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PRINCIPLES &PRINCIPLES &PRACTICEPRACTICE
OF FIRST AIDOF FIRST AIDJAGANNATHAN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
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welcomewelcome
to all the participants,to all the participants,
employees and staffemployees and staff
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First AidFirst Aid
WHAT ?
WHO NEEDS ?
WHO CAN GIVE ?WHEN ?
WHERE?
WHY?
HOW?
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First AidFirst Aid
WHAT ?
THE IMMEDIATE HELP
ASSISTANCE
TREATMENT
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First AidFirst Aid
WHO NEEDS ?
FOR A VICTIM OR CASUALTY AN ACCIDENT
INJURY
SUDDEN ILLENSS
GET CAUGHT IN NATURAL
DISASTERS
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First AidFirst Aid
WHO CAN GIVE ?
FIRST AIDER ANY PERSON PREFERABLY HAVING THE
KNOWLEDGE/SKILL OF FIRST AID
Qualities of a First AiderQualities of a First Aider
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First AidFirst Aid
Common SenseCommon Sense Clear ObservationClear Observation
Clear ThinkingClear Thinking Courageous,Courageous, CourteousCourteous ConfidentConfident Cool, CalmCool, Calm Act FastAct Fast MethodicalMethodical
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First AidFirst Aid
WHERE TO GIVE FIRST AID ?
ON SPOT /PLACE OF ACCIDENT OR
INCIDENCE
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First AidFirst Aid
WHEN TO GIVE ?
IMMEDIATELY TEMPORARILY BEFORE/DURING SHIFTING/TAKING THE VICTIM
TO MEDICAL FACILITIES BEFORE THE ARRIVAL OF PROPER MEDICAL AID
AMBULANCE OR QUALIFIED EQUIPPEDMEDICAL EXPERT
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First AidFirst Aid
WHY FIRST AID ?
NEED/PURPOSE/AIM/OBJECTIVE
To preserve the lifeTo preserve the life
To Promote RecoveryTo Promote Recovery
To Prevent further Damage.To Prevent further Damage.
Quick Transport of Casualty to a Medical Facility.Quick Transport of Casualty to a Medical Facility.
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First AidFirst Aid
MANINTAIN AN OPEN AIRWAY BY POSITIONING THE CASUALTYCORRECTLYBEGIN RESUSCITATION IF THE CASUALTY IS NOT BREATHING AND THEHEART IS NOT BEATING AND CONTINUE TREATMENT UNTIL SKILLED
MEADICAL AID IS AVAILABLECONTROL BLEEDING
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First AidFirst Aid
PROVIDE COMFORTABLE SUPPORT FOR ANYLARGE WOUND AND FRACTURES.
DRESS WOUNDS
PLACE THE CASUALTY IN THE MOSTCOMFORTABLE POSITION CONSISTENT WITH
THE REQUIREMENT OF TREATMENT
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First AidFirst Aid
RELIEVE THE CASUALTY OF ANXIETYAND ENCOURAGE CONFIDENCE.
ATTEMPT TO RELIEVE THE CASUALTY OFPAIN AND DISCOMFORT.
HANDLE THE CASUALTY GENTLY PROTECT THE CASUALTY FROM THE
COLD AND WET.
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First AidFirst Aid
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First Aid---- How ???First Aid---- How ???
RESPONSIBLITIES OF FIRST AIDER
EMERGENCY ACCIDENT DRILL
1. Assessment of area and victim
2 Diagnosis
3.Proper first aid according to priorities
4.Quick transport
CHAIN OF SURIVIAL
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How to give first aid ???????How to give first aid ???????
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1. assessement1. assessement
areaareavictimvictim
2. Diagnosis2. Diagnosis
3. Priority first aid3. Priority first aid
4. Quick transport4. Quick transport
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Priority of TreatmentPriority of Treatment
Examination & DiagnosisExamination & Diagnosis
CPRCPR
Control BleedingControl Bleeding
Treat Shock & Care of Unconscious CasesTreat Shock & Care of Unconscious Cases
FractureFracture
BurnBurn
Eye, Nose, Ear InjuriesEye, Nose, Ear Injuries Multiple Superficial InjuriesMultiple Superficial Injuries
TransportationTransportation
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Qualities of a First AiderQualities of a First Aider
Common SenseCommon Sense
Clear ObservationClear Observation
Clear ThinkingClear Thinking
Courageous, CourteousCourageous, Courteous
ConfidentConfident
Cool, CalmCool, Calm
Act FastAct Fast
MethodicalMethodical
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CARDIO-PULMONARYCARDIO-PULMONARY
RESUSCITATIONRESUSCITATION
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HISTORY OFHISTORY OF
CPRCPR
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Modern CPR developed in the late 50s and
early 60s. The discoverers of mouth-to-
mouth ventilation were Drs. James Elamand Peter Safar. Though mouth-to-mouth resuscitation was
described in the Bible (mostly performed by
midwives to resuscitate newborns) it fell outof practice until it was rediscovered in the
50s.
History of CPRHistory of CPR
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In early 1960 Drs. Kouwenhoven,
Knickerbocker, and Jude discovered the
benefit of chest compression to achieve a
small amount of artificial circulation. Later in 1960, mouth-to-mouth and chest
compression were combined to form CPR
similar to the way it is practiced today.
History of CPRHistory of CPR
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FACTS ABOUTFACTS ABOUT
CPRCPR
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Sudden cardiac arrest is the leading cause of
death in adults. Most arrests occur in persons with underlying
heart disease. 75% of all cardiac arrests happen in people's
homes.
The typical victim of cardiac arrest is a man inhis early 60s and a woman in her late 60s.
Facts about CPRFacts about CPR
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CPR doubles a person's chance of survival
from sudden cardiac arrest. There has never been a case of HIV transmitted
by mouth-to-mouth CPR. Cardiac arrest occurs twice as frequently in
men compared to women.
1 in 7 people get an opportunity to performCPR.
Facts about CPRFacts about CPR
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In sudden cardiac arrest the heart goes from a
normal heartbeat to a quivering rhythm called
Ventricular Fibrillation (VF).
This happens in approximately 2/3rds of all
cardiac arrests. VF is fatal unless an electric
shock, called defibrillation, can be given. CPR does not stop VF but CPR extends the
window of time in which defibrillation can be
effective.
Facts about CPRFacts about CPR
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CPR provides a trickle of oxygenated blood to
the brain and heart and keeps these organs alive
until defibrillation can shock the heart into a
normal rhythm. If CPR is started within 4 minutes of collapse
and defibrillation provided within 10 minutes a
person has a 40% chance of survival.
Facts about CPRFacts about CPR
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ADMINISTERINGADMINISTERING
CPRCPR
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1. Make sure the scene is safe for you to help.
2. Make sure you have universal precautions:
gloves, pocket mask, etc.
3. Make sure you know how many patients you
have.
4. Determine if he / she is conscious by tapping
and shouting Are you OK?
5. If no response have someone call for an
Ambulance.
6. Position the patient on his / her back.
Administering CPRAdministering CPR
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7. Open the airway with a head-tilt
chin-lift or jaw-thrust maneuver.
8. LOOK-LISTEN-&-FEEL
for breaths.CHECK BREATHING
for 5-10 seconds.
9. If he/she is not breathing,
VENTILATE TWICE.
Administering CPRAdministering CPR
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Administering CPRAdministering CPR
10. Check for a pulse by palpating
(feeling) the carotid artery.
Check the pulse for 10 seconds.
11. If there is no pulse, begin chest compressions
at a rate of 15 compressions for 2 breaths.
12. Recheck the pulse after 1 minute.
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Administering CPRAdministering CPR
CONTINUE UNTIL HELP ARRIVES,
OR UNTIL YOU FEEL TOO TIRED
TO CONTINUE.
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CPRCPR
FOR CHILDRENFOR CHILDREN
(AGE 1-8)(AGE 1-8)
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Administering CPRAdministering CPR
CPR for children is similar to performing CPR
for adults. There are, however, 4 differences -
1. If you are alone with the child give one minute
of CPR before calling for an ambulance.
2. Use the heel of one hand for chest
compressions.
3. Press the sternum down 1 to 1.5 inches.
4. Give 1 full breath followed by 5 chest
compressions.
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CPRCPR
FOR INFANTSFOR INFANTS
(AGE
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Administering CPRAdministering CPR
1. Shout and Tap
Shout and gently tap the child on the shoulder.
