITORING MEASURESAND MONITORING MEASURES
1. Are the proposed mitigation measures appropriate and effective?
2. Why are mitigation measures for other impact categories indicated?
3. Does it asses, evaluate and document the mitigation measures?
4. Is the proposed monitoring appropriate?
5. Will it establish the effectiveness of the mitigation measures?
6. What degree of impacts remain after applying mitigation measure?
7. Where adverse impacts are indicated, does the EIA explore measures forminimizing and/or offsetting these, and opportunities for enhancing naturalenvironmental resource/value?
8. Is there an appropriate plan developed and destination for monitoringeffectiveness of mitigation measures and projected impact?
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
ALTERNATIVESALTERNATIVES
1. Do the alternatives make sense?
2. Does it identify a set of possible alternative in terms of:
1. location
2. equipment
3. operation procedure
4. engineering design
3. Does it quantify costs and benefits of each alternative including consideration of environmental effects?
4. Does it compare the benefits and costs of these alternatives?
5. Does it develop a set of selective criteria for selecting the best alternative?
6. What is a selected set of feasible alternatives?
07-02-2017
62
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
UNCERTAINTIESUNCERTAINTIES
1. What is known and with what degree of certainty?
2. What is not known and why? (e.g. experimental difficulties, lack of theory)
3. What could be known with reasonable additional investments of labour, facilities and money?
4. What should be known? (i.e. not everything possible to know is necessary for prudent progress)
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Way Towards Sustainable DevelopmentWay Towards Sustainable Development
Action at All Levels
Start at Individual Level
07-02-2017
63
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Examples of Environmental Impacts Examples of Environmental Impacts Point and NonPoint and Non--Point PollutionPoint Pollution
(Source: Wright & Nebel, 2002)
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Waste Disposal Water Based System Wet Sanitation “End of Pipe” Approach
Examples of Environmental Impacts Examples of Environmental Impacts Water Flush SystemsWater Flush Systems
07-02-2017
64
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Problems with the Water Based Sanitation/Waste Disposal
Water Flush Systems
Ground Water
Contamination
Nitrogen Cycle
Affected
Environmentally Harmful
Burden on Treatment Plants
Water Scarcity
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Water Scarcity
Water Closet Usage/capita Water Used
1. Per Flush 10-30 litres
2. For 5 usages/day 50 - 150 litres
3.Per annum 18,250 - 54750 litres
Just to transport 50 kg of feaces per annum
07-02-2017
65
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Ground Water Contamination
Central Sewers
Groundwater Contamination
Fecal Matter Percolation
Treatment Plant
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Nitrogen Cycle Incomplete
Soil Plants Food
SewageRiversSea
07-02-2017
66
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Environmentally Harmful
Sewage Treatment Plant
Sludge
Environmental Burden
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
5 MILLION people die of pollutedwater every year (WHO)
Solution: Separate Feces from water
07-02-2017
67
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Additional Load on Treatment Plants
Wastewater Treatment
Plants
Rivers
Domestic Wastewater
Industrial Wastewater
Material flows in traditional sanitary concepts
07-02-2017
68
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Resource Regeneration through Waste Utilization Minimum or No Water Dry Sanitation Eco Sanitation
Material flows in an ecological sanitary concept
07-02-2017
69
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Recommended Text Book/Manual
Canter L W (1996) Environmental Impact Assessment, 2nd
Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc, NY, USA
Khadka R B, Bisset R and Neame P A (1996) EIA TrainingManual for Professionals and Managers, Asian RegionalEnvironmental Assessment Assessment Programme, IUCN,Nepal
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Where Environmental Law Arose
Stockholm to Rio 1972-1992 and beyond 1972 Stockholm
Creation of UNEP
1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
Montreal Protocol
Creation of World Commission on Environment and Development
Agenda 21 and Rio 1992
And on and on…
07-02-2017
70
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Soft Law
Stockholm Convention
UN Conference on Human Environment Recognized that
1) Man has a duty to protect and improve his environment
2) Need for development of an awareness of the effects of our actions
3) Solution to problem is development of underdeveloped nations
4) Need to accept responsibility
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Hard Law
World Bank “The environmental assessment constitutes one of
the ten World Bank Safeguard Policies. It has beenformally introduced in the late 1980s as an essentialtool for integrating environmental and social concernsinto development programs and projects financed byWorld Bank lending and implemented in thedeveloping countries from the project design”
07-02-2017
71
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
Management Jargon to Simple Guiding Principles
Regulatory Compliance to Good GovernanceRegulatory Compliance to Good Governance
Human BeingHuman BeingGood CitizenGood Citizen
SimpleSimpleGuidelinesGuidelines
Complex Complex
RegulationsRegulations
07-02-2017
72
Instructor:Dr Vinod Tare
CE 667Principles of Environmental Management
-- BrahmandapuranaBrahmandapurana (800 AD)(800 AD)
Prohibited thirteen types of human actions: (1) defecation, (2) gargling, (3) throwing of used floral
offerings, (4) rubbing of filth, (5)flowing bodies (human or animal), (6)frolicking; (7) acceptance of donations; (8)
obscenity; (9) considering other shrines to be superior,(10) praising other shrines, (11) discarding garments; (12)
bathing, and (13)making noise.
Management Jargon to Simple Guiding Principles