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YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6
]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K Nrhthnke Kpprkhske
K Mhsnusshac Rkpjr hc kssanhkthac whtg tgj Nkdpghee Yjsjkrng Cjtwarl
Dkrhk Eyacs
CA_JDIJY
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www.njctrjoarwjeokrjrjoard.ar`
http://www.centreforwelfarereform.org/http://www.centreforwelfarereform.org/7/24/2019 Re-Thinking Community Care
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Nactjcts
^ZDDKYX ................................................................... >
;. HC]YAMZN]HAC6 K REKNJ AC JKY]G OAY DJ1 ............... =
9. ]GJ RAEHNX NAC]JW] ................................................. 0
>. EHDH]K]HAC^ AO [ZKC]H]K]H_J YJ^JKYNG ...................;2
=. NKYJ HC PGK] NADDZCH]X1 .....................................;9
:. NKDRGHEE NADDZCH]HJ^ .........................................;:
?. YJ^JKYNG AC NKDRGHEE ...........................................9;
Krj tgjy sjnts1 ........................................................9;
Krj tgjy hcsthtuthacs1 ...............................................9:
[ukehty ao ehoj hc iaucmjm spknjs ...............................97
0. YJNADDJCMK]HAC^ .................................................>2
Ihieha`rkpgy ...............................................................>>Kiaut tgj Kutgar .........................................................>?
Ruiehsghc` hcoardkthac .................................................>?
Nkdpghee Yjsjkrng Cjtwarl ..........................................>0
]gj Njctrj oar Pjeokrj Yjoard ......................................>0
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YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
9
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^ZDDKYX
Raehny-dkljrs hc tgj ZL gkvj, oar k eac`-thdj, jngajm tgj nkee aopjapej whtg hctjeejntuke mhskihehthjs tgkt tgjy sgauem gkvj rh`gts ks
ouee nhthzjcs kcm tgkt tgjy whsg ta ij oueey hcneumjm hc armhckry ehoj.
Gawjvjr, hc rjkehty, dkcy pjapej gkvj oaucm tgjhr ehvjs gjem iknl,
jhtgjr iy eaw jxpjntkthac, iy tgj kntuke ar`kchskthac ao sa-nkeejm
nadduchty nkrj sjrvhnjs ar iy k sanhjty wgjrj tgjsj hmjkes krj cat
tkljc sjrhausey iy dkcy.
Zcthe rjnjctey tgj dkhc mjiktj gks ijtwjjc tgasj kmvankthc`
hcneushac kcm tgasj kmvankthc` sadj oard ao hcsthtuthacke arrjshmjcthke nkrj. Gawjvjr, ks Dkrhk Eyacs mjsnrhijs hc tghs pkpjr,
wj dky ij eashc` sh`gt ao wgkt hs rjkeey hdpartkct kcm okhehc` ta
tklj sjrhausey pjapejs rh`gtoue mjshrj ta ijeac`, ta gkvj eavhc`
rjekthacsghps kcm ta ij trjktjm ks k vkeukiej hcmhvhmuke whtg aur
awc uchquj nactrhiuthac ta dklj. @hvjc tgkt okr taa dkcy pjapej
(cat fust pjapej whtg hctjeejntuke mhskihehthjs) krj sthee uckiej ta
knghjvj tgjsj oucmkdjctke cjjms, ht dky ij thdj ta rj-jxkdhcj
sadj ao aur kssudpthacs kiaut wgkt hs tgj ijst wky oarwkrm.
Acj hdpartkct jflart ta gjep pjapej whtg hctjeejntuke mhskihehthjs
aurhsg kcm ehvj hc djkchc`oue nadduchty gks ijjc tgj Nkdpghee
davjdjct. Murhc` tgj mjiktj kiaut hcsthtuthacke neasurj Nkdpghee
nadduchthjs wjrj aotjc h`carjm ar trjktjm ks pjnuehkr oards ao
tgj hcsthtuthac. Gawjvjr Dkrhk Eyacs kr`ujs tgkt tgjrj hs strac`
jvhmjcnj tgkt tgj Nkdpghee nadduchthjs krj rkrjey hcsthtuthacke kcm
tgkt tgjy aotjc knghjvj gh`gjr ejvjes ao hcneushac tgkc krj typhnkeey
ijhc` knghjvjm hc dkhcstrjkd nadduchty ehoj.]ghs pkpjr prapasjs tgkt ht hs caw thdj oar kmvanktjs ao hcneushac,
keijht orad mhfljrjct trkmhthacs, ta ejkrc orad jkng atgjr. Nkdpghee
nadduchthjs dky cat suht jvjryacj whtg kc hctjeejntuke mhskihehty,
iut tgjy gkvj sadjtghc` ta tjkng us kiaut wgkt dkljs oar k rjke
nadduchty wgjrj pjapej nkc ijeac`, nactrhiutj kcm aurhsg. Ht hs
thdj oar `rjktjr apjccjss hc aur rjsjkrng kcm tghclhc`.
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
>
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;. HC]YAMZN]HAC6 K REKNJ AC
JKY]G OAY DJ1
Acnj acj gks sjrvjm k nkusj, ar hs hcvaevjm hc eavhc` kcatgjr gudkc ijhc ,
gkpphcjss annurs iy htsjeo.
(Orkcle, 92;;)
^adj ao tgj dast armhckry tghc`s hc ehoj krj wgkt pravhmj us whtg aur dast
praoaucm jxpjrhjcnjs ao djkchc` kcm wjeeijhc`. Eavhc` kcm ijhc` eavjm< 99:). Rjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs
nacthcuj ta gkvj ehdhtjm appartuchthjs ta ard kcm sustkhc pjrsacke
rjekthacsghps, iatg hcthdktj kcm rhjcmey. ]jy krj kr ejss ehljey tgkc tgj
`jcjrke papuekthac ta dkrry ar gkvj k eac` tjrd pkrtcjr ta sgkrj tgjhr ehvjs
whtg (Mjpkrtdjct a Gjketg, 922;). Oar dkcy, pjrsacke rjekthacsghps krj
naccjm ta hddjmhktj kdhey, kcm tgj gh`g cudijr wga ehvj whtg jemjrey
pkrjcts whee saac ca eac`jr gkvj jvjc tgkt sanhke nactjxt (Rkpwartg rust,
92;>). Dkcy, ks k rjsuet, krj eacjey.
@hvjc tgjsj tjcmjcnhjs, nadihcjm whtg tgj dkcy atgjr mhskmvkctk`js
jcmurjm iy pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs, ht hs pjrgkps ucsurprhshc`
tgkt tgj prjvkejcnj a djctke gjketg praiejds hs gh`gjr ar tgjd tgkc ar
tgasj whtgaut k ejkrchc` mhskihehty (Yayke Naeej`j a Curshc`, 92;2< ;>).
Rsyngaea`hsts gkvj hmjcthjm naccjnthacs ijtwjjc tgj kisjcnj a djkchc`
kcm purpasj kcm jdathacke dkekmfustdjct (Orkcle, 92;;< 78). Oar dast a
us, wgkt `hvjs us aur sjcsj a peknj hs aur cjtwarl a pjrsacke rjekthacsghps6
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
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kdhey, radkcthn pkrtcjrs, rhjcms kcm naeejk`ujs. Ht hs tgrau`g tgj
warl tgkt wj ma tgkt wj sjjl k purpasj ar aursjevjs kcm gapj ta irhc`
sadj djkchc` ta aur jxhstjcnj. Hc Dkseaws warms, tgj iushcjss a sje-
kntukehzkthac nkc ijst ij nkrrhjm aut vhk k naddhtdjct ta kc hdpartkct
fai (nhtjm hc Orkcle, 92;;< 7=).
]j hsaekthac kcm dkr`hckehskthac a pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs hs
whmjey knlcawejm`jm. ]j nkusj hs whmjey k`rjjm ta ij tgjhr jxneushac rad
knthvhthjs pjrardjm kcm peknjs vhshtjm iy cac-mhskiejm pjapej. Ks sung, kee
jflarts krj anussjm ac hcneushac. ]j kppkrjct kssudpthac, ijghcm paehny kt
ejkst, hs tgkt k sjcsj a peknj kcm purpasj whee ij kc kutadkthn iy-pramunt a
ehvhc` kc armhckry ehj, surraucmjm iy armhckry pjapej. Pj lcaw, gawjvjr,
tgkt tghs hs rjqujctey cat tgj nksj ar kcy cudijr a rjksacs. Parl tgkt
hs eaw pkhm, ar hcstkcnj, hs `jcjrkeey eaw stktus kcm tgjrjarj ucehljey ta
ijstaw k sjcsj a vkeuj. Ht hs cat kcy aem fai, iut kc hdpartkct fai tgkt hssje-kntukehshc`, kcm ht hs spjnhnkeey rad tgasj fais tgkt sanhjty pjrnjhvjs ta
ij hdpartkct tgkt pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs krj jxneumjm.
Ehljwhsj, rj`uekr sanhke nactknt majs cat cjnjsskrhey djkc `jcuhcj
rjekthc`, ehvhc` kdac`st tgj `jcjrke papuekthac majs cat cjnjsskrhey djkc
acj hs wjenadjm tgjrj, knnjss ta prhvhej`js majs cat cjnjsskrhey djkc
acj gks tgj nkpknhty ta jcfay tgjd, kcm sa ac. Nkrj hc tgj nadduchty hs
k wartgy nacnjpt iut kc jdpty acj h tgj jdathacke, psyngaea`hnke kcm
sphrhtuke kspjnts a nadduchty krj dhstkljc ar ar jquktjm whtg purjey
`ja`rkpghnke ar pgyshnke kntars. Hc tamkys sanhjty ht hs pjrjntey pekushiej ark pjrsac ta jxjrnhsj kee tgj rh`gts a nhthzjcsghp wghej jxpjrhjcnhc` cacj a
tgj ijcjts a nadduchty.
Pj krj ajc taem tgkt pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs wkct ta ij
armhckry. Pgjc sadjacj jxprjssjs tghs mjshrj, pjrgkps gj ar sgj hs kslhc`
ar sadjtghc` wghng hs cat jksy ta krthnuektj, car hcmjjm ta djksurj6 tgj
appartuchty ta jje eavjm kcm cjjmjm, ta ij a sjrvhnj kcm sa gkvj k sjcsj a
ijeac`hc` whtghc k nadduchty, ta dklj k nactrhiuthac kcm jje kpprjnhktjm
ar ht, ta gkvj k pjrsacke stktus kcm rjspjnt. Oar dkcy hcmhvhmukes whtg
ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs, tgjsj armhckry yjt ucmkdjctke jxpjrhjcnjs whee cjvjr
ij passhiej hc dkhcstrjkd sanhjty< tgkt hs, hc k sanhjty wgjrj vkeuj kcm stktus
krj mjtjrdhcjm iy dacjy, pawjr, nadpejxhty, tjngcaea`hnke slhee, hctjeejntuke
mjxtjrhty, pgyshnke pjrjnthac, nadpjththvjcjss kcm sje-sunhjcny. Rjapej
whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs shdpey nkccat nadpjtj hc tghs jcvhracdjct kcm
whee nacthcuj ta ij trjktjm, kt ijst, whtg ijcjvaejct prjfumhnj (Rkpwartg
rust, 92;>< 98).
]j purpasj a gh`geh`gthc` tghs shtukthac hs cat djrjey ta ijdakc ht, iut
ta su``jst tgkt ucthe sung thdj ks wgkt wj nkee dkhcstrjkd sanhjty ucmjr`ajs
k urtgjr trkcsardkthac hc hts vkeuj systjd, wj whee gkvj ta ij darj
hdk`hckthvj hc cmhc` wkys ta jcsurj ejkrchc` mhskiejm pjapej nkc cm k
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
:
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peknj whtghc ht. Hctj`rkthac gks keeawjm pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs ta
gaem tgj pravjrihke dhrrar ta sanhjty, kcm, up neasj kcm pjrsacke, sanhjty
nacthcujs ta ij aucm wkcthc`.
]hs pkpjr prjsjcts sadj kr`udjcts hc kvaur a jxkdhchc` ketjrckthvjs
ta nurrjct dkhcstrjkdhc` sngjdjs< hc pkrthnuekr ht kttjdpts ta dklj tgj
nksj ar urtgjr rjsjkrng hcta tgj Nkdpghee nadduchthjs. ]j ac`ahc`
ngkeejc`js a hctj`rkthac mjsnrhijm kiavj ejcm suppart ta tgj hmjk tgkt
spjnhkehst sjtthc`s ehlj Nkdpghee sgauem ij pkrt a tgj spjntrud a pravhshac
ar pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs. ^jtthc`s, tgkt hs, wghng krj spjnhke cat
acey hc tjrds a ehvhc`, warlhc` kcm ehjstyej krrkc`jdjcts iut hc tjrds a
tgj vkeujs kcm prharhthjs rkdjwarl tgjy nkc afljr.
Nkdpghee rjprjsjcts k rkmhnkeey ucartgamax kpprakng ta kmmrjsshc` tgj
cjjms a pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs. Ht hs kr`ukiey kc heeustrkthac a
tgj knt tgkt hcstjkm a jdpgkshshc` tgj skdjcjss a pjapej whtg ejkrchc`mhskihehthjs kcm tthc` tgjd hcta jxhsthc` cards, ht hs passhiej ta njejirktj
tgjhr mhfljrjcnjs kcm mjvjeap cjw cards< hcstjkm a peknhc` kee khtg hc tgj
nacvjcthacke strunturjs a armhckry ehj kcm gaphc` ar tgj rh`gt autnadjs,
ht hs passhiej ta pky kttjcthac ta mjjpjr gudkc strhvhc`s kcm nrjktj cjw
strunturjs wghng astjr tgjhr rjkehskthac. Jxpearhc` tgj mj`rjj ta wghng tgjsj
nadduchthjs knghjvj tgjsj khds hs hc htsje k wartgy jcmjkvaur.
Ijnkusj tgjy krj nauctjr-nueturke, tgj Nkdpghee nadduchthjs krj
cjnjsskrhey sjpkrktj rad tgj `jcjrke papuekthac. Hc tghs sjcsj, tgjy
krj kt amms whtg tgj hmjke a hcneushac. Gawjvjr, kc hchthke rjvhjw a tgjehtjrkturj su``jsts tgkt rktgjr tgkc rjfjnthc` hcneushac, Nkdpghee warls aut
a k mhfljrjct hctjrprjtkthac a wgkt ht djkcs ta ij hcneushvj. ]j vkeuj a
stumyhc` Nkdpghee, tgjrjarj, dky cat ehj hc hts whmjsprjkm kppehnkihehty ks k
sjrvhnj damje, iut hc tgj knt tgkt ht nacsthtutjs k saehm tjst-nksj jxkdpej a
gaw k mhfljrjct jtgas kcm ketjrckthvj prknthnjs nkc kfljnt autnadjs. ]jrj krj
twa qujsthacs, tgjc, tgkt au`gt ta ij nacshmjrjm6 Majs Nkdpghees kpprakng
jckiej hts rjshmjcts ta jcfay tgj armhckry tghc`s hc ehj< kcm, hc avjr twa
`jcjrkthacs a sanhke jxpjrhdjctkthac, gkvj Nkdpgheejrs ejkrcjm kcytghc`
tgkt dh`gt ij a ijcjt ta tgj rjst a tgj warem1
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
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9.]GJ RAEHNX NAC]JW]
Aur oanus dust cjvjr ij mhvjrtjm iy cards, kwky orad tgj gudkc ijhc`swga krj aur nacnjrc.