If there is no response, position the infant on
its back.
2. Open The Airway
Open the airway using a head tilt / chin lift.
Do not tilt the head too far back.
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Administering CPRAdministering CPR
3. Give 2 Breaths
If the baby is NOT breathing give 2 small
gentle breaths. Cover the baby's mouth and
nose with your mouth. Each breath should be
1.5 to 2 seconds long. You should see the
baby's chest rise with each breath.
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Administering CPRAdministering CPR
4. Give 5 Compressions
Give five gentle chest compressions at the rate
of 100 per minute. Position your index and
middle fingers in the center of the chest half
an inch below the nipples. Press down only
1/2 to 1 inches.
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Administering CPRAdministering CPR
5. Repeat
Repeat with 1 breath and 5 compressions.
After 1 minute of repeated cycles call for an
ambulance and continue giving breaths andcompressions.
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SHOCKSHOCK
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ShockShock
Shock is an emergency condition.Shock is an emergency condition. It can occur when blood flow or blood volumeIt can occur when blood flow or blood volume
is too low to meet the body's needs.is too low to meet the body's needs.
With shock, areas of the body are deprived ofWith shock, areas of the body are deprived of
oxygen.oxygen. The result is damage to parts of the body suchThe result is damage to parts of the body such
as the limbs, lungs, heart and brain.as the limbs, lungs, heart and brain.
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Causes of ShockCauses of Shock
Heart attack.Heart attack. Severe or sudden blood loss from an injury orSevere or sudden blood loss from an injury or
serious illness.serious illness.
Large drop in body fluids such as following aLarge drop in body fluids such as following a
severe burn or severe vomiting and/orsevere burn or severe vomiting and/or
diarrhea.diarrhea. Blood poisoning from major infections.Blood poisoning from major infections.
Exposure to extreme heat or cold for too long.Exposure to extreme heat or cold for too long.
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Shock - Other conditionsShock - Other conditions
Fractures of a large bone.Fractures of a large bone. A severe allergic reaction.A severe allergic reaction. Very low blood sugar such as occurs withVery low blood sugar such as occurs with
diabetes (insulin shock).diabetes (insulin shock). Excessive drinking of alcohol.Excessive drinking of alcohol. Drug overdose.Drug overdose.
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Shock Shock Signs & SymptomsSigns & Symptoms
Weakness, trembling, restlessness, confusion.Weakness, trembling, restlessness, confusion. Pale or blue-colored lips, skin and/orPale or blue-colored lips, skin and/or
fingernails.fingernails.
Cool and moist skin.Cool and moist skin. Weak, but fast pulse.Weak, but fast pulse. Rapid, shallow breathing.Rapid, shallow breathing. Nausea, vomiting.Nausea, vomiting.
Enlarged pupils.Enlarged pupils. Extreme thirst.Extreme thirst. Loss of consciousness.Loss of consciousness.
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FIRST AIDFIRST AID
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Shock First AidShock First Aid
Lay the person down, face up.Lay the person down, face up. Elevate the feet about 1 foot with a box orElevate the feet about 1 foot with a box or
rolled blankets. This causes blood to flowrolled blankets. This causes blood to flow
from the legs to the head and vital organs infrom the legs to the head and vital organs inthe body. [Do not raise the feet or lower thethe body. [Do not raise the feet or lower the
head if you suspect the person has a head,head if you suspect the person has a head,
neck, back or leg injury].neck, back or leg injury].
Do not raise feet or move legs if hip or legDo not raise feet or move legs if hip or leg
bones are broken. Keep the victim lying flat.bones are broken. Keep the victim lying flat.
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Shock First AidShock First Aid
Loosen tight clothing. Then, cover the personLoosen tight clothing. Then, cover the person
with a coat or blanket to prevent heat loss.with a coat or blanket to prevent heat loss.
Place insulation between the person and thePlace insulation between the person and the
ground. [Do not use hot-water bottles orground. [Do not use hot-water bottles orelectric blankets to try to warm the person.]electric blankets to try to warm the person.]
Monitor for breathing and pulse every soMonitor for breathing and pulse every so
often.often.
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Shock First AidShock First Aid
Do not give any food or liquids. If the personDo not give any food or liquids. If the person
asks for water, moisten the lips, but do notasks for water, moisten the lips, but do not
allow him or her to drink any fluids.allow him or her to drink any fluids.
Reassure the person. Make him or her asReassure the person. Make him or her ascomfortable as you can.comfortable as you can.
If the person vomits, roll him or her on theIf the person vomits, roll him or her on the
side so the vomit does not back up into theside so the vomit does not back up into the
windpipe and lungs.windpipe and lungs.
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Shock First AidShock First Aid
If the victim is bleeding, control bleeding.If the victim is bleeding, control bleeding. If the victim has breathing difficulty,If the victim has breathing difficulty, elevateelevate
head and shoulders or put him/her in a half-head and shoulders or put him/her in a half-
sitting position to make it easier for him/ hersitting position to make it easier for him/ herto breathe if no head, neck or spine injury.to breathe if no head, neck or spine injury.
If the victim is not breathing and has no pulseIf the victim is not breathing and has no pulse
perform CPR.perform CPR.
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TRANSFER THE PATIENT TOTRANSFER THE PATIENT TO
A HOSPITAL ON TOP PRIORITYA HOSPITAL ON TOP PRIORITY
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Shock First AidShock First Aid
Once shock has been treated and all dangerOnce shock has been treated and all danger
has passed, the person should rest until totallyhas passed, the person should rest until totally
recovered.recovered.
While in bed, the person should move his orWhile in bed, the person should move his orher legs to reduce the risk of blood clots in theher legs to reduce the risk of blood clots in the
deep veins of the legs.deep veins of the legs.
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ELECTRIC SHOCKELECTRIC SHOCK
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Electric ShockElectric Shock
People can be electrocuted when they touchPeople can be electrocuted when they touchhigh-tension wires that fall during a storm orhigh-tension wires that fall during a storm orare struck by lightning.are struck by lightning.
A bolt of lightning carries as many as 30A bolt of lightning carries as many as 30million volts, more than 2,50,000 times themillion volts, more than 2,50,000 times thevoltage of ordinary household current.voltage of ordinary household current.
July is the most dangerous month forJuly is the most dangerous month for
lightning.lightning.
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Electric Shocks result inElectric Shocks result in
Slight shocking sensations.Slight shocking sensations.
Muscle spasms.Muscle spasms.
Seizures.Seizures. Interrupted breathing.Interrupted breathing.
Irregular heart beats.Irregular heart beats.
Third degree burns (at the spots where theThird degree burns (at the spots where the
electricity enters and exits the body).electricity enters and exits the body).
Unconsciousness.Unconsciousness.
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First Aid High Voltage ElectricFirst Aid High Voltage Electric
ShockShock
Do not try to remove the person from the wireDo not try to remove the person from the wire
and stay at least 20 ft away. Make anand stay at least 20 ft away. Make an
emergency call to the power company rightemergency call to the power company right
away. Be able to state the location of the highaway. Be able to state the location of the highvoltage wire. Act fast. Call for medicalvoltage wire. Act fast. Call for medical
assistance and state the problem quickly.assistance and state the problem quickly.
Do not remove the victim from the electricDo not remove the victim from the electricsource until the power source has been shutsource until the power source has been shut
off.off.
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First Aid High Voltage ElectricFirst Aid High Voltage Electric
ShockShock
Check for heartbeat and breathing. Feel for aCheck for heartbeat and breathing. Feel for a
pulse along the neck, under the earlobe, on thepulse along the neck, under the earlobe, on the
chest or on the wrist. Watch the rise and fall ofchest or on the wrist. Watch the rise and fall of
the chest to see if the person is breathing. Ifthe chest to see if the person is breathing. Ifthere is no heartbeat and no breathing,there is no heartbeat and no breathing,
administer CPR.administer CPR.
If there is a heartbeat, but no breathing,If there is a heartbeat, but no breathing,immediately start rescue breathing.immediately start rescue breathing.
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First Aid High Voltage ElectricFirst Aid High Voltage Electric
ShockShock
Check for burns and treat as third degreeCheck for burns and treat as third degree
burns.burns.
If the person is breathing, put them in theIf the person is breathing, put them in the
recovery position.recovery position.
