Dependence, Addiction and theDependence, Addiction and theSelf-Administration of DrugsSelf-Administration of Drugs
Factors that Alter the Reinforcing Value of Factors that Alter the Reinforcing Value of DrugsDrugs Other Deprivations and MotivationsOther Deprivations and Motivations
HungerHunger Previous Experience with Other DrugsPrevious Experience with Other Drugs Previous Experience with the Same DrugPrevious Experience with the Same Drug Physical DependencePhysical Dependence PrimingPriming Conditioned ReinforcementConditioned Reinforcement Second-Order SchedulesSecond-Order Schedules
Conditional toleranceConditional tolerancedrug seeking vs. taking have dissociable mechanismsdrug seeking vs. taking have dissociable mechanisms
Dependence, Addiction and theDependence, Addiction and theSelf-Administration of DrugsSelf-Administration of Drugs
The Neuroanatomy of Motivation and The Neuroanatomy of Motivation and ReinforcementReinforcement Olds and Milner (1954) ExperimentOlds and Milner (1954) Experiment
Reinforcement CentersReinforcement Centers Motivation Control System of the BrainMotivation Control System of the Brain
Ventral tegmental area (VTA)Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
Nucleus accumbensNucleus accumbens
Mesolimbic dopamine systemMesolimbic dopamine system
Basal gangliaBasal ganglia
Motor loopMotor loop
Thalamus > cortex > amygdala > hippocampusThalamus > cortex > amygdala > hippocampus
Learning and memory systemLearning and memory system
Incentive salienceIncentive salience
Dependence, Addiction and theDependence, Addiction and theSelf-Administration of DrugsSelf-Administration of Drugs
Motivation Control System of the BrainMotivation Control System of the Brain
Dependence, Addiction and theDependence, Addiction and theSelf-Administration of DrugsSelf-Administration of Drugs
The Neuroanatomy of Motivation and The Neuroanatomy of Motivation and ReinforcementReinforcement ““Wanting” Versus “Liking” in ReinforcementWanting” Versus “Liking” in Reinforcement
““Pleasure Centers”Pleasure Centers” Reinforcing Effects of DrugsReinforcing Effects of Drugs Stress and ReinforcementStress and Reinforcement
Stress, both present and in the past, increases the strength Stress, both present and in the past, increases the strength for reinforcing stimulus.for reinforcing stimulus.
Dependence, Addiction and theDependence, Addiction and theSelf-Administration of DrugsSelf-Administration of Drugs
What Happens During Addiction?What Happens During Addiction? AddictionAddiction
Drugs alter the functioning of the motivation Drugs alter the functioning of the motivation system and the behavior.system and the behavior.
How?How?
TheoryTheory
Dependence, Addiction and theDependence, Addiction and theSelf-Administration of DrugsSelf-Administration of Drugs
Incentive Sensitization TheoryIncentive Sensitization Theory Drug CravingDrug Craving
The desire to experience the effect(s) of a previously The desire to experience the effect(s) of a previously experienced psychoactive substance.experienced psychoactive substance.Robinson & BerridgeRobinson & Berridge
Motivational aspect (“wanting”) is sensitized while Motivational aspect (“wanting”) is sensitized while (“liking”) shows tolerance(“liking”) shows tolerance
Provides a good explanation strong craving in the Provides a good explanation strong craving in the absence of dysphoric withdrawal.absence of dysphoric withdrawal.
Provides an explanation for impulsivityProvides an explanation for impulsivity
Dependence, Addiction and theDependence, Addiction and theSelf-Administration of DrugsSelf-Administration of Drugs
Hedonic Dysregulation and AdaptationHedonic Dysregulation and Adaptation Based on physical dependence modelBased on physical dependence model Allostatic processAllostatic process
Repeated use and/or cessation of use leads to Repeated use and/or cessation of use leads to dysphoria, anxiety, depressiondysphoria, anxiety, depression
Set points change if drug use is persistentSet points change if drug use is persistent Hedonic dysregulationHedonic dysregulation
DysphoriaDysphoria
Psychological withdrawalPsychological withdrawal
Comparing incentive sensitization to Comparing incentive sensitization to Hedonic dysregulation (aka allostasis Hedonic dysregulation (aka allostasis
model)model) Incentive sensitizationIncentive sensitization impulsivityimpulsivity pure “psychological” addictionpure “psychological” addiction cue-associated relapsecue-associated relapse Positive reinforcement modelPositive reinforcement model
Hedonic dysregulationHedonic dysregulation Transition from impuslivity to compulsivityTransition from impuslivity to compulsivity Focus on withdrawalFocus on withdrawal Stress-related relapseStress-related relapse Negative reinforcement modelNegative reinforcement model
Dependence, Addiction and theDependence, Addiction and theSelf-Administration of DrugsSelf-Administration of Drugs
Behavioral Economics: Choosing to Use Behavioral Economics: Choosing to Use DrugsDrugs Based on behavioral mechanisms of positive Based on behavioral mechanisms of positive
reinforcementreinforcement Making choicesMaking choices The Matching LawThe Matching Law
Animals distribute their resources (time, money, Animals distribute their resources (time, money, and effort) to different responses in proportion to and effort) to different responses in proportion to the density of reinforcement provided by the the density of reinforcement provided by the response.response.
Spiral to AddictionSpiral to AddictionConfound for withdrawal-based explanations?Confound for withdrawal-based explanations?
Dependence, Addiction and theDependence, Addiction and theSelf-Administration of DrugsSelf-Administration of Drugs
Behavioral Economics: Choosing to Use Behavioral Economics: Choosing to Use DrugsDrugs Choice and TimeChoice and Time
Discounting of delayDiscounting of delay Perceived value of something decreases the further Perceived value of something decreases the further
away it is in timeaway it is in time
Dependence, Addiction and theDependence, Addiction and theSelf-Administration of DrugsSelf-Administration of Drugs
Behavioral Economics: Price and Behavioral Economics: Price and DemandDemand InelasticInelastic
Consumers continue to spend the same amount or Consumers continue to spend the same amount or more for a drug even though they are not able to more for a drug even though they are not able to purchase as much.purchase as much.
ElasticElasticConsumers start spending less for the drug in Consumers start spending less for the drug in response to a price increase.response to a price increase.
Dependence, Addiction and theDependence, Addiction and theSelf-Administration of DrugsSelf-Administration of Drugs
Behavioral Economics:Behavioral Economics:
Price and DemandPrice and Demand
• Demand curves for monkeys Demand curves for monkeys responding on FR schedules responding on FR schedules of 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 to of 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 to receive access to a drinking receive access to a drinking tube that delivered water tube that delivered water containing phencyclidine containing phencyclidine (PCP).(PCP).