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Evolution et domestication des cotons diploïdes cultivés : données de la
génétique moléculaire et l'agronomie
Evolution and domestication of diploid cultivated cottons: molecular
genetics and agronomic evidence
Christopher VIOT1
1CIRAD, UMR AGAP
Av Agropolis - 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5 – France
Le coton dans l’Ancien Monde : domestication, culture, usage et commerce
Cotton in the Old World: domestication, cultivation, use and trade
3-4 mai 2017, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
May 3-4, 2017, National Museum of Natural History, Paris, France
Christopher VIOT, Evolution and domestication of diploid cultivated cottons: molecular genetics and agronomic
evidence. In C BOUCHAUD, V DABROVSKI (Eds.) Cotton in the Old World: domestication, cultivation, use and trade. May
3-4, 2017, National Museum of Natural History, Paris, France
Abstract
The Old World cotton species Gossypium arboreum (Tree Cotton) and G. herbaceum (Levant Cotton) have been
cultivated in Asia, Near Est and Africa for thousands of years. They are sister-species, more or less difficult to
distinguish with certainty. Phenotyping of wild/feral and traditional cultivated gene bank accessions shows
overlapping distributions for plant and fibre traits. Human selection pressure appears evident on plant earliness,
compact architecture, and higher boll and seed weights in particular. Fibre traits appear very similar between
cultivated types of both species for length and colour, possibly as these traits were more easily selected for in
traditional systems, but fibre length appears rather short in most-diffused traditional cultivars, while there existed and
still exist high quality cultivars, for instance in G. arboreum. The respective traditional growing areas of these two
species could result either from initial historic circumstances or from differential adaptations, but no precise data has
been found in support of the latter hypothesis.
Résumé
Les cotons cultivés de l’Ancien Monde Gossypium arboreum et G. herbaceum ont été cultivés en Asie, Proche-Orient et
Afrique depuis au moins 8.000 ans. Ces deux espèces-soeurs sont plus ou moins difficiles à distinguer avec certitude.
Le phénotypage d’accessions sauvages/férales et de cultivars traditionnels en banque de gène montre des
distributions chevauchantes pour la morphologie des plants et la qualité de la fibre. L’effet de la sélection humaine est
évident sur la précocité et compacité des plants, et sur le poids supérieur des capsules et graines en particulier. Les
caractéristiques de fibre apparaissent très similaires entre les types cultivés des deux espèces pour longueur et couleur,
possiblement car ces traits sont de sélection plus facile en système traditionnel, mais la longueur de fibre est plutôt
courte chez la majorité des cultivars traditionnels, alors qu’il a existé, et existe toujours, des cultivars de haute qualité,
en particulier chez G. arboreum . Les aires de culture traditionnelles respectives de ces deux espèces pourraient résulter
des circonstances historiques initiales ou d’adaptations différenciées, mais aucune donnée précise n’a été trouvée en
faveur de la seconde hypothèse.
from Parlatore 1866 in Kohel & Lewis 1984 from Parlatore 1866 in Kohel & Lewis 1984
Gossypium arboreum, in
greenhouse in CIRAD. Var.
sanguineum, wild /feral,
origin Gandajika, Dem.
Congo © c.viot
Gossypium arboreum, in greenhouse in
CIRAD. Cultivated genotype, origin China © c.viot
Gossypium herbaceum,
right, and Gossypium
arboreum, left, in
Kashmir
(Royle 1839)
Common ancestor
-7 million years ago
C-, G-, K-genome diploids
Australia
F-genome diploids
Africa
B-, E-genome diploids
Africa
A-genome diploids
Africa - Asia
G. herbaceum G. arboreum
D-genome diploids
America G. raimondii c. 12 species
AtDt-genome allotetraploids
with A cytoplasm
G. barbadense G. tomentosum
G. hirsutum
G. darwinii
G. mustelinum
Allopolyploidization
1 to 2 million years ago
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Geographic distribution of Gossypium genomes
(adapted from: Hutchinson et al 1947, Parry 1982, Kulkarni et al 2010)
AD D A
E
F B
K C G
?
herbaceum ssp africanum
trifurcatum
brichettii
triphyllum
longicalyx
bendirense
anomalum
capitis viridis
somalense
areysianum
incanum
stocksii
herbaceum arboreum
Geographic distribution of Old World Gossypium species
(adapted from: Parry 1982, Kulkarni et al 2010)
Geographic location of Gossypium arboreum and G. herbaceum phenotypically characterized accessions from Cirad’s gene bank
aw= wild/feral arboreum, ac= cultivated arboreum
hw= wild/feral herbaceum, hc= cultivated herbaceum
herbaceum ssp africanum
herbaceum arboreum
6 ac
2 hc
6 ac
15 ac
aw
2 aw
aw aw 3 aw
5 aw
5 aw
22 aw
10 hc
20 hc
4 hw
hw
hw
hw 2 hw 2
hw
2 hw
2 hw
5 hw
5 hw
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
170 210 250 290 330 370 410 450 490 530
improvArbo
wildArbo
improvHerba
wildHerba
© c.viot
mtex
Mean fineness
from Li et al, 2014
Geographic distribution and diversification of diploid cultivated cottons
(adapted from: Hutchinson et al 1947, Kulkarni et al 2010)
Gossypium herbaceum 1. cv. africanum 2. cv. acerifolium 3. cv. persicum 4. cv. kuljianum 5. cv. wightianum 1
2
3
4
5 6
7
8
9
10
12
11
Gossypium arboreum 6. hypothetical wild ancestor 7. cv. indicum 8. cv. burmanicum 9. cv. sinense 10. cv. bengalense 11. cv. cernuum 12. cv. sudanense
© c.viot
Cotton fibers on a cotton seed surface ©CIRAD, photograph available by courtesy of Gérard Gawrysiak, LTC CIRAD
Cycle of modern, early annual cotton cultivars (G. hirsutum)
Germination Growth Dormancy Flowering Fruiting Death
1st season 2nd season
Cycle of wild perennial cotton (Gossypium sp)
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Adapted from Trebuil 1993
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