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First Aid High Voltage ElectricFirst Aid High Voltage Electric
ShockShock
Separate the person from the source of electricSeparate the person from the source of electric
current using a dry broom handle or other typecurrent using a dry broom handle or other type
of non-conducting material such as wood orof non-conducting material such as wood or
rubber. It may be easier to loop dry rope orrubber. It may be easier to loop dry rope orcloth, throw it around a person's arm or legcloth, throw it around a person's arm or leg
and drag the person away from the live wire.and drag the person away from the live wire.
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First Aid High Voltage ElectricFirst Aid High Voltage Electric
ShockShock
Or, dry your hands and put on dry gloves orOr, dry your hands and put on dry gloves or
use a dry cloth. Stand on something dry like ause a dry cloth. Stand on something dry like a
stack of newspapers, a thick book or a rubberstack of newspapers, a thick book or a rubber
door mat before removing the person from thedoor mat before removing the person from thesource of the electric shock. Unless you dosource of the electric shock. Unless you do
this first, you may also get a shock when youthis first, you may also get a shock when you
touch the person.touch the person.
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First Aid Low Voltage ElectricFirst Aid Low Voltage Electric
ShockShock
Switch off the current, if possible, bySwitch off the current, if possible, byremoving the fuse or switching off the circuitremoving the fuse or switching off the circuit
breaker.breaker.
Do not touch the person who is in contact withDo not touch the person who is in contact withelectricity.electricity.
If you can't turn off the source of current, useIf you can't turn off the source of current, usea board, wooden stick, rope or other non-a board, wooden stick, rope or other non-
insulating device to pull the victim away frominsulating device to pull the victim away fromthe source of the electric current. Make surethe source of the electric current. Make sureyour hands and feet are dry and you areyour hands and feet are dry and you arestanding on a dry surface.standing on a dry surface.
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First Aid Low Voltage ElectricFirst Aid Low Voltage Electric
ShockShock
If it is safe for you to touch the victim -If it is safe for you to touch the victim -
check for heartbeat and breathing. Feel for acheck for heartbeat and breathing. Feel for apulse along the neck, under the earlobe, on thepulse along the neck, under the earlobe, on the
chest or on the wrist. Watch the rise and fall ofchest or on the wrist. Watch the rise and fall ofthe chest to see if the person is breathing. If nothe chest to see if the person is breathing. If noheartbeat and no breathing, administer CPR.heartbeat and no breathing, administer CPR.
If there is a heartbeat, but no breathing,If there is a heartbeat, but no breathing,
immediately start rescue breathing.immediately start rescue breathing. Check for burns and treat as third degreeCheck for burns and treat as third degree
burns.burns.
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Electric Shock-PreventionElectric Shock-Prevention
Take a first aid course that covers electrical aTake a first aid course that covers electrical a
resuscitation (CPR).resuscitation (CPR).
Install Ground Fault Circuit InterruptersInstall Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters
(GFCIs) in wall outlets located in bathroom,(GFCIs) in wall outlets located in bathroom,
kitchens, basements, garages and outdoorkitchens, basements, garages and outdoor
boxes. These act as circuit breakers. When anboxes. These act as circuit breakers. When an
electrical appliance falls into the water, theelectrical appliance falls into the water, thecurrent is instantly cut off.current is instantly cut off.
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Electric Shock-PreventionElectric Shock-Prevention
Cover all electric sockets with plastic safetyCover all electric sockets with plastic safetycaps so children can't stick their fingers or acaps so children can't stick their fingers or ametal object in the sockets.metal object in the sockets.
Replace worn cords and wiring.Replace worn cords and wiring. Never use an electrical appliance, like a radioNever use an electrical appliance, like a radio
or curling iron, near water. Only buy hairor curling iron, near water. Only buy hairdryers and curling irons that have built-indryers and curling irons that have built-in
shock protectors.shock protectors.
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Electric Shock-PreventionElectric Shock-Prevention
Never turn electrical switches on or off, orNever turn electrical switches on or off, or
touch an electric appliance with wet hands,touch an electric appliance with wet hands,
while standing in water or sitting in a bathtub.while standing in water or sitting in a bathtub.
Know the location of fuse boxes and circuitKnow the location of fuse boxes and circuit
breakers in your home and place of work.breakers in your home and place of work.
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Electric Shock-PreventionElectric Shock-Prevention
Remove the appropriate fuse or switch off theRemove the appropriate fuse or switch off the
circuit breaker before doing householdcircuit breaker before doing household
electrical repairs.electrical repairs.
Turning off the appliance or light switch is notTurning off the appliance or light switch is not
enough - pay attention to weather warnings.enough - pay attention to weather warnings.
Find a safe place inside, away from windowsFind a safe place inside, away from windows
and doors.and doors. And, don't iron or use the telephone during aAnd, don't iron or use the telephone during a
thunderstorm.thunderstorm.
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Electric Shock-PreventionElectric Shock-Prevention
Avoid tall trees, metal items, open water andAvoid tall trees, metal items, open water and
high ground during a thunderstorm. If you arehigh ground during a thunderstorm. If you are
caught outside, look for a ravine or other low-caught outside, look for a ravine or other low-
lying place and crawl in.lying place and crawl in. Install a lightning rod on your house.Install a lightning rod on your house.
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Electric Shock-PreventionElectric Shock-Prevention
Take care when rescuing someone who hasTake care when rescuing someone who has
been electrocuted so you do not become abeen electrocuted so you do not become a
victim as well.victim as well.
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DROWNINGDROWNING
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DrowningDrowning
Drowning is the fourth leading cause ofDrowning is the fourth leading cause of
accidental death. Each year, over 4,000 peopleaccidental death. Each year, over 4,000 people
drown and about one-third of them aredrown and about one-third of them are
children under 14 years of age.children under 14 years of age.
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DrowningDrowning
It takes very little water for a child to drown.It takes very little water for a child to drown.
In fact, as little as two inches of water in aIn fact, as little as two inches of water in a
bathtub, sink or shower can kill a toddler.bathtub, sink or shower can kill a toddler.
Adults drown under different conditions.Adults drown under different conditions.
When the weather is hot, for example, adultsWhen the weather is hot, for example, adults
are tempted to cool off with alcoholicare tempted to cool off with alcoholic
beverages while swimming and boating.beverages while swimming and boating.
Alcohol interferes with good judgment and isAlcohol interferes with good judgment and is
a major factor in adult drownings.a major factor in adult drownings.
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DROWNINGDROWNING
- CAUSES- CAUSES
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Drowning - CausesDrowning - Causes
Leg or stomach cramps.Leg or stomach cramps. Loss of consciousness.Loss of consciousness. Playing in water too deep and too rough forPlaying in water too deep and too rough for
one's ability to swim.one's ability to swim. Not knowing how to swim.Not knowing how to swim. Stroke / Heart attack.Stroke / Heart attack. Falling through the ice while fishing, skatingFalling through the ice while fishing, skating
or snow-mobiling during the winteror snow-mobiling during the winter Not wearing life preservers.Not wearing life preservers.
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DROWNINGDROWNING
FIRST AIDFIRST AID
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Drowning - NoteDrowning - Note
Saving a drowning person carries risk. BeforeSaving a drowning person carries risk. Before
swimming out to someone in trouble, be sureswimming out to someone in trouble, be sureyou can handle the situation. Many peopleyou can handle the situation. Many people
drown in the brave effort of trying to savedrown in the brave effort of trying to save
someone else because they are not well trainedsomeone else because they are not well trained
and have not properly thought through theand have not properly thought through therisks of the situation.risks of the situation.
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Drowning First AidDrowning First Aid
First try to reach the person with a pole orFirst try to reach the person with a pole or
extended hand. If you can't reach him or her,extended hand. If you can't reach him or her,
use a life preserver or rope.use a life preserver or rope. If the person is further than you can reach andIf the person is further than you can reach and
you decide to enter the water, approach theyou decide to enter the water, approach the
person carefully and from behind. Talk to theperson carefully and from behind. Talk to the
person, trying to calm him or her as youperson, trying to calm him or her as you
slowly move closer. Get the person to talk.slowly move closer. Get the person to talk.
Ask if everything is all right and tell him orAsk if everything is all right and tell him or
her to do as you instruct.her to do as you instruct.
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Drowning First AidDrowning First Aid
Grab a piece of clothing or cup one handGrab a piece of clothing or cup one hand
under the person's chin and pull the person onunder the person's chin and pull the person on
his or her back to shore.his or her back to shore.