(^j`ke, ;80=)
^hcnj nkrj hc tgj nadduchty wks kmvanktjm iy tgj ;80; Pghtj Rkpjr
Ijttjr jrvhnjs oar tgj Djctkeey Gkcmhnkppjm, shc`ej tjckcny ar sdkee
`raup gausjgaems (naeejnthvjey lcawc ks mhspjrsjm gaushc`) gkvj ijjc
avjrwgjedhc`ey tgj okvaurjm damje ao sjrvhnj pravhshac oar kmuets whtg
k ejkrchc` mhskihehty hc tgj ZL. ^tkrthc` ks k nrhthquj ao tgj madhckct
hcsthtuthacke damje ao nkrj orad k gudkc rh`gts pjrspjnthvj, tgj sa-nkeejmcardkehskthac k`jcmk wks cat hctjcmjm ta jcoarnj cardkehty, iut jckiej
pjapej whtg spjnhke cjjms ta, ks okr ks passhiej, ejkm armhckry ehvjs kcm
gkvj knnjss ta tgj skdj rh`gts kcm prhvhej`js ks tgj rjst ao sanhjty. ]hs
hcneumjm passhihehthjs oar oardhc` djkchc`oue rjekthacsghps, pkrthnhpkthc`
hc tgj nadduchty, knnjss ta jmunkthac, ejhsurj kcm rjnrjkthacke knthvhthjs,
jdpeaydjct appartuchthjs, orjjmad ta mjvjeap, prhvkny, kcm `jcjrkeey tgj
ngkcnj ta ehvj k ouee ehoj (^natthsg Jxjnuthvj, 9222< :;).
Ketgau`g hc rjnjct yjkrs paehny dkljrs gkvj hcmhnktjm k naddhtdjct
ta tgj mjvjeapdjct a k rkc`j a sjrvhnj damjes kcm ta jcsurhc` tgktpjapej krj jckiejm ta dklj `jcuhcj, hcardjm ngahnjs kiaut tgjhr ehvhc`
krrkc`jdjcts (Gkeekd, 9229), tgj warmhc` a paehny manudjcts nacthcujs
ta sgaw k mjnhmjm prjjrjcnj ar nkrj ar hcmhvhmukes keac`shmj tgj rjst a
tgj papuekthac (^natthsg Jxjnuthvj, 9222< hv). Pgjrj jvhmjcnj hs nhtjm, ht hs
ajc hdpehjm tgkt cj`kthvj stkthsthns rjekthc` spjnhnkeey ta ardjr gasphtke
nkdpusjs kppey ta sjpkrktj ar jcneasjm sjtthc`s hc `jcjrke, nactrhiuthc` ta
tgj avjrkee djssk`j tgkt tgj ekttjr, h cat kewkys jcthrjey hckppraprhktj, krj
njrtkhcey tgj ejkst kttrknthvj apthac kvkhekiej.
]hs acj-shmjmcjss hs rj-jcarnjm iy k tjcmjcny ar ngahnj ta ij prjsjctjmhc tjrds a kc jhtgjr/ar mjnhshac ijtwjjc fust twa irakm typjs a pravhshac6
rjshmjcthke nkdpusjs ar mhspjrsjm gaushc` hc tgj `jcjrke nadduchty. Ehttej
ar catghc` hs skhm kiaut ehvhc` shtukthacs wghng ma cat strhntey spjklhc`
ijeac` hc jhtgjr nktj`ary. ]j ^natthsg @avjrcdjcts rjvhjw a sjrvhnjs,
ar hcstkcnj, djcthacjm atgjr ards a sgkrjm ehvhc` acey ta su``jst
sadjwgkt vk`ujey tgkt tgjy sgauem ij rjmunjm (^natthsg Jxjnuthvj, 9222).
wjevj yjkrs ektjr, tgj @avjrcdjcts aeeaw up nacsuetkthac rjpart nactkhcs
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
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ca mhsnusshac ar mjchthac a vheek`j nadduchthjs car majs ht hcneumj
rjprjsjctkthvjs rad vheek`j nadduchthjs hc hts skdpej a ehvhc` shtukthacs
(^natthsg Jxjnuthvj, 92;9).
]hs kisjcnj dky ij nacshmjrjm surprhshc` hc tgj eh`gt a tgj knt tgkt tgj
922; ZL Pghtj Rkpjr _keuhc` Rjapej stktjm tgkt hts prjpkrktary rjsjkrng
gkm aucm >,222 pjapej whtg hctjeejntuke mhskihehthjs hc 0> vheek`j kcm
hctjcthacke nadduchthjs knrass tgj nauctry (Mjpkrtdjct a Gjketg, 922;). ]jsj nadduchthjs wjrj cat ckdjm, iut wjrj mjcjm ks sjrvhnjs
apjrktjm iy hcmjpjcmjct sjntar ar`kchskthacs nacshsthc` a gausjs
neustjrjm ac acj shtj whtg sadj sgkrjm njctrke knhehthjs, whtg sadj ijhc`
iksjm ac pgheasapghnke ar rjeh`haus ijehjs (Mjpkrtdjct a Gjketg,
922;< ;>9-;>>). ]j Pghtj Rkpjr kesa stktjm tgkt sadj eanke kutgarhthjs
wjrj aucm ta ij rjeuntkct ta suppart hcmhvhmukes whsghc` ta ehvj hc tgjsj
nadduchthjs, iut ca jxpekckthac ar tghs wks afljrjm (Mjpkrtdjct aGjketg, 922;< 0>). Jh`gt yjkrs ektjr, tgj aeeaw ac Pghtj Rkpjr _keuhc`
Rjapej Caw (Mjpkrtdjct a Gjketg, 9228) dkljs ca djcthac kt kee a
vheek`j ar hctjcthacke nadduchthjs.
]j nejkrjst jxpekckthac ar sjejnthvjcjss ac tgj pkrt a paehny-dkljrs
wgjc nhthc` jvhmjcnj hs k sustkhcjm naddhtdjct ta tgj prhcnhpej a
cardkehskthac. Pghej rjpjktjm kiusj snkcmkes surraucmhc` eac`-stky
gasphtkes ujeejm k strac` papuekr dadjctud ar darj apjc, hctj`rktjm
nkrj, tgjy kesa nrjktjm kc jcvhracdjct hc wghng kcy ard a sje-nactkhcjm,
nadducke ehvhc` wks suspjnt. ]j hcujcnj a @afldkcs Ksyeuds(@afldkc, ;8?7), wghng ehstjm tgj ektjct kcm uethdktjey apprjsshvj ucnthacs
a eac`-stky hcsthtuthacs, nkccat ij ucmjrstktjm. Hc tgj ;872s cardkehskthac
jphtadhsjm tgj wky arwkrm ar tgj mjsh`c a sanhke sjrvhnjs (Ngkppjee
;880< >) kcm ketgau`g nrhthnhsd dky ca eac`jr ij tkctkdauct ta gjrjsy
tgj prhcnhpej dkhctkhcs dung a hts stktus ks tgj jphtadj ar kee ards a
sanhke pra`rjss. a gh`geh`gt sgkrjm ehvhc` damjes ks kc apthac, ejt keacj
patjcthkeey gh`g qukehty acjs, wauem ij ta ucmjrdhcj cat acey tgj vkehmhty
a kc hmjaea`hnke pashthac iut tgj jcthrj pknlk`j a sanhke sjrvhnj rjards
wghng rjsts upac hts kssudpthacs.
amky, hc kc ac`ahc` rjknthac ta tghs nrhthquj, tgj tgjdj a hcmhvhmuke
rh`gts kcm ehijrthjs rjdkhcs kt tgj arjract a sanhke sjrvhnjs mjehvjry kcm
mjvjeapdjct mhsnaursjs. ]j Mjpkrtdjct a Gjketg (Jc`ekcm) strktj`y
ar pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs puiehsgjm hc 9228 (_keuhc` Rjapej
Caw) nekhdjm ta kmapt k gudkc rh`gts iksjm kpprakng kcm rj-krdjm
tgj prhcnhpejs sjt aut hc tgj 922; Pghtj Rkpjr _keuhc` Rjapej wghng
jdpgkshsjm knnjss, hcardjm ngahnj kcm hcneushac. ]j stkcmkrms sjt aut iy
tgj Ckthacke Nkrj Naddhsshac krj kesa prjsjctjm hc tjrds a rh`gts, rjsthc`
ac tgj prhcnhpejs a mh`chty, prhvkny, ngahnj, skjty, rjkehshc` patjcthke kcm
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
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jqukehty kcm mhvjrshty. ]hs ekst hcneumjs tgj rh`gt ta ehvj k ehj wghng hs rhng
hc purpasj, djkchc` kcm pjrsacke ueedjct, tgj rh`gt ta ij vkeujm ar acjs
jtgchnhty, nueturj, ekc`uk`j kcm khtg, kcm tgj rh`gts ta ij trjktjm jqukeey kcm
ehvj hc kc jcvhracdjct rjj rad mhsnrhdhckthac.
K sjnacm tgjdj whtghc sanhke nkrj sjrvhnjs tamky hs tgj jxpehnht davj kwky
rad tgj ekc`uk`j a cardkehskthac ta tgkt a pjrsackehskthac. Kee systjds,
pranjssjs, stkfl kcm sjrvhnjs cjjm ta put pjapej kt tgj njctrj (^NHJ, 92;9), tgj rjkehty a
ngahnj kcm nactrae hs irau`gt hcta qujsthac iy tgj kiavj-djcthacjm paehthnkeprharhthjs, ks wjee ks ucmhc` nuts. Rjapej whtg mhskihehthjs kcm tgjhr kdhehjs
dky gkvj tgj nacsudjr rjjmads tgkt nadj whtg `rjktjr nactrae avjr tgjhr
awc ium`jts, iut rjdkhc aieh`jm ta ngaasj rad k ehdhtjm djcu a ehvhc`
damjes, wgjtgjr tghs ij muj ta tgj kntuke kisjcnj a ketjrckthvjs ar k eknl a
hcardkthac kiaut ketjrckthvjs. Jhtgjr wky, tgj jxtjct ta wghng vuecjrkiej
pjapej gkvj nactrae avjr tgjhr awc ehvjs whee ij ucmjrdhcjm sa eac` ks tgjy
kcm tgjhr nkrjrs krj strac`ey cum`jm hc k pkrthnuekr mhrjnthac iy tgj pawjrs
tgkt ij (Mufly, 92;;< ;9).
]j praiejds krasj wgjc tgj ruejs mjtjrdhchc` sjrvhnj pravhshac ijnkdj
avjrey ma`dkthn kcm rh`hm, kcm prjvjctjm ejkrchc` mhskihehty sjrvhnj stkfl orad
mjehvjrhc` tkhear-dkmj sjrvhnjs jxhiey kcm nast-jfljnthvjey kcm ac tgj ikshs ao
naddac sjcsj, ea`hnke kcm nejkr jvhmjcnj ao ijcjnhke autnadjs.
(Fknlsac kcm Hrvhcj, 92;9< ;-9)
]j nacthcujm paehny anus ac shc`ej tjckcny ar sdkee `raup gaushc` ks tgj
dast kppraprhktj gadjs ar kmuets whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs tgus rkhsjs
k cudijr a hdpartkct qujsthacs. Ohrstey, wgkt ketjrckthvjs ta mhspjrsjm
nadduchty gaushc` krj hc knt kvkhekiej ar tgasj whsghc` ta ejkvj jhtgjrtgjhr kdhey gadj ar k trkmhthacke rjshmjcthke sjtthc`1 ^jnacmey, wgkt
jvhmjcnj jxhsts tgkt tgjsj ketjrckthvjs afljr kmuets whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs k
uee ehj kcm `ukrkctjj tgjhr gudkc rh`gts wghng krj skhm ta ij k tap prharhty
hc sanhke sjrvhnj paehny1 Hc pkrthnuekr, `hvjc tgj ehc`jrhc` sjcsj tgkt ekr`j,
sgkrjm-ehvhc` sjtthc`s krj hcsthtuthacs hc kee iut ckdj, wgkt hs tgj jxpjrhjcnj
a iaucmjm nadduchthjs ehlj Nkdpghee vheek`js1
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
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>. EHDH]K]HAC^ AO
[ZKC]H]K]H_J YJ^JKYNG
]j kisjcnj ao kcswjrs ta tgjsj qujsthacs whtghc paehthnke manudjcts
nkc hc pkrt ij jxpekhcjm iy tgj oknt tgkt tgjrj hs ehttej jdphrhnke jvhmjcnj
ta hcoard mjnhshac dkljrs ao tgj strjc`tgs kcm wjklcjssjs ao tgj wgaej
rkc`j ao mhfljrjct typjs ao pravhshac kcm nkrj pknlk`js knrass kee tgrjj
sjntars. ]j paehthnke prjannupkthac whtg tgj rjekthvj kmvkctk`js ao tgj
twa madhckct damjes hs dhrrarjm hc tgj rjsjkrng nadduchty. Pghej tgj
ekst twa mjnkmjs gkvj `jcjrktjm k ekr`j iamy ao rjsjkrng ac sjrvhnjs oar
pjapej whtg mhskihehthjs `jcjrkeey, dast ao tghs rjsjkrng gks oanusjm ac
tgj trkcshthac orad ekr`j hcsthtuthacs ta sdkeejr sjtthc`s, jspjnhkeey tamhspjrsjm gaushc`, hc tgj nadduchty (Dkcsjee, 9227< 8).
Hc kmmhthac ta ijhc` snkrnj, dkfar stumhjs wghng gkvj hcvjsth`ktjm vkrhaus
ards a neustjrjm gaushc` tgkt hs, ehvhc` uchts wghng ard k sjpkrktj
nadduchty rad tgj surraucmhc` papuekthac (Dkcsjee, 9227) gkvj k
cudijr a ehdhtkthacs. ]j rst rjektjs ta k tjcmjcny ar avjr-`jcjrkehskthac.
]hs hs jxjdpehjm iy k ;888 stumy naddhsshacjm iy tgj Gjketg Mjpkrtdjct
(Jdjrsac jt ke, ;888) wghng wks usjm ks k mjchthvj saurnj a jvhmjcnj iy
paehny-dkljrs kt tgj thdj (^natthsg Jxjnuthvj, 9222). Ketgau`g khdhc` ta
ij k nadpkrkthvj kckeyshs a tgj qukehty kcm nasts a vheek`j nadduchthjs,
rjshmjcthke nkdpusjs kcm mhspjrsjm gaushc` sngjdjs, tgj stumy cat acey
khes ta pravhmj k mjchthac a vheek`j nadduchthjs, iut eaals kt acey tgrjj
vheek`j nadduchthjs aut a k tatke skdpej a ;7 pravhmjrs (Dkcsjee, 9227). Kt tgj skdj thdj, ht mawcpekys tgj vjry
rjke rhsls a hsaekthac, kehjckthac, iarjmad, eacjehcjss, sjmjctkry ehvhc` kcmjxpasurj ta gasthej trjktdjct knjm iy vuecjrkiej pjapej wgjc ehvhc` keacj
(^gkw jt ke, 92;;< Rkpwartg rust, 92;>).
Pgkt kesa cjjms ta ij tkljc hcta knnauct hs tgkt k`jhc` hs ehljey ta ketjr
cjjms kcm prharhthjs kcm wj dust ij nkrjue cat ta kppey tgj whsgjs a k
sjejntjm mjda`rkpghn ta tgj wgaej papuekthac. ]hs rjturcs ta tgj hssuj a
kssudhc` tgkt pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs krj cat acey tgj skdj ks us,
iut kee krj tgj skdj ks jkng atgjr. Ketgau`g Nurthnj (922?) pahcts aut tgkt
aemjr k`j `raups, ks wjee ks pjapej whtg duethpej kcm praaucm mhskihehthjs,
krj ucmjr-rjprjsjctjm hc tgj survjy, tghs majs cat prjvjct tgj @avjrcdjctrad ushc` tgj survjy rjspacsjs ks fusthnkthac ar k uchvjrske paehny.