Tell the person to extend his or her arms awayTell the person to extend his or her arms away
from you. Continue talking to the person tofrom you. Continue talking to the person to
reassure him or her.reassure him or her.
Start rescue breathing right away if the personStart rescue breathing right away if the personhas stopped breathing.has stopped breathing.
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Drowning First AidDrowning First Aid
If the Person Unconscious, Not Breathing andIf the Person Unconscious, Not Breathing and
has No Pulse -has No Pulse -
get the victim out of the water (watch out forget the victim out of the water (watch out for
Neck & Spinal injuries if you suspect theNeck & Spinal injuries if you suspect the
victim has injured his or her neck in a divingvictim has injured his or her neck in a diving
or other water accident)or other water accident)
administer CPR (start CPR in the water if safeadminister CPR (start CPR in the water if safeto do so).to do so).
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If the person is not breathing, but has a pulseIf the person is not breathing, but has a pulse
get the victim out of the water.get the victim out of the water.
do rescue breathing.do rescue breathing.
start rescue breathing in the water if it is safestart rescue breathing in the water if it is safe
to do so.to do so.
Drowning First AidDrowning First Aid
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If the Person has Blue Lips and Ears & theIf the Person has Blue Lips and Ears & the
Skin is Cold and PaleSkin is Cold and Pale
Get the victim out of the water.Get the victim out of the water.
Monitor for breathing and pulse.Monitor for breathing and pulse.
If no breathing and no pulse, do CPR.If no breathing and no pulse, do CPR.
If no breathing, but there is a pulse, do rescueIf no breathing, but there is a pulse, do rescue
breathing.breathing.
Drowning First AidDrowning First Aid
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If victim is breathing and has a pulse, put himIf victim is breathing and has a pulse, put him
or her in the recovery position. This positionor her in the recovery position. This position
keeps the airway clear and allows swallowedkeeps the airway clear and allows swallowed
water or vomit to drain.water or vomit to drain. Take cold, wet clothes off the victim andTake cold, wet clothes off the victim and
cover him or her with something warm tocover him or her with something warm to
prevent hypothermia.prevent hypothermia.
Drowning First AidDrowning First Aid
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If after a near-drowning incident, the personIf after a near-drowning incident, the person
has a fever, cough or muscle pain -has a fever, cough or muscle pain -
Self-care procedures do not apply to near-Self-care procedures do not apply to near-
drowning victims.drowning victims.
So the victim should see his health careSo the victim should see his health care
provider because lung problems are commonprovider because lung problems are common
following a near-drowning episode.following a near-drowning episode.
Drowning First AidDrowning First Aid
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DROWNING -DROWNING -
PREVENTIONPREVENTION
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To Prevent a Child from Drowning To Prevent a Child from Drowning
Never leave a child alone near water,Never leave a child alone near water,
swimming pools or any large container ofswimming pools or any large container of
water.water.
Never turn away from an infant in a babyNever turn away from an infant in a baby
bathtub or one sitting in a bathtub "supportingbathtub or one sitting in a bathtub "supporting
ring". A child could drown or get seriouslyring". A child could drown or get seriouslyinjured in the seconds it takes to answer ainjured in the seconds it takes to answer a
phone or go to the door.phone or go to the door.
Drowning PreventionDrowning Prevention
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To Prevent a Child from Drowning To Prevent a Child from Drowning
Teach your child to swim. Classes for childrenTeach your child to swim. Classes for children
as young as six months teach them how toas young as six months teach them how to
kick so if they fall in the water, they can breakkick so if they fall in the water, they can break
through the water surface.through the water surface.
Drowning PreventionDrowning Prevention
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Tell your children never to swim alone andTell your children never to swim alone and
never to swim too far from shore without thenever to swim too far from shore without the
company of an experienced adult swimmer.company of an experienced adult swimmer.
Warn your children to always check the depthWarn your children to always check the depth
of water before diving in.of water before diving in.
Build a secure fence around your swimmingBuild a secure fence around your swimming
pool and install self-closing and self-latchingpool and install self-closing and self-latchinggates. Make sure the gates are always locked.gates. Make sure the gates are always locked.
Drowning PreventionDrowning Prevention
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Make sure neighbors also have high fencesMake sure neighbors also have high fences
with locked gates around their pools.with locked gates around their pools.
Consider using a cordless phone out-of-doorsConsider using a cordless phone out-of-doors
so you can call emergency right away in theso you can call emergency right away in the
event of emergency.event of emergency.
Keep young children out of the bathroomKeep young children out of the bathroom
unless supervised by an adult. Put child-proofunless supervised by an adult. Put child-proofhandles on door knobs, if necessary.handles on door knobs, if necessary.
Take CPR and water safety courses.Take CPR and water safety courses.
Drowning PreventionDrowning Prevention
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To Prevent an Adult from Drowning -To Prevent an Adult from Drowning -
Swim, when possible, in sight of a lifeguard.Swim, when possible, in sight of a lifeguard.
Never swim alone at the beach or in aNever swim alone at the beach or in a
swimming pool. Someone should be nearby inswimming pool. Someone should be nearby in
case you suffer a leg cramp or other potentialcase you suffer a leg cramp or other potential
emergency.emergency.
Never swim alone in unknown waters.Never swim alone in unknown waters.
Drowning PreventionDrowning Prevention
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To Prevent an Adult from Drowning -To Prevent an Adult from Drowning -
Never sit alone in a hot tub. And, do notNever sit alone in a hot tub. And, do not
immerse yourself in a hot tub if you've hadimmerse yourself in a hot tub if you've had
any alcoholic drinks. You could fall asleep inany alcoholic drinks. You could fall asleep in
the warm, relaxing water, slip under thethe warm, relaxing water, slip under the
surface and drown.surface and drown.
Drowning PreventionDrowning Prevention
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Learn to swim. Take classes at your localLearn to swim. Take classes at your local
YMCA or in adult education programs offeredYMCA or in adult education programs offered
at city schools.at city schools.
If you can't swim, always wear a personalIf you can't swim, always wear a personal
flotation device when you enter a lake, a poolflotation device when you enter a lake, a pool
or ride in a boat.or ride in a boat.
Always check the depth of the water beforeAlways check the depth of the water before
diving. It should be at least 9 feet deep.diving. It should be at least 9 feet deep.
Take a CPR and water safety course.Take a CPR and water safety course.
Drowning PreventionDrowning Prevention
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SEIZURESSEIZURES
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A seizure is an out-of-control misfire betweenA seizure is an out-of-control misfire between
nerve cells in the brain.nerve cells in the brain.
Normal brain functions are impaired with aNormal brain functions are impaired with a
seizure.seizure.
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High fevers in children. This kind of seizure isHigh fevers in children. This kind of seizure is
called a fever fit. A temperature higher thancalled a fever fit. A temperature higher than
102102 F can set off a fever fit. These seizuresF can set off a fever fit. These seizures
are generally harmless.are generally harmless. Epilepsy, a brain disorder. Seizure is the mostEpilepsy, a brain disorder. Seizure is the most
common symptom of epilepsy.common symptom of epilepsy.
Brain injury, tumor or stroke.Brain injury, tumor or stroke.
Electric shock.Electric shock.
Heat stroke.Heat stroke.
Seizure CausesSeizure Causes
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Poisons.Poisons.
Infections.Infections.
Reactions or overdoses to medicines or drugs.Reactions or overdoses to medicines or drugs.
Reye's Syndrome.Reye's Syndrome.
Snakebites.Snakebites.
Vaccinations.Vaccinations.
Breath-holding.Breath-holding.
Seizure CausesSeizure Causes
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Partial SeizurePartial Seizure - Affects small areas of the- Affects small areas of thebrain.brain.
General SeizureGeneral Seizure - Affects the whole brain and- Affects the whole brain and
can cause loss of consciousness and/orcan cause loss of consciousness and/orconvulsions. This is the type most peopleconvulsions. This is the type most peopleassociate with a seizure.associate with a seizure.
Seizure TypesSeizure Types
C l i S i S
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Crying out.Crying out.
Falling down.Falling down.
Losing consciousness.Losing consciousness.
Entire body stiffening.Entire body stiffening. Uncontrollable jerks and twitches.Uncontrollable jerks and twitches.
Convulsive Seizures - SymptomsConvulsive Seizures - Symptoms
C l i S i SC l i S i S t
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The sufferer's muscles relax after the seizure.The sufferer's muscles relax after the seizure.He or she may lose bowel and bladder controlHe or she may lose bowel and bladder controland may be confused, sleepy and have aand may be confused, sleepy and have a
headache.headache. Most seizures last from 1-5 minutes. A feverMost seizures last from 1-5 minutes. A feverfit can last from 1-10 minutes.fit can last from 1-10 minutes.
Convulsive Seizures - SymptomsConvulsive Seizures - Symptoms
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Most seizures in people who have epilepsyMost seizures in people who have epilepsy
and in children with high fevers do not needand in children with high fevers do not need
medical care.medical care.
If you see someone having a convulsiveIf you see someone having a convulsiveseizure without other problems, Do "First Aidseizure without other problems, Do "First Aid
for Convulsive Seizures"for Convulsive Seizures"
First Aid - GeneralFirst Aid - General
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If the seizure is due to a fever, lower theIf the seizure is due to a fever, lower the
person's temperature as soon as the seizureperson's temperature as soon as the seizure
stops -stops -
Sponge the body with lukewarm water.Sponge the body with lukewarm water.
Do not use rubbing alcohol.Do not use rubbing alcohol.
Do not use ice because it drops theDo not use ice because it drops the
temperature too fast.temperature too fast. Do not put the person in a bathtub.Do not put the person in a bathtub.
First Aid - GeneralFirst Aid - General
Fi t Aid C l i S iFi t Aid C l i S i
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Stay calm.Stay calm.
Protect the victim from injury. Cushion theProtect the victim from injury. Cushion the
head with a soft object such as pillow, coat orhead with a soft object such as pillow, coat or
blanket.blanket.
Move sharp objects out of the way.Move sharp objects out of the way.
Loosen tight clothes around the neck.Loosen tight clothes around the neck.
Place the person on his or her side.Place the person on his or her side. Clear the mouth of vomit if there is any.Clear the mouth of vomit if there is any.
First Aid - Convulsive SeizuresFirst Aid - Convulsive Seizures
Fi t Aid C l i S iFi t Aid C l i S i
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Do not try to hold the victim down.Do not try to hold the victim down.
Do not put a spoon or anything into the mouthDo not put a spoon or anything into the mouth
to prevent tongue biting.to prevent tongue biting.
Do not give anything to eat or drink.Do not give anything to eat or drink.
Do not give medication.Do not give medication.
Do not throw water on the victim's face.Do not throw water on the victim's face.
First Aid - Convulsive SeizuresFirst Aid - Convulsive Seizures
Fi t Aid C l i S iFi t Aid C l i S i
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Note how many minutes the seizure/s last/sNote how many minutes the seizure/s last/s
and observe the symptoms that take place soand observe the symptoms that take place so
you can report these to the doctor.you can report these to the doctor.
Offer to help the victim when the seizure isOffer to help the victim when the seizure isover. Do not embarrass the victim.over. Do not embarrass the victim.
First Aid - Convulsive SeizuresFirst Aid - Convulsive Seizures
Fi Aid ChildFi t Aid Child
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Prevent injury to the child during the seizure:Prevent injury to the child during the seizure:
Keep the child from falling and hitting his orKeep the child from falling and hitting his or
her head on a table edge or any sharp object.her head on a table edge or any sharp object.
Cushion the child's head.Cushion the child's head.
Move furniture, toys and such out of the way.Move furniture, toys and such out of the way.
First Aid - ChildrenFirst Aid - Children
Fi Aid ChildFi t Aid Child
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Make sure his or her air passage is open.Make sure his or her air passage is open.
Gently pull on the jaw as you extend the neckGently pull on the jaw as you extend the neck
backwards.backwards.
Roll the child on the side to allow saliva toRoll the child on the side to allow saliva todrain from the mouth.drain from the mouth.
Dress the child in light, loose-fitting clothingDress the child in light, loose-fitting clothing
and put him or her to sleep in a cool room.and put him or her to sleep in a cool room.
First Aid - ChildrenFirst Aid - Children
F Fi P iF Fit P ti
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The best way to prevent a fever fit is to reduceThe best way to prevent a fever fit is to reduce
the fever fast. This is especially important forthe fever fast. This is especially important for
a child who has had a fever fit in the past. Hea child who has had a fever fit in the past. He
or she is more likely to have another one withor she is more likely to have another one withfuture fevers.future fevers.
Fever Fit PreventionFever Fit Prevention
F Fit P tiF Fit P ti
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When your child has a fever -When your child has a fever -
Dress him / her in light-weight clothes orDress him / her in light-weight clothes orremove most of his or her clothes. Don't useremove most of his or her clothes. Don't use
more than a top sheet or one blanket on yourmore than a top sheet or one blanket on yourchild when he / she sleeps.child when he / she sleeps.
Apply cold washcloths to your child'sApply cold washcloths to your child'sforehead and neck. Sponge the rest of his / herforehead and neck. Sponge the rest of his / her
skin with cold water. Don't use rubbingskin with cold water. Don't use rubbingalcohol.alcohol.
Fever Fit PreventionFever Fit Prevention
F Fit P tiF Fit P ti
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Give the dose of acetaminophen the labelGive the dose of acetaminophen the label
states for your child's weight or age.states for your child's weight or age.
Continue trying to reduce the fever until it isContinue trying to reduce the fever until it is
101101 F or less.F or less.
Ask you child's doctor about suppositories thatAsk you child's doctor about suppositories that
lower fevers if your child has had a fever fit inlower fevers if your child has had a fever fit in
the past. Using one at the first sign of a feverthe past. Using one at the first sign of a fevermay prevent a seizure.may prevent a seizure.
Fever Fit PreventionFever Fit Prevention
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BURNSBURNS
BB
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Burns can result from -Burns can result from -
Dry heat (fire).Dry heat (fire).
Moist heat (steam, hot liquids).Moist heat (steam, hot liquids).
Electricity.Electricity.
Chemicals.Chemicals.
Radiation (i.e. sunlight)Radiation (i.e. sunlight)
BurnsBurns
Th l BTh l B
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Occur due to any external heat source capableOccur due to any external heat source capable
of raising the temperature of skin and deeperof raising the temperature of skin and deeper
tissues to a level that causes cell death andtissues to a level that causes cell death and
protein coagulation or charringprotein coagulation or charring The most common causes are flame, scaldingThe most common causes are flame, scalding
liquids, and hot objects or gases contacting theliquids, and hot objects or gases contacting the
skin.skin.
Thermal BurnsThermal Burns
El t i l BEl t i l B
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These result from the generation of heat,These result from the generation of heat,
which may reach 5000C (9032F)which may reach 5000C (9032F)
Because most of the resistance to electricBecause most of the resistance to electric
current occurs where the conductor contactscurrent occurs where the conductor contactsthe skin, electrical burns usually affect thethe skin, electrical burns usually affect the
skin and subjacent tissues; they may be ofskin and subjacent tissues; they may be of
almost any size and depth.almost any size and depth.
Electrical BurnsElectrical Burns
Ch i l BCh i l B
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These may be due to strong acids or alkalis,These may be due to strong acids or alkalis,
phenols, cresols, mustard gas, or phosphorusphenols, cresols, mustard gas, or phosphorus
All of these agents produce necrosis, whichAll of these agents produce necrosis, which
may extend slowly for several hours.may extend slowly for several hours.
Chemical BurnsChemical Burns
R di ti BRadiation B rns
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These are most commonly due to prolongedThese are most commonly due to prolonged
exposure to the sun's ultraviolet radiationexposure to the sun's ultraviolet radiation
(sunburn) but may be due to prolonged or(sunburn) but may be due to prolonged or
intense exposure to other sources of ultravioletintense exposure to other sources of ultravioletradiation (e.g., from tanning beds) or toradiation (e.g., from tanning beds) or to
sources of X-ray or other radiation.sources of X-ray or other radiation.