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
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K cudijr a kutgars (Fknlsac kcm Hrvhcj, 92;>< Ngkppjee, ;880) gkvj
pahctjm aut tgkt hc nacnjctrkthc` ac skdjcjss tgjrj hs k mkc`jr tgkt
tgj pkrthnuekr qukehthjs kcm vuecjrkihehthjs a mhskiejm pjapej krj ucmjr-
kpprjnhktjm. ]j Jckiej ^natekcm rjpart htsje gh`geh`gtjm tgj sh`chnkct
mhnuethjs pjapej wga krj hctjeejntukeey, jdathackeey ar vjrikeey hdpkhrjmgkvj ardhc` djkchc`ue, eksthc` rjekthacsghps, pkrthnuekrey hcthdktj acjs
(Nurthnj, 922?). Ks Ngrhsthj (;878) catjm avjr tgrjj mjnkmjs k`a, tgjsj
mhnuethjs krj acey ehljey ta ij jxknjriktjm iy nueturke trkcsardkthacs
wghng gkvj sjjc pjapejs sanhke cjtwarls ijnadj urtgjr kcm urtgjr
rjdavjm rad tgjhr hddjmhktj cjh`giaurgaams kcm cjh`giaurs. Pgjrj
sanhke hctjrknthac hs hcnrjkshc`ey knhehtktjm cat iy pgyshnke praxhdhty iut iy
nadduchnkthac kcm trkcspart tjngcaea`hjs tgkt dkcy mhskiejm pjapej krj
uckiej ta knnjss, tgj patjcthke hs ar tgjd ta ij urtgjr sgut aut rad tgj
typj a gudkc nactknt wghng astjrs k sjcsj a purpasj kcm peknj.Knlcawejm`hc` sadj a tgjsj aistknejs, Nurthnj dkljs tgj `jcjrke
aisjrvkthac tgkt tgj dast djkchc`ue kcm skthsyhc` naccjnthacs krj usukeey
ta ij aucm kdac`st pjapej wga sgkrj shdhekr hctjrjsts kcm jxpjrhjcnjs.
Oar pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs tghs hs ehljey ta ij atgjr pjapej whtg
ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs, wghng dky ij darj ar ejss sjvjrj tgkc tgjhr awc
(Nurthnj, 922?). K`khc, tghs aisjrvkthac wauem kppjkr ta ij kt amms whtg tgj
paehny a dkhcstrjkd hctj`rkthac tgkt tgj rjpart hs usjm ta pradatj. Pgjc
rjj ta ngaasj, pjapej tjcm ta kssanhktj whtg tgjhr awc lhcm kcm nac`rj`ktj
hc `rauphc`s wgjrj tgjrj hs kc jxpjrhjcnj a naddackehty6Ht hs cat naddac oar k sa-nkeejm cardke pjrsac ta sjjl sanhke hctjrknthac,
jmunkthacke appartuchthjs kcm ar ehvhc` nhrnudstkcnjs whtg atgjrs wga krj
sanhkeey mhfljrjct, ar wga krj hctjeejntukeey supjrhar ar wga gkvj k tatkeey
mhfljrjct ehoj styej. Pj kee tjcm ta scu``ej hcta tgj nadoart ao ijhc` whtg tgasj
wgad wj pjrnjhvj ta ij ehlj us. Pj mact wkct ta stkcm aut hc k nrawm. Pgy
tgjc ma wj suppasj djctkeey rjtkrmjm pjrsacs yjkrc ta ehvj kpkrt orad tgjhr
pjjrs1
(Gjcmrhx, ;87; nhtjm hc Nuddhcs kcm Eku, 922>< ;:9)
Kesa gh`geh`gthc` tgj hdpartkcnj a pjjr nadduchty, Nuddhcs jt ke
ngkeejc`j tgj kedast uchvjrske ijehj tgkt hctj`rkthac whtg tgj `jcjrke
nadduchty nacjrs ijcjt (Nuddhcs jt ke, 922>< ;=?). ]jy catj tgkt
hctj`rkthac hs kedast kewkys pjrnjhvjm iy rjsjkrngjrs kcm sjrvhnj pravhmjrs
ta djkc ijhc` pgyshnkeey prjsjct hc eankthacs rjqujctjm iy tgj `jcjrke
puiehn (hihm). Jngahc` tgj pahct dkmj kiavj kiaut tgj ehdhtkthacs a
qukcthtkthvj rjsjkrng, tgjy kr`uj tgkt tgj dast hdpartkct djksurj hc
mjtjrdhchc` tgj sunnjss a hctj`rkthac nkccat ij pgyshnke knts ar aifjnthvj
hcmhnktars, sung ks gaw dkcy thdjs k wjjl sadjacj vhshts tgjhr eanke sparts
njctrj, `ajs sgapphc`, usjs puiehn trkcspart ar djjts rhjcms. Yktgjr, tgj
dast hdpartkct mjtjrdhckct hs gaw pjapej jje kiaut tgjdsjevjs kcm
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
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tgjhr ehvjs (hihm< ;=7). Nuddhcs jt ke su``jst tgkt hc anushc` sa dung
ac prjsjrvhc` tgjhr rh`gt ta ij armhckry, tgj hctj`rkthac k`jcmk hs arnhc`
pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs hcta kicardke shtukthacs, ar kt ejkst acjs
tgkt tklj ehttej knnauct a jdathacke kcm psyngaea`hnke pgjcadjck.
Hc kr`uhc` tgkt pjapej whtg hctjeejntuke mhskihehthjs ij keeawjm ta hctj`rktj
hcta tgjhr awc prhdkry nadduchty, wghng hs darj ehljey ta ij kdhey kcm
pjjrs tgkc sadj kistrknt ar passhiey jvjc dytghnke armhckry sanhjty, tgj
kutgars ma cat kmvanktj peknhc` kcy rjstrhnthacs ac whmjr sanhke knthvhthjs
ar hctjrknthac, shdpey tgkt wj eky ta rjst tgj hdpehnht ijehj tgkt kssanhkthacs
whtg cac-mhskiejm pjapej krj hc sadj sjcsj supjrhar (Nuddhcs jt ke, 922>). ]jy nacneumj tgkt ar nadduchty hctj`rkthac ta ij sunnjssue, tgkt
hs, ijcjnhke ta tgj wjeeijhc` a tgj acj ijhc` hctj`rktjm, ht dust jcsurj
tgkt tgjy jje pkrt a k rjkmhey kvkhekiej, supparthvj kcm mjpjcmkiej sanhke
strunturj wghng jdpgkshsjs naccjntjmcjss, pjrsacke hctjrmjpjcmjcny, kcmk sjcsj a ijeac`hc` (hihm). ]jy su``jst tgkt k cjw ehtjrkturj hs rjquhrjm,
kcm cjw paehnhjs cjjm ta ij hdpejdjctjm tgkt rjmjcj kcm rjna`chzj
nadduchty hctj`rkthac kt tgj ejvje a jc`jcmjrhc` k sjcsj a nadduchty
(Nuddhcs jt ke< ;:=).
Hc k shdhekr vjhc, Gk`jrty jt ke kr`ujm hc tgj ;882s tgkt jstkiehsghc` kcm
dkhctkhchc` k rjektjmcjss ta atgjrs hs k pjrvkshvj gudkc nacnjrc kcm k
sjcsj a ijeac`hc` hs acj gu`jey hdpartkct nadpacjct a naccjnthc` acjs
sje hcta tgj kirhn a surraucmhc` pjapej, peknjs kcm tghc`s (Gk`jrty jt ke,
;889< ;0> ). Rrjsjcthc` sjcsj a ijeac`hc` ks k vhtke kcm ucmjr-kpprjnhktjmdjctke gjketg nacnjpt, tgjy taa nkuthac tgj usj a ijgkvhaurke rjjrjcts
wgjc mjtjrdhchc` mj`rjjs a sanhke hctj`rkthac, ijnkusj pkrthnhpkthac,
knthvhty, kcm praxhdhty ma cat cjnjsskrhey nacsthtutj sjcsj a ijeac`hc`
(hihm< ;0:). Ijeac`hc`cjss hs mjcjm ks k sjcsj a pjrsacke hcvaevjdjct
hc k sanhke systjd sa tgkt k pjrsac jjes tgjdsjevjs ta ij kc hcmhspjcskiej
kcm hctj`rke pkrt a tgj systjd (hihm). Nrunhkeey, ht hdpehjs rjna`chthac kcm
knnjptkcnj a k djdijr iy atgjr djdijrs hc k `raup (hihm< ;0>).
Ijeac`hc`, tgjc, gks duethpej mhdjcshacs, wghng hcneumj cat acey jjehc`
vkeujm, cjjmjm kcm knnjptjm iut kesa tgkt acjs hcmhvhmuke ngkrkntjrhsthns
nadpejdjct tgj systjd htsje< acj ts hc kcm gks k prapjr peknj kcm
purpasj. ]jsj, wj dh`gt sky, krj tgj ngkrkntjrhsthn jkturjs a gadj kcm
h tkljc sjrhausey, rjvjke tgkt nrjkthc` k gadj ar jcnaurk`hc` jjehc`s
a kt gadjcjss hs k kr darj nadpejx kcm suitej pranjss tgkc tgkt a
`ukrkctjjhc` rh`gts a awcjrsghp kcm passjsshac, ks hdpartkct ks tgasj
rh`gts krj hc tgjdsjevjs.
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
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:. NKDRGHEE NADDZCH]HJ^
Ks k damje ao sjrvhnj pravhshac (gaushc`, jmunkthac kcm jdpeaydjct)oar iatg nghemrjc kcm kmuets whtg spjnhke cjjms, tgj Nkdpghee
nadduchty jxhstjm prhar ta gasphtke neasurjs, kcm ks sung majs cat okee
hcta tgj nktj`arhjs ao rjshmjcthke nkdpus ar spjnhke vheek`j kssh`cjm
ta neustjrjm gaushc` ac oardjr gasphtke shtjs. Hc oknt, tgj Nkdpghee
nadduchthjs oard k uchquj nktj`ary ao tgjhr awc (whtg tgj jxnjpthac
ao EKrngj, pjrgkps), ijhc` ekr`jey rjehkct ac vaeuctjjrs wga naddht ta
sgkrhc` tgjhr gadjs kcm ehvjs whtg pjapej wga gkvj spjnhke cjjms oar k
pjrham ao kt ejkst acj yjkr. ]hs hcneumjs tgj kmapthac ao k pkrthnuekr sjt
ao sanhke kcm nueturke prknthnjs kcm k mjmhnkthac ta k pkrthnuekr hmjke ao
hctjrmjpjcmjct ehvhc`. Knnarmhc` ta Oue`ash, Nkdpghee nadduchthjs khd
ta ij nadduchthjs whtg kcm cat oar tgasj whtg spjnhke cjjms6
Ruphes, stumjcts, vheek`jrs kcm aemjr rjshmjcts ehvj ta`jtgjr whtg
na-warljrs kcm tgjhr okdhehjs hc sung k wky ks ta oastjr dutuke gjep
kcm ucmjrstkcmhc`. Gjepjr kcm gjepjm ehvj shmj iy shmj, jkng ejkrchc`
orad tgj atgjr.
(Oue`ash, ;8826 =2)
]j cjtwarl a spjnhke sngaaes, warlhc` vheek`js, nrk njctrjs, `raupgadjs, warlsgaps, naeej`js kcm trkhchc` sngjdjs naeejnthvjey lcawc
ks Nkdpghee wks aucmjm hc ;8=2 hc ^natekcm iy k `raup a rju`jjs
rad Ckzh-annuphjm njctrke Jurapj, ucmjr tgj `uhmkcnj a Kustrhkc
pkjmhktrhnhkc Lkre Lajch`. Lajch` sau`gt ta afljr djctkeey kcm pgyshnkeey
mhskiejm nghemrjc k qukehty a ehj tgkt kt tgkt thdj wks sthee ekr`jey mjchjm
tgjd iy dkhcstrjkd sanhjty. Ks wjee ks tgjrkpy kcm djmhnke trjktdjct,
tghs hcneumjm appartuchthjs ar ejkrchc` slhees kcm nrks kcm tklhc` pkrt hc
k vkrhjty a k`rhnueturke, madjsthn, nueturke kcm krthsthn knthvhthjs. K gaehsthn
ar hctj`rktjm kpprakng wks nacshmjrjm tgj ljy, acj wghng taal hctaknnauct cat acey pgyshnke kcm djctke iut jdathacke, jcvhracdjctke kcm
sanhke kntars (Ikc`, 92;2).
]j ;8=7 Rraspjntus a tgj rst Nkdpghee ^pjnhke ^ngaae apjcjm hc
Kijrmjjc stktjm tgkt jkng nghem gks tgj rh`gt ta mjdkcm tgkt gj hs `hvjc
kee passhiej gjep tawkrms irhc`hc` ghs patjcthkehthjs ta ueejst jxprjsshac
(nhtjm hc Nastk, 9227< >>). Orkcle aisjrvjm tgkt6 h wj krj ta irhc` aut
tgj gudkc patjcthke kt hts ijst, wj dust rst ijehjvj hc hts jxhstjcnj kcm
prjsjcnj (Orkcle, 92;;< 77). ]j aucmjrs a Nkdpghee cat acey ijehjvjm
hc tgj patjcthke a tgjsj nghemrjc, iut put tgjhr hmjkes hcta prknthnj darj
tgkc twa mjnkmjs ijarj tgj puiehnkthac a ^tkcejy ^j`kes sjdhcke warl
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
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Ca Nghem hs Hcjmunkiej(;80=). Gjcnj tgjy nkc ij rj`krmjm cat fust ks
jxpjrhdjctjrs hc ketjrckthvj ehvhc` iut ks phacjjrs hc tgj stumy a hctjeejntuke
mhskihehty kcm hc tgj whmjr jem a gaehsthn sanhke nkrj, ar wgkt hs caw
hcnrjkshc`ey tjrdjm sanhke pjmk`a`y (Fknlsac, 92;;).
Hc sphtj a tghs kppkrjct pra`rjsshvhsd kcm tgj jxpkcshac a Nkdpghee hctak waremwhmj davjdjct rjprjsjctjm ac vj nacthcjcts, tgj nadduchthjs
rjdkhc ekr`jey ucstumhjm kcm gjcnj uclcawc autshmj k nhrnej a hddjmhktj
stkljgaemjrs kcm jctgushksts. ]j jxpekckthac ehjs pkrtey hc tgj stary a
Nkdpghees awc mjvjeapdjct. Ks k nauctjr-nueturke, jxpehnhtey Ngrhsthkc
hctjcthacke nadduchty davjdjct, hcmhvhmuke njctrjs wjrj trkmhthackeey
rjekthvjey neasjm kcm hcwkrm-eaalhc`, hc sphtj a tgjhr stktutary rjekthacsghp
whtg eanke kutgarhthjs kcm tgj kdhehjs a ijcjnhkrhjs. ]kcls ta tgj
Darkvhkc iknl`raucm a na-aucmjr heek Dkksijr`, tgj hcujcnj a
tgj Darkvhkc Ngurng hs vhshiej hc Nkdpghees naddhtdjct ta tgj shdpej,mjvathacke ehj, ta sgkrhc`, ta warl, ta gacaurhc` ijkuty kcm ckturj kcm
strhvhc` ta nrjktj k pjknjue, armjrjm jcvhracdjct (Fknlsac, 9227). Hts awc
sje-hdk`j a sjpkrktjcjss, kdaucthc` jvjc ta mjjcshvjcjss, gks pjrgkps
nactrhiutjm ta k pjrnjpthac a Nkdpghees warl ks hrrjejvkct ta dkhcstrjkd
sanhke ehj kcm cjjms (^lhccjr kcm Ikrac, 92;;6 978-;2).