Radiation BurnsRadiation Burns
B Cl ifi tiBurns Classification
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First DegreeFirst Degree
Second DegreeSecond Degree
Third DegreeThird Degree
Burns - ClassificationBurns - Classification
B Fi t DBurns First Degree
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Affect only the outer skin layerAffect only the outer skin layer
The area appears dry, red, and mildly swollenThe area appears dry, red, and mildly swollen
A 1A 1stst degree burn is painful and sensitive todegree burn is painful and sensitive to
touchtouch
Mild sunburn and brief contact with a heatMild sunburn and brief contact with a heat
source such as a hot iron are examples of 1source such as a hot iron are examples of 1stst
degree burnsdegree burns 11stst degree burns should feel better within a daydegree burns should feel better within a day
or two. They should heal in about a week ifor two. They should heal in about a week if
there are no other problems.there are no other problems.
Burns First DegreeBurns First Degree
B rns Second DegreeBurns Second Degree
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Affect the skin's lower layers as well as theAffect the skin's lower layers as well as the
outer skinouter skin
They are painful, swollen, and show rednessThey are painful, swollen, and show redness
and blisters. The skin also develops a weepy,and blisters. The skin also develops a weepy,watery surfacewatery surface
Examples of second degree burns are severeExamples of second degree burns are severe
sunburn, burns caused by hot liquids and asunburn, burns caused by hot liquids and a
flash from gasoline.flash from gasoline.
Burns Second DegreeBurns Second Degree
Burns Third DegreeBurns Third Degree
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Affect the outer and deeper skin layers as wellAffect the outer and deeper skin layers as wellas any underlying tissue and organsas any underlying tissue and organs
They appear black and white and charred. TheThey appear black and white and charred. The
skin is swollen and underlying tissue is oftenskin is swollen and underlying tissue is oftenexposedexposed
There may be no pain at all when nerveThere may be no pain at all when nerveendings are destroyed. Pain may be felt aroundendings are destroyed. Pain may be felt around
the margin of the affected area, however.the margin of the affected area, however.
Burns Third DegreeBurns Third Degree
Burns Third DegreeBurns Third Degree
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Third degree burns usually result from electricThird degree burns usually result from electric
shocks, burning clothes, severe gasoline firesshocks, burning clothes, severe gasoline fires
and the likeand the like
They always require emergency treatment.They always require emergency treatment.They may result in hospitalization andThey may result in hospitalization and
sometimes require skin grafts.sometimes require skin grafts.
Burns Third DegreeBurns Third Degree
Burns AssessmentBurns Assessment
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The extent of burns in a patient is assessed inThe extent of burns in a patient is assessed in
terms of %BSA (Body Surface Area) to planterms of %BSA (Body Surface Area) to plan
the line of management and to determine thethe line of management and to determine the
prognosis.prognosis. The involved areas are outlined on a burnThe involved areas are outlined on a burn
diagram.diagram.
Burns AssessmentBurns Assessment
Burns Rule of NinesBurns Rule of Nines
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For adults, theFor adults, the
extent of the burnextent of the burn
(%BSA) is(%BSA) is
estimated byestimated bycomparing thecomparing the
patients diagrampatients diagram
with the rule ofwith the rule of
ninesnines
Burns Rule of NinesBurns Rule of Nines
Burns Lund-Browder ChartBurns Lund-Browder Chart
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For children the % BSA can be moreFor children the % BSA can be more
accurately estimated using the Lund-Browderaccurately estimated using the Lund-Browder
ChartChart
Burns Lund Browder ChartBurns Lund Browder Chart
Lund Browder ChartLund Browder Chart
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Lund-Browder ChartLund-Browder Chart
First Aid GeneralFirst Aid General
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Stop the burn source. For example, turn offStop the burn source. For example, turn off
electric current, "stop, drop and roll" on theelectric current, "stop, drop and roll" on the
floor or ground or douse with cold water orfloor or ground or douse with cold water or
wrap the victim in a cotton blanket or rug towrap the victim in a cotton blanket or rug toput out flamesput out flames
Remove clothing, but only if it doesn't stick toRemove clothing, but only if it doesn't stick to
burned area. Cut unstuck clothing away. Don'tburned area. Cut unstuck clothing away. Don't
pull it offpull it off
Remove jewellery, if you can.Remove jewellery, if you can.
First Aid - GeneralFirst Aid - General
First Aid First DegreeFirst Aid First Degree
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Cool the area right away. Place the affectedCool the area right away. Place the affectedarea in a container of cold water or under coldarea in a container of cold water or under coldrunning water. Do this for at least 5 - 10running water. Do this for at least 5 - 10minutes or until the pain is relieved. This willminutes or until the pain is relieved. This willalso reduce the amount of skin damage. (If thealso reduce the amount of skin damage. (If theaffected area is dirty, gently wash it withaffected area is dirty, gently wash it withsoapy water first)soapy water first)
Do not apply ice or cold water for too long aDo not apply ice or cold water for too long atime. This may result in complete numbnesstime. This may result in complete numbnessleading to frostbite.leading to frostbite.
First Aid First DegreeFirst Aid First Degree
First Aid First DegreeFirst Aid First Degree
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Keep the area uncovered and elevated, ifKeep the area uncovered and elevated, if
possible. Apply a dry dressing, if necessarypossible. Apply a dry dressing, if necessary
Do not use butter or other ointments (E.g.Do not use butter or other ointments (E.g.
Vaseline)Vaseline) Avoid using local anesthetic sprays andAvoid using local anesthetic sprays and
creams. They can slow healing and may leadcreams. They can slow healing and may lead
to allergic reactions in some people.to allergic reactions in some people.
First Aid First DegreeFirst Aid First Degree
First Aid 1First Aid 1stst DegreeDegree
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Call your doctor if after 2 days you show signsCall your doctor if after 2 days you show signs
of infection (fever of 101 degrees F or higher,of infection (fever of 101 degrees F or higher,
chills, increased redness, swelling, or pus inchills, increased redness, swelling, or pus in
the infected area) or if the affected area is stillthe infected area) or if the affected area is stillpainfulpainful
Take Aspirin, Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, orTake Aspirin, Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, or
Naproxen Sodium to relieve pain.Naproxen Sodium to relieve pain.
First Aid 1First Aid 1 DegreeDegree
First Aid 2First Aid 2ndnd DegreeDegree
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Immerse the affected area in cold water (Immerse the affected area in cold water (notnot
iceice) until the pain subsides) until the pain subsides
Dip clean cloths in cold water, wring them outDip clean cloths in cold water, wring them out
and apply them over and over again to theand apply them over and over again to theburned area for as long as an hour. Blot theburned area for as long as an hour. Blot the
area dry. Do not rub.area dry. Do not rub.
First Aid 2First Aid 2 DegreeDegree
First Aid 2First Aid 2ndnd DegreeDegree
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Do not break any blisters that have formedDo not break any blisters that have formed
Avoid applying antiseptic sprays, ointments,Avoid applying antiseptic sprays, ointments,
and creamsand creams
Once dried, dress the area with a single layerOnce dried, dress the area with a single layer
of loose gauze that does not stick to the skin.of loose gauze that does not stick to the skin.
Hold in place with bandage tape that is placedHold in place with bandage tape that is placed
well away from the burned area.well away from the burned area.
First Aid 2First Aid 2 DegreeDegree
First Aid 2First Aid 2ndnd DegreeDegree
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Change the dressing the next day and everyChange the dressing the next day and everytwo days after thattwo days after that
Prop the burnt area higher than the rest of theProp the burnt area higher than the rest of the
body, if possiblebody, if possible Call your doctor if there are signs of infectionCall your doctor if there are signs of infection
(fever of 101 degrees F or higher, chills,(fever of 101 degrees F or higher, chills,increased redness and swelling, and pus) or ifincreased redness and swelling, and pus) or if
the burn shows no sign of improvement after 2the burn shows no sign of improvement after 2days.days.
First Aid 2First Aid 2 DegreeDegree
First Aid 3First Aid 3rdrd DegreeDegree
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If the arm(s) or leg(s) are burned, elevate themIf the arm(s) or leg(s) are burned, elevate them
above heart level. If the burn is on the face, sitabove heart level. If the burn is on the face, sit
up or have the victim sit upup or have the victim sit up
Cool the burned skin with cool water, not ice.Cool the burned skin with cool water, not ice.Don't use cold water on large, third degreeDon't use cold water on large, third degree
burns. Don't immerse in ice water. Use coldburns. Don't immerse in ice water. Use cold
cloth compresses on burns of the hands, feetcloth compresses on burns of the hands, feet
and face, but don't leave on longer than 15-20and face, but don't leave on longer than 15-20
minutes.minutes.
First Aid 3First Aid 3 DegreeDegree
First Aid 3First Aid 3rdrd DegreeDegree
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Cover the burned area with a clean cloth orCover the burned area with a clean cloth orsterile dressing. Don't use plasticsterile dressing. Don't use plastic
Don't apply any type of ointment, cream,Don't apply any type of ointment, cream,
butter or antiseptic sprays on the burnbutter or antiseptic sprays on the burn Calm the victimCalm the victim
Don't give the victim anything to drink or eatDon't give the victim anything to drink or eat
Monitor for breathing and pulse and shockMonitor for breathing and pulse and shock
First Aid 3First Aid 3 DegreeDegree
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FAINTINGFAINTING
FaintingFainting
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FaintingFainting
Fainting is a brief loss of consciousness.
Someone who faints may pass out for several
seconds or up to an hour.
Fainting CausesFainting Causes
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Fainting CausesFainting Causes
Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) which is
common in early pregnancy.
Anemia.
Any condition in which there is a rapid loss ofblood. This can be from internal bleeding such as
with a peptic ulcer, or a tubal pregnancy or
ruptured ovarian cyst in females.
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Fainting CausesFainting Causes
Heart and circulatory problems such as
abnormal heart rhythm, heart attack or stroke.
Heat stroke or heat exhaustion
Eating disorders such as anorexia, bulimia.
Toxic shock syndrome.
A sudden change in body position like standing
up too quickly (postural hypotension). Extreme pain.
Fainting CausesFainting Causes
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Fainting CausesFainting Causes
Any procedure in women that stretches the
cervix such as having an IUD inserted, especially
in women who have never been pregnant.
Sudden emotional stress or fright. Anxiety
Taking some prescription medicines. Examples
are: some that lower high blood pressure,tranquilizers, antidepressants, or even some over-
the-counter medicines when taken in excessive
amounts.
Fainting CausesFainting Causes
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Fainting CausesFainting Causes
The risk for fainting increases if you are in hot,
humid weather, are in a stuffy room or have
consumed excessive amounts of alcohol.
Fainting CausesFainting Causes
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Fainting CausesFainting Causes
Just before fainting, a person may -
Feel a sense of dread.
Feel dizzy.
See spots before his or her eyes.
Have nausea.
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DOS AND DON'TS
WHEN SOMEONE IS
ABOUT TO FAINT OR FAINTS.
Fainting DosFainting Dos
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Fainting DosFainting Dos
Catch the person before he or she falls.
Have the person lie down with the head below
the level of the heart. Raise the legs 8 to 12
inches. This promotes blood flow to the brain. Ifa victim who is about to faint can lie down right
away, he or she may not lose consciousness.
Fainting DosFainting Dos
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Fainting DosFainting Dos
Turn the victim's head to the side so the tongue
doesn't fall back into the throat.
Loosen any tight clothing.
Apply moist towels to the person's face andneck.
Keep the victim warm, especially if the
surroundings are chilly.
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Fainting Don tsFainting Don ts
Don't slap or shake anyone who's just fainted.
Don't try to give the person anything to eat or
drink, not even water, until they are fully
conscious. Don't allow the person who's fainted to get up
until the sense of physical weakness passes.
Fainting Self-Care / First AidFainting Self-Care / First Aid
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When you feel faint -
Sit down, bend forward and put your head
between your knees, or
Lie down and elevate both legs 8 to 12 inches.
Fainting Don'tsFainting Don'ts
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Fainting Don tsg
If you faint easily -
Get up slowly from bed or from a sitting
position.
Follow your doctor's advice to treat any medicalcondition which may lead to fainting. Take
medicines as prescribed, but let your doctor know
about any side effects so he/she can monitor your
condition.
Don't wear tight-fitting clothing around your
neck.
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Fainting Don tsg
Avoid turning your head suddenly.
Stay out of stuffy rooms and hot, humid places.
If you can't, use a fan.
Avoid activities that can put your life in dangerif you have frequent fainting spells. Examples
include: Driving and climbing high places.
Drink alcoholic beverages in moderation.
Fainting DosFainting Dos
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g osg
For Pregnant Women -
Get out of bed slowly.
Keep crackers by your bedside and eat a few
before getting out of bed. Try other foods such asdry toast, graham crackers, bananas, etc.
Eat small, frequent meals instead of a few large
ones. Have a good food source of protein, such aslean meat, low-fat cheese, milk, etc. with each
meal. Avoid sweets. Don't skip meals or go for a
long time without eating.
Fainting Don'tsFainting Don'ts
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gg
Don't sit for long periods of time.
Keep your legs elevated when you sit.
When you stand, as in a line, don't stand still.
Move your legs to pump blood up to your heart.
Take vitamin and mineral supplements as your
doctor prescribes.
Never lay on your back during the 3rd trimester.
It is best to lay on your left side. If you can't, lay
on your right side.
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UNCONSCIOUSNESSUNCONSCIOUSNESS
UnconsciousnessUnconsciousness
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Unconsciousness is caused by illness, injury orUnconsciousness is caused by illness, injury or
emotional shock. An unconscious person is hardemotional shock. An unconscious person is hard
to rouse or can't be made aware of his or herto rouse or can't be made aware of his or her
surroundings.surroundings.
Levels ofLevels of
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UnconsciousnessUnconsciousness
Brief - Examples are fainting or blacking out.Brief - Examples are fainting or blacking out.
Longer - The victim is incoherent when roused.Longer - The victim is incoherent when roused.
Prolonged - A person in a coma, for example,Prolonged - A person in a coma, for example,
can be motionless and not at all aware of his orcan be motionless and not at all aware of his orher surroundings for a very long time.her surroundings for a very long time.
Unconsciousness - CausesUnconsciousness - Causes
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Carbon Monoxide poisoning.Carbon Monoxide poisoning.
Hypothermia (low body temperature usuallyHypothermia (low body temperature usually
caused by over-exposure to cold temperatures orcaused by over-exposure to cold temperatures or
cold water).cold water). Stroke.Stroke.
Shock.Shock.
Epilepsy.Epilepsy.
Unconsciousness - CausesUnconsciousness - Causes
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Heat exhaustion.Heat exhaustion.
Diabetic coma.Diabetic coma.
Excessive bleeding.Excessive bleeding.
Alcohol abuse.Alcohol abuse.
Drug overdose.Drug overdose.
Poisoning.Poisoning.
Head injury/concussion.Head injury/concussion.
Unconsciousness - CausesUnconsciousness - Causes
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Low blood sugar.Low blood sugar.
Too fast, too slow and/or irregular heartbeats.Too fast, too slow and/or irregular heartbeats.
Heart attack.Heart attack.
Medications.Medications.
Hypothermia (very low body temperature).Hypothermia (very low body temperature).
Heart valve disease.Heart valve disease.
Unconsciousness Common SignsUnconsciousness Common Signs
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Loss of all special senses - Vision, Smell,Loss of all special senses - Vision, Smell,
Hearing, Touch.Hearing, Touch.
Inability to swallow any fluid poured in theInability to swallow any fluid poured in the
mouth.mouth. Loss of control of bowel & bladder movements.Loss of control of bowel & bladder movements.
Unconsciousness General FirstUnconsciousness General First
AidAid
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AidAid
Ensure an abundant supply of fresh air. OpenEnsure an abundant supply of fresh air. Open
windows & doors, if indoors.windows & doors, if indoors.
Remove false teeth, if any, turn the head to oneRemove false teeth, if any, turn the head to one
side and pull the tongue out for free passage ofside and pull the tongue out for free passage ofair.air.
If breathing has stopped, turn the patient intoIf breathing has stopped, turn the patient into
supine position and commence rescuesupine position and commence rescue
breathing/CPR.breathing/CPR.
Unconsciousness General FirstUnconsciousness General First
AidAid
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AidAid
If breathing is noisy, turn the patient intoIf breathing is noisy, turn the patient into
recovery position.recovery position.
Untie all tight clothing around the neck, chest &Untie all tight clothing around the neck, chest &
waist.waist. DO NOTDO NOT leave the patient alone until expertleave the patient alone until expert
help arrives.help arrives.
DO NOTDO NOT attempt to give food or fluids.attempt to give food or fluids.
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INJURIESINJURIES
Injuries - TypesInjuries - Types
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j yp
Cuts (Lacerated & Incised Wounds).Cuts (Lacerated & Incised Wounds).
Scrapes (Abrasions)Scrapes (Abrasions)
Punctures.Punctures.
Sprains.Sprains.
Contusions.Contusions.
Wounds - TypesWounds - Types
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yp
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Wound is a break in the continuity of the softWound is a break in the continuity of the soft
tissues of the body, mainly skin.tissues of the body, mainly skin.
InjuriesInjuries
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Cuts, scrapes, and punctures can all result inCuts, scrapes, and punctures can all result in
bleeding. Sprains result in pain and swelling.bleeding. Sprains result in pain and swelling.
Cuts slice the skin open.Cuts slice the skin open.
Scrapes hurt only the top part of the skin.Scrapes hurt only the top part of the skin. Punctures stab deep.Punctures stab deep.
Strain occurs when a muscle or tendon isStrain occurs when a muscle or tendon is
overstretched or overexerted.overstretched or overexerted.
First Aid - CutsFirst Aid - Cuts
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Press on the cut to help slow down thePress on the cut to help slow down the
bleeding. You may have to apply pressure forbleeding. You may have to apply pressure for
10 minutes or more for a bad cut. Sometimes a10 minutes or more for a bad cut. Sometimes a
cut needs stitches.cut needs stitches. Apply a bandage over the cut.Apply a bandage over the cut.
First Aid - CutsFirst Aid - Cuts
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Leave the bandage on for 24 hours. Change theLeave the bandage on for 24 hours. Change the
bandage every day or two or more often if youbandage every day or two or more often if you
need to.need to.
Be careful when you take the bandage off. YouBe careful when you take the bandage off. Youdon't want to make the cut bleed again. If youdon't want to make the cut bleed again. If you
have used gauze, wet it before you pull it off.have used gauze, wet it before you pull it off.
First Aid - CutsFirst Aid - Cuts
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Let the wound bleed to clean itself out.Let the wound bleed to clean itself out.
Remove the object that caused the puncture.Remove the object that caused the puncture.
Use clean tweezers. Hold a lit match to theUse clean tweezers. Hold a lit match to the
ends of the tweezers to sterilize them.ends of the tweezers to sterilize them. Note - Don't pull anything out of a punctureNote - Don't pull anything out of a puncture
wound if blood gushes from it, or if it has beenwound if blood gushes from it, or if it has been
bleeding badly. Get emergency care.bleeding badly. Get emergency care.
First Aid - PuncturesFirst Aid - Punctures
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Wash the wound with warm water and soap, orWash the wound with warm water and soap, or
take a bath or shower to clean it.take a bath or shower to clean it.
Leave the wound open. Cover it with aLeave the wound open. Cover it with a
bandage if it is big or still bleeds a little.bandage if it is big or still bleeds a little. Soak the wound in warm, soapy water 2 to 3Soak the wound in warm, soapy water 2 to 3
times a day.times a day.
Sprains & StrainsSprains & Strains
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Treatment for sprains and strains will dependTreatment for sprains and strains will depend
on the extent of damage done to the muscle,on the extent of damage done to the muscle,
ligament or tendon.ligament or tendon.
Self-help measures may be all that are neededSelf-help measures may be all that are neededfor mild injuries.for mild injuries.
Severe sprains may require medical treatment.Severe sprains may require medical treatment.
Some sprains require a cast. Others may needSome sprains require a cast. Others may need
surgery if the tissue affected is torn.surgery if the tissue affected is torn.
First Aid - SprainsFirst Aid - Sprains
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ApplyApply R.I.C.E.R.I.C.E.
RRest the injured area for 24 to 48 hours.est the injured area for 24 to 48 hours.
IIce the area for 5 to 20 minutes every hour force the area for 5 to 20 minutes every hour for
the first 48 to 72 hours or until the area nothe first 48 to 72 hours or until the area nolonger looks or feels hot.longer looks or feels hot.
First Aid - SprainsFirst Aid - Sprains
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R.I.C.E.R.I.C.E.
CCompress the area by wrapping it tightly withompress the area by wrapping it tightly with
an elastic bandage for 30 minutes, then unwrapan elastic bandage for 30 minutes, then unwrap
it for 15 minutes. Begin wrapping from theit for 15 minutes. Begin wrapping from thepoint farthest from the heart and wrap towardpoint farthest from the heart and wrap toward
the center of the body. Repeat several times.the center of the body. Repeat several times.
EElevate the area to reduce swelling. Prop it uplevate the area to reduce swelling. Prop it up
to keep it elevated while you sleep.to keep it elevated while you sleep.
First Aid - SprainsFirst Aid - Sprains
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Remove rings right away if you have sprainedRemove rings right away if you have sprained
a finger or other part of your hand. (If swellinga finger or other part of your hand. (If swelling
occurs, the rings may have to be cut off.)occurs, the rings may have to be cut off.)
Use crutches for a badly sprained ankle.Use crutches for a badly sprained ankle.Crutches keep you from putting weight on theCrutches keep you from putting weight on the
ankle which could cause further damage. Usingankle which could cause further damage. Using
them will help speed healing.them will help speed healing.
Prevent Slips & FallsPrevent Slips & Falls
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Wear shoes and boots with non-skid soles.Wear shoes and boots with non-skid soles.
Install sturdy hand rails on both sides ofInstall sturdy hand rails on both sides of
stairways.stairways.
Use rubber mats or adhesive-backed strips inUse rubber mats or adhesive-backed strips inbathtubs and shower stalls. Installing a supportbathtubs and shower stalls. Installing a support
bar is also recommended.bar is also recommended.
Make sure light switches are located near allMake sure light switches are located near all
room entrances inside of the house and toroom entrances inside of the house and to
entrances outside.entrances outside.
Prevent Slips & FallsPrevent Slips & Falls
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Use a night light between the bedroom andUse a night light between the bedroom and
bathroom or in the hallway at night.bathroom or in the hallway at night.
Keep stairways and foot traffic areas clear ofKeep stairways and foot traffic areas clear of
shoes, toys, tools and other clutter.shoes, toys, tools and other clutter. Floor coverings should be kept skid-proof.Floor coverings should be kept skid-proof.
Vinyl floors should be cleaned with non-skidVinyl floors should be cleaned with non-skid
wax.wax.
Carpeting should be secured to the floor. AreaCarpeting should be secured to the floor. Area
rugs should have non-skid backing.rugs should have non-skid backing.
Dos and Don'ts of Proper LiftingDos and Don'ts of Proper Lifting
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DosDos
Wear good shoes with low heels, not sandals orWear good shoes with low heels, not sandals or
high heels.high heels.
Stand close to the thing you want to lift.Stand close to the thing you want to lift. Plant your feet squarely, shoulder width apart.Plant your feet squarely, shoulder width apart.
Bend at the knees, not at the waist. Keep yourBend at the knees, not at the waist. Keep your
knees bent as you lift.knees bent as you lift.
Dos and Don'ts of Proper LiftingDos and Don'ts of Proper Lifting
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DosDos
Pull in your stomach and rear-end. Keep yourPull in your stomach and rear-end. Keep your
back as straight as you can.back as straight as you can.
Hold the object close to your body.Hold the object close to your body. Lift slowly. Let your legs carry the weight.Lift slowly. Let your legs carry the weight.
Get help or use a dolly to move something thatGet help or use a dolly to move something that
is too big or very heavy.is too big or very heavy.
Dos and Don'ts of Proper LiftingDos and Don'ts of Proper Lifting
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Don'tsDon'ts
Don't lift if your back hurts.Don't lift if your back hurts.
Don't lift if you have a history of back trouble.Don't lift if you have a history of back trouble.
Don't lift something that's too heavy.Don't lift something that's too heavy.
Don't lift heavy things over your head. Don'tDon't lift heavy things over your head. Don't
lift anything heavy if you're not steady on ourlift anything heavy if you're not steady on our
feet.feet.
Dos and Don'ts of Proper LiftingDos and Don'ts of Proper Lifting
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Don'tsDon'ts
Don't bend at the waist to pick something up.Don't bend at the waist to pick something up.
Don't arch your back when you lift or carry.Don't arch your back when you lift or carry.
Don't lift too fast or with a jerk.Don't lift too fast or with a jerk.
Dos and Don'ts of Proper LiftingDos and Don'ts of Proper Lifting
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Don'tsDon'ts
Don't twist your back when you are holdingDon't twist your back when you are holding
something. Turn your