Ourtgjr jdpgkshshc` k sjcsj a atgjrcjss rad ^natthsg, sjnuekr sanhjty,
ehj hc Nkdpghee wks strac`ey hcujcnjm iy tgj aucmjrs stumy a Yumae
^tjhcjrs kctgrapasapgy, k mjjpey sphrhtuke vhjw a tgj warem raatjm hc
kc hctjrprjtkthac a Ngrhsthkchty wghng syctgjshsjs Pjstjrc kcm Jkstjrc
jsatjrhn trkmhthacs hcta k shc`ej, jphn nasdaea`y. rkhchc` kcm jmunkthac
a stkfl hc Nkdpghee nadduchthjs hs hcardjm iy tghs ucnacvjcthacke
pjrspjnthvj a tgj warem kcm tgj gudkc ijhc`, ks krj tgjrkphjs, trjktdjct
a tgj ekcm kcm hts nuethvkthac, sjksacke kcm nueturke njejirkthacs, jvjry mky
prknthnjs kcm nustads. Ketgau`g Lajch` hmjcthjm warlhc` ta rkhsj puiehn
kwkrjcjss a tgj hssujs surraucmhc` mhskihehty ks k ljy tksl (Nastk, 9227< >=),
Nkdpghees ghstary hs cjvjrtgjejss ngkrkntjrhsjm iy k tjcmjcny ta sgy kwky
rad sje-pradathac, k kheurj ta nadduchnktj hts ucusuke prhcnhpejs hc k
ekc`uk`j ucmjrstkcmkiej ta atgjr prajsshackes, kcm k eknl a jflart ta jhtgjr
nacmunt ar wjenadj nrhthnke hcvjsth`kthacs.amky tgj Nkdpghee nadduchthjs krj sprjkm knrass tgj ZL, vkryhc`
`rjktey hc shzj, sjtthc` kcm anus kcm nktjrhc` ta mhfljrjct k`j-`raups kcm ta
mhfljrjct cjjms. Hc Jc`ekcm, Pkejs kcm Cartgjrc Hrjekcm 99 rurke (dastey
ekcm-iksjm) kcm 7 urikc ehj-sgkrhc` neustjrjm gaushc` nadduchthjs
suppart avjr 022 yauc` pjapej kcm kmuets whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs kcm
atgjr spjnhke cjjms. Hcmhvhmuke nadduchthjs afljr kcywgjrj ijtwjjc =
kcm ;2= rjshmjcthke peknjs kcm dkcy kesa pravhmj kmmhthacke mky peknjdjct
sjrvhnjs/warlsgaps. Hc ^natekcm tgjrj krj ;; Nkdpghee njctrjs supparthc`
kppraxhdktjey =22 hcmhvhmukes whtg spjnhke cjjms. ]jsj njctrjs hcneumj twarjshmjcthke spjnhke sngaaes, twa ekr`j krdhc` jstktjs wghng pravhmj warl
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
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kcm trkhchc` appartuchthjs ar yauc` kmuets, vj rurke warlhc` nadduchthjs
ar kmuets hcneumhc` twa wghng apjrktj ac k vheek`j damje, acj sdkee urikc
ksshstjm ehvhc` nadpejx kcm acj jemjrey nkrj gadj.
Ckdj MktjOaucmjm
Yj`hstrkthacstktus
^uppartjmHcmhvhmukes
(rjshmjcthke)
Ektjst Nkrj hcspjntarktj qukehty `rkmjs
Nkrj &
^uppart
Jcvhracdjct ^tkc` Dkck`jdjct
& Ejkmjrsghp
Nkdpghee
^ngaae
;8=2 ^ngaae Nkrj
Knnaddamkthac
^jrvhnj
:2 vjry aam vjry aam vjry aam vjry aam
Cjwtac Mjj ;8=: Gaushc` uppart
^jrvhnj
7? jxnjeejct c/k jxnjeejct jxnjeejct
Anghe ]awjr ;809 ^ngaae Nkrj
Knnaddamkthac
^jrvhnj
9? vjry aam vjry aam vjry aam vjry aam
Dheetawc ;80= Gaushc` uppart^jrvhnj
0 vjry aam c/k `aam vjry aam
Iekhr
Mruddacm
;80? Nkrj Gadj
^jrvhnj Kmuets
=2 vjry aam vjry aam vjry aam vjry aam
Ijkcckngjr ;807 ^uppart jrvhnj
Phtgaut Nkrj kt
Gadj
90 jxnjeejct jxnjeejct jxnjeejct jxnjeejct
Narijchn ;807 Nkrj Gadj
^jrvhnj Kmuets
97 vjry aam vjry aam vjry aam `aam
Eang Krtgur ;87= Gaushc` uppart
^jrvhnj
97 jxnjeejct c/k vjry aam vjry aam
^hdjac ;87= Nkrj Gadj^jrvhnj Kmuets
;7 jxnjeejct vjry aam vjry aam vjry aam
]h`g k
Ngadkhcc
;870 Nkrj Gadj
^jrvhnj Kmuets
0 `aam vjry aam `aam `aam
]hpijrjtg ;88> Nkrj Gadj
^jrvhnj Kmuets
;9 vjry aam vjry aam vjry aam vjry aam
Yjshmjct `urjs truj oar 92;9. natthsg Nkrj Hcspjntarktj `urjs 92;>/;=
]kiej ;. NKDRGHEE NADDZCH]HJ^ HC ^NA]EKCM
kiej ; mjdacstrktjs tgj eac`jvhty kcm `rawtg hc cudijrs a tgj
nadduchthjs whtghc ^natekcm kcm tgj knt tgkt tgjy krj rjna`chsjm iy
ckthacke kcm eanke kutgarhthjs ks k gh`g qukehty rjsaurnj (sjj kesa Nkdpghee
^natekcm Yjsjkrng @raup, 92;9). Knnarmhc` ta Dkcsjee, ketgau`g Nkdpghees
gh`g snarhc` ac pjrardkcnj djksurjs hcmhnktjs tgkt tgj nadduchthjs
krj kc hdpartkct pkrt a tgj spjntrud a sjrvhnj pravhshac, ijnkusj tgjy
mjpjcm ac k suppey a pjapej wheehc` ta sgkrj tgjhr gadjs whtg mhskiejm
rjshmjcts, tgj damje hs ucehljey ta ij whmjey kppehnkiej (Dkcsjee, 9227).
]jrj hs ca mauit tgkt tgj Nkdpghee kpprakng rjquhrjs jcardaus kcm
sustkhcjm naddhtdjct kcm k pkrthnuekr jtghnke, h cat spjnhnkeey rjeh`haus,
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
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arhjctkthac. ]j nadduchthjs afljr k wgaej pknlk`j wghng hs cat jkshey
iraljc up hcta mhsthcnt sjrvhnjs. Jvhmjctey tgjsj sjtthc`s wauem cat ij tgj
hmjke apthac ar jvjryacj kcm, ks tgj rjvhjw stktjs, tgjy krj acey jvjr ehljey
ta annupy k chngj hc tgj dkrljt ar nkrj (Dkcsjee, 9227< ;2?).
Ketgau`g tgj Nkdpghee damje dky ij rjstrhntjm hc k pgyshnke sjcsj,stumy a ht gks patjcthkeey k `rjkt mjke ta afljr tgj jem a sanhke nkrj hc iatg
prknthnke kcm tgjarjthnke tjrds. Ks k eac`-rucchc` prafjnt hc nadduchty-
iuhemhc` kcm supparthc` pjapej hc ketjrckthvj sjtthc`s, iatg tgj sunnjssjs
kcm khehc`s a Nkdpghee nadduchthjs dky ij hcstrunthvj hc k whmjr sjcsj.
@hvjc tgj prjsjct prjannupkthac whtg gaw ta napj whtg tgj `rawhc`
cudijr a pjapej neksshjm ks gkvhc` spjnhke cjjms, tgj mhnuethjs knhc`
kc k`jhc` papuekthac, tgj jflarts dkmj ta ikekcnj gudkc rh`gts nacnjrcs
kcm tgj `rawhc` cjjm ar nadduchty nagjshac, tgj 02-yjkr-eac` jxpjrhjcnj
a Nkdpghee rjdkhcs k ekr`jey uctkppjm saurnj.]hs jxpjrhjcnj dky ij a pkrthnuekr rjejvkcnj hc eh`gt a tgj nurrjct davj
tawkrm pjrsackehskthac hc nkrj sjrvhnjs, kcm ucmjrstkcmhc` tgj hdpehnkthacs
tghs k`jcmk gks ar astjrhc` hctj`rkthac kt k ejvje tgkt jcnadpkssjs tghc`s
ehlj k sjcsj a nadduchty, gadjehcjss kcm ijeac`hc`. Knnarmhc` ta tgj
^anhke Nkrj Hcsthtutj ar Jxnjeejcnj, sjt up iy tgj ZL @avjrcdjct hc 922;,
tgj pjrsackehskthac k`jcmk hs cat fust kiaut tkhearhc` sjrvhnjs ta hcmhvhmuke
cjjms, iut rjprjsjcts kc kttjdpt ta sgh tgj ikekcnj a pawjr kdac`
nkrjrs kcm nkrjm-ar, rad rjekthacsghps a mjpjcmjcny ta rjekthacsghps
a dutukehty (^NHJ, 92;9< ;8). ]j khd hs ta davj kwky rad iatg tgj
pjrnjpthac kcm trjktdjct a tgasj whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs ks pksshvj
rjnhphjcts a sjrvhnjs kcm jcnaurk`j krrkc`jdjcts a na-pramunthac, wgjrj
tgjy krj jquke pkrthnhpkcts hc tgj dkck`jdjct a tgjhr awc suppart kcm nkrj
pekcs.
Ijyacm tgkt, tgj sh`chnkcnj a jjehc` usjue ks k ljy hc`rjmhjct hc
tgj jxpjrhjcnj a nadduchty hs mhrjntey knlcawejm`jm6 ...nadduchthjs
krj strac`jr wgjrj pjapej wga usj sjrvhnjs krj gjepjm ta cm `aam wkys
a dklhc` k vkeujm eanke nactrhiuthac, cat fust sjjc ks hc cjjm a nkrj
(^NHJ, 92;9< ;8). ^adj gkvj tkljc tghs jvjc urtgjr< ht hs cat fust k dkttjr
a gjephc` tgj hctjeejntukeey mhskiejm pjrsac ta mjvjeap sje-jstjjd kcm ksjcsj a hmjcthty tgrau`g pjrardhc` sanhkeey usjue tksls, iut k dkttjr a
ijnadhc` darj nacsnhaus a tgj sanhke vkeuj a mhskihehty hc kcm a htsje.
]j h a mhskihehty hs tgkt ht prjsjcts jkng a us hcmhvhmukeey, kcm sanhjty
ks k wgaej, whtg kc appartuchty ta rjspacm ta kcatgjr pjrsacs cjjms whtg
mjnjcny (Mufly, 92;;< =).
]j rjkehty ao mhskihehty hs tgkt ht nuts tgrau`g tgj dytgs wj wjkvj kraucm
aursjevjs. Ht sgaws us tgkt ehoj hs cat kiaut nacsudpthac, wjketg ar pawjr. Pj
krj nacoractjm iy tgj cjjms ao kcatgjr gudkc ijhc` kcm tgjsj cjjms peknj
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
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mjdkcms upac us kcm, kt tgj skdj thdj, ho wj krj prjpkrjm ta rjkeey eaal kcm
ehstjc, wj krj kesa nacoractjm whtg tgj rjke djkchc` ao aur cjjms6 aur cjjm oar
naccjnthac, oar nactrhiuthac, oar mh`chty kcm rjspjnt. Pj dh`gt sky tgkt wj krj
hcnrjkshc`ey nejkr tgkt wj gkvj k cjjm oar nhthzjcsghp.
(Mufly, 92;;< >)
Iatg tgj prjdhsjs a stkrthc` whtg tgj pjrsac rktgjr tgkc k sjrvhnj damje,
kcm trjkthc` tgj knt a sjrvhnj ks k ejkrchc` kcm `rawtg appartuchty ar
pjapej whtg kcm whtgaut mhskihehthjs, krj hmjcthkiej ks jssjcthkes hc tgj
Nkdpghee ehtjrkturj (^lhccjr kcm Ikrac, 92;;< 978). Knnarmhc` ta tgjhr
awc knnaucts, tgj jkrey Nkdpgheejrs peknjm `rjkt hdpartkcnj ac wgkt tgjy
rjjrrjm ta ks tgj sphrhtuke uchqujcjss a jkng hcmhvhmuke kcm tgjhr rh`gt
ta ij rjna`chsjm ks jqukes rj`krmejss a autwkrmey pjrnjhvkiej mhfljrjcnjs
ar gkcmhnkps (Lajch`, nhtjm hc Ikc`, 92;2< 98). Ht wks Lajch`s vhjw tgkt
tgj stkrthc` pahct ar kcy lhcm a gjkehc` hs tgj ardkthac a djkchc`ue
kcm rjnhpranke rjekthacsghps (Rhjtzcjr, ;8??). Ht wks tghs rjnhpranhty tgj
djjthc` a pjapej ac jquke tjrds, hc dutuke hctjrjst kcm hc uee rjna`chthac
a jkng atgjrs gudkchty tgkt wks ta ij tgj aucmkthac a tgj tgjrkpjuthn
nadduchthjs gj jcvhshacjm.
Ketgau`g warl hs sjjc ks k nrunhke kspjnt a ijeac`hc`, tgj Nkdpghee
vheek`js ma cat rj`krm tgjdsjevjs ks warlhc` nadduchthjs. Car ma tgjy
rj`krm tgjdsjevjs spjnhnkeey ks nkrhc` nadduchthjs< hc knt, tgj ekije nkrjr
hs ajc jxpehnhtey mhskvawjm, hc kvaur a tjrds ehlj jckiejr ar tgj darj
naddac na-warljr. Ehljwhsj, suppart stkfl djdijrs ma cat sjj tgjhr tkslskcm rjspacshihehthjs ks k fai iut prjjr tgj tjrd wky a ehj. Knnarmhc`
ta Ngrhsthj, ht hs tghs auteaal wghng keeaws tgasj whtg spjnhke cjjms ta ij
njejirktjm ks hcmhvhmukehthjs kcm cat hmjcthjm purjey whtg tgjhr mhskihehty
(Ngrhsthj, ;878). Rjapej krj hc tgj Nkdpghee vheek`j cat ta ij nkrjm ar,
trjktjm, gausjm, jmunktjm ar jdpeayjm, iut ta ehvj. Ehj, hc kee hts nadpejxhty,
hs tgj dkhc purpasj kcm iushcjss a tgj nadduchty kcm ht hs tghs duethpehnhty
a purpasj ar gaehsd wghng mhsthc`uhsgjs k nadduchty rad kc
hcsthtuthac.
]j Nkdpghee nadduchthjs tgus annupy kc hctjrjsthc` pashthac hc tgjspjntrud a pravhshac, prjsjcthc` twa nactrksthc` phnturjs. Ac tgj acj
gkcm, tgjy rjprjsjct k sjjdhc`ey aut-mktjm, mhsthcntey aut a kvaur damje,
ijhc` ehvhc` uchts wghng ard k sjpkrktj nadduchty rad tgj surraucmhc`
papuekthac, wgjrj rjshmjcts dky spjcm tgjhr jcthrj kmuet ehj kcm gkvj
ehttej sanhke hctjrknthac ijyacm hts iaucmkrhjs. Ketgau`g jkrey ac Nkdpghee
kppjkrs ta gkvj dung hc naddac whtg tgj mhskihehty rh`gts davjdjct,
hcneumhc` appashthac ta tgj djmhnke damje a nkrj, pkrkmh`d sghs shcnj tgj
;8?2s gkvj ej Nkdpghee shtuktjm whtghc k nktj`ary a pravhshac wghng hs
pjrnjhvjm ks kcth-hcmhvhmukehst, jvjc acj appasjm ta pra`rjss.
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
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Ac tgj atgjr gkcm, Nkdpghee nekhds ta jdiamy prhcnhpejs wghng gkvj
cat acey ijnadj prajsshackeey kmvanktjm iut krj hcnrjkshc`ey paehthnkeey
prharhthsjm. ]hs jxtjcms ijyacm hddjmhktj prknthnke qujsthacs a sjrvhnj
mjehvjry kcm kmmrjssjs whmjr sanha-nueturke hssujs wghng hdpknt ac sanhjtys
`jcjrke kihehty ta suppart hts vuecjrkiej kcm mhskmvkctk`jm djdijrs. ]jNkdpghee nadduchthjs gkvj kr`ukiey ijjc prknthshc` ar mjnkmjs wgkt ar
tgj dkhcstrjkd nkrj sjntar krj ks yjt djrjey stktjdjcts a hctjct ar eac`-
tjrd kdihthac.
Iatg tgjsj phnturjs nacsthtutj nadpjeehc` rjksacs ar rjsjkrng wghng
jckiejs tgj jtgas, djtgams kcm autnadjs a Nkdpghee ta ij darj
whmjey ucmjrstaam. Darjavjr, tgjrj krj strac` hcmhnkthacs tgkt caw
hs kc appartucj thdj ta nkrry aut sung rjsjkrng. Muj ta iatg sghs hc
hctjrcke ktthtumjs (Rekct, hc Fknlsac, 92;;) kcm hc rjspacsj ta ngkc`js hc
tgj sanhke paehny kcm rj`uektary jcvhracdjct, tgj ekst mjnkmj gks sjjcNkdpghee dkrljmey hcnrjksj hts jc`k`jdjct whtg prajsshacke, paehthnke
kcm knkmjdhn nadduchthjs. Rkrthnuekrey hc ^natekcm, tgj nadduchthjs
gkvj macj k `rjkt mjke ta rkhsj tgjhr puiehn praej tgrau`g tgj ardkthac
a rjprjsjctkthvj iamhjs, pkrthnhpkthac hc `avjrcdjct paehny nacsuetkthacs,
nrjkthc` pkrtcjrsghps kcm naeekiarkthc` whtg atgjr ar`kchskthacs, hcneumhc`
uchvjrshthjs, kcm naddhsshachc` ardke stumhjs ac tgjhr kpprakng ta nkrj
(^lhccjr kcm Ikrac, 92;;). Kee tghs sh`chjs tgkt tgjrj hs k `rjktjr apjccjss
ac tgj pkrt a Nkdpghee nadduchthjs, hcnrjksjm knnjsshihehty kcm k `rawhc`
jxtjrcke hctjrjst hc tgjhr warl.
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
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?. YJ^JKYNG AC NKDRGHEE
Pghej acj nkc cm k suistkcthke iamy ao ehtjrkturj ac ar rjekthc` taNkdpghee, tgj vkst dkfarhty ao ht hs hc-gausj ar, darj knnurktjey
mjsnrhijm, hc davjdjct puiehnkthacs. Dkcy iaals nacshst ao partrkhts
ao jvjrymky ehoj, wjkvhc` ta`jtgjr mjsnrhpthac kcm pjrsacke rjjnthac
ar krj ao krnghvke ngkrkntjr. ]jsj iaals hcvkrhkiey prjsjct Nkdpghee
hc k pashthvj eh`gt, ks k ijknac ao gapj kcm patjcthke sanhke rjcjwke hc k
trauiejm warem. Ks sung, ketgau`g tgjsj warls sjrvj ks k vkeukiej rjsaurnj
hc hctramunhc` Nkdpghee ghstary, vkeujs kcm prknthnjs ta tgj autshmjr, tgjy
eknl tgj oardke djtgamaea`y kcm nrhthnke mhstkcnj cjnjsskry ta hcoard
paehny, praojsshacke kcm knkmjdhn mjiktjs.
]j iamy a warl tgkt mrkws ac jdphrhnke stumhjs a Nkdpghee nadduchthjs
hc knthac hs dung sdkeejr, hs `jcjrkeey rjstrhntjm ta sdkee snkej, qukehtkthvj
hcvjsth`kthacs ac k shc`ej nadduchty ar `raup a nadduchthjs whtghc k
pkrthnuekr paehthnke kcm `ja`rkpghnke nactjxt, kcm dung a ht hs hc tgj ard
a ucpuiehsgjm stumjct mhssjrtkthacs. Darjavjr, Nkdpghee hs nejkrey cat
k rkcnghsj iut k naeejnthac a gh`gey hcmhvhmukehsjm nadduchthjs, jkng
whtg hts awc hmjcthty kcm ngkrkntjrhsthns. Ks sung, wgkt hs truj ar acj dky
cat ij ar atgjrs kcm nkrj dust ij tkljc wgjc dklhc` `jcjrkehskthacs.
Mjsphtj tgjsj ehdhtkthacs, tgjrj hs sunhjct dktjrhke ta iuhem up k phnturja Nkdpghee kcm hts ljy jkturjs ks k sjtthc` ar pjapej whtg ejkrchc`
mhskihehthjs, kcm arduektj sadj gypatgjsjs wghng nkc ij tjstjm iy urtgjr
rjsjkrng.
Krj tgjy sjnts1
]j rst qujsthac tgkt cjjms ta ij kmmrjssjm hc tgj nactjxt a Nkdpghees
ej`hthdkny ks k sanhke sjrvhnj hs wgjtgjr tgj nadduchthjs krj sjntkrhkc,
nktjrhc` prjmadhckctey ta pjapej whtg spjnhn rjeh`haus ijehjs. ^tumyhc`Nkdpghee hc tgj Z^K hc tgj nactjxt a tgj irakmjr pgjcadjcac a
hctjcthacke nadduchty ehvhc`, DnLkckc (9220) nacneumjm tgkt Nkdpghee
annuphjs k dhmmej `raucm sadjwgjrj ijtwjjc sjntkrhkc kcm sjnuekr.
Ketgau`g sphrhtuke hc auteaal kcm kttjdpthc` ta jdiamy kctgrapasapghnke
prhcnhpejs, tgj nadduchthjs wjenadj pjapej a kee kcm ca khtgs. DnLkckc
aucm suppart ar na-aucmjr Lkre Lajch`s mjnekrkthac tgkt Nkdpghee warls
aut a Ngrhsthkchty, cat ar Ngrhsthkchty (DnLkckc, 9220).
]j twaaem dhsshac nadihcjs k naddhtdjct ta ehj sgkrhc` kcm tgj
nrjkthac a tgjrkpjuthn jcvhracdjcts whtg tgj darj eac`-tjrd `ake a
ijnadhc` k sjjm ar tgj ieassadhc` a cjw sanhke ards kcm ktthtumjs.
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
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Mrkwhc` ac hctjrvhjws kcm pkrthnhpkct aisjrvkthac, DnLkckc su``jsts
tgkt Nkdpghee hs cjhtgjr k djrj naeejnthac a gaushc` nadduchthjs car
k strhntey neasjm sanhke warem< tgj Davjdjct jdirknjs kdhey ehj, iut hts
djdijrs rkrjey kssudj tgkt tgjhr nghemrjc whee pravhmj tgj cjxt `jcjrkthac
a Nkdpgheejrs kcm ketgau`g Nkdpghee ksphrjs ta ij tgj sjjm a k cjw sanhke
armjr, Nkdpgheejrs ma cat hdk`hcj k uturj tgkt whee ij Nkdpghee wrht ekr`j
(DnLkckc, 9220< 7>).
Pghej DnLkckcs warl anusjs ac Nkdpghees kihehty ta dkhctkhc k jxhiej
jc`k`jdjct whtg autshmjrs, ^whctac, Okenacjr kcm Iranl (922?) jxkdhcjm
tgj sh`chnkcnj a sphrhtukehty ar tgasj ehvhc` kcm warlhc` whtghc ht. Hc-
mjptg hctjrvhjws kcm anus `raups whtg 0= spjnhke cjjms hcmhvhmukes kcm
:; na-warljrs hc tgrjj ZL sjtthc`s jxpearjm pjapejs ucmjrstkcmhc` a tgj
tjrd sphrhtukehty, tgjhr sjcsj a tgj sphrhtuke hc tgjhr jvjrymky ehvjs kcm tgj
sh`chnkcnj a tghs ar tgjhr ehvjs kcm avjrkee wjeeijhc`. ]j rjsjkrngjrskmaptjm k irakm nacnjpt a sphrhtukehty, ks sadjtghc` tgkt jxhsts iatg whtghc
kcm autshmj trkmhthacs kcm rjeh`haus systjds, rjekthc` ta tgj wkys hc wghng
pjapej sjjl djkchc`, vkeuj kcm purpasj hc tgjhr ehvjs kcm kcswjrs ta
jxhstjcthke qujsthacs.
^h`chnkctey, tgjy aucm tgkt ar pjapej whtg spjnhke cjjms, sphrhtukehty hs
hdpartkct iut jxpjrhjcthkeey rktgjr tgkc hctjeejntukeey. ^phrhtuke wjeeijhc`
wks kedast kewkys mjsnrhijm hc naccjnthac ta tkc`hiej, jvjrymky tghc`s,
hc pkrthnuekr, warl, rjekthacsghps kcm tgj ckturke warem. Ht wks tgrau`g
nacnrjtj knthvhthjs tgkt tgjy sau`gt kcm aucm kcswjrs ta ucmkdjctke,jxhstjcthke qujsthacs6 rhjcms `hvj acj k sjcsj a acjs awc hmjcthty kcm
vkeuj< nadducke rgytgds kcm rhtukes pravhmj k sjcsj a ijeac`hc` kcm
gadjueecjss. Parl, wgjtgjr k sjrvhnj ar nrjkthvj jctjrprhsj, astjrs k sjcsj
a purpasjuecjss kcm tgus ijnadjs hdiujm whtg djkchc`. ]j rjsjkrngjrs
nacneumjm tgkt warl taal ac k sphrhtuke jejdjct h tgj jxpjrhjcnj a ht
jxprjssjm hccjr gapjs ar mjshrjs, h ht nkpturjm sadjtghc` a wgkt tgj
hcmhvhmuke wkctjm ta ij rktgjr tgkc fust `hvhc` ghd ar gjr sadjtghc` ta ma
(^whctac jt ke, 922?).
Hc `jcjrke, ^whctac jt ke aucm tgkt sphrhtukehty sthee gks spjnhke sh`chnkcnj
hc Nkdpghee, iut tgkt tgj wkys hc wghng ht dkchjsts htsje krj ngkc`hc`.
rkmhthackeey sphrhtuke ehj rjvaevjm kraucm ngurng sjrvhnjs, ihiej rjkmhc`s,
Ngrhsthkc kcm sjksacke jsthvkes. Oar sadj, tgjsj ardke prknthnjs krj
ijnadhc` ejss hdpartkct, ar atgjrs tgjy krj cat hdpartkct kt kee. Ehlj
dkcy pjapej hc tgj Pjstjrc warem tgj pjapej hc Nkdpghee sjjdjm ta ij
jxprjsshc` kcm ehvhc` aut mhvjrsj kcm hcmhvhmukehsjm sphrhtuke ehvjs tgkt
dky hcneumj, iut krj ca eac`jr cjnjsskrhey mjcjm iy, ardke rjeh`haus
ar pgheasapghnke strunturjs kcm kssudpthacs (^whctac jt ke, 922?< 07).
Gawjvjr, ar k sh`chnkct cudijr, kctgrapasapgy wks hdpartkct hc
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
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hcardhc` tgjhr sphrhtuke nacnjpts, hc pkrthnuekr whtg rj`krm ta hssujs
surraucmhc` myhc`, mjktg kcm tgj kjrehj.
Hc k stumy iksjm ac pkrthnhpkct aisjrvkthac a k Nkdpghee sngaae
nadduchty ar nghemrjc whtg kuthsd, ^ngkphra (hc Fknlsac, 92;;) ehljwhsjhmjcthjs sphrhtukehty ks kc jssjcthke myckdhn tgkt nactrhiutjs ta tgj qukehty
a ehj kcm pkrthnuekr ktdaspgjrj a Nkdpghee nadduchthjs. Mjsnrhihc`
sphrhtukehty ks kc jtgas rktgjr tgkc k ma`dk sgj stktjs tgkt prjsnrhijm
sphrhtuke prknthnjs kcm pgheasapghjs krj prjsjct, iut tgjy sjjd ta pravhmj k
rkdj ar iknlmrap ar tgj jxprjsshac a narj gudkchsthn vkeujs (^ngkphra,
92;;< ;28). ^h`chnkctey, shcnj dkcy a tgj nghemrjc hc tgjsj nadduchthjs
krj uckiej ta spjkl, tgj sphrhtuke jejdjct a ehj dust ij nadduchnktjm
jdathackeey rktgjr tgkc vjrikeey. Jngahc` ^whctac jt ke, sphrhtukehty hs
mjsnrhijm ks k jjehc` jxpjrhjcnj, cat kc hctjeejntuke acj, dast praaucmey
naccjntjm ta k njejirkthac a ckturj kcm tgj curturhc` a tgj uckfljntjmmhvhcj spkrl hc jkng nghem (^ngkphra, 92;;< ;;2).
^ngkphra kesa hmjcthjs kttjcthac ta armjr kcm rgytgd ks k ljy jkturj a
tgj Nkdpghee nadduchty. ^trunturj hs pkrthnuekrey hdpartkct ar kuthsthn
spjntrud nghemrjc ar wgad lcawhc` wgkt hs `ahc` ta gkppjc pravhmjs k
sjcsj a sjnurhty kcm nadart. Nadduchty rgytgds krj ar`kchsjm hc ehcj
whtg iatg gudkc kcm ckturke nynejs, whtg tgj hctjcthac a jstkiehsghc`
rauthcjs kcm rhtukes wghng nkc cjvjrtgjejss ij suitey iraljc iy kmmhc`
vkrhkthac tgkt nghemrjc nkc gkcmej (^ngkphra, 92;;< ;2?). ]hs hcvaevjs
k mjehnktj ikekcnj ijtwjjc afljrhc` sjnurhty kcm jcnaurk`hc` ngkc`j,kmkptkihehty kcm `rawtg.
^ngkphra kr`ujs tgkt ehvhc` hc sung k nadduchty tgus gks k praaucm
mjvjeapdjctke kfljnt ac nghemrjc whtg sjvjrj mhnuethjs, kc jfljnt wghng
`ajs kr ijyacm wgkt nkc ij knnadpehsgjm hc darj nacvjcthacke sanhke slhees
trkhchc` pra`rkddjs. Gjrj, nghemrjc whtg mhvjrsj cjjms kcm ngkeejc`js krj
aieh`jm ta ejkrc ta ehvj ta`jtgjr kcm napj whtg hcmhvhmukes ks ucprjmhntkiej
ks tgjdsjevjs. ]j knt a gjephc` kcatgjr pjrsac nkc ij vjry tgjrkpjuthn) kesa mhsnussjs Nkdpghee hc tjrds a sanhkehskthac
pranjssjs, su``jsthc` tgjy krj darj gjkvhey hc jvhmjcnj tgkc jc`k`jdjct
whtg kistrknt prhcnhpejs ar hmjkes. Hc kc jtgca`rkpghn stumy a tgrjj
nadduchthjs hc ^natekcm, sgj rjparts tgkt dung a tgj mhsnusshac kraucm
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
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mjvjeaphc` tgj wgaej nghem/kmuet njctrjm ac prk`dkthn nacnjrcs kraucm
ijgkvhaur dkck`jdjct kcm astjrhc` sanhke slhees (^cjee`ravj, 92;>< ;0;).
]j nghemrjc kcm kmuets wga nadj ta tgj nadduchthjs ajc prjsjct wgkt
hs tjrdjm ks ngkeejc`hc` ijgkvhaur. Hc atgjr warms, tgjy krj uckiej ta
hctj`rktj hcta cardke kdhey ar sanhke ehj muj ta mjvhkct kcm sadjthdjsvhaejct nacmunt. K ljy prharhty kt tgj shtjs sgj stumhjm, tgjc, nacshstjm hc
warlhc` kcm dkck`hc` iaucmkry ijgkvhaur (hihm).
Hdpartkctey, tghs hs macj hc sung k wky ks ta sjjd k ckturke pkrt a ehj,
hcnarparktjm sjkdejssey hcta mkhey strunturjs kcm rgytgds. ]j xjm kcm
rjpjththvj armjr a mky-ta-mky jvjcts, sung ks sgkrjm djkethdjs, sjrvhnjs,
wktnghc` ar pjrardhc` k peky, ael mkcnhc`, gks k spjnhn purpasj6 jkng
knthvhty keeaws tgj kppraprhktj ijgkvhaurs ar k `hvjc sanhke shtukthac ta ij
suitey yjt nacthcuausey rjhcarnjm6 kt djkethdjs wgjc ta ij shejct kcm sthee,
wgjc ht hs knnjptkiej ta fudp kraucm, kcm sa ac. Hc tghs wky tgj trauiejmghstary kcm trauiejm ijgkvhaur nkc avjr thdj ij turcjm hcta k sunnjssue
sanhke sje whtg lcawejm`j a gaw ta dkck`j kcm nactrae tgj jxpjntkthacs a
mhfljrjct sanhke warems (^cjee`ravj, 92;>< ;7;).
Ketgau`g aisjrvhc` tgkt Nkdpghee peknjs `rjkt jdpgkshs ac tgj
hdpartkcnj a ijnadhc` sanhke ijhc`s, ^cjee`ravj majs cat nacneumj
tgkt whtghc Nkdpghee sanhkehskthac hs tgj jcm `ake hc htsje, car hs sanhke
ijgkvhaur ucmjrstaam purjey hc tjrds a tthc` hc ar nacardhc` ta tgj
cards a tgj `raup. Yktgjr, sanhkehskthac hs pkrt a mjvjeaphc` cat fust k
sunnjssue kcm ucnthachc` sje, iut k nadpejtj sje< tgj kihehty ta hctj`rktj
hs sjjc ks hcjxtrhnkiey naccjntjm ta ehvhc` k djkchc`ue, wartgwghej kcm
uee ehj. Lcawhc` gaw ta ij sanhke hcvaevjs lcawhc` gaw ta rjektj ta kcm
hctjrknt whtg atgjr gudkc ijhc`s, kcm tghs hs jdpawjrhc` ar pjapej
wga gkvj ijjc hsaektjm kcm aistruntjm iy tgjhr hckihehty ta ard `jcuhcj
rjekthacsghps. \Tgj ejkrchc` a sanhke jthqujttj keac`shmj rhtuke kcm jsthvj
prknthnjs, nadihcjm whtg tgj vkrhaus jmunkthacke trkhchc` shtukthacs tgj
nghem/kmuet cms tgjdsjevjs hc, krj kee hc acj wky ar kcatgjr khdjm kt tgj
rjkehskthac a tgj pjrsacs patjcthke (^cjee`ravj, 92;>< ;09).
]j knnaucts a DnLkckc, ^whctac jt ke, ^ngkphra kcm ^cjee`ravj su``jst
tgkt Nkdpghees jtgas hs sphrhtukeey hcneushvj rktgjr tgkc jxneushvj, `jkrjmdarj tawkrm k gjketgy, hctj`rktjm ehjstyej kcm prknthnke kcm sanhke jmunkthac
tgkc kmgjrjcnj ta rjeh`haus prknthnjs ar tgjhr awc sklj. Pgjrj prjsjct,
rktgjr tgkc ijhc` pkrthnuekrey rjstrhnthvj ar hdpasjm, tgj sphrhtuke auteaal
kppjkrs ta gkvj k pashthvj tgjrkpjuthn jfljnt ac hcmhvhmukes suppartjm.
^ngkphra aucm tgkt tgj kmapthac a kc jssjcthkeey sknrjm vhjw a sjeoaam
ejkms ta kc ktthtumj a gacaur kcm rjspjnt wghng nkc jcgkcnj tgj sje-
jstjjd kcm nacmjcnj a nghemrjc wga krj ajc ucmjr-kpprjnhktjm hc
dkhcstrjkd sanhjty. ^hdhekrey, nkrj kcm kttjcthac ta ckturke nynejs a ehj
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
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gjeps nrjktj k skj jcvhracdjct ar nghemrjc ta knj ngkeejc`js kcm mjvjeap
kt tgjhr awc pknj (^ngkphra, 92;;).
Ac tgj atgjr gkcm, ketgau`g nadduchty ehvhc` afljrs ucpkrkeejejm
appartuchthjs ar naccjntjmcjss kcm ejkrchc`, ar tgasj wga ehlj ta ij
keacj tgj shtukthac dky ij avjrwgjedhc` kcm ejkm ta hcnrjksjm kcxhjty(^ngkphra, 92;;< ;;>). Aisjrvkcnj a spjnhn sphrhtuke prknthnjs kcm/ar
rjeh`haus rhtukes nkc irhc` mhsnadart ta pjapej rad mhfljrjct iknl`raucms.
Yjstrhnthacs ac wgkt hs keeawjm hcta tgj nadduchty rad autshmj dky
ehdht rjshmjcts jxpasurj ta jejdjcts a damjrc nueturj (hihm< ;;>). ]hs
hc turc rkhsjs qujsthacs kiaut tgj mj`rjj ta wghng Nkdpghee nadduchthjs
jckiej tgasj whtghc tgjhr nkrj ta naccjnt whtg pjapej wga krj cat pkrt
a tgj nadduchty kcm prjpkrj tgjd ar patjcthke rj-hctj`rkthac hcta tgj
dkhcstrjkd papuekthac.
]jsj aisjrvkthacs gh`geh`gt tgj knt tgkt tgj hdpknt a Nkdpgheeshctjrtwhcjm myckdhns whee ij mhfljrjct ar jkng pjrsackehty, kcm sa kc
jcvhracdjct wghng dky ij hddjcsjey rjwkrmhc` ar acj hcmhvhmuke dky ij
tatkeey ucsuhtkiej ar kcatgjr. Ks ^ngkphra catjs, tghs kppehjs ta stkfl ks wjee
ks rjshmjcts. ]j jflart tgkt `ajs hcta pravhmhc` sung k gh`g ejvje a suppart
kcm dachtarhc`, kcm tgj `jcjrke hctjcshty a nadduchty ehvhc`, nkc nadj
kt tgj nast a pjrsacke thdj kcm spknj ar stkfl. Ehvhc` ta`jtgjr djkcs tgjy
dust ij pjrdkcjctey rjspacshiej kcm nacstkctey kvkhekiej h cat kewkys
pgyshnkeey, njrtkhcey jdathackeey. Hc tgjsj nhrnudstkcnjs tgj sje-nkrj a stkfl
nkc ij nadpradhsjm kcm ejkm ta jxgkusthac ar iurcaut (^ngkphra, 92;;).
]hs hc turc dky gkvj hdpehnkthacs ar k nadduchtys kihehty ta dkhctkhc
stkcmkrms a nkrj.
Krj tgjy hcsthtuthacs1
Hc tgj eh`gt a tgj mhsnusshac ac sanhkehskthac, k sjnacm ljy qujsthac tgkt
cjjms ta ij ksljm a Nkdpghee hs wgkt jfljnt tgj sgkrjm-ehvhc` krrkc`jdjcts
kcm gh`gey ar`kchsjm kcm iaucmjm sanhke nactjxt gkvj ac tgj hcmhvhmuke
rh`gts kcm ehijrthjs a tgj pjapej wga ehvj tgjrj. ]j aivhaus anus ac
sanhke nactrae kcm `raup hctj`rkthac gh`geh`gtjm iy tgj kiavj stumhjs,
ij`s tgj qujsthac a wgkt typj a sje tgjsj sjtthc`s krj mjsh`cjm ta astjr
(^cjee`ravj, 92;>). Hc k stumy wghng eaaljm kt tgj ar`kchskthacke kspjnts
kcm pawjr myckdhns a vj Nkdpghee vheek`js hc Carwky avjr 92 yjkrs
k`a, Ngrhsthj (;878) mhrjntey tknlejm tgj qujsthac a wgjtgjr tgjsj vheek`js
mhspekyjm tgj cj`kthvj ngkrkntjrhsthns mjsnrhijm hc @afldkcs sjdhcke
nrhthquj a hcsthtuthacs (Ksyeuds, ;8?;).
Ngrhsthj (;878) su``jsts tgkt Nkdpghee vheek`js krj shdhekr ta hcsthtuthacs
hc tgkt kee knthvhthjs, hcneumhc` warl, peky, djkes kcm sejjp, annur whtghc
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
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k shc`ej eankthac. Kt tgj skdj thdj, ht hs tghs vjry ngkrkntjrhsthn wghng
dkljs tgjd mhsshdhekr ta hcsthtuthacs. Hc tgj vheek`js, iatg kiej kcm tgasj
ekijeejm mhskiejm jkt ta`jtgjr, sanhkehsj hc tgj skdj raads, sejjp cjxt maar
ta jkng atgjr< tgjrj hs ca sj`rj`kthac knnarmhc` ta kihehty ar cardkehty
(Ngrhsthj, ;878< 90). Ngrhsthj hmjcthjs tghs sgkrhc` a iatg tksls kcm spknjs
ks k jkturj wghng gjeps ta dhchdhsj tgj mhfljrjcnjs ijtwjjc stkfl kcm
cac-stkfl. Dast hdpartkctey, ucehlj hc nacvjcthacke hcsthtuthacs, stkfl
djdijrs ma cat `a gadj kt tgj jcm a tgj mky ar kt tgj jcm a tgjhr sgh.
Hc atgjr warms, tgjy ma cat ejkvj tgj ehdhtjm `ja`rkpghnke krjk a tgj vheek`j,
ijnkusj tgj vheek`j hs tgjhr gadj. ]jhr gausj, tgjhr kdhey, tgjhr sanhke ehvjs
krj kee whtghc tgj vheek`j. Hc tghs sjcsj ht hs k tatkehty iut k tatke nadduchty,
cat k tatke hcsthtuthac (hihm< 8;).
K urtgjr jkturj wghng ar Ngrhsthj dkljs tgj vheek`js ucehlj hcsthtuthacs
hs tgj jdpgkshs ac cac-nactrkntuke rjekthacsghps, knghjvjm iy tgjmjnaupehc` a tksls rad ckcnhke rjwkrm. Hc k nacvjcthacke hcsthtuthac, tgj
thdj spjct iy stkfl whtghc hts wkees hs ekiaur ar dacjy. Hc tgj Nkdpghee
vheek`js, na-warljrs krj cat pkhm k skekry iut gkvj tgjhr cjjms djt rad
k naddac paae a rjsaurnjs. Cat acey majs tghs kfljnt tgj qukehty a
hctjrknthac ijtwjjc stkfl kcm cac-stkfl (ijhc` nkrjm ar iy sadjacj wga hs
pkhm ar, hs qukehtkthvjey mhfljrjct rad ijhc` nkrjm ar iy sadjacj wga hs k
vaeuctjjr), iut ht kfljnts rjekthacsghps kdac`st stkfl tgjdsjevjs. Rjrsacs nkc
ij jvkeuktjm kcm jvkeuktj tgjdsjevjs knnarmhc` ta wgkt tgjy ma kcm gaw
tgjy ma ht, cat knnarmhc` ta wgkt sart a dacjy ht irhc`s (Ngrhsthj, ;878< ;??). Hc atgjr warms, sunnjss hs djksurjm hc tjrds a jvjrymkyknghjvjdjcts tgkt ar dast pjapej wauem ij mjjdjm armhckry kmuet
ijgkvhaur6 cat lhnlhc`, snrjkdhc` ar sphtthc`, cat iurphc` murhc` djkes,
skyhc` pejksj kcm tgkcl yau, cat tkelhc` hc tgj nhcjdk, kcm sa ac. Hc tghs
nksj, tgj sanhkehskthac annurrhc` hc Nkdpghee nadduchthjs hs ca darj
nactraeehc` tgkc krj dkhcstrjkd sanhke hcsthtuthacs sung ks kdhehjs, sngaaes
kcm nadpkchjs. ]jy krj jc`k`jm hc tgj pranjss a cardkehskthac, iut hc
sanhkeey iaucmjm spknjs kcm iy djkcs a cac-dkhcstrjkd, hctjcshjm
prknthnjs, spjnhnkeey nktjrhc` ta hcmhvhmukes wga ma cat gkvj cardke cjjms
(^cjee`ravj, 92;>).Knnarmhc` ta ^cjee`ravj, tghs gjephc` pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs ar
ijgkvhaurke praiejds ta ijgkvj cardkeey hs cat kiaut jcnaurk`hc` tgjd
ta ij tgj skdj ks jvjryiamy jesj, iut kiaut jckiehc` tgjd ta ij hmjcthjm
iy sadjtghc` atgjr tgkc tgjhr mhskihehty ar ijgkvhaurke praiejd. ]asj
warlhc` hc Nkdpghee nadduchthjs krj sjnurj hc tgj lcawejm`j tgkt tgj
jcvhracdjcts tgjy warl hc, tgj ehvjs tgkt tgj nghemrjc kcm kmuets whee ejkm,
tgj rauthcjs kcm nueturke jsthvhthjs, krj ks, h cat darj pawjrue tgkc k
ekije a kuthsd. ]j trauiejm ghstarhjs djkc sadjtghc` iut ma cat djkc
jvjrytghc`, kcm dast hdpartkctey tgjy krj cat sjjc ks k ehdht ta wgkt kc
hcmhvhmuke nkc knghjvj (^cjee`ravj, 92;>< ;8?).
[ukehty ao ehoj hc iaucmjm spknjs
]j kr`udjct tgkt tgj jcvhracdjct wghng Nkdpghee nadduchthjs nrjktj
gks k pawjrue tgjrkpjuthn kcm jmunkthacke jfljnt hs suppartjm iy k qukehty
a ehj stumy nkrrhjm aut hc Nkdpghees aucmhc` sngaae hc Kijrmjjc hc 922?.
]j prafjnt wks naddhsshacjm ta jvkeuktj tgj patjcthke jfljnt ac puphes
a k prapasjm dkfar cjw rakmwky systjd ijhc` nacstruntjm cjkr ta tgjhr
nadduchty. ]j nghemrjc kttjcmhc` tgj Nkdpghee ^ngaae krj mjsnrhijm ks
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
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duethpey mhskiejm, dkcy prjsjcthc` sjvjrj ijgkvhaurke mhsturikcnjs kcm
dkcy gkvhc` jxpjrhjcnjm rjpjktjm kheurj hc atgjr jmunkthacke sjtthc`s
prhar ta kmdhsshac (Irawc, 9228). ]jy nacsthtutj, hc atgjr warms, k
pkrthnuekrey vuecjrkiej kcm ngkeejc`hc` `raup, whtg vjry ehttej kihehty ta napj
whtg ngkc`j kcm hcstkihehty.
Irawcs nacneushacs krj tgkt k ljy kcm uchquj jkturj a \Nkdpghee
^ngaae KijrmjjcT hs tgj pravhshac a k quhjt kcm pjknjue jcvhracdjct.
]hs hs a nrhthnke hdpartkcnj `hvjc tgj nghemrjcs pkrthnuekr vuecjrkihehty ta
kdihjct sthduekthac (Irawc, 9228< >). Yjparthc` ac pkrjcts pjrnjpthacs,
gj stktjs tgkt tgj qukehty a tgj quhjt kcm stkiej jcvhracdjct, tgj hctj`rktjm
kcm hcneushvj kpprakng kcm qukehty a tgj pjrsaccje krj tgj dkhc jkturjs
wghng pkrjcts vkeuj kcm nacshmjr ljy hc tgjhr nghems qukehty a ehj kcm
hdpravjdjct (hihm< 8=). Iatg pkrjcts kcm pjrsaccje rjpart k whmj rkc`j a
pra`rjss kcm rjmunthac hc kijrrkct ijgkvhaurs kjr peknjdjct kt tgj sngaae.Phtg rj`krm ta tgj gaehsthn kpprakng, Irawc kssjrts tgkt hs nacshstjct whtg
damjrc prknthnjs hc tjrds a qukehty a ehj, iatg ar nghemrjc kcm kdhehjs
(hihm).
Hdpartkctey, Irawcs stumy rjvjkes tgj vkeuj a rjshmjcthke peknjdjcts
ar pkrjcts kcm shiehc`s. Nkrhc` ar k nghem ar kmuet whtg ucprjmhntkiej
kcm ajc ucnactraeekiej ijgkvhaur nkc sjrhausey mhsrupt kdhey ehj
kcm rjekthacsghps kcm nadpradhsj tgj qukehty a ehj ar kee nacnjrcjm.
Kmdhttkcnj ta tgj sngaae pravhmjm dung cjjmjm thdj ar tgj rj-
stkihehskthac a tgj kdhey ucht (Irawc, 9228< >). ]j rjpart tgus gh`geh`gtstgj knt tgkt tgj kvkhekihehty a tghs typj a pravhshac nkc gjep whtg whmjr
hssujs surraucmhc` mhskihehty kcm jcsurj k peknj jxhsts ar tgasj wga wauem
ucmjr ca nhrnudstkcnjs ij kiej ta hctj`rktj hcta tgj dkhcstrjkd papuekthac.
Hc Irawcs vhjw, Nkdpghee hs kc jxpjrhdjctke damje kcm kcy mkdk`j
ta hts gaehsthn kpprakng hs ehljey ta hdpjmj tgj `jcjrkthac a lcawejm`j
kcm jxpjrhjcnj, wghng hs mjspjrktjey cjjmjm ks sanhjty jcnauctjrs `rjktjr
cudijrs a nghemrjc whtg nadpejx kcm duethpej kmmhthacke suppart cjjms
(hihm< 89).
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
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0. YJNADDJCMK]HAC^
]j stumhjs rjvhjwjm, mjsphtj ijhc` nkrrhjm aut hc mhfljrjct typjs ao
nadduchty hc mhfljrjct nauctrhjs kcm kt mhfljrjct ghstarhnke pahcts, tjee
k okhrey nacshstjct stary ao wgkt Nkdpghee hs ehlj ks k sjtthc` oar pjapej
whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs. ]hs hs k stary ao neasj-lcht nadduchthjs wgjrj
tgj ekc`uk`j ao naccjntjmcjss, rjnhpranhty kcm sanhke ejkrchc` hs darj
prhdkry tgkc tgkt ao ngahnj, nactrae kcm kutacady. Yktgjr tgkc quksghc`
hcmhvhmukehty, gawjvjr, sgkrjm ehvjs kcm sgkrjm spknjs pravhmjs tgj nactjxt
oar pjapej ta mjvjeap k pjrsacke hctjrjst hc kcm lcawejm`j ao jkng atgjr,
wghng hc turc keeaws oar tgj rjna`chthac kcm vkeuhc` ao hcmhvhmukes.
Ketgau`g sadj ar hcstkcnj Naeehcs (;88?) gkvj kr ujm tgkt ekr`j-snkejrjshmjcthke sjtthc`s dklj pjapej whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs vuecjrkiej ta
cj`ejnt kcm kiusj, tgjrj hs catghc` hc tgj ehtjrkturj ta su``jst tgkt tghs hs
tgj nksj hc Nkdpghee nadduchthjs. Ac tgj nactrkry, gh`g ejvjes a mkythdj
jdpeaydjct, hcneumhc` warl, jmunkthacke, nueturke kcm sanhke knthvhthjs,
sh`chjs rjshmjcts krj knthvj, jc`k`jm kcm neasjey dachtarjm. ]j jcneasjm
sjtthc`s pravhmj pgyshnke skjty ks wjee ks k psyngaea`hnke sjcsj a sjnurhty.
Yjshmjcts nkc `a aut keacj, wkel ta warl, `a ta tgj sgaps kcm vhsht rhjcms,
hc atgjr warms, ma armhckry tghc`s whtg k mj`rjj a hcmjpjcmjcnj wghng
dh`gt cat ij passhiej hc kc armhckry cjh`giaurgaam. ]j jcneasjm sjtthc`
kesa knhehtktjs tgj dklhc` kcm sustkhchc` a rhjcmsghps whtg atgjr pjapej
whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs, wghng, ks wj gkvj sjjc kr`ujm kiavj, nacsthtutjs
k darj djkchc`ue lhcm a hctj`rkthac k`khc tgkc dky ij passhiej hc dkcy
armhckry cjh`giaurgaams.
]j ehtjrkturj su``jsts tgkt Nkdpghee nadduchthjs krj cjhtgjr apprjsshvj
sjnts car krj tgjy mjgudkchshc` hc tgj wky djmhnke eac`-stky hcsthtuthacs
nkc ij. Cjvjrtgjejss, sadj nacnjrcs krj rkhsjm kiaut wgkt dh`gt ij mjjdjm
tgj tatkehty a tgj ehjstyej, knthvhthjs kcm vkeuj systjd whtghc tgj hcmhvhmuke
Nkdpghee nadduchthjs kcm tgj wkys tghs dh`gt ij hdpasjm ac rjshmjcts
whtg spjnhke cjjms. ]j knt tgkt vaeuctjjrs wga ngaasj ta spjcm tgjhrehvjs whtghc Nkdpghee dky ij uc-hctjrjstjm hc tgj autshmj warem, eknlhc`
jc`k`jdjct whtg kcm tgjrjarj jxpasurj ta papuekr nueturj, nkc djkc
tgjy ijnadj mjpjcmjct ac tgj sgjetjrjm jcvhracdjct a tgj nadduchty.
]hs hc htsje nkc nacsthtutj nacmhthacs ar ards a hcsthtuthackehskthac kcm
hcjxhihehty.
]j jxtjct ta wghng tghs hs k rjkehty whtghc Nkdpghee nadduchthjs, kcm
tgj jxtjct ta wghng djdijrs krj kwkrj a tgj pgjcadjcac kcm mahc`
sadjtghc` kiaut ht, wauem njrtkhcey ij wartg jxpearhc`. ]j qujsthac
a gaw iaucmjm Nkdpghee nadduchthjs krj tgkt hs, gaw jc`k`jm whtg
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
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tgjhr eanke surraucmhc`s hs cat acey kc hssuj ar tgasj suppartjm whtghc
tgjd, iut gks hdpehnkthacs ar whmjr sanhke nagjshac kcm ktthtumjs tawkrm
mhskihehty. Appacjcts a nac`rj`ktj nkrj jxprjss nacnjrc tgkt sjpkrktj
sjtthc`s nkc uje mhsnrhdhckthac iy rj-jcarnhc` stjrjatypjs kcm pjrnjpthacs
a mhfljrjcnj (Naeehcs, ;88?). Ma Nkdpghee nadduchthjs gkvj tghs jfljnt,ar krj tgjy rktgjr jcnaurk`hc` tgj appashtj iy knhehtkthc` nactknt ijtwjjc
mhskiejm kcm cac-mhskiejm whtghc pratjntjm spknjs1
Hc 92;9 k sjrhjs a pkpjrs wjrj puiehsgjm ac ijgke a tgj Ckthacke Nkrj
Oarud wghng eaaljm kt tgj mhsthcnthvj nactrhiuthac a tgj
cat-ar-prat sjntar hc sanhke nkrj, pkrthnuekrey hc tjrds a qukehty a
warlarnj, ejvjes a hccavkthac, kcm iuhemhc` sanhke nkphtke. ]j rjpart
stktjm tgkt ngkrhtkiej ar`kchskthacs krj kiej ta kttrknt kcm rjtkhc k mjmhnktjm
warlarnj ijnkusj tgjy kppjke ta pkrthnuekr vkeujs systjds, sung ks k
sjcsj a muty ar nkeehc`. Hcmhvhmukes warlhc` aut a tgjsj dathvkthacsgkvj k gh`g ejvje a naddhtdjct kcm sjcsj a rjspacshihehty kcm tghs gks
k pashthvj hdpknt ac qukehty a nkrj. Ngkrhtkiej ar`kchskthacs kesa ejkm tgj
wky hc hccavkthvj mjsh`c kcm mjehvjry a sjrvhnjs ijnkusj tgjy krj kiej ta
rj-hcvjst surpeus nkphtke hcta trkhchc` kcm jmunkthac kcm hdpravjdjct a
jquhpdjct kcm knhehthjs, kcm tgjy gkvj tgj nkpknhty ta rkhsj jxtrk ucms
tgrau`g mackthacs kcm ej`knhjs. Ohckeey, ngkrhthjs ajc nuethvktj sanhke
nkphtke tgrau`g naeejnthvj nadducke knthac, hcneumhc` iy irhc`hc` pjapej
rad mhvjrsj iknl`raucms ta`jtgjr hc k naddac nkusj, jc`k`hc` tgj eanke
nadduchty tgrau`g vaeuctjjrhc`, nrjkthc` ejkmjrsghp appartuchthjs kcm
hcvaevhc` sjrvhnj usjrs (Hcsthtutj a Ruiehn Nkrj, 92;9).
]j stumhjs rjvhjwjm, hc acj wky ar kcatgjr, hmjcthy kee a tgjsj kntars
ks nactrhiutars ta Nkdpghees pashthvj autnadjs. Hc thdjs a kustjrhty, wgjc
puiehn sjrvhnjs krj gkrm ght, tgj cat-ar-prat sjntar hs hcnrjkshc`ey ijhc`
eaaljm ta cat acey ta dklj up tgj sgartkee iut ar hccavkthvj hmjks kcm
`uhmkcnj (Hcsthtutj a Ruiehn Nkrj, 92;9). Ijhc` eac`-stkcmhc`, whmjsprjkm,
whtg mhfljrjct shtjs afljrhc` mhfljrjct sjrvhnjs whtghc mhfljrjct typjs a eanke
sjtthc`, kee gjem ta`jtgjr iy acj avjr-krnghc` sanhke dhsshac, tgj Nkdpghee
nadduchthjs krj hmjkeey shtuktjm ta mjdacstrktj wgkt nkc ij knnadpehsgjm
iy naeejnthvj nadducke knthac hc k `rjkt mhvjrshty a nhrnudstkcnjs.]j `rawhc` hctjrjst hc kcm rjehkcnj ac tgj vaeuctkry sjntar hc sanhke nkrj
pravhshacs mrkws kttjcthac ta kc hssuj wghng gks cat ijjc kmmrjssjm hc tgj
stumhjs rjvhjwjm, ckdjey, tgj qujsthac a Nkdpghees nast-jfljnthvjcjss hc
nadpkrhsac ta atgjr sjrvhnj pravhmjrs. Majs tgj damje, whtg hts prknthnjs
a sgkrjm nkphtke, sgkrjm kssjts, sgkrjm knnaddamkthac kcm vaeuctjjr
warlhc` krrkc`jdjcts, jckiej k gh`gjr qukehty a ehj (ar nkrjrs km nkrjm
ar) whtg jwjr rjsaurnjs tgkc wauem atgjrwhsj ij cjnjsskry1 Pgkt krj tgj
hdpehnkthacs a iatg tgj pashthvj kcm cj`kthvj kcswjrs ta tghs qujsthac1
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
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a nacneumj, tgj cmhc`s a tghs rjvhjw dust ij trjktjm whtg nkuthac,
`hvjc tgkt tgjrj gks ijjc ca rjpehnkthac a k shc`ej mjsh`c hc darj tgkc
acj nksj stumy. Ht wauem rjquhrj k nacshstjct djtgamaea`y ta tjst sadj a
tgj kssjrthacs mhsnussjm. Darjavjr, ks ^cjee`ravj aisjrvjs, tgj rjsjkrng hs
madhcktjm iy tgj stkfl kcm na-warljr pjrspjnthvj. ]hs shejcnhc` a tgj
vahnjs a tgj rjshmjcts (^cjee`ravj, 92;>) hs praiejdkthn shcnj Nkdpghees
dhsshac hs ta astjr djkchc`ue nadducke pkrthnhpkthac ar dkr`hckehsjm
kcm vuecjrkiej pjapej. Nhvhn pkrthnhpkthac djkcs gkvhc` k vahnj cat fust
hc acjs hddjmhktj nadduchty, iut hc whmjr sanhjty. Gkvhc` catjm tgjsj
nkvjkts, gawjvjr, tgj rjsuets a rjsjkrng ta mktj krj avjrwgjedhc`ey pashthvj
kcm strac`ey su``jst tgkt Nkdpgheejrs na-warljrs kcm rjshmjcts kehlj
gkvj sadjtghc` ta sky tgkt hs wartgy a tgj warems kttjcthac.
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
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IHIEHA@YKRGX
Ikc` F(Jm) (92;2)K Rartrkht ao Nkdpghee6 Orad Oaucmhc` ^jjm ta Paremwhmj Davjdjct.
Jmhciur`g, Oearhs Iaals.
Ikrac ^ kcm Gkemkcj M(;870)Kppraknghc` Nkdpghee orad tgj Iaucmkry. IYH]H^G FAZYCKE AO
^RJNHKE JMZNK]HAC, ;7(9), p0:-07.
Irawc Y (9228)K _keujm Yjsaurnj1 Zcmjrstkcmhc` tgj qukehty ao ehoj ao nghemrjc kcm tgjhr
okdhehjs wga knnjss Nkdpghee ^ngaae Kijrmjjc, whtg rjojrjcnj ta tgj prapasjm Kijrmjjc
Pjstjrc Rjrhpgjrke Yautj. Nke`kry, Zchvjrshty ao Nke`kry.
Nkdpghee ^natekcm Yjsjkrng @raup(92;9) Yjpart Ca. ;6 ]gj nadpkrkthvj stkcmhc` ao tgj
Nkdpghee nadduchthjs hc ^natekcm hc tgj qukehty `rkmhc`s ao tgj Nkrj Hcspjntarktj.
Kijrmjjc, Nkdpghee ^natekcm Yjsjkrng @raup.
Ngkppjee K(;880) Orad cardkehskthac ta wgjrj1hc Ikrtac E kcm Aehvjr D Mhskihehty ^tumhjs6
Rkst Rrjsjct kcm Outurj. Ejjms, ]gj Mhskihehty Rrjss, p=:-?9.
Ngrhsthj C(;878) Ijyacm eacjehcjss kcm hcsthtuthacs6 nadducjs oar jxtrkarmhckry pjapej. Asea,
Carwj`hkc Zchvjrshty Rrjss.
Naeehcs F(;88?) ]gj hsaekthac ao vheek`js. NKYJ REKC, >(;), 9=-9:.
Nastk D(9227) Nkdpghee - kc hsekcm ao pradhsj6 dytg ar rjkehty1D^n mhssjrtkthac6 @eks`aw,
Zchvjrshty ao ^trktgneymj.
Nuddhcs Y kcm Eku K(922>) Nadduchty hctj`rkthac ar nadduchty jxpasurj1FAZYCKE AO
KRREHJM YJ^JKYNG HC HC]JEEJN]ZKE MH^KIHEH]HJ^ ;? (9), p;=:-;:0.
Nudjeek ^ kcm Ykcmjee K(9228) Rjapej whtg Hctjeejntuke Mhskihehty Ehvhc` hc kc Hctjcthacke
Nadduchty. FAZYCKE AO HC]JEEJNZKE MH^KIHH]X YJ^JKYNG :> (7), p.0;?-09?.
Nurthnj E(922?) Gaw hs ht `ahc`16 K survjy ao wgkt dkttjrs dast ta pjapej whtg ejkrchc`
mhskihehthjs hc ^natekcm tamky. natekcm, natthsg Nacsarthud oar Ejkrchc` Mhskihehty kcm
JCKIEJ natekcm.
Mjpkrtdjct ao Gjketg(922;) _keuhc` pjapej. Eacmac, GD^A.
Mjpkrtdjct ao Gjketg(9228) _keuhc` pjapej caw6 k cjw tgrjj yjkr strktj`y oar pjapej whtg
ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs. Eacmac, GD^A.
Mufly ^(92;;)K okhr sanhjty kcm tgj ehdhts ao pjrsackehskthac. gjjem, ]gj Njctrj oar Pjeokrj
Yjoard.
Jdjrsac J, Yaijrtsac F jt ke(;888)K nadpkrkthvj kckeyshs ao qukehty kcm nasts hc vheek`j
nadduchthjs, rjshmjcthke nkdpusjs kcm mhspjrsjm gaushc` sngjdjs. Dkcngjstjr, Gjstjr
Kmrhkc Yjsjkrng Zcht6 Zchvjrshty ao Dkcngjstjr.
Orkcle _(92;;) Dkcs sjkrng oar uethdktj djkchc`. Eacmac, Yhmjr.
Oue`ash E(;882) Nkdpghee nadduchthjshc ^j`ke ^(Jm) ]gj peknj ao spjnhke vheek`js kcm
rjshmjcthke nadduchthjs6 tgj pravhshac ao nkrj oar pjapej whtg sjvjrj, praoaucm kcm duethpej
mhskihehthjs. Ihnjstjr, KI Knkmjdhn Ruiehsgjrs.
Gk`jrty I, Eycng-^kujr F jt ke(;889) ^jcsj ao ijeac`hc`6 k vhtke djctke gjketg nacnjpt.
KYNGH_J^ AO R^XNGHK]YHN CZY^HC@, ? (>), p;09-;00.
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
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Gkeekd K(9229) Nasts ao vheek`j nadduchty, rjshmjcthke nkdpus kcm mhspjrsjm gaushc`
pravhshac oar pjapej whtg hctjeejntuke mhskihehty. FAZYCKE AO HC]JEEJN]ZKE MH^KIHEH]X
YJ^JKYNG, =? (:), p>8=-=2=.
Fknlsac Y(92;;) Ngkeejc`js ao rjshmjcthke kcm nadduchty nkrj6 tgj thdjs tgjy krj k-ngkc`hc.
FAZYCKE AO HC]JEEJN]ZKE MH^KIHEH]X YJ^JKYNG, ::(8), p 8>>-==.
Fknlsac Y(9222) Yjvhjw6 K nadpkrkthvj kckeyshs ao qukehty kcm nasts hc vheek`j nadduchthjs,
rjshmjcthke nkdpusjs kcm mhspjrsjm gaushc` sngjdjs. IYH]H^G FAZYCKE AO MJ_JEARDJC]KE
MH^KIHEH]HJ^, =? (9), p;=2-;=?.
Fknlsac Y(9227) ]gj Nkdpghee Davjdjct6 ]gj Darkvhkc mhdjcshac. FAZYCKE AO DAYK_HKC
GH^]AYX, :, p 77-;22.
Fknlsac Y(Jm) (92;;) Mhsnavjrhc` Nkdpghee6 cjw pjrspjnthvjs, rjsjkrng kcm mjvjeapdjcts.
Jmhciur`g, Oearhs Iaals.
Fknlsac Y kcm Hrvhcj G(92;>) ]gj hdpknt ao hmjaea`y ac pravhshac ao sjrvhnjs oar pjapej whtg k
ejkrchc` mhskihehty. HC]JYCK]HACKE FAZYCKE AO MJ_JEARDJC]KE MH^KIHEH]HJ^, :8 (;), p92-
>=.
Dkcsjee F kcm Ijkmej Irawc F(9228) Mhspjrsjm ar neustjrjm gaushc` oar kmuets whtg hctjeejntuke
mhskihehty6 k systjdkthn rjvhjw. FAZYCKE AO HC]JEEJN]ZKE KCM MJ_JEARDJC]KE MH^KIHEH]X,
>=(=), p>;>->9>.
DnLkckc M(9220) ]aunghc` tgj warem6 Ngrhsthkc nadduchthjs trkcsoardhc` sanhjty.
Naeej`jvheej6 Dhccjsatk, Ehtur`hnke Rrjss.
Ckthacke Nkrj Oarud(92;9) Ejkmhc` tgj wky6 tgj mhsthcnthvj nactrhiuthac ao tgj cat-oar-prat
sjntar hc sanhke nkrj. Eacmac, Hcsthtutj oar Ruiehn Nkrj.
Rkpwartg ]rust(92;>) Mhskihehty hc tgj ZL 92;>6 Oknts kcm Oh`urjs. Nkdirhm`j, Rkpwartg ]rust.
Rhjtzcjr N(Jm) (;8??)Kspjnts ao nurkthvj jmunkthac. Kijrmjjc, Kijrmjjc Zchvjrshty Rrjss.
Rekct K(92;;) ]gj Ngkeejc`js Oknhc` Nkdpghee6 Kc Hctjrcke Rjrspjnthvjhc Fknlsac Y(Jm)
Mhsnavjrhc` Nkdpghee6 cjw pjrspjnthvjs, rjsjkrng kcm mjvjeapdjcts. Jmhciur`g, Oearhs
Iaals, p.909-970.
Ykcmjee D kcm Nudjeek ^(9228) Rjapej whtg hctjeejntuke mhskihehty ehvhc` hc kc hctjcthacke
nadduchty. FAZYCKE AO HC]JEEJN]ZKE MH^KIHEH]X YJ^JKYNG, :>(7 ), p0;?-09?.
Yayke Naeej`j ao Curshc`(92;2) Djctke gjketg curshc` ao kmuets whtg ejkrchc` mhskihehthjs.
Eacmac, Yayke Naeej`j ao Curshc`.
^natt M kcm Yussjee E(922:) Yjsjkrnghc` vaeuctkry kcm nadduchty knthac6 tgj patjcthke aoqukehtkthvj nksj stumhjs. Xarl, Fasjpg Yawctrjj Oaucmkthac.
^natthsg Jxjnuthvj(9222) ]gj skdj ks yau16 k rjvhjw ao sjrvhnjs oar pjapej whtg ejkrchc`
mhskihehthjs. Jmhciur`g, ^natthsg Jxjnuthvj.
^natthsg Jxjnuthvj(92;9) ]gj skdj ks yau1 9222-92;9 Nacsuetkthac Yjpart. Jmhciur`g, natthsg
Jxjnuthvj.
^ngkphra F (92;;) Nrjkthvj Ehvhc`6 Hcshmj k Nadduchty oar Nghemrjc whtg Kuthsdhc Fknlsac Y
(Jm) Mhsnavjrhc` Nkdpghee6 cjw pjrspjnthvjs, rjsjkrng kcm mjvjeapdjcts. Jmhciur`g, Oearhs
Iaals, p.;2=-;92.
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
>=
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37/40
^j`ke ^(;80=) Ca Nghem hs Hcjmunkiej. Axoarm, Rjr`kdac Rrjss.
^gkw L, Nkrtwrh`gt N jt ke (92;;) ]gj gaushc` kcm suppart cjjms ao pjapej whtg kc hctjeejntuke
mhskihehty hcta aemjr k`j. FAZYCKE AO HC]JEEJN]ZKE MH^KIHEH]X YJ^JKYNG ::(8), 78:-82>.
^lhccjr L kcm Ikrac ^(92;;) Nkdpghee6 ourtgjr catjs orad tgj iaucmkryhc Fknlsac Y(Jm)
Mhsnavjrhc` Nkdpghee6 Cjw pjrspjnthvjs, rjsjkrng kcm mjvjeapdjcts. Jmhciur`g, OearhsIaals.
^cjee`ravj D(92;>) ]gj gausj Nkdpghee iuhet6 hmjcthty, sjeo kcm atgjr. RgM mhssjrtkthac6
Jmhciur`g, Zchvjrshty ao Jmhciur`g.
^anhke Nkrj Hcsthtutj oar Jxnjeejcnj(92;9) @uhmj Ca =06 Rjrsackehskthac6 k rau`g `uhmj. Eacmac,
^anhke Nkrj Hcsthtutj oar Jxnjeejcnj.
^tklj Y(;88:) ]gj krt ao nksj stumy rjsjkrng. Eacmac, k`j Ruiehnkthacs.
^whctac F, Okenacjr K jt ke(9228) ^jcshc` tgj Jxtrkarmhckry Phtghc tgj Armhckry6
Zcmjrstkcmhc` tgj sphrhtuke ehvjs ao pjapej ehvhc` kcm warlhc` whtghc Nkdpghee Nadduchthjs.
Kijrmjjc, ngaae ao Mhvhchty, Ghstary kcm Rgheasapgy, Lhc`s Naeej`j6 Zchvjrshty ao Kijrmjjc.
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
>:
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38/40
KIAZ]]GJ KZ]GAY
Dkrhk Eyacs spjct tgj rst ;0 yjkrs ao gjr ehoj hc k Nkdpghee nadduchty hc ^natekcm. Kotjr
tjknghc` kirakm oar sadj yjkrs, sgj rjturcjm ta tgj ZL ta stumy hctjrckthacke rjekthacs kcm
ektjr tgj paehthnke, jnacadhn kcm pgheasapghnke oaucmkthacs ao jmunkthac. Kotjr nadpejthc` gjr
oardke stumhjs sgj ij`kc rjsjkrnghc` Nkdpghee nadduchthjs ks kc hcmjpjcmjct rjsjkrngjr.
Dkrhk pkrthnhpktjm hc k rjsjkrng raup hchthktjm iy Nkdpghee natekcm (ejkm iy Rrao. tjvj Ikrac,
caw rjthrjm) ijoarj tgj `raup wks mhsnacthcujm hc 92;=. Dkrhk sjt up tgj Nkdpghee Yjsjkrng
Cjtwarl hc kc jflart ta nkrry ac kcm iuhem ac tgj warl ao tgkt `raup, whtg nacshmjrkiej suppart
orad Yaihc Fknlsac.
Dkrhk nacthcujs ta warl ks kc hcmjpjcmjct rjsjkrngjr kcm gks k dkfar hctjrjst hc pradathc`
mhkea`uj kcm naapjrkthac ijtwjjc kctgrapasapghnkeey-hcsphrjm ar`kchskthacs kcm dkhcstrjkd
paehthnke kcm knkmjdhn hcsthtuthacs. ^gj caw ehvjs hc Eacmac< pursuhc` gjr hctjrjsts hcjmunkthacke orjjmad kcm ckcnhke kcm jnacadhn rjoard, ks wjee ks nadduchty mjvjeapdjct.
Jdkhe Dkrhk6 dkrhk.s.eyacsB`dkhe.nad
RZIEH^GHC@ HCOAYDK]HAC
Yj-]ghclhc` Nadduchty Nkrj6 ]gj Nkdpghee _heek`j Damje Dkrhk Eyacs 92;:
Mjsh`cjm iy Gjcry Hejs
Kee rh`gts rjsjrvjm.
Ohrst puiehsgjm Cavjdijr 92;:
H^IC mawceakm6 807-;-820082-0:-;
=2 pp.
Ca pkrt ao tghs pkpjr dky ij rjpramunjm hc kcy oard whtgaut pjrdhsshac orad tgj puiehsgjr,
jxnjpt oar tgj quatkthac ao irhjo pkssk`js hc rjvhjws.
Yj-]ghclhc` Nadduchty Nkrj6 ]gj Nkdpghee _heek`j Damje hs puiehsgjm iy ]gj Njctrj oar Pjeokrj
Yjoard.
]gj puiehnkthac hs orjj ta mawceakm orad6 www.njctrjoarwjeokrjrjoard.ar`
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
>?
mailto:maria.s.lyons%40gmail.com?subject=http://www.centreforwelfarereform.org/http://www.centreforwelfarereform.org/mailto:maria.s.lyons%40gmail.com?subject=7/24/2019 Re-Thinking Community Care
39/40
NKDRGHEEYJ^JKYNG CJ]PAYL
]gj Nkdpghee Yjsjkrng Cjtwarl hs kc hcoardke cjtwarl oar kcyacj hctjrjstjm hc rjsjkrng rjektjm
ta Nkdpghee nadduchthjs kcm tgj whmjr hctjcthacke nadduchty davjdjct.
]a cm aut darj vhsht6 www.nkdpgheerjsjkrng.nad
]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
]gj Njctrj oar Pjeokrj Yjoard hs kc hcmjpjcmjct rjsjkrng kcm mjvjeapdjct cjtwarl. Hts khd hs
ta trkcsoard tgj nurrjct wjeokrj stktj sa tgkt ht supparts nhthzjcsghp, okdhey kcm nadduchty. Ht
warls iy mjvjeaphc` kcm sgkrhc` sanhke hccavkthacs kcm hcujcnhc` avjrcdjct kcm sanhjty ta
knghjvj cjnjsskry rjoards.
]a cm aut darj vhsht6 www.njctrjoarwjeokrjrjoard.ar`
Pj pramunj k dactgey jdkhe cjwsejttjr, ho yau wauem ehlj ta suisnrhij ta tgj ehst pejksj vhsht6
iht.ey/NoPY-suisnrhij
Xau dh gt ehlj ta oaeeaw us ac twhttjr6 BNoarPY
Ar cm us ac Oknjiaal gjrj6 njctrjoarwjeokrjrjoard
YJ-]GHCLHC@ NADDZCH]X NKYJ6 ]GJ NKDRGHEE _HEEK@J DAMJE
K MH^NZ^^HAC RKRJY OYAD ]GJ NJC]YJ OAY PJEOKYJ YJOAYD
>0
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Ruiehsgjm iy ]j Njctrj ar Pjekrj Yjard
www.njctrjarwjekrjrjard.ar`